A new herball by Willam Turner

Of Wormwode.

Absinthium is named in greke Apsinthion, because no beast wil touch it for bitternes, in Englis wormwode, because it killeth wormes, I suppose that it was ones called worme crout, for in some part of Fresland (from whence semeth a great part of our englysh tonge to have come) it is so called even unto this daye; in duche wermut, in frenche aluine or absence.

The kyndes and the places where they growe.

There are the kyndes of Wormwode, ponticum, marinum, and santonicum. Ponticum absinthium, which maye be named in English, wormwode gentle of wormwode Romane. Wormwood pontyke groweth in no place of Englande, that ever I coulde se, saving only in my lords gardyene at Syon, that I brought out of Germany, are none of pontyke wormwood. Some take that common great leaved wormwode which growth almost in every place, to be pontyke wormwode. But they are far deceived, for Galene in II, boke of methodus medendische weth plainly in these words that folowe, that this great leaved and stynkynge wormwood is not the true pontyke wormwood. When as ther is in every wormwode a duble poure, in pontike wormwode is there no smaller astringet propertie, ther is in al other wormwodes a very vehement bitter qualite. But astriction, which a man can perceive by tast, is ether very evyll to be founde, or els there is none to be found at all. Wherefore Pontyke Wormwode ought te be schosen out, for inflammations of the lyver. But it hath both a lese floure, lese then the other Wormwodes have. The savour of this is not only not unpleasant, but also resembleth in savour a certain kind of swete spice. The other kindes have a stinking savour. Wherefore ye must use these kyndes, and use pontyke wormwode. Thus farr hath Galene spoken. By whose words it is evident that this our common great leaved wormwood is not pontike wormwood. Als for this great common wormwood it is called in latin Absinthium rusticum, that is bouris or pesantes wormwode. Some take and use this wormwode that growth by the sea side for wormwode pontyke. But they are far deceived for the qualities of it answer nothing unto the qualyties of wormwode pontyke in Galene, this same wormwood is the right Absinthium marinum or seryphum of Dioscorides and Plini, which may be called in Englysh sea wormwood, Plini writeth of the growing place of this herbe thus lib. Trisesmo secondo, capite nono. Nascitur er in mari ipso Absinthium, quod aliqui Seriphum uocare, circa Taposirim, et caeter. This growth in the sea it selfe wormwood, which some call Seriphum, beside Taposyris of Egipt. Dioscorides saith that it growth in the mountain Taurus. In oure tyme it is plenteouslye founde in England about Lynne and holly Ilond in Northumberland, and at Barrouwe in Brabant, and at Norden in east Freslande. Fuchsius is to be excused, whyche toke Argentariam Herbariorum, wyth longe smalle coddes to be Absynthium marinum, because he never sawe the sea in all hys lyfe where as thys herbe doth comonly growe. As concernyng Wormwoode Pontyke from which we have by occasion geven, some thing dysgressed; I will shortly shew you, what my minde is oft it. I thynke verelye that Absinthium Romanum of Mesue is, Dioscorides; Absinthium Ponticum, that same have I sene of late many tymes. I had it from Rome, and it growth about templum pacis, and also about the walles in diverse places, a kynde of that, is much in Germany and in Brabant, about Colen it is called grave crowt, because they set it upon their frendes graves and freses call it wyld Rosmary. The Pothecaryes of Anwerpe Absinthium Romanum. How be it, there is some difference between it, that growth in Rome, and it that growth in Germanye. It that growth in Germanye, hath lesse leaves, grener and thinner then it whyche growth in Rome, and also a pleasanter savour. It that groweth in Rome hath thycke, whyter and bygger leuves, then it of Germany, they are also hoter and of a stronger smell. As for it that growth in Germany, I have proved oft tyms that it hath perfyctly done such thynges als pertayne unto Wormwod Pontyke. Thys herbe is not founde in Germany of hys owen settinge or sowynge in the feldes, but is only in gardynes, where as it is planted or set by mannes hands. The thyrde kynde of Wormwood is called Absinthium Santonicum. I have not sene it in Englande ofter than ones, that ever I remembre, it maye be called well in Englysh French wormwode, because is hath the name of a certain regyon of France, whose inhabyters are called Santones.

The degree.

Pontike Wormwoode is hote in the first degree and drye in the thirde after Galene, Aetus, and Palus agmeta, but after Mesue it is drye, but in the second degree, but more credence is to be gevene unto Galene then to mesue. Sea wormwoode is, as Aegineta writeth hote in the first degree, and drye in the first. Frenche Wormwode is weker then sea Wormwode in breaking of humours, in hete and in dryures. The iuice of Pontyke Wormworde is rekened of all substandy all autores more hote a good dele then the leaves are.

The properties of wormwode.

Wormwode hath astringent or binding together, bytter and byting qualitees, hetinge and scouring away, strengthning and drying. Therefore is dryveth furth by the stoole and urine also cholerike and gallische humores out of the stomack, but it avoideth most chefely the gall or choler, that is in the urines. Thus writeth Galene: Wormwood maketh one pisse well, drunken with syler mountayene and Frenche spycknarde. It is good for the winde and payne of the stomake, the belly. It driveth away lothsummes. The broth that is soden or steeped in, dronkenne every daie about v. unces, heleth Jawndes or gulesouyght. It provoketh womens floures, ether taken in, or laid to without with honey, it remedyeth the stranglynge that cometh of eating of todestolles, if it be drunken with vinegre. It is good against the poison of ixia with wyne. The quyncey maye be heyled with this herbe, if it be anointed with it, and hony and salt and natural put together. And so with water. It heleth the watering sores in the corner of the eyes. It is good for the brusynges and darcknes of the eyes with hony. And so it is for the eares, if matter runne out of them. The brothe of Wermwood with thus vapor that riseth up from it, and smoketh up, helpyth the payne of the tethe and the ears. The broth with Malvasy is good to anoynte the akynge eyes with all. With the Ciprine ointment it is good for the long disease of the stomake, with figges, vynegre, and darnelle mele it is good for the dropsy, and the syckenes of milte.

Out of Plini.

Wormwood helpethe digestion. With rue pepper and salt. It taketh awaye rawenesse of the stomake, old men of olde tyme gave it to purge with a pynte and a halfe of olde sea water, six drammes of sede .iii. of salt with two unces of honey and .ii. drammes. in the Jawndes it is dronkene with rawe persly or Venus heyr. It is good for the Clearnes of the sight, it heyleth freshe woundes before there come anye water in them. Layd amonge clothes it dryveth the mothes away. The smoke of it, dryveth away gnates or mydges. If the ynke be tempered with this Juce it maketh the myse they wylle not eat the paper, that is written with that ynke. The ashes of it with rose ointment maketh blacke heare.

The quantyte out of Meseus.

Ye maye take of the brothe or of the stepyng of Wormmode from v. unces, to viii. of the Juce, from the drammes to .iiii. of the powder from.ij.drammes tot iii. and so will it make a purgation. But because it worketh but weykly, by it selve ye maye take it with whay, withRasynes, the stones taken out, or with roses or fumitory. Sea Wormode is not to be used for the right Wormwode, for it is noysume unto the stomake, als Dioscorides and Gale do testyfye. Nether is the common Wormwode to be taken for the right, if it maye be had.

Of Wormwood.

Absinthium is named in Greek Absinthion, because no beast will touch it for bitterness, in Englis wormwood because it killed worms, I suppose that it was ones called worm croute, for in some part of Friesland (from whence seem a great part of our English tong to have come) it is so called even unto this day; in German wermut, in French aluine or absence.

The kinds and the places where they grow.

There are the kinds of Wormwood, Absinthium of Artemisia ponticum, marinum and santonicum. Ponticum absinthium, which may be named in English, wormwood gentle of wormwood Romane. Wormwood ponticum growth in no place of England that ever I could see, saving only in my lord’s garden at Sion that I brought out of Germany, are none of ponticum wormwood. Some take that common great leaved wormwood which grow almost in every place, to be ponticum wormwood. But they are far deceived, for Galene in II, boke of methodus medendische wet plainly in these words that follow, that this great leaved and stinking wormwood is not the true ponticum wormwood. When as there is in every wormwood a double power, in ponticum wormwood is there no smaller astringent property, there is in al other wormwood a very vehement bitter quality. But astriction, which a man can perceive by taste, is ether very evil to be found or else there is none to be found at all. Wherefore Ponticum Wormwood ought to be chosen out, for inflammations of the liver. But it hath a lese flower, lese then the other Wormwoods have. The savor of this is not only not unpleasant but also resembled in savor a certain kind of sweet spice. The other kinds have a stinking savor. Wherefore ye must use these kinds and use ponticum wormwood. Thus far hath Galene spoken. By whose words it is evident that this our common great leaved wormwood is not ponticum wormwood. Als for this great common wormwood it is called in Latin Absinthium rusticum, that is bowers or peasants’ wormwood. Some take and use this wormwood that growth by the seaside for wormwood ponticum. But they are far deceived for the qualities of it answer nothing unto the qualities of wormwood ponticum in Galene, this same wormwood is the right Absinthium marinum or seriphum of Dioscorides and Plini, which may be called in English sea wormwood, Plini writh of the growing place of this herb thus lib. Trisesmo secondo, capite nono. Nascitur er in mari ipso Absinthium, quod aliqui Seriphum vocare, circa Taposirim, etcetera. This growth in the sea itself wormwood, which some call Seriphum, beside Taposiris of Egypt. Dioscorides saith that it growth in the mountain Taurus. In our time it is plenteously found in England about Lynne and holly island in Northumberland, and at Barrouwe (?) in Brabant, and at Norden in east Friesland. Fuchsius is to be excused, which toke Argentariam Herbariorum, with long small cod to be Absinthium marinum, because he never saw the sea in all his life whereas this herb doth commonly grow. As concerning Wormwood Ponticum from which we have by occasion given, something digressed; I will shortly shew you, what my mind is oft it. I think verily that Absinthium Romanum of Mesue is, Dioscorides; Absinthium Ponticum, that same have I seen of late many times. I had it from Rome, and it growth about temple pacis, and also about the walls in diverse places, a kind of that, is much in Germany and in Brabant, about Colen it is called grave crowt, because they set it upon their friend’s graves and freres call it wild Rosmary. The Pothecaries of Antwerp Absinthium Romanum. How be it, there is some difference between it, that growth in Rome, and it that growth in Germany. It that growth in Germany, hath les leaves, greener and thinner than it which growth in Rome, and also a pleasanter savor. It that growth in Rome hath tikke, whiter and bigger leaves, then it of Germany, they are also shorter and of a stronger smell. As for it that growth in Germany, I have proved oft times that it hath perfectly done such things as pertain unto Wormwood Ponticum. Thys herb is not found in Germany of his own setting or sowing in the fields but is only in gardens whereas it is planted or set by man’s hands. The third kind of Wormwood is called Absinthium Santonicum. I have not seen it in England often than ones, that ever I remember, it may be called well in English French wormwood because is hath the name of a certain region of France, whose inhibiters are called Santones.

The degree.

Ponticum wormwood is hot in the first degree and dry in the third after Galene, Aetius, and Palus Aegineta, but after Mesue it is dry, but in the second degree, but more credence is to be given unto Galene then to Mesue. Sea wormwood is, as Aegineta write hot in the first degree, and dry in the first. Frenche wormwood is weaker than sea wormwood in breaking of humors, in hot and in dryer. The juice of Ponticum wormwood is reknit of all substances of all authors mor hot a good deal then the leaves are.

The properties of wormwood.

Wormwood hath astringent or binding together, bitter and biting qualities, heating and scouring away, strengthening and drying. Therefore, is drive furth by the stool and urine also choleric and gallize humors out of the stomach, but it avoided most chiefly the gall or choler, that is in the urines. Thus write Galene: Wormwood maketh one piss well, drunken with siler mountain and Frenche spikenard. It is good for the wind and pain of the stomach, the belly. It drives away loathsome. The broth that is sodden or steeped in, drunken every day about v once, health jaundice or gules sought. It provoked women’s flowers, ether taken in or laid to without with honey, it remedied the strangling that cometh of eating of toadstools, if it be drunken with vinegar. It is good against the poison of Ixia with wine. The quinsy may be heled with this herb, if it be anointed with it, and honey and salt and natural put together. And so, with water. It health the watering sores in the corner of the eyes. It is good for the brushings and darkness of the eyes with honey. And so it is for the ears, if matter run out of them. The broth of wormwood with thus vapor that rise up from it, and smoked up, helped the pain of the teethe and the ears. The broth with Malvasia is good to anoint the aching eyes with all. With the Cyprinus ointment it is good for the long disease of the stomach, with figs, vinegar and darnel mele it is good for the dropsy, and the sickness of milt.

Out of Plini.

Wormwood helps digestion. With rue pepper and salt. It taketh away rawness of the stomach, old men of olde time gave it to purge with a pint and a half of olde sea water, six drachms of seed. iii. of salt with two once of honey and. ii. drachms in the jaundice it is drunken with raw parsley or Venus’s hair. It is good for the clearness of the sight, it heled fresh wounds before there come any water in them. Laid among clothes it drives the moths away. The smoke of it drives away gnats or midges. If the ink be tempered with this juice it maketh the mouse they will not eat the paper, that is written with that ink. The ashes of it with rose ointment maketh black hair.

The quantity out of Mesue.

Ye may take of the broth or of the stepping of wormwood from v. once to viii. of the juice, from the drachms to. iiii. of the powder from ii. drachms tot iii. and so will it make a purgation. But because it worketh but weekly, by itself ye may take it with whey, with Raisins. the stones taken out, or with roses or fumitory. Sea Wormwood is not to be used for the right Wormwood, for it is noisome unto the stomach, as Dioscorides and Gale do testify. Nether is the common Wormwood to be taken for the right, if it may be had.

Of Sothernwod.

Sothernwode is called in Greke, Abroton, in Latin Abrotonum, in duche Affruish or stabwurtz, in frenche Anronne. Dioscorides maketh two kindes of Sothernwode, the one kynde is the male, it growth in gardynes, and no where els, this is our comen Sothernwode. The other kynde is the female, and diverse learned men have supposed the herbe, called in Englisch lavander cotton to be thys kind, and surelye the description doth much agree, savynge; that the leaves of lavender cotton are not lyke unto sea wormwode, for it hath much thinner and fyner leves then lavender cotton hath. This kynde of Sothernwode, wherof I intreat now, is called of Dioscorides in the description of sea Wormwode, Abrotonum parvum. Wherefore I am fully persuades that a certain kind of Sothernwod which growth in the mountaynes of Italye, is the right Sothernwode female. It hath small leaves and short, but very thyck together, and it hath the very same smell that the other kynde hath. Sothernwode is hote and drye in the third degree.

The vertues.

The sede of Sothernwode, rawe, broken, made hote in water and so drunken, is good for the short wynded, for the partes that are drawen together or stronke, and are bursten, for the sciatica, for the stopping of the water, likewise of wemens floures. The same drunken with wyne is a good preservative against poyson. It is good for them that shake and shudder for colde, sodden in oyle, and layd to upon the body. This herbe both strowene in the bedde, and also with the smoke that commeth from it, driveth serpentes away. It is good for the inflammation of the eye layd with a sodden quince or with breade. The same broken with barley mele and jodene, driveth awaye swellynges on the fleshe. It kylleth wormes, for it is bytter. Sothernwode burned and put in the oyle of Palma christi or radyce maketh a berde and growth slowlye, come oute a pace, if it be anointed with it. Sothernwode draweth oute it that stycketh fast in a mannys body. Some holde that thys herbe layd but under a mannys bolster, provoketh men to the multyplyenge of their kynde, and that it is good agaynst chermynge and wychyng of men, which by chermynge are not able to excersise the worke of generacion.

Of southernwood.

Southernwood is called in Greek, (Artemisia abrotanum), in Latin Abrotanum, in German Affruish or stabwurtz, in French Auronne. Dioscorides maketh two kinds of southernwood, the one kind is the male, it growth in gardens, and nowhere else, this is our common southernwood. The other kind is the female, and diverse learned men have supposed the herb, called in Englisch lavender cotton to be this kind, and surely the description doth much agree, saving; that the leaves of lavender cotton are not like unto sea wormwood, for it hath much thinner and finer leaves then lavender cotton hath. This kind of southernwood, whereof I intreat now, is called of Dioscorides in the description of sea Wormwood, Abrotonum parvum. Wherefore I am fully persuading that a certain kind of southernwood which growth in the mountains of Italy, is the right southernwood female. It hath small leaves and short, but very thick together, and it hath the very same smell that the other kind hath. southernwood is hot and dry in the third degree.

The virtues.

The seed of southernwood, raw, broken, made hot in water and so drunken, is good for the short winded, for the partes that are drawn together or shrunken, and are bursting, for the sciatica, for the stopping of the water, likewise of women’s flowers. The same drunken with wine is a good preservative against poison. It is good for them that shake and shudder for cold, sodden in oil, and laid to upon the body. This herb both strewn in the bed and also with the smoke that comet from it drive serpents away. It is good for the inflammation of the eye laid with a sodden quince or with bread. The same broken with barley mele and iodine, drive away swellings on the flesh. It killed worms, for it is bitter. southernwood burned and put in the oil of Palma christi or radish maketh a hard and growth slowly, come out a pace, if it be anointed with it. Southernwood draweth out it that sticked fast in a man’s body. Some hold that this herb laid but under a man’s bolster, provoked men to the multiplying of their kind, and that it is good against charming and witching of men, which by charming are not able to exercise the work of generation.

Acanthium.

Acanthium is a kynde of thystel indented after the fashion of branke ursin, but the grappes are not so far in sunder, the lefe broken hath in it a longe thing lyke cotton or fyne doune, the heade is lyke the head of a tasell, but muche lesse, It hath blewe floures, the hole herbe is clammy, and hath a stronge savoure. I never sawe it growe, but in gardynes in England and in Italy, some say that the Herbaries name it Carduum asinum, but as yet I coulde never learne any Englysh name of it, I for a fhyst therefore am compelled to name it Ote thystelle or cotton thystell, because the sedes of the herbe are lyke Otes and te leve broken resemble cotton.

The vertues of the thystell.

I fynde no other good propertye, that Dioscorides sayeth, that thys Herbe hath, saving that it is good for them that have their neks bowing backward by violence of a crampy disease, but not of nature. It groweth in Londen in Doctor Barthlettis gardin.

Acanthium. (Acanthium spinosum of mollis)

Acanthium is a kind of thistle indented after the fashion of brank ursin, but the grapes are not so far in sunder, the leaf broken hath in it a long thing like cotton or fine dons, the head is like the head of a teasel, but much lesser. It hath blue flowers, the hole herb is clammy, and hath a strong savor. I never saw it grow, but in gardens in England and in Italy, some say that the Herbarizes name it Carduus asina, but as yet I could never learn any English name of it, I for the first therefore am compelled to name it Ot thistle or cotton thistle, because the seeds of the herb are like Ote (oat?) and the leaf broken resemble cotton.

The virtues of the thistle.

I find no other good property, that Dioscorides sayeth, that this herb hath, saving that it is good for them that have their neks bowing backward by violence of a crampy disease, but not of nature. It growth in Londen in Doctor Barthlettis Garden.

Of brank Ursyne.

Acanthus is called of barbarus wryters branca Ursina, in English branke Ursyne, in duche bernklauw. This herbe growth plentuously in my lords gardyne at Syon. I never sawe it growe wylde as yet. Some have abused bearfoot, whiche is consiligo for this herbe, but the descriptyon of Dioscorides condempneth them. True branke ursyne hath leves lyke a certayne kind of cole, whose leves are intented, but the leves are blacker, green, and muche longer then cole leves are, and also narrower and more depe cut in, towarde the synowe that goeth thorow the myd lefe. The hole herbe is very sleymy and full of a sleperynuce. They that wyll have anye more of the description of branke ursyne, let them rede Dioscorides de Acantho.

The vertues.

Branke ursynes rote is good for members out of ioynte and for burnynge, if it be layd upon the diseased places. The same drunken provoketh uryne, but it stoppeth the bellye, it is wonderfull good for burstynges and places drawen together, and for them that have the prysike or consumption. Plini sayth also that this herbe is good for the gowt, warmed ad layd to the place, whiche is vexed with it.

Of brank Ursine. (Heracleum sphondylium)

Acanthus is called of barbarous writers branca Ursina, in English branke Ursine, in German bernklauw. This herb growth plenteously in my lord’s garden at Syon. I never saw it grow wild as, yet. Some have abused bearfoot, which is consiligo for this herb, but the description of Dioscorides condemned them. True branke ursine hath leaves like a certain kind of Cole, whose leaves are indented, but the leaves are blacker, green, and much longer than Cole leaves are, and also narrower and deeper cut in, toward the sinew that goth thorough the mid leaf. The hole herb is very slimy and full of a slippery juice. They that will have any more of the description of branke ursine let them rede Dioscorides de Acantho.

The virtues.

Brank ursine’ s root is good for members out of joint and for burning, if it be laid upon the diseased places. The same drunken provoked urine, but it stopped the belly, it is wonderful, good for bursting’s and places drawn together, and for them that have the physique or consumption. Plini say also that this herb is good for the gout, warmed ad laid to the place, which is vexed with it.

Aconitum.

Aconitum is of. ii.sortes in Dioscorides, the first is called Pardalianches, or thelyphonum or theiophonum. This kind hath leves lyke concummers or sowes bred iii. or iiii. together, the root resembleth a scorpions tayle, and shyneth lyke alabaster, Fuchsius with diverse other learned men have thought that the herbe, whyche the duche men call einbere is Aconitum Pardalianches, but I doubt whether it be so or no, for the herbe hath ever iiii. Leves lyke plantain, without any roughnes and never hath, iii. leves. More over over I have heard of credyble persones, that chyldren in some places eat the black berrie, that growth in the top of this herbe without any leopardy, which they could not do, if this herbe were Pardalianches, which may well be called in Englisch lyberdes bayne. The herbe that hath bene taken for lyberdes bayne, growth plantivully beside Morpeth in Northumberland in a wod called cottyngwod. The other kynde of Aconitum is devided of Dioscorides into iii. sortes, of which I know .ii. kyndes, one of them hath leves lyke a plain tre, and deeply ententyd with yellow flowres, and with lyttle short coddes with black sedes in them, this kynde growth onlye in gardynes, as farr as I knowe; and this maye be called wolfes bayne, or yelowe wolfes bayne, or plain wolfes bayne. The other kind hath leves lyke a great kynde of Crowfont with a lang stalke and a blew floure in the top of it, lyke a hode, such as graye fryers were. Wherefore the lower Germanes call it monickes cap or munch cappen, that is monkes hod. This kynde growth very plentuously in the very top of the alpes, between spleunge and clavenna.

The propertyes.

Leopardes bayne layd to a scorpione maketh hyr utterly amased and Num, and assone as she toucheth agayne Hellebor, or nesewurt, she commeth to her selde again, some use this herbe, layng it unto the eyes to take away the great paines of the eyes, this herbe hyd in fleshe and casten furth, where wylde beastes come, kylleth as many eat it. The other kyndes called wolfes bayne, and monkes coule kylleth wolves. And this wolfbayne of all poysones is the most hastye poison. Howbeit, Plini saith, that this herbe is good to be drunken against the byting of a scorpyone. Thys is also the nature of wolfes bayne if anye credence maye be given unto Plini, that it will kyll a man if he take it, except it fynde in a man, some thynge it may kyll, with that it wyll stryve as with hys muche, which it hath founde within the man. But this fyghtyng is only, when is hath founde poison in th bowelles of a lyuyng creature. And marveyl it is, tht two dedly poysones do both dye in a man that the man may lyve.

Remedies against this poison and tokens of it, wherby it may be knowen who is poysonet with it.

Wolfis bayne by and assone as it is in drynkynge apereth in the tonge swete with a certain byndyng, and when they that have taken it, begyn to rise, it maketh them dosey in the heade, and dryveth out teares, and bryngeth great heuynes unto the breste and mydrysse and much wynd goeth furth. Wherefore the poison must be driven owt, ether with vomiting, or els beneth, wyth a clyster. We use to gyve in drynke, organe, rue, horehounde, or the broth of Wormwode with wormwode wyne, or with houseleek, or sothernwode, or grounde pyne. The cruddes found in a kyddes maw, or an hyndecalfes maw, or a leverettis cruddes with vinegre, are good for the same. Germanders, bevers coddes aris and rue, do properly pertayne to the healyng of this poison.

Aconitum.

Aconitum is of. ii. sorts in Dioscorides, the first is called (Doronicum pardalianches) Pardalianches, or thelyphonum or theirophonum. This kind hath leaves like consumers or sows bred. iii. or. iii. together, the root resembled a scorpion’s tail and shineth like alabaster, Fuchsius with diverse other learned men have thought that the herb which the German men call einbere (Paris quadrifolia) is Aconitum Pardalianches, but I doubt whether it be so or no, for the herb hath ever iiii. leaves like plantain, without any roughness and never hath, iii. leaves. Moreover, I have heard of credible persons that children in some places eat the black berry, that growth in the top of this herb without any Leopardi, which they could not do if this herb were Pardalianches, which may well be called in Englisch leopards’ bane. The herb that hath bene taken for leopards’ bane, growth plentifully beside Morpeth in Northumberland in a wood called cottonwood. The other kind of Aconitum is divided of Dioscorides into iii. sorts of which I know. ii. kinds, one of them hath leaves like a plain tree, and deeply intended with yellow flours and with little, short pods with black seeds in them, this kind growth only in gardens, as far as I know; and this may be called wolfs bane or yellow wolfs bane or plain wolfs bane. The other kind hath leaves like a great kind of Crowfoot with a lang stalk and a blue flower in the top of it, like a hoed, such as gray fryers were. (Aconitum napellus) Wherefore the lower Germans call it monickes cap or munch cappen, that is monks hod. This kind growth very plenteously in the very top of the Alpes, between Spleunge and Clavenna.

The properties.

Leopards’ bane laid to a scorpion maketh hire utterly amazed and Num, and as soon as she touched agene Helleborus or sneezewort she comet to herself again, some use this herb, laying it unto the eyes to take away the great pains of the eyes, this herb hid in flesh and caste furth, where wild beasts come, killed as many eat it. The other kinds called wolfs bane, and monks cover killed wolves. And this wolfbane of all poisons is the most haste poison. Howbeit, Plini saith, that this herb is good to be drunken against the biting of a scorpion. This is also the nature of wolfs bane if any credence may be given unto Plini, that it will kill a man if he takes it, except it find in a man, something it may kill, with that it will strive as with his much which it hath found within the man. But this fighting is only, when is hath found poison in the bowels of a living creature. And marvel it is, that two deadly poisons do both dye in a man that the man may live.

Remedies against this poison and tokens of it, whereby it may be known who is poisoned with it.

Wolfis bane by and as soon as it is in drinking appear in the tong sweet with a certain binding, and when they that have taken it, begin to rise, it maketh them dosed in the head and drive out tears, and brength great heaviness unto the breast and midriff and much wind goth furth. Wherefore the poison must be driven out, ether with vomiting, or else beneath, with a clyster. We used to gyve in drink, origan, rue, horehound or the broth of wormwood with wormwood wine, or with houseleek or southernwood, or ground pine. The crudes found in a kidder’s maw, or a hind calves’ maw, or a leveret’s crudes with vinegar are good for the same. Germanders, bevers pods arise and rue do properly pertain to the healing of this poison.

Of Acorus.

There hath bene longe a great error amonge the Phisycianes and Apothecaryes in thys herbe Acorus, for the have used for the true Acorus, an herbe in dede lyke in fashion unto Acorus, but in qualyte so farre differynge, as one herbe allmoste maye dyffer from another. Acorus is hote in the thyrde degre and glad on, whyche they use for Acorus is could and wonderfully stoppynge an astringent. Amonge the learned men, whyche have percevyd the foresaid error, is some stryfe for this herbe, some holdyng that the comen calamus odoratus is the true Acorus, and other some affirming that great galanga is the true Acorus. Calamus aromaticus is very bytter, and in the smell hath a certain unpleasantness that filleth the head, and the hete in this herbe is not so great as Dioscorides requireth, for Dioscorides sayth that the roote of Acorus is sharpe or bytynge, and hath noth an evell savour. Then when as the greater, Galanga is hote in the third degree, and without any great bitterness and evell savoure. I would rather take great Galanga for acorus, then the comon calamus.

The vertues.

Acorus hath an hote tote, the brothe of it provoketh urine. It is good for the paynes of the syde of the lyver of the breste, gnawing in the guttes, drawings together and burstynges, it is good to sytt over for wemens diseases, als arisis. It wasteth away the mylt, and helpeth the strangulion and the byting of serpentes. It driveth away the darknes of the eyes with the iuice. The broth of this herbe is also good for the swellyng of the stones, if it be soden in wyne, als layd to, after the same maner is it good for hardnes and gathering to gether of humores. A scruple of this tot dronkene with, iiii. unces of honeyed wyne, is good for them that have be brused and overthrown. Acorus is hote and dry in the third degre.

Of Acorus. (Acorus calamus)

There hath bene long a great error among the Physicians and Apothecaries in this herb Acorus, for the have used for the true Acorus, an herb indeed like in fashion unto Acorus, but in quality so far differing, as one herb almost may differ from another. Acorus is hot in the third degree and glad on, which they use for Acorus is could and wonderfully stopping an astringent. Among the learned men which have perceived the foresaid error, is some strife for this herb, some holding that the conmen Calamus odoratus is the true Acorus, and other some affirming that great galanga is the true Acorus. Calamus aromaticus is very bitter and in the smell hath a certain unpleasantness that fill the head, and the hot in this herb is not so great as Dioscorides required, for Dioscorides say that the root of Acorus is sharp or biting, and hath not an evil savor. Then when as the greater, Galanga is hot in the third degree, and without any great bitterness and evil savor. I would rather take great Galanga for Acorus, then the common calamus.

The virtues.

Acorus hath an hot tote, the broth of it provoked urine. It is good for the pains of the side of the liver of the breast, gnawing in the gutters, drawings together and bursting’s, it is good to sit over for women’s diseases, as rises. It wasted away the milt and helped the strangling and the biting of serpents. It drives away the darkness of the eyes with the juice. The broth of this herb is also good for the swelling of the stones, if it be sodden in wine and laid to, after the same manner is it good for hardness and gathering to gather of humors. A scruple of this tot drunken with, iiii. once’s of honeyed wine, is good for them that have be bruised and overthrown. Acorus is hot and dry in the third degree.

Of Venus heyre.

Adianthus is called in duche Jungfrawen haar, and in the Pothecaries shoppes, capillus veneris. May erroures have ben about this herbe. I have sene some Pothecaries in Antwerpe use for thys herbe Dryopteris, in louan other use walle rue, otherwise called salvia vite, for this herbe. And our Pothecaries of Englande use Trichomanes, whiche they calle maydens heyre, for Adianto. Whose error is sownest to be for geven for trichomanes and Adiantum are, as Dioscorides sayth, of lyke virtue. Nevertherles the error remanath for Adiantum hath many lytle branches commynge furth of a lytle stalke, with leves lyke coriandres greater leves, and this herbe resembleth even so the brake, as trichomanes resembleth the male brake, for trichomanes vnen from the roote hath continually leves unto the top, as the male brake hath, and Adiantum bare a goo waye above the roote, as the she ferne is bare even to top, there is is fulle of leves. I have sene this herbe diverse tymes in Italye, in pyttes and welles; but I could never fynde it, neither in Germany, nor in England. It useth to growe also in watery rockes, wheras the sunne commeth lyttle, it may be named in English Venus heyre or ladyes heyre.

The vertues.

The broth of Venus heyre drunken, is good for the short wynded, and for them that syghe much, for the mylt, for the yellow iawndes, for them that cannot well make water. It breaketh the stone, it stoppeth the fluxe of the belly, it remedieth the bytynges of serpentes. It is good to drynke against the flyxe of the stomacke. It draweth doune the seconds and the floures of wymen, and stoppeth the parbrekynge and spyttyng of bloude. The herbe rawe is good for the bytyng of serpentes, layd unto the place bytten. It maketh thycke heyre, wher as the scales have taken is waye, it dryveth awaye wennes and swellyng under the chyn and in other places and with lye it taketh awaye scurfe and scales of the heade, and health the wareryng sores of the same. It holdeth on the heyre, that wolf fall of, if Ladanum be mixed with it, and layd upon the heade with myrt oyle, lyly oyle or with ysope and wyne. Thys herbe given in, in meat unto quales and cokkes maket them feyght more earnestly, then they dyd before. Thys herbe bryngeth furth of the breste toughe and thycke humores. Venus heyre is in mean temper between hote and colde. Mesue wryteth, that the broth where in is soden a pound of thys herbe beynge grene, purgeth yellow choler, and draweth furth fleme out of the hole belly, and lyver, and bryngeth furth of the breste and lunges by spyttyng, tough and clammy humores.

Of Venus hair. (Adiantum capillus-veneris)

Adiantum is called in German Jungfrawen haar, and in the Pothecaries shoppes, capillus-veneris. Many errors have been about this herb. I have seen some Pothecaries in Antwerp use for this herb Dryopteris, in Louann other use wall rue, otherwise called salvia vita, for this herb. And our Pothecaries of England use Trichomanes, which they call maidens hair for Adiantum. Whose error is soonest to be forgiven for Trichomanes and Adiantum are, as Dioscorides say of like virtue. Nevertheless the error remine for Adiantum hath many little branches coming furth of a little stalk with leaves like corianders greater leaves, and this herb resembled even so the brake, as Trichomanes resembled the male brake, for Trichomanes even from the root hath continually leaves unto the top, as the male brake hath, and Adiantum bare a go way above the root as the she fern is bare even to top, there is full of leaves. I have seen this herb diverse times in Italie, in putts and wells; but I could never find it, neither in Deutsche, nor in England. It used to grow also in watery rocks, whereas the sun comet little, it may be named in English Venus hair or ladies’ hair.

The virtues.

The broth of Venus hair drunken is good for the short winded and for them that sigh much, for the milt, for the yellow jaundice, for them that cannot well make water. It breaks the stone, it stopped the flux of the belly, it remedied the biting’s of serpents. It is good to drink against the flux of the stomach. It draweth dons the seconds and the flowers of women and stopped the pairbreaking and spitting of blood. The herb raw is good for the biting of serpents, laid unto the place bitten. It maketh thick hair whereas the scales have taken is away, it drives away wennes (Ichthyosis?) and swelling under the chin and in other places and with lye it taketh away scurf and scales of the head and health the warring sores of the same. It holds on the hair, that will fall off if Laudanum be mixed with it and laid upon the head with mirth oil, lily oil or with hyssop and wine, this herb given in, in meat unto quale’s and cokes make them fight more earnestly, then they did before. This herb brength furth of the breast tougher and thick humors. Venus’s hair is in mean temper between hot and cold. Mesue write that the broth where in is sodden a pound of this herb being green, purged yellow choler, and draweth furth flehm out of the hole belly, and liver, and bringeth furth of the breast and lunges by spitting, tough and clammy humors.

Of the right affodyll.

Albucum is called in latin also Hastula regia, and in Greke asphedelos, and it may be called in Englysh right affodill. Howbeit, I could never se thys herb in England but ones, for the herbe that the people calleth here Affodil or daffodil is a kind of narcissus. The right affodil hath a longe stalke a cubit long, and some thynge longer many whyte floures in the top, and not one alone als the kyndes of Narcissus have. Theophrastus sayth, that ther growth a worme in affodyles, and that it goweth unto a kynde of flye and fleeth out when the floure is rype. The sede is thre square like bucke wheat or beach aples, but is backer and harder, the leves are long as a great leke leves are, and the rootes are many together lyke acorns. I have sene thys herbe oft in Italye and in certayne gardines of Antwerp and now I have it in England in my gardin.

The vertues. The properties.

The rootes of the right affodyl are byting sharpe, and do hete and provoke uryne and wemens floures. A drame of the rotes drunken in wyne, helpe the paynes in the syde, bursten places and shrunken together, and coughes. The same taken in quantite of the under ankle bone, suche as men playe with, helpeth vomytyng if it be eaten. The drammes weight of the same is good for them thar are byten of a serpent. Ye must anoynte the bytyng with the leves, floures and rootes wyth wyne. Do so also to foule and consumpyng sores. The rootes so den in the dregges of wyne, are good for the inflammations of the papes and mennis stones, for swellynges and for byles. Is is also good for newe inflammations layd to with barley mele. The iuice of the roote soden with old swete wyne, myr and saffron, is a good medicine for the eyes. It is also good for matery eares brused mith frankincense, honeye, wyne, and myrr, the same put in the contrary ear, swageth the tuthake. The ashes of the root layd to, maketh heyr grow agayne in a skalled head. Oyle soden in the fyre in the rootes made hollow is good for the kybes, or moules that are raw, and for the burning of the fyre, poured into the ear, it is good for defenes. The roote heleth whyte spottes in the fleshe, if ye rub them first with a cloth, and afterwards lay the roote to them. The seed and the floures drunken in wyne, withstand wonderfully the poysone of scolopendres and scorpiones. They purge also the belly.

Of the right affodil. (Asphodelus albus)

Albucum is called in Latin also Hastula regia, and in Greek asphedelos, and it may be called in English right affodil. Howbeit, I could never see this herb in England but ones, for the herb that the people calleth here Affodil or daffodil is a kind of narcissus. The right affodil hath a long stalk a cubit long, and something longer many white flowers in the top, and not one alone as the kinds of Narcissus have. Theophrastus say that their growth a worm in affodil and that it growth unto a kind of fly and fleet out when the flower is ripe. The seed is three square like buckwheat or beach apples, but is backer and harder, the leaves are long as a great leek leaves are, and the roots are many together like acorns. I have seen this herb oft in Italie and in certain gardens of Antwerp and now I have it in England in my garden.

The virtues. The properties.

The roots of the right affodil are biting sharp and do hot and provoke urine and women’s flowers. A drachma of the rotes drunken in wine help the pains in the side, bursting places and shrunken together, and coughs. The same taken in quantity of the under-ankle bone, such as men play with, helped vomiting if it be eaten. The drachms weight of the same is good for them thar are bitten of a serpent. Ye must anointed the biting with the leaves, flowers and roots with wine. Do so also to foule and consumption sores. The roots sodden in the dredges of wine are good for the inflammations of the pappa and men’s stones, for swellings and for bile’s. It is also good for new inflammations laid to with barley mele. The juice of the root sodden with old sweet wine, myrrh and saffron is a good medicine for the eyes. It is also good for mattery for ears bruised with frankincense, honey, wine, and myrrh, the same put in the contrary ear swaged the toothache. The ashes of the root laid to, maketh hair grow again in a scaled head. Oil sodden in the fire in the roots made hollow is good for the kibbes or moules that are raw and for the burning of the fire, poured into the ear, it is good for deafness. The root health white spots in the flesh, if ye rub them first with a cloth, and afterwards lay the root to them. The seed and the flowers drunken in wine, withstand wonderfully the poisoned of Scolopendra’s and scorpions. They purge also the belly.

Of Garlick.

Garleke is called in Greke Skorodon, in Duche knoublouch, in Frenche Aul or aur. Ther are .iii, kyndes of Garleke. The first is the common gardin garleke, the second is called in Greke Ophioskorodon, in latyn Allium anguinum or allium sylvestre; in Englyshe crouwe garlyke or wild garlyke. Thys kynde hathe very small leves commyng furth lyke grene twigges and they are commonlye croked at the end, and when it is rype it hathe sede in de tope even lye unto the cloves which growe in the roote but they are lesse. The third kind is called allium ursinum in latin, and in Englysh rammes or ramseyes; the first kynde growe onley in gardynes in England, and the second growth in myddes and feldes in every cuntre, the thyrde kynde growth in woddes about bath.

The vertues of Garlyke.

Garlyke warmeth the bodye and breaketh insundre grosse humores, and cuttethe in peces toughe humores. Garlyke twyse or thryse soden in water, putteth away hys sharpnes and yet for al that it leseth not hys virtue in makynge subtyle and fyne it that is grosse. But it wynneth therby a certayne pour, though it be not easy tobe perceyued, to noryshe the body, which it had not befor it was soden. Garlyke is not onlye good meat but also goof medicine, for it can lose it that is stopped and also dryve it awaye. Garlike is of that kynde of meates whyche dryve further winde and ingendere no thirst. Crow garlyke as all other wilde herbes be, is stronger then it of the gardyne. Garlyke dryveth of the belly brode Wormes taken with other meat, it provoketh uryne, it helpeth the bytyng of a veper. Bothe eaten and also layd to, it is good against the bittinges of madd or weod beastes. It is also very good for the ieopardies that may come of changing of waters, cuntrees, it clereth the voyce, swageth the olde coughe, taken row or soden. The same droncken with the brothe of organe kylleth lyse and nyttes. The ashes of burned garleke layde to with hony helethe bruses and blewe stryppes folowinge of betynge or fallynge and with the ointment of spykenarde; it heleth the fallynge of the heere, and with oyle and salt it heleth the burstynges owt of wheles, and with hony it taketh away the scrupruye evell, frekelles, runnynge sores of the hede and schurfe and leprosyes. It is medycynable against the poysone of lybardes bayne. It draweth downe wemenes syknes and secundes with the perfume of it, and so doeth it, if they will sit over the brothe that it is so dene in with herbes of lyke softe chefe, stanceth the fallynge downe of humores called the catarre. And so ist gooed agaynste horsues. Thre lytle cloves broken in vynegre and layde to the tethe if it be rosted and putt in the tethe ake. It swagethe also the payne come of to muche moysture. One hede of garlyke dronkene with .x. drammes of the gume of laserpytyum, dryvethe away the quaertayne ague. For lake of the true laserpytyum; ye may take the roote of angelyca or pyllyrorye of spayne, called other wyse magystrantya. It pprovoketh slepe and maketh the coloure of the bodye rede, and styrresthe men to venerye, dronkene with grene Coryander and stronge wyne. It is also good for the pyppe or roupe of hennes and cockes, as Pliny wrytesh. Garleke helpethe the colyke cummeth of wynde and the sciatica that is of fleme. It maketh subtill the norystement and the bloud. The use of garleke is evell for all them are of an hote complexion, for it hurtethe the eyes, the hede, the longes, and the kydnes, it hurteth also women with child and suckyng chylder. Garleke is as Galene sayth, the men of the countress triacle. It is hote and drye in the fourth degree.

Of Garlick. (Allium sativum, Allium ursinum)

Garleke is called in Greek Skorodon, in German knoublouch, in French Aul or aur. There are. iii, kinds of Garlick. The first is the common garden Garlick, the second is called in Greek Ophioskorodon, in Latin Allium anguinum or allium sylvestre; in English crow Garlick or wild Garlick. This kind hath very small leaves coming furth like green twigs and they are commonly crooked at the end and when it is ripe it hath seed in de tope even like unto the cloves which grow in the root, but they are less. The third kind is called Allium ursinum in Latin, and in English rammes or ramseies; the first kind grow only in gardens in England, and the second growth in middles and fields in every country, the third kind growth in woods about Bath.

The virtues of Garlick.

Garleke warmth the body and break in sunder grosses humors and cut it in pieces tough humors. Garlick twice or thrice sodden in water, putted away his sharpness and yet for all that it lest not his virtue in making subtill and fine it that is grosses. But it wants thereby a certain power, though it be not easy to be perceived, to nourish the body, which it had not before it was sodden. Garlick is not only good meat but also goof medicine, for it can lose it that is stopped and also drive it away. Garlick is of that kind of meats which drive further wind and engendered no thirst. Crow garlic as all other wild herbs be, is stronger than it of the garden. Garlick drive of the belly brood worms taken with other meat, it provoked urine, it helped the biting of a viper. Bothe eaten and laid to it is good against the biting’s of mad or wild beasts. It is also very good for the jeopardies that may come of changing of waters, countries, it claret the voice, swaged the olde cough, taken row or sodden. The same drunken with the broth of origan killed lyse and nits. The ashes of burned Garlick laide to with honey heal the bruises and blue stripes following of biting or falling and with the ointment of spikenard; it health the falling of the hair and with oil and salt it health the bursting’s out of whiles, and with honey it taketh away the scurry evil, freckles, running sores of the head and scurf and leprosies. It is medicinable against the poisoned of leopard’s bane. It draweth down women’s sickness and secund with the perfume of it and so doeth it, if they will sit over the broth that it is so den in with herbs of like soften chose, stanch the falling down of humors called the catarrh. And so is it good against horses. Three little cloves broken in vinegar and laide to the teethe, if it be roosted and putt in the teethe ache. It swaged also the pain come off to much moisture. One head of garlic drunken with.x. drachms of the gum of Laserpitium, drivee away the quartan ague. For lake of the true Laserpitium, ye may take the root of Angelica or pellitory of Spain, called otherwise magistrantia. It provoked sleep and maketh the color of the body red and stirred men to vinery, drunken with green Coryander and strong wine. It is also good for the pipe or rope of hens and cocks as Plini write. Garlick helped the colic comet of wind and the sciatica that is of flehm. It maketh subtill the nourishment and the blood. The use of Garlick is evil for all of them are of an hot complexion, for it hurt the eyes, the head, the lunges, and the kidneys, it hurt also women with child and sucking children. Garlic is as Galene say, the men of the country’s treacle. It is hot and dry in the fourth degree.

Of the alder tree.

The alder tree, whiche is also called an aller tree, is named in greke Clethra, in latin alnus, in duche, ein erlenbaum. The nature of thys tree is to growe by water sydes and in marrische grounde.

The properties of alders.

The tree when the barke is of, is reade, and the barke is muche used to dye with all. Plini sayth, that alder is profitable to set at river sydes against the rage of the floude, to helpe and strengthem the banke with all; and that under the shadowe of alder trees, maye well growe anye thynge, that is sett, or sowen; which thing chaunceth not under many other trees. Some saye that the iuice of an alder trees barke, is good for a burning. The leves are colde and astringent, and so is the barke also.

Of the alder tree. (Alnus glutinosa)

The alder tree, which is also called an aller tree, is named in Greek Clethra, in Latin Alnus, in German, ein erlenbaum. The nature of this tree is to grow by water sides and in marris ground.

The properties of alders.

The tree when the bark is of is red and the bark is much used to dye with all. Plini say that alder is profitable to set at river sides against the rage of the flood, to help and strengthen the bank with all; and that under the shadow of alder trees may well grow anything that is set or sown; which thing chanced not under many other trees. Some say that the juice of an alder tree’s bark is good for a burning. The leaves are cold and astringent and so is the bark also.

Of Aloe.

Aloe maye be called in Englysch herbe Aloe to put difference between the herbe and the iuice which compacted together and dryed into great peces is commonly called aloe. Aloe hath fat and thycke leves lyke unto squilla or sea oinyone, somthyng brode, round and bewynge bachwarde. It hath leves of eche syde, growynge a wrie, pryckye, with few crested and short. The stalke is lyke right affodilles stalke, it hath whyte floures, and fruyte like unto right affodyl, it hath a grievous savour and a wonderfull bytter taste. It hath one roote, and stycketg in the grounde lyke a stake. I have sene in Italye in diverse gardynes herbe aloe, but it endureth not in Italye in gardynes, above iii. Yeares; as Italianes tolde me. I have sene herbe aloe also in Antwerpe in shoppes, ther it endureth longe alive, als orpine doth and housleke, wherefore some have called it semper vivum marinum, that is sea aigrene.

The vertues.

There are two kyndes of aloe, one kynde is full of sande, semeth to be the drosse and out cast of the pure iuice. The other kynde is like unto a lyver, that ought to be taken, that is of a goof favoure pure, and hathno deceyt in it, shynynge without stones, of a read colour, growing together lyke a lyver, brittle, easy to melt and of a great bitternes. It thath is black and hard to breake is not commendyd. Th nature of the herbe Aloe is to hele woundes and the property op the iuice is to drye up, to provoke slepe and to make bodies thicke and fast together, and to louse the belly, two lytle spunfulles of aloe beat into puoder, and taken ether with colde or with warme water purgeth the stomake, stoppeth the vomytyng of bloude, and purgeth the iawndess, taken in the quantyte of a scruple and a halfe with water or a drame in drynke, thre drames of Aloe taken, make a iust purgation. Mesue gyveth in pouder or pylles from a drame and a halfe to two drammes, and instepe or infuse from an drame and a halfe unti iii. drammes and a halfe. Aloe mixed with other purgations helpteh and they hurt not the stomake so much as they wold have done if they had bene taken alone. Aloe dried, is sprinkled into woundes to make them growe together agayne. It bringeth sores to a skyne, holdeth them in, that they sprede no farther. It heleth specially the pryvy member that have sores and the skyne of. It iopenth together agayne the skyne that covereth the knope of boyes yeardes, if it be broken in sunder with Malvesy. It heleth rystes and hard lumpes, aryse in the fundament. It stoppeth over much isshuyng of emrodes, burstyng out of bloud. It heleth also agnales, when they are cut of. With hony it taketh awaye blewe markes and tokens that come of bearing or brusyng. It heleth scabie blere eyes, in the niche of the cornes of an eye. It stancheth the heade ake, layd unto the temple of the forehead with vinegre ad rose oyle, with wyne layd unto the heade. It holdeth fast the heere that wold fall of. It is good for the swellyng in the kirnelles under the tonge for the disease of the goumes and al other disease of the mouth layd with with wyne and hony. Aloe is burnt in a clene and burning hote vessel, and is oft stirred with a fether, that I may be all alyke rosted, and so it is good medycyne for sore eyes. Some tyme it is washed, that the sande may go unto the bottome. Aloe washed, is holsummer for the stomake, but it purgeth not so much as unwashed. Aloe purgeth choler and fleme. It purgeth souner asl Mesue sayeth if it be taken before meate, and if therbe menged with it mace, clowes nut mugges cumanum, masticke or folsot. Wyne or rose water, or the iuice of fenell, wherein Aloe mixed with dragonis bloud, and myrr health stynkynge and olde sores. The same mixed wyth mirr, kepeth dead bodyes from corruption. Aloe dissolves with the whyte of an egge, is a good unplaster tot stop bloud, both that are much disposes to the emrodes, for it openeth the mouthes of the vaynes. It is also evell for them thar are hote and drye of nature, but it is good for them thar are moyst and cold. Aloe is hote in the begynnynge of the second degree, and dry in the third degree. The best aloe as Galene writeth commeth from Indy.

Of Aloe.

Aloe may be called in English herb Aloe to put difference between the herb and the juice which compacted together and dried into great pieces is commonly called aloe. Aloe hath fat and thick leaves like unto squilla or sea onion, something brood, round and bowing beachward. It hath leaves of each side, growing a wire, prickle, with few crested and short. The stalk is like right affodil stalk, it hath white flowers, and fruit like unto right affodil, it hath a grievous savor and a wonderful bitter taste. It hath one root and sticked in the ground like a stake. I have seen in Italie in diverse gardens herb Aloe, but it endured not in Italie in gardens, above iii. years as Italians told me. I have seen herb Aloe also in Antwerp in shoppes, there it endured long alive, as orpine doth and houseleek, wherefore some have called it sempervivum marinum, that is sea green.

The virtues.

There are two kinds of aloe, one kind is full of sand, seem to be the dross and out cast of the pure juice. The other kind is like unto a liver, that ought to be taken, that is of a good favor pure, and hath no deceit in it, shining without stones, of a read color, growing together like a liver, brittle, easy to melt and of a great bitterness. It that is black and hard to break is not commended. The nature of the herb Aloe is to hele wounds and the property op the juice is to dry up, to provoke sleep and to make bodies thick and fast together and to louse the belly, two little spoonful’s of aloe beat into powder and taken ether with cold or with warm water purged the stomach, stopped the vomiting of blood, and purged the jaundices, taken in the quantity of a scruple and a half with water or a drachm in drink, three drachm of Aloe taken, make a just purgation. Mesue give in powder or pills from a drachm and a half to two drachms, and instep or infuse from a drachm and a half until iii. drachms and a half. Aloe mixed with other purgation’s help, and they hurt not the stomach so much as they would have done if they had bene taken alone. Aloe dried, is sprinkled into wounds to make them grow together again. It bringeth sores to a skin, hold them in that they spread no farther. It health specially the privy member that have sores and the skin of. It open together again the skin that covered the knop of boy’s beards, if it be broken in sunder with Malvasia. It health rises and hard lumps, arise in the fundament. It stopped over much issuing of hemorrhoids, bursting out of blood. It health also ag nails, when they are cut off. With honey it taketh away blue marks and tokens that come of bearing or bruising. It health scabies blare eyes, in the niche of the corners of an eye. It stanched the headache, laid unto the temple of the forehead with vinegar and rose oil, with wine laid unto the head. It holds fast the hair that would fall of. It is good for the swelling in the kernelless under the tong for the disease of the gums and all other disease of the mouth laid with wine and honey. Aloe is burnt in a clay and burning hot vessel and is oft stirred with a feather, that I may be alike roosted and so it is good medicine for sore eyes. Some time it is washed that the sand may go unto the bottom. Aloe washed, is wholesome for the stomach, but it purged not so much as unwashed. Aloe purged choler and flehm. It purged sooner as Mesue sayeth if it be taken before meat and if the herb menged with its mace, cloves nut, muggers Cuminum, mastic or folfoote, (Arum), wine or rose water, or the juice of fennel, wherein Aloe mixed with dragons’ blood and myrrh health stinking and olde sores. The same mixed with myrrh kept dead bodies from corruption. Aloe dissolves with the white of an egg is a good unplaster to stop blood, both that are much disposes to the hemorrhoids, for it open the mouths of the veins. It is also evil for them thar are hot and dry of nature, but it is good for them thar are moist and cold. Aloe is hot in the beginning of the second degree, and dry in the third degree. The best aloe as Galene write comet from Indy.

Of Chikewede.

Chikewede is called in greke alsine, and the latines use the same name, in duchte vogelcraut, or mere, in frenche mauron. The Pothecaries call it, morsum galline; this herbe is so well knowen in all countrees, that I need not largelye tot describe it. They that kepe lyttle byrdes in cages, when thee are sycke, gyve the byrdes of thys herbe, to restore them to their health agayne.

The vertues of Chiwede.

The poure of this herbe is to bynde and to coule. It is layd to the inflammations of the eyes with barley mele and water. The iuice is also poured into the eares agaynst the payne of them. This herbe is profitable for all thing that parietory is goof for. It is good for all gatherynge and inflammatyons both of bloude and also of choler, if it be not extremely hote.

Of Chickweed. (Stellaria media)

Chickweed is called in Greek alsine, and the Latine use the same name, in German vogelcraut, or mere, in French mauron. The Pothecaries call it, morsum galline; this herb is so well known in all countries that I need not largely to describe it. They that keep little birds in cages, when they are sick, give the birds of this herb, to restore them to their health again.

The virtues of Chickweed.

The power of this herb is to bind and to cool. It is laid to the inflammations of the eyes with barley mele and water. The juice is also poured into the ears against the pain of them. This herb is profitable for all thing that Parietaria is goof for. It is good for all gathering and inflammations both of blood and also of choler, if it be not extremely hot.

Of Henbayne.

Henbayne is called in latin altercum, and Apolllinaris or faba suille in Barbarus latin iusquiamus, in greke Hyosciamos, in duche bilsem crout, in frenche de la Hanbane. Henbane hath thicke stalkes, brode leves and longe, devyded, black, and rough. The floures come out of the syde of the stalke in ordre, as the flour of pomegranates, compassed with the lytle cuppes fulle of sede as poppy hath. Ther are thre sorte of Henbayne, one with blacke sede with floures, almost purple with the leves of frenche beanes, called smilax, with veselles harde and pryckye. The other sede is something yelowe als wynter cresses is, the leves and the coddes are more simple. Both these two kyndes make men madde, and fall into a great slepe, and therefore they ought not to be commonly used. Phisicianes have receyved the thyrde kynde as most gentle full of hore, and softe, with whyte floures and whit sedes, and it growth about the sea syde, and about guttues and ditches, about townes and cytyes, which if ye cannot fynde, take the it with the reade sede and use it.

The vertues.

It hath the black sede is the worst kind, is not approved. A certaine iuice is pressed in the sun out of a freshe sede stalkes and leves brused, when as the moisture is dryed up, use of it, dureth for a yeare, it falleth easely into daunger of corruption. The iuice is aldo drawen out of the drye sede, brused by it selfe, laid in warme water, and then pressed out. The iuice that is pressed out, is better, releseth the paine soner then it with the milky humour, that commeth out of the herbe, by scotching or nyckyng. The grene herbe brused and mixed with wheat mele of thre monethes is made into rounde lytle cakes, and so laid up. The first iuice, that which is drawen out of the drye sede are conveniently, put in medicines, which swage payne, and they are good against quyke and hote issues, the paynes of the eares, the diseases of the mouther whit wheat mele of the fete, of other partes. The sede can do the same. It is good for the cough, for catarres, runninges of the eyes and other aykes. The same with poppy sede, about a waight of .x. graynes is drunken with mede against the excesse of wemenes syckenes and any other isshue of bloude that bursteth out. It helpeth the gowt and a mannes stones when they are swelled with wynd, sore pappes, whyche are after a womannes byrth, puffed up, do swell, if it be broken, and layd to with wyne. They use also to be put in other playsters which are ordeyned to swage payne. The leves are very good to be put in al medicynes, which take payn away both by themselves and also with barly mele. The grene leves are layd to, tot release all kynd of payne. Iii. or iiii .leves drunken with wyne hele cold agues, where in they are syck are both hote ad cold at one time. The rootes soden in vinegre as for the tuthake. The smoke of thys herbe is good for the cough, if it be received into the mouth. Plini sayth that the oyle made of the sede of thys herbe, put into a mannes eare, bryngeth hym owt of hys mynd. Also mothen .iiii .of the leves drunken, do the same. Henbayne is cooled in the thyrd degre.

Of Henbane. (Hyoscyamus niger)

Henbane is called in Latin altercum and Apolllinaris or faba suille in Barbarous Latin iusquiamus, in Greek Hyosciamos, in German bilsem crout, in French de la Hanbane. Henbane hath thick stalks, brood leaves and long, divided, black, and rough. The flowers come out of the side of the stalk in order as the flour of pomegranates, compassed with the little cups full of seed as poppy hath. there are three sorts of Henbane, one with black seed and with flowers, almost purple with the leaves of French beans, called Smilax, with vessels hard and prickle. The other seed is something yellow as winter cresses is, the leaves and the pods are simpler. Both these two kinds make men mad and fall into a great sleep, and therefore they ought not to be commonly used. Physicians have received the third kind as most gentle full of hair and soft, with white flowers (Hyoscyamus albus) and whit seeds, and it growth about the seaside, and about gutters and ditches, about towns and cities, which if ye cannot find, take it with the read seed and use it.

The virtues.

It hath the black seed is the worst kind, is not approved. A certain juice is pressed in the sun out of a fresh seed stalks and leaves bruised, when as the moisture is dried up use of it, dearth for a year, it falleth easily into danger of corruption. The juice is also drawn out of the dry seed, bruised by itself, laid in warm water and then pressed out. The juice that is pressed out is better, realest the pain sooner then it with the milky humor, that comet out of the herb, by scotching or nicking. The green herb bruised and mixed with wheat mele of three months is made into round little cakes and so laid up. The first juice, that which is drawn out of the dry seed are conveniently, put in medicines, which swage pain, and they are good against quick and hot issues, the pains of the ears, the diseases of the mouther whit wheat mele of the fat of other partes. The seed can do the same. It is good for the cough, for catarrhs, running’s of the eyes and other aches. The same with poppy seed, about a weight of. x. grains is drunken with Mede against the excess of women’s sickness and any other issue of blood that burst out. It helped the gout and a man’s stones when they are swelled with wind, sore pappa, which are after a woman’s birth, puffed up, do swell, if it be broken, and laid to with wine. They use also to be put in other plasters which are ordered to swage pain. The leaves are very good to be put in al medicines which take pain away both by themselves and also with barley mele. The green leaves are laid to, tot release all kind of pain. iii. or iiii. leaves drunken with wine hele cold agues, where in they are sick are both hot and cold at one time. The roots sodden in vinegar as for the toothache. The smoke of this herb is good for the cough, if it be received into the mouth. Plini say that the oil made of the seed of this herb, put into a man’s ear bring him out of his mind. Also, moth men. iiii .of the leaves drunken do the same. Henbane is cooled in the third degree.

Of marrishe Mallowe.

Althaea is called also Hibiscus and Eniscus and of the potecaryes malva bis malva and malvaviscus, in Englysch marysh mallow or water mallow, in duche ibish, in frenche guimauves. This herbe growth naturally in watery, marrisch myddoes, and by water sydes. Althaea or marrische mallow hath roundel eves lyke unto sowbread, whit a whit downe upon them, with a floure after the proportion of a rose, but in coloure they are pale purple, which drawyng nere unto white, for the quantite of the herbe very smalle, with a stalke of .ii. cubites high, with clammy rootes, and whyte within. It is called marisshe mallowe in Englishe, because it growth comonly in marrych ground and watery myddoes. By thys description it is playne that our comon holyoke is not Althaea.

The vertues.

Marrysh mallowe, soden in wyne or mede, or brused and laid on by it selfe, is good for woundes, for hard kyrnelles, swellynges, and wennes, for the burning impostume of the pappes, for the brusynge of the fundament, for wyndy swellynges, for the styfnes of the synnowes for it dryveth away, maketh rype or digesteth, bursteth, and covereth with skyne. Sett is as mencyoned before, ansdput swynes grese unto it, or goose grese, or turpentyne, that it may be clammy as an implaster, and then it is good for the inflammations and stoppynges of the mother, if ye put it into the mother after a suppostorye wyse. The brothe that the herbe is soden in, is good for the same. It draweth out also the burdens of the mother, the secundes that abyde after the child. The brothe of the roote drunken with wyne, helpeth they cannot well make water, the rawnes of them, they have the stone, blody flyxe, the sciatica, the trymblyng of any membre, the burstyngen. Washe the mouth with the same herbes soden in vinegre, it will ease the payne of the tethe. The grene sede and drye also broken, heleth frekelles and foule spottes, when they be anoynted therwith in the sunn. They that are anointed with the same, with oyle and vinegre are inno danger to be bitten of venomous beastes. It is good against the blody flixe, vomiting of bloud, the common flyxe. The same sede sodene in water and vynegre or in wyne, is drunken against all the styngyng of bees waspes and such other lyke. The leves with a lytle oyle are layd on bytynges and burnynges. It is evidently knowen that water wyll were thycke, if this rote be brused and put in, so that water stand abrode in the ayre wythout the dores.

Of marris Mallow. (Althaea officinalis)

Althaea is called also Hibiscus and Eniscus and of the pothecaries Malva bismalva and malvaviscus, in English marshmallow or water mallow, in German ibish, in French guimauves. This herb growth naturally in watery, marris meadows and by water sides. Althaea or marris mallow hath round leaves like unto sowbread, whit a whit dons upon them, with a flower after the proportion of a rose, but in color they are pale purple, which drawing near unto white, for the quantity of the herb very small, with a stalk of. ii. cubits high, with clammy roots and white within. It is called marris mallow in English because it growth commonly in marris ground and watery meadows. By this description it is plane that our common Holyoke is not Althaea.

The virtues.

Marris mallows sodden in wine or Mede or bruised and laid on by itself is good for wounds, for hard kernelless, swellings, and wennes (Ichthyosis?), for the burning impostume (pus) of the pappa, for the bruising of the fundament, for windy swellings, for the stiffness of the sinews for it drive away, maketh ripe or digested, burst and covered with skin. Sett is as mentioned before and put it in swine’s grease unto it or goose grease or turpentine, that it may be clammy as an plaster and then it is good for the inflammations and stoppings of the mother, if ye put it into the mother after a suppository wise. The broth that the herb is sodden in is good for the same. It draweth out also the burdens of the mother, the second that abide after the child. The broth of the root drunken with wine helped they cannot well make water, the rawness of them, they have the stone, bloody flux, the sciatica, the trembling of any member, the bursting. Washe the mouth with the same herbs sodden in vinegar, it will ease the pain of the teethe. The green seed and dry also broken, health freckles and foule spots, when they be anointed therewith in the sun. They that are anointed with the same, with oil and vinegar are in no danger to be bitten of venomous beasts. It is good against the bloody flux, vomiting of blood, the common flux. The same seed sodden in water and vinegar or in wine is drunken against all the stinging of bees, wasps and such other like. The leaves with a little oil are laid on biting’s and burnings. It is evidently known that water will were thick if this root be bruised and put in, so that water stand abroad in the air without the doors.

Of Marierum gentle.

Marierum is called in Greke samsychos and amarokos, in latin amaracus or maiorana, in duche meieran of maioran, in French maiolayn or maron, some call this herbe in englysh merierum gentle, tot put a difference between an other herbe called mezierum, which is but a bastard kynde, this is the true kynde. Merierum is a thicke and bushy herbe creping by the ground with leves lyke small calaminte roughe and rounde. It hath lytle toppers in the hyest parte of the stalke muche lyke scales one growinge over another as the fyr tree nuttes do appere., It hath a very good savour.

The vertues.

The broth of thys herbe drunken is good for the dropsye in the begynnyng, and for them that can not make water, for the gnawing in the belly. The drye leves layd to, with hony take away blew markes, which come of beting, and in a supposytorye, they brynge doune wymens sycknes. They are also good to be layd unto the styngyng of a scorpyone with salt and vinegre. The same received in to a salve made of wex are good for lose swellings, and the are layd unto the eyes with the floure of barley, when they have inflammation. They are mixed with medycynes, which refreshe Merynes ans such emplasteres as are appointed to hete. The pouder of the drye herbe put in a mannes nose, maketh him to nese, the oyle that is made of merierum, warmeth and fasteneth the synoes. Thys herbe is hote in the thyrde degree, and drye in the seconde.

Of Marjoram gentle. (Origanum majorana)

Marjoram is called in Greek samsychos and amarokos, in Latin amaracus or maiorana, in German meieran of maioran, in French maiolayn or maron, some call this herb in English marjoram gentle, tot put a difference between another herb called marjoram, which is but a bastard kind, this is the true kind. Marjoram is a thick and bushy herb creping by the ground with leaves like small calamint rough and round. It hath little toppers in the highest part of the stalk much like scales one growing over another as the fir tree nuts do appear. It hath a very good savor.

The virtues.

The broth of this herb drunken is good for the dropsy in the beginning and for them that cannot make water, for the gnawing in the belly. The dry leaves laid to with honey take away blue marks, which come of biting and in a suppository, they bring down women’s sickness. They are also good to be laid unto the stinging of a scorpion with salt and vinegar. The same received into a salve made of wax are good for lose swellings, and they are laid unto the eyes with the flower of barley, when they have inflammation. They are mixed with medicines which refreshes medicines and such plasters as are appointed to hot. The powder of the dry herb put in a man’s nose maketh him to nose, the oil that is made of marjoram, warmth and fastened the sinews. This herb is hot in the third degree, and dry in the second.

Alysson.

Alysson hath the name in Greke, because it helpeth the bityng of a wod dogge. Dioscorides and Plini do not agre with Aetius and Actuarius in the descriptyon of this herbe. For Dioscorides and Plini make alysson lyke unto goosharet, for Dioscoride scommonly setteth herbes of lyke forme and fashion together, he setteth next unto goosharet, which is called in Aparine, alysson. Howbeit this were no necessary argument, if that I had no profess then thys alone. But Plini maketh evidently, for my purpose his words are these. Alyssos arubia folijs tantum err ramis minoribus differ. Alissos differeth only from madder in that it hath lesse leves, lesse branches, and madders, is very lyke unto aparine. Dioscoridis describeth alysson, thus alyssos is a lytle bushy herbe somthyng sharpe with roun de leves; and before them hath a fruyte, lyke to lytle bucklers; Wherin is sese something brode, t growth in hylly and roughe places. The herbe whyche I take to be alysson of Plini and Dioscorides, is a small herbe of a span high; and of one smalle rede roote, growe many smalle stalkes, whyche have many rowelles as it were spores, set in order; and at every rowell or rounde order of leves ner the tope, ther spryngeth further a lytle small branche, whiche hath floures, fruyte, and sede. The stalke is .iiii square and somthyng sharpe. The leves indede are not eve playne rownde taken severally by them selves, but the taken one with an other all to gether are rounde in order. It that the roundness that Dioscorides speaketh of, be not thus tobe understand; this herbe can not be Dioscorides Alysson. The floures are bluyshe purple, and appere commonly about the end of maye; the fruyte growth ever .ii.and. ii .together; wherin is a lytle blake sede somthynge flat, in some tope a man may fynde. iiii. cople of lytle vessels, which contayneth thys sede. Ther are none of these vesselles founde alone. The herbe is hote end specially the sede, but the hete appereth not straight waye till that it hath bene a good while one youre tonge, and then it is evidently sharpe end bytynge. Aetius wryteth thus of Alysson. The medicine called Hiera, is to be geven every daye not as a purgation, but as a helping medicine in a quantite of an hasellnut with an unce and an halfe of the brothe of salge, or the herbe syderitis whyche is called Heraclea. Some use this alone and say that it is profiteth muche, therefore name it Alysson, because it taketh madnes away. These words writeth he in the heling of the bitynge of a mad dogge. And wher he intreateth of symples; he wryteth of Alysson thus. They saye that Alisson is the herbe called sideritis, whyche growth everye where by the high ways. It hath a purple floure, and thyke leves. Actuarius discribeth alysson after thys maner. Alysson is an herbe lyke unto hore hounde sharper only, and with more prykkye rounde hedes, and with blewe floures. Horehounde, and sideritis are very lyke; as every man knoweth, whyche hath sene bothe, but between Horehounde, and madder, or gosharethe ther is no lykenes at all savynge that the leves in all these herbes stande orderly distinct one from an other by certayne equall spaces. Therefore we may se Alisson of Dioscorides, and Plini, is not all one with Alisson, of Aetius, and Actuarius. Howe it be it the do all agre in thys, that Alissos is good for the bytynge of a mad dogge. Alysson of Dioscorides, and Plyny may be named in English helebyte, or heledog, of the property that it hath in helyng of the bityng of madde dogges, some herbaryes call this same herbe, rubiam minorem.

The vertues.

The brothe of helebyte drunken, dryveth awaye the hyethcoke, that is without an ague. It doth the same; if any man hold it, or smell it with hony, the same broken, helpeth the diseases and frekelles of the face. Bruysed and taken in meat, it is supposed to be good agaynste te madnes of a dogge. The same hong up in houses, is thought to be holsome, and a defence against inchaunting, both unto man and beast; and bownde about a lynnyng cloth, it dryveth away the disease of cattell. Galena confirmeth the saynge of Dioscorides, Pliny, Aetius and Actuarius; and sayth, that this herbe hath the name of helyng of them that are byten of a mad dogge; and that the herbe given to them that are mad of times by likenes, of the hole substance, hath perfytly heled them.

Alyssum. (Alyssum maritimum nu Lobularia maritima)

Alysum hath the name in Greek, because it helped the biting of a mad dog. Dioscorides and Plini do not agree with Aetius and Actuarius in the description of this herb. For Dioscorides and Plini make Alysson like unto Goosegrass, for Dioscorides commonly set herbs of like form and fashion together, he set it next unto Goosegrass, which is called in Aparine, Alysson. Howbeit this were no necessary argument, if that I had no profess then this alone. But Plini maketh evidently, for my purpose his words are these. Alyssos arubia folijs tantum err ramis minoribus differ. Alissos differ only from madder in that it hath lesser leaves, lesser branches, and madders, is very like unto (Galium aparine. Dioscoridis described Alysson, thus Alysson is a little bushy herb something sharp with round leaves; and before them hath a fruit, like to little bucklers; Wherein is seed something brood, it growth in hilly and rough places. The herb which I take to be Alysson of Plini and Dioscorides is a small herb of a span high; and of one small rede root grow many small stalks which have many rowels as it were spores, set in order; and at every rowel or round order of leaves near the top, there spring further a little small branch which hath flowers, fruit, and seed. The stalk is. iiii square and something sharp. The leaves indeed are not eve plane round taken severally by themselves, but the taken one with another altogether are round in order. It that the roundness that Dioscorides speak of, be not thus to be understand; this herb cannot be Dioscorides Alysson. The flowers are bluish purple and appear commonly about the end of Maye, the fruit growth ever. iii. and. ii. together, wherein is a little black seed something flat, in some tope a man may find. iiii. couples of little vessels, which contained this seed. There are none of these vessels found alone. The herb is hot end specially the seed, but the hot appear not straight way till that it hath bene a good while one your tong and then it is evidently sharp end biting. Aetius write thus of Alysson. The medicine called Hiera, is to be given every day not as a purgation, but as a helping medicine in a quantity of a hazelnut with a once and a half of the broth of sage, or the herb Sideritis which is called Heraclea. Some use this alone and say that it is profited much, therefore name it Alysson, because it taketh madness away. These words write he in the heling of the biting of a mad dog. And where he entreated of simples; he write of Alysson thus. They say that Alisson is the herb called Sideritis, which growth everywhere by the highways. It hath a purple flower, and thick leaves. Actuarius described Alysson after this manner. Alysson is an herb like unto horehound sharper only, and with more prickle round heeds and with blue flowers. Horehound and Sideritis are very like; as every man know which hath seen both, but between Horehound and madder or goosegrass there is no likeness at all saving that the leaves in all these herbs stand orderly distinct one from another by certain equal spaces. Therefore, we may see Alisson of Dioscorides, and Plini is not all one with Alisson, of Aetius, and Actuarius. Howe it be it the do all agree in this that Alisson is good for the biting of a mad dog. Alysson of Dioscorides, and Pliny may be named in English helebite, or heledog, of the property that it hath in heling of the biting of mad dogs, some herbarizes call this same herb Rubia minorem.

The virtues.

The broth of helebite drunken drive away the hitchhike, that is without an ague. It doth the same; if any man holds it or smell it with honey, the same broken, helped the diseases and freckles of the face. Bruised and taken in meat it is supposed to be good against to the madness of a dog. The same hung up in houses, is thought to be wholesome and a defense against enchanting, both unto man and beast; and bowed about a linen cloth it drives away the disease of Cattell. Galena confirmed the saying of Dioscorides, Plini, Aetius and Actuarius; and say that this herb hath the name of heling of them that are bitten of a mad dog; and that the herb given to them that are mad of times by likeness of the hole substance, hath perfectly heled them.

Amaranthus.

Amaranthus is not the same herbe in Dioscorides, that it is in Pliny. For theyr description of Amaranthus are diverse, differing. Amaranthus of Pliny, as he writethe him selfe, is rather a purple eare then a floure, and that without small or savour. And it is to be wondered at, howe that it wold be plucked oft, and growth better when it is thus handled. The leves of the herbe are lyke unto the leves of a blyte or the longest leves of basyle. Properties it hath none, that I knowe of but that it dryeth much, therfor helpeth to stope lax, it is called in English, purple velvet floure, or flour amour The herbe which is named in Dioscorides Elichrison, is also called of Galene amaranthus. Thus it is described of Dioscorides. ElichrIsum hath a little white branche, grene, straight, and strong, and narrow leves, like unto sothernwod, certain spaces goinge between the leves; the tope is al yelowe, and is fulle of rounde knoppes, like unto drye berryes; the rot is very small. It growth in uneven places, and in holow places, wher as waters use some tyme to ryne. Som learned men of this time take the herbe called op the apothecaries stichas citryna, and of the germanes rheinblome, to be elichrison. But this herbe, hath no leves, lyke unto southernwood, but unto ysope. Wherfor stichas citrina is not Elychryson of Dioscorides. The right Elichryson growth in Italy; and hath so smalle leves, as sothernwod hath; and is may be called in englysh, flour amor, or yelowe flour amor.

The propertys.

The top of the herbe called elichrisio dronken with wine, helpeth the bytynges of serpentes, the sciatyca, them thar can not well make water, burstinges, it provoketh floures to come doune. Dronken with honeyd wyne is wasteth up, bloud ruime together, whether it be in the stomache, or in the blader. Given with wine dilayed, to them that are fastinge, about .ii. scrupules, it stopped poses, and catarres. It is good to be laid among clothes to save them from mothes. The nature of the herbe is to cut in sonder, and to make subtyle; but it hurtethe the stomache.

Amaranthus. (Amaranthus caudatus)

Amaranthus is not the same herb in Dioscorides that it is in Plini. For their description of Amaranthus are diverse, differing. Amaranthus of Plini, as he writ himself is rather a purple ear then a flower and that without small or savor. And it is to be wondered at howe that it would be plucked oft and growth better when it is thus handled. The leaves of the herb are like unto the leaves of a blithe or the longest leaves of basil. Property’s it hath none that I know of but that it dry much, therefore helped to stope lax, it is called in English purple velvet flower or flour amour. The herb which is named in Dioscorides Elichrison is also called of Galene Amaranthus. Thus, it is described of Dioscorides. Elichrisum (Helichrysum) hath a little white branch, green, straight and strong and narrow leaves, like unto southernwood, certain spaces going between the leaves; the tope is al yellow, and is full of round knops, like unto dry berries; the root is very small. It growth in uneven places and in hollow places whereas waters use some time to run. Som learned men of this time take the herb called op the apothecaries stoechas citrina and of the Germans rheinblome to be Helichrysum. But this herb hath no leaves like unto southernwood, but unto hyssop. Wherefore stoechas citrina is not Helichrysum of Dioscorides. The right Helichrysum growth in Italy; and hath so small leaves as southernwood hath; and may be called in English flour amor, or yellow flour amor.

The properties.

The top of the herb called Helichrysum drunken with wine helped the biting’s of serpents, the sciatica, them thar cannot well make water, bursting’s, it provoked flowers to come down. Drunken with honeyed wine it wasted up, blood rum together, whether it be in the stomach or in the blader. Given with wine delayed to them that are fasting, about. ii. scruples, it stopped poses, and catarrhs. It is good to be laid among clothes to save them from moth. The nature of the herb is to cut in sonder and to make subtill; but it hurt the stomach.

Of the Almond tree.

An Almond tre is called in greke Amygdale, in latyn Amigdala, in Duche ein Mandelbaum, in Frenche amandier. Almond trees growe much in highe germanye, and in great plenty in Italy, and some growe in Englande; butt I have herde of no great store of the fruyte of them, that growe in Englande. The tre at the first sight is lyke unto a wylowe tre, but the leves are shorter and bygger aboute the settynge on the stalke then wylow leves be. The fruyt and the kernell of it are so wel knowen that I need no further tot descrybe them.

The vertues.

The broth of the rootes of the bytter Almon tre, if they be broken, and soden, scoureth away the frekelles and spottes of the face. The Almondes ther selves laid to, do the same. And they layd to the convenient place, bringe downe wemens syknes, they take away a hede ake, if the be layd to the tempels, or forhede with vynegre and rose oyle. And with wyne; they are good for wheles and little sores; and with hony they hele rooting, and running sores, which runne from place to place; and the biting of dogges. The same eaten taketh ake away. They softene the belly, teht make a man slepe, provoke uryne; and they are taken agaynste the vomiting of blode, taken with fine wheate flour, called amilum. Drunken with water, of lycked in with turpentine, they are good for them, that are diseased in the kydnes, of have the inflammations of the longes. With swete wyne they are good for the stone, and the stoppynge of the water, and they taken in with honye and mylke after the maner of an electuary in the quantyte of an hasell nut, are good for the diseases of the lyver, for the cough, and for a wyndye colyke. The gomme of an almond tre is astringent and hote; and if it be drunken it is good for the vomytyng of bloode; with vinegre is heleth scabbed and scurvey evell that runneth in the skyne. It helpeth an old coughe taken with delayd wyne; it is good for them, that have the stone, drunken with swete wyne or malvasey. Swete almonds have a certayne bitterness covered with swetnes; they are of temperate hete and moisture, but they increase the substance of the braine. They make one slepe pleasantlye, and scoure and purge the ways that the water cometh thorowe; and they are verye fyt for lene folke; and the oyle of them is good for a dye crampe. The oyle of bytter almonds is hoter by one degree, then the oyle of swete almandes is. It is moste fit for eares that are stopped with grose wynde, for hardness of hearynge, and for the noyse in the eares, that cometh of could. It killethe also the wormes of the eares. Is is tried by experience, that this oyle is more convenient for the eares then other oyles be.

Of the Almond tree. (Prunus amygdales of Prunus dulcis)

An Almond tree is called in Greek Amygdale, in Latin Amigdala, in German ein Mandelbaum, in French amandier. Almond trees grow much in high Germany and in great plenty in Italy and some grow in England; butt I have heard of no great store of the fruit of them that grow in England. The tree at the first sight is like unto a willow tree, but the leaves are shorter and bigger about the setting on the stalk then willow leaves be. The fruit and the kernel of it are so well known that I need no further to describe them.

The virtues.

The broth of the roots of the bitter Almon tree, if they be broken and sodden, scoured away the freckles and spots of the face. The Almonds themselves laid to do the same. And they laid to the convenient place bring down women’s sickness, they take away a headache, if the be laid to the temples or forehead with vinegar and rose oil. And with wine they are good for whiles and little sores; and with honey they hele rooting and running sores, which run from place to place; and the biting of dogs. The same eaten taketh ache away. They soften the belly, the make a man sleep, provoke urine; and they are taken against the vomiting of blood, taken with fine wheat flour, called amylum. Drunken with water of licked in with turpentine, they are good for them that are diseased in the kidneys of have the inflammations of the lunges. With sweet wine they are good for the stone and the stopping of the water, and they take in with honey and milk after the manner of an electuary in the quantity of a hazel nut is good for the diseases of the liver, for the cough, and for a windy colic. The gum of an almond tree is astringent and hot; and if it be drunken, it is good for the vomiting of blood; with vinegar it is health scabbed and scurvy evil that rennet in the skin. It helped an old cough taken with delayed wine; it is good for them, that have the stone, drunken with sweet wine or malvasia. sweet almonds have a certain bitterness covered with sweetness; they are of temperate hot and moisture, but they increase the substance of the brain. They make one sleep pleasantly and scour and purge the ways that the water cometh thorough; and they are very fit for lane folk; and the oil of them is good for a dye cramp. The oil of bitter almonds is hotter by one degree then the oil of sweet almonds is. It is most fit for ears that are stopped with grosses wind, for hardness of hearing and for the noise in the ears, that cometh of could. It killed also the worms of the ears. It is tried by experience that this oil is more convenient for the ears then other oils be.

Of Ami.

Ami is called both of grecians, and latynes amy. The pothecaries call it ameos in the genytyve case. It may be also called in Englyshe ammi. Dioscorides writeth no more of the descriptyone of Ammi, because he thought it so commonly knowen in hys dayes, but these words. Ami hath muche smaller sede, the Cumin. And resembleth organe in taste. The herb, that is commonly used for Ammi in all shoppes nowe a dayes; hath a longe grene stalke, full of lytle branches about the top, with long smalle indended leves, a white flour, and a bushy top lyke dyll, with an lytle bitter and hote sede. Although thys maye be used for ammi and is one kynde of it; yet ther growth in Italye a better kynde, whyche I have sene. If we could have plenty of that kynde, I would counsell men to use it; and to leve thys, whyche we use commonlye. For I finde not the hete in thys sede, that Galene requyreth. For he writeth, that Ami is hote, and drye in the extremyte of the third degree. Howe it be, thys common ami is not to be dispised. Thys herbe growth in many gardynes in germanye and in my lords gardyne at syone in England.

The vertues.

Ami is good against the gnawynge in the guttes, agaynste the stoppynge of the water, agaynste the biting of serpentes drunken with wine. It bringeth wemen theyr siknes. It mixed with corrosyves made of the flyes called chantarydes, do help the stoppyng of a mans water. With hony it taketh away blew markes rising of stryppes, with rasynes, or rosyne. In a perfume it purgeth the mother. Some hold, that wemen do souner conceive; if they smel thys herbe, when als the worke of conceptyone is in doynge.

Of Ammi. (Ammi majus)

Ammi is called both of Grecians and Latines Ammi. The pothecaries call it ameos in the genitive case. It may be also called in English ammi. Dioscorides write no more of the description of Ammi, because he thought it so commonly known in his days, but these words. Ammi hath much small seed then the Cumin. And resembled origan in taste. The herb, that is commonly used for Ammi in all shoppes now a days; hath a long green stalk full of little branches about the top, with long small, indented leaves, a white flour and a bushy top like dill, with a little bitter and hot seed. Although this may be used for ammi and is one kind of it; yet their growth in Italie a better kind, which I have seen. If we could have plenty of that kind, I would counsel men to use it; and to leave this which we use commonly. For I find not the hot in this seed that Galene required. For he writ that Ami is hot, and dry in the extremity of the third degree. Howe it be, this common Ammi is not to be despised. This herb growth in many gardens in Germany and in my lord’s garden at Sion in England.

The virtues.

Ammi is good against the gnawing in the gutters, against the stopping of the water, against the biting of serpents drunken with wine. It bringeth women their sickness. It mixed with corrosives made of the flies called cantharides, do help the stopping of a man’s water. With honey it taketh away blue marks rising of stripes, with raisins or Rosine. In a perfume it purged the mother. Some hold that women do sooner conceive; if they smell this herb when as the work of conception is in doing.

Amomum.

Amomum is a small bushe, about the quantite of a mannis hande, like unto a cluster of grapes folden into him selfe, little stickes of wood, going one beside, over an other, and partlie it resembleth a net, and partlie a rounde thike bushe, or rather the hede of a mace, if it were all made of little stickes or peces of silver; as bige an strawes in a roude forme, it hath little floures as hart es ease hath, and leves like unto briony. I sawe about .vi, yeres agoo at colon a little shrube, some thing lesse then my hande, which was in all pointes like unto the shrub above described, a certaine pilgrime, which had bene at Hierusalem, brought it out of iewry with him. The same is named of the herbaries rosa hierecumtis, that is the rose of hierico. The saing is, it openennth every yere aboute Christenmasse; Wherfor some call it a christen mase rose. This same wold I reken to be the right amomum if it ha that smell, which Dioscorides require in amomo. If any man schance upon any, that hath a good savoure with all these other properties above rehersed, let him take it for the true amomum. Silvius of Parise writeth in his simples, that he had the true Amomum. For lake of the true amomum we may use the common calamus aromaticus, or Carpersio called of some cucuba. Other iudge aman , may be used for amomo. Asara, bacca or the right Acorus. But the sede that is commonlye used for amono, is not of the strength that amomum is of.

The vertues.

Amomum hath pour to hete, to binde, and toe drie. It provoketh to slepe, and laid to the for hede, ist swageht ake, it maketh ripe, driveth away inflammations, and impostemes haning matter in them like hony, it helpeth them, thar are bytten of scorpiones laid tot emplaister wise with basil; and it is good for the gout, with rasines it heleth the inflammations of the eyes. It is gooe for the diseases of the mother, other in spuppositoyue taken befor, or in a bath that wemen syt over. The broth of it dronke, is good for the lyver, for the kydnes, and for the gout. It is fyte to be mixed with preservatives, and precious oyntmentens.

Amomum. (Amomum odoratum)

Amomum is a small bush, about the quantity of a man’s hand, like unto a cluster of grapes folded into himself, little sticks of wood going one beside over another and partly it resembled a net, and partly a round thick bush or rather the head of a mace, if it were all made of little sticks or pieces of silver; as big an straw in a round form, it hath little flowers as hart es ease hath and leaves like unto briony. I saw it about .vi, years ago at Colon a little shrub, something lesser than my hand which was in all pointes like unto the shrub above described, a certain pilgrim which had bene at Jerusalem brought it out of Jewry with him. The same is named of the herbarizes rosa hierecumtis, that is the rose of Jericho. (Anastacia hierochuntica) The saying is, it opens every yere about Christmases; Wherefore some call it a christen mase rose. This same would I recon to be the right amomum if it hath that smell, which Dioscorides require in amomum. If any man chance upon any, that hath a good savor with all these other properties above rehearsed, let him take it for the true amomum. Silvius of Parise write in his simples, that he had the true Amomum. For lake of the true amomum we may use the common Calamus aromaticus, or Carpersio called of some cucuba. Other judge a man may be used for Amomum Asara bacca (Asarum europaeum) or the right Acorus. But the seed that is commonly used for Amomum is not of the strength that Amomum is of.

The virtues.

Amomum hath pour to hot, to bind and to dry. It provoked to sleep and laid to the for head it swages ache, it maketh ripe, drive away inflammations, and impostemes (pus) having matter in them like honey, it helped them that are bitten of scorpions laid tot plaster wise with basil; and it is good for the gout, with raisins it health the inflammations of the eyes. It is good for the diseases of the mother, other in suppository taken before or in a bath that women sit over. The broth of it drunken is good for the liver, for the kidneys, and for the gout. It is fit to be mixed with preservatives and precious ointments.

Of Pimpernelle.

Pympernelle is named both in Greke and in Latyne Anagallis, and Corchorus; in duche gauchheil; in frenche Morgelyna. Pympernell is of .ii.kyndes it that hath the blewe floure, is called the female, but that hath the cremesie is called the male. They are lytle bushye herbes lyenge upon the ground, and have little leves some thynge roude lyke unto parietorye, whyche come owte of .iiii. squared stalke. The fruyte of thys herbe is rounde.

The vertues of Pympernell.

Both the kyndes have a propertye to swage, and mytygate; and holdeth away inflammatyones; and putt uwt agayne strynges, and shyueres, that are faste in the fleshe; and refrayne festrynge and rottynge sores. The iuice gargled in the thorte and mouthe, purgeth the hede of fleme, and the same porred in the nose thrylle., that is of the other syde of the heden then the tuth ake is in, taketh the payne awaye. With fyne honeye it scoutreth awaye the whyt spottes in the eyes, it is goof for a dulle syghte; and the same drunken with wyne is good for them, that are bytten of serpentes; for them that are diseased in the lyver, and in the kydnes. Some do wryte; that it whyche hath the blewe floure holdeth and stoppeth the fallynge downe of the greate gutt, and it with the cremisen laide to, bryngeth it furth. These .ii.herbes have some hete and a drawynge nature, and drye wythowe bytynge; wherefore they bynde to gether woundes and hele roten sores, als Galene witthnesseth in the .vi.boke of the propertyes and poures of simple medycynes. The male pympernell growth commonlye in England in the corne and in tylled groundes, and so doth the female growe in Germany about bon and colon.

Of Pimpernel. (Anagallis arvensis).

Pimpernel is named both in Greek and in Latyne Anagallis and Corchorus; in German gauchheil; in French Morgelyna. Pimpernel is of.ii. kinds it that hath the blue flower is called the female, but that hath the kermesina is called the male. They are little bushy herbs lying upon the ground and have little leaves something round like unto Parietaria which come out of. iiii. squared stalk. The fruit of this herb is round.

The virtues of Pimpernel.

Both the kinds have a property to swage and mitigate; and hold away inflammations; and putt out again strings and shivers that are fast in the flesh; and restrain festering and rotting sores. The juice gargled in the throat and mouth purged the head of flehm and the same poured in the nose thrill, that is of the other side of the head then the tooth ache is in, taketh the pain away. With fine honey it scoured away the whit spots in the eyes, it is good for a dull sight; and the same drunken with wine is good for them that are bitten of serpents; for them that are diseased in the liver and in the kidneys. Some do write; that it which hath the blue flower hold and stop the falling down of the great gut and it with the kermesina laide to bring it furth. These. ii. herbs have some hot and a drawing nature and dry without biting; wherefore they bind together wounds and hele rotten sores, as Galene witnessed in the .vi. book of the properties and powers of simple medicines. The male pimpernel growth commonly in England in the corn and in tilled ground and so doth the female grows in Germany about Bon and Colon.

Of Anagyris.

Anagyris growth not in England, that I wrte of; but I have sene it in Italye. It maye be called in Englishe, bene trifolye; because the leves grow thre together, and the sede is much lyke a bene. Anagyris is a bushe like unto a tree with leves and twigges, lyke unto Agnus castus of Italy; But the leves are greater and shorter; and growe but iii. together, wheras agnus hath ever v .together, exceding stynkynge. It hath the floures of kidney, of dyves coloures, fyrme and strong; whiche when the grape is ripe wereth harde.

The propertyes of Anagyris.

The tender and yong leves of this bushe broken, and layd to lyk an emplaster; holdeth downe wyndy and louse zwellynges. If the byrth stycke fast, and the floures be stopped, or the secundes abyde behynde; they are drunken in the weight of a dramme in swete wyne. So are they also good, for the heade ake with wyne. They are also bounde to the wymen, that have an hard labour, but so that streyght waye after they be taken awaye. The sede eaten, maketh one vomite sore.

Of Anagyris. (Anagyris foetida)

Anagyris growth not in England that I write of; but I have seen it in Italie. It may be called in English, bene trifolie; because the leaves grow three together, and the seed is much like a bene. Anagyris is a bush like unto a tree with leaves and twigs, like unto (Vitex) Agnus castus of Italy; But the leaves are greater and shorter; and grow but iii. together, whereas Agnus hath ever v. together, exceeding stinking. It hath the flowers of kidney, of divers’ colors, firm and strong, which when the grape is ripe were hard.

The properties of Anagyris.

The tender and young leaves of this bush broken and laid to like a plaster; hold down windy and louse swellings. If the birth sticks fast and the flowers be stopped or the second abide behind; they are drunken in the weight of a drachm in sweet wine. So are they also good, for the headache with wine. They are also bound to the women that have a hard labor, but so that straight away after they be taken away. The seed eaten maketh one vomited sore.

Of Anchusa.

Dioscorides maketh .iii .kindes of anchusa. The fyrste kynde hath leves like unto sharp leved lettis, roughe, sharpe, blake, maye, growynge on every syde harde by the grounde and full of pryckes. The root is a finger thyk, and it that cometh furth is summer, is of a sanguyne colour, it growth in a rank ground. This kind growth in may places of Germany, it is so like gardine buglosse, that a man can not lightlye discerne the one from the other, saving only by the root, which is very rede without, but not within. It may be calledin englisch, as the frence men do, orchanet or rede buglosh. The second kynd dyffereth in this from the first, that is hath lesse leves, sharpe like wise, small branches coming out of the stalke; it hath a purple flour turning to warde cremesyne; it hath rede rootes, and longe, which in the harvest tym puttith furth a sanguine iuice. It growth in sandy places. Thys herbe is called in some places of engelande cattys tayles, in other pleces wylde buglose; it growth in gravylly and sandy places, and in pyttes, wher as gravell is dygged out of. The thyrde knde is lyke unto the seconde, but it hath a lesse fruyt or sede, and that of a crymsiye colour. I do not remember, that I have sene thys kynde.

The vertues of the .ii former kyndes.

The first kind of anchusa, is gooed with oyle end were against burning, old sores. It heleth the outragius inflammations or hete that commeth of choler with barle mele. It is layd on with vinegre against lepres and foule scurfynes. The same put into a womanes mother draweth out the byrth. The broth of it is given for the disease if the kidnes and the milte, and to them that have the iaundis; and if the pacyentes have an ague, it must be taken with mede. The leves drunken with wyne stop the belly. The seconde is good agains the bitinges of al serpentes, and especiallye against the biting of a vepare.

Of Anchusa. (Anchusa officinalis, Anchusa arvensis)

Dioscorides maketh. iii kinds of Anchusa. The first kind hath leaves like unto sharp leaved lettuce, rough, sharp black, may growing on every side hard by the ground and full of prickles. The root is a finger think, and it that cometh furth is summer is of a sanguine color, it growth in a rank ground. This kind growth in many places of Germany, it is so like garden bugloss that a man cannot lightly discern the one from the other, saving only by the root, which is very red without, but not within. It may be called in English, as the France men do, orchanet or red bugloss. The second kind differed in this from the first, that is hath lesser leaves, sharp likewise, small branches coming out of the stalk; it hath a purple flour turning toward carnosine; it hath red roots and long which in the harvest time putt it furth a sanguine juice. It growth in sandy places. This herb is called in some places of England cats’ tails, in other places wild bugloss; it growth in gravelly and sandy places, and in putts, whereas gravel is dig out of. The third kind is like unto the second, but it hath a lesser fruit or seed, and that of a kermesina color. I do not remember that I have seen this kind.

The virtues of the. ii former kinds.

The first kind of anchusa, is good with oil end were against burning, old sores. It health the outrageous inflammations or hot that comet of choler with barley mele. It is laid on with vinegar against leper’s and foule scurf. The same put into a woman’s mother draweth out the birth. The broth of it is given for the disease if the kidneys and the milt and to them that have the jaundice; and if the patients have an ague, it must be taken with mee. The leaves drunken with wine stop the belly. The second is good against the biting’s of al serpents’, and especially against the biting of a viper.

Of Tutsan.

Tutsan (as I do iudge) is a herbe, which is called of Dioscorides androsemon, of oure Potecaries agnus castus. It semeth to have hat the name of tutsan, because it heleth al. And of androsemon, because it hath iuice like unto mannis blood. Androsemon differreth from saint Johns grasse, from Ascrio called greate saynt Jhons grasse, in that it hath manye branches, and it hath rede twigges, and leves like rue; but thrise or .iiii. folde greater; whyche broken put forth a whynnishe iuice. They have in the topp .ii. and .iii. leves ever coming owt one agaynste an other, resembling a byrdes winges stretched furth, as when the byrde flye; where about ther growe smal yelowe floures, and sede in lytle knoppe like unto the sede of blake poppye; and it is notable with certayne smalle lenes in it. The small leves in the top broused of broken savour lyke rosyne.

The vertues.

Tutsanes sede broken, and drunken in the quantyte of ii. drammes dryveth out choleryk excrementes; it heleth moste the sciatica. But after the putgation, the pacient must drinke water. The herbe layd to burned places heleth them, and stancheth blood and woundes. And not only the herbe doth thys; but also the wyne that the herbe is soden in, as wytnessethe Galene; whych under the name of Androsemon, conteyneth in the booke of hys simple medycynes, Ascyron also.

Of Tutsan. (Hypericum androsaemum)

Tutsan (as I do judge) is an herb which is called of Dioscorides androsemon, of our Pothecaries Agnus castus. It seems to have hat the name of tutsan, because it health al. And of androsaemum because it hath juice like unto man’s blood. Androsaemum differed from saint John’s gras, from Ascyron called great saint Jhons gras, in that it hath many branches, and it hath rede twigs, and leaves like rue; but thrice or. iiii. folded greater, which broken put forth a whines juice. They have in the top. ii. and. iii. leaves ever coming out one against another, resembling a bird’s wing stretched furth as when the bird fly; where about their grow small yellow flowers, and seed in little knop like unto the seed of black poppy; and it is notable with certain small lenes in it. The small leaves in the top bruised of broken savor like raisins.

The virtues.

Tutsan seed broken, and drunken in the quantity of ii. drachms drive out choleric excrement’s; its health most the sciatica. But after the purgation the patient must drink water. The herb laid to burned places health them and stanched blood and wounds. And not only the herb doth this; but also, the wine that the herb is sodden in, as witnessed Galene; which under the name of Androsemon, contented in the book of his simple medicines, Ascyron also.

Anemone.

I have not sene yet the right tame Anemone, for it hath a lytle knop on the roots, as Astragalus hath, aboute the bygnes of an olyve. Thys kynde, whose figure ye se set furth, in all other pointes, agreeth verye muche with the tame anemone. Wherfor it is wylde anemone, as the dyscryptyone afterward wyll declare. Anemone hath the name in Greke of wynde, because the floure never openeth it selfe, but when the wynde bloweth. The herbaryes therfor call thys, herba venti, the Duche man call it hacket craut, the frenche men coque lourdes, and it may be called in engelysh rose persely, because ther growth a flour like a single rose in the tope of thys herbe, which is very like persely in the leves; or it may be called wynde floure. It growth in greate plenty aboute bon in germanye, and about Oxforde in Englande, als my frend Falconer toulde me. Dioscorides writeth thus of anemone. Ther are .ii. kindes of Anemone; the one is wylde, and the other is tame, or of the gardine. Wherof are many other under kyndes; one that hath a creme fyne floure, and other a whytische or of the colour of milke or purple. The leves are lyke coriander, with smaller cuttynges or indentynges, nere the grounde; the stalke is alle downyand roughe and small, wher on grow floures lyke poppy; and the myddes of the lytle hedes are blake or blewe. The rootes are of the bygnes of an olyve, or bygger, it is almost, compassed about wythe smalle iontes with knopes lyke knees. The wylde anemone in all poyntes is greater then the tame, and hath broder and harder leves, a longer hede, and a cremesyne flower with manye smalle rootes. It is more biting, then it hath the blake leves.

The vertues.

Theye have both a bytynge and a sharpe qualyte. The iuice of the roote of them poured into ones nose, purgeth the hede. The root chewed in the month bringeth furth watery fleme. The same soden in swete wyne and layd to, helethe the inflammations of the eyes; and it heleth the scares and dymnes of the same. It scoureth away fylthye sores. The leves and stalkes it they be eten with a tysan, bring mylke to the brestes; and bring downe a womanes syknes, if the be layd to the place in wol. If lepres be anointed therwyth, it scoureth them awaye.

Anemone. (Anemone coronaria, Anemone nemorosa)

I have not seen yet the right tame Anemone, for it hath a little knop on the roots, as Astragalus hath, about the bigness of an olive. This kind whose figure ye se set furth in all other pointes agreed very much with the tame anemone. Wherefore it is wild anemone as the description afterward will declare. Anemone hath the name in Greek of wind because the flower never opened itself, but when the wind blow. The herbarizes therefore call this herba venti, the German man call it hacket craut, the French men coque lourdes, and it may be called in English rose parsley, because there growth a flour like a single rose in the top of this herb, which is very like parsley in the leaves; or it may be called wind flower. It growth in great plenty about Bon in Germany and about Oxford in England as my friend Falconer told me. Dioscorides write thus of anemone. There are. ii. kinds of Anemone; the one is wild, and the other is tame, or of the garden. Whereof are many other under kinds; one that hath a creme fine flower and other a whitish or of the color of milk or purple. The leaves are like coriander, with small cuttings or indenting’s near the ground; the stalk is alle downy and rough and small, whereon grow flowers like poppy; and the middles of the little heads are black or blue. The roots are of the bigness of an olive or bigger, it is almost compassed about withe small joints with knops like knees. The wild anemone in all points is greater than the tame, and hath brooder and harder leaves, a longer head and a crimson flower with many small roots. It is more biting than it hath the black leaves.

The virtues.

Theye have both a biting and a sharp quality. The juice of the root of them poured into one’s nose purged the head. The root chewed in the month bringeth furth watery flehm. The same sodden in sweet wine and laid to health the inflammations of the eyes; and it health the scares and dimness of the same. It scoured away filthy sores. The leaves and stalks it they be eten with a Ptisane bring milk to the breasts; and bring down a woman’s sickness if the be laid to the place in wool. If lepers be anointed therewith, it scoured them away.

Of Dyll.

Dyll is named in Greke anethon, in Latyn Anethum, in Duche Dyl, in frenche anet. Dyll growth a cubit hight, and some tyme halfe a cubit higher, it hath many smal branches summing furth of a great stalke, with a very smalle lefe, long, muche lyke grene heres. With a yellow floure, and a brode sede, with an spokye top as fenell hath, whome he doth represent wonders nere.

The vertues.

The brothe of the leves and sede of dry dyll drunken bryngeth mylke to the brestes, it stancheth gnawynges in the bellye and vomytynge, it provoketh uryne, swageth the hichkohe, dulleth the eye sight, and oft drunken stoppeth the sede. It is good for wemen to sit over it in water, whyche have the dyseases of the mother. The asshes of the sede of this herbe layd to, after the maner of an emplaster, take away the harde lompes and knoppes thar are about the fundament or in other places. Dyll als Galene sayth swageth ake, provoketh slepe when it is grene, and maketh rype rawe humores. The oyl that is made of dyll is good to be gyve unto them that are wery in wynter, for is softneth and moysteth. And is goo for them that are sicke of an ague that commeth of smalle fleme, and for all dyseases that come of a coulde cause. Dyll is hote in the begynnynge of the fyrste degree, and drye in the begynnyng of the seconde.

Of Dill. (Anethum graveolens)

Dill is named in Greek anethon, in Latin Anethum, in German Dyl, in French anet. Dill growth a cubit high and sometime half a cubit higher, it hath many small branches summing furth of a great stalk with a very small leaf, long, much like green hair. With a yellow flower and a brood seed, with a spoke top as fennel hath, whom he doth represent wonders nearby.

The virtues.

The broth of the leaves and seed of dry dill drunken brength milk to the breasts, it stanched gnawing’s in the belly and vomiting, it provoked urine, swaged the hickuped, dull the eyesight and oft drunken stopped the seed. It is good for women to sit over it in water which have the diseases of the mother. The ash of the seed of this herb laid to, after the manner of a plaster, take away the hard lumps and knops thar are about the fundament or in other places. Dill as Galene say swaged ache, provoked sleep when it is green, and maketh ripe raw humors. The oil that is made of dill is good to be gyve unto them that are wary in winter, for is soften and moistest. And is good for them that are sick of an argue that comet of small flehm and for all diseases that come of a could cause. Dill is hot in the beginning of the first degree and dry in the beginning of the second.

Of anyse.

Anyse is called in greke anison, in latyn anysum, in duche enyse, in frenche anise; the lesf of anyse, and intended about; afterwards; it is like unto parseley high up in the stalke, it hath a flour and a top lyke fenell; it growth only in gardyns in England. Galena sayeth that anyse is hote end drye in the thyrde degree; but thys that we use, is not so hote; wher for I suspek that there is a better kynde, then is commonlye brought unto us, to be solde. Howe be it in the meane season we must use thys, which apereth to mee scarcely hote in the begynnyng of the secund degree.

The vertues.

Anyse hetet and drieth, maketh the breth sweter, swageth payne, maketh a man to pys well, it quencheth the thurst of them, that have the dropsy. It is good against wynde. It stoppeth the belly and the white floures. It bringeth mylke tot the poppes. It styreth men to the plesure of the body. It swageth the hede ake, the smoke of it taken in at the nose, the same pured in the broken eares, with rose oyle, heleth them. The best is, that is newe nor full of drosse, but wel smellyngen. The best cummeth owte of candye, and the nexte is brought owt of Egypte.

Of anise. (Pimpinella anisum)

Anyse is called in Greek anison, in Latin anisum, in German enyse, in French anise; the leaf of anise and intended about; afterwards it is like unto parsley high up in the stalk, it hath a flour and a top like fennel; it growth only in gardens in England. Galena sayeth that anise is hot and dry in the third degree; but this that we use is not so hot; wherefore I suspect that there is a better kind, then is commonly brought unto us to be sold. Howe be it in the mean season we must use this which appear to me scarcely hot in the beginning of the secund degree.

The virtues.

Anise hot and dried, maketh the breath sweet, swaged pain, maketh a man to piss well, it quenched the thirst of them, that have the dropsy. It is good against wind. It stopped the belly and the white flowers. It bringeth milk tot the poppies. It stirred men to the pleasure of the body. It swaged the headache, the smoke of it taken in at the nose, the same poured in the broken ears with rose oil, health them. The best is that is new nor full of dross but well smelling. The best comet out of Candye and the next is brought out of Egypt.

Of pety whine.

Petye Whyne, or grounde Whyne, or lytle Whyne is called in latyn, Greke ononis, and anonis. It is called of the common herbaryes resta bovis, remora aratri acutella, of the duch stall craut, or hawhekel of the frenche burgraves. In cambryge where thys herbe is called a whyne. But I putt pety to it, to make difference between thys herbe, and a fur; whyche in mayne places of Englande is also called a Whyne Petye.

Whyn hath bushy stalkes of a spane length, and longer with many ionyntes lyke knees, with many hollow places, between the leves as stalke like arme holes. With lytle rounde hedes and lytle leves, thyn as lentelles be, drawing nere in lyknes unto the leves of rue or of wilde melliote, some thinge rough, not without a good savoure. It is laid up in bryne, before it hath pryckes, and is afterward good for meate. The branches are full of sharpe, stronge pryckes. The rote is whyte and hote, and suche as is able to make humours thinne that are thicke.

The vertues.

The barke of the roots of grounde whyn, drunken with wyne, provoketh uryne, and breketh the stone; it biteth awaye the utter moste crusted of sores, and the broth of the same in vynegree and honye, swageth the tuthake, if the teth be washed therwith. The roote is of this herbe, is in a maner hote in the third degree, after the mynde of Galene, in the boke of simple medycynes.

Of peti whine. (Ononis spinosa)

Peti Whine or ground Whine or little Whine is called in Latin, Greek Ononis, and anonis. It is called of the common herbarizes resta bovis, remora aratri acutella, of the Germans stall craut or hawhekel, of the French burgraves. In Cambridge where this herb is called a whine. But I putt peti to it to make difference between this herb and a fur, which in many places of England is also called a Whine Petie.

Whine hath bushy stalks of a span length and longer with many joints like knees, with many hollow places, between the leaves and stalk like arme holes. With little round heads and little leaves, thin as lens be, drawing near in likeness unto the leaves of rue or of wild melilote, something rough, not without a good savor. It is laid up in brine, before it hath prickers and is afterward good for meat. The branches are full of sharpen, strong prickers. The root is white and hot and such as is able to make humors thin that are thick.

The virtues.

The bark of the roots of ground whin drunken with wine provoked urine and break the stone; it bit away the utter most crusted of sores and the broth of the same in vinegar and honey swaged the tooth ache, if the teethe be washed therewith. The root is of this herb is in a manner hot in the third degree, after the mind of Galene, in the book of simple medicines.

Of camomyle.

Anthemis, otherwyse called Chamemelum, conteyneth under it iii. kyndes, whyche only differ in the colour of the floure. The branches are a span longe, all bushy with many places like arme holes, between the stalke is the branches; the branches are thyn, smal, and many; the lytle hedes are round with yellow floures in the middes, and about thar roude heade, ether whyte floures stand in order or purple or yelow; about the greatnes of the leves of rue. The first kind of camomylle is called in Greke Leucanthemon, in Englishe Camomyle. In duche Roemisch camillen. The pothecaryes in Germany call thys kynde Chammillam romanam. This herbe is sharse in Germany, but in England it is so plentuous, that it growth not only in gardynes, but also viiii. myle above Londen, it growth in the wylde felde, in rychmonde grene. In Brantfurde grene, and in mooste plenty of al, in hunsley hethe. The second kind is called in Greke, Chrysantemon. I have sene thys herbe in hyghe Germany in the corne feldes; but never in England, that I remembre. It maye be called in Englysh, yellow camomille. The third kynde is called in Greke Heranthemon. Dyvers thynke, that heranthemon, is the herbe; which is called of the herbaryes; amarisca rubra; and of oure countre men, rede mathe, or red made wede. The thing that semeth to let thys herbe to be heranthemon, is thys. It hath not a yelowe heade, or knope; whyche is compassed aboute with purple floures, as the other kindes have yelowe knoppes sett about, one with whyte floures, and the other with yelowe; but the head of knop of thys herbe, is nothing lyk the knoppes of the other, nether in greatnes, nether in forme, not yet in colour, and the sede is as great s spinache sede is, but without prickes, ii may in other poyntes it agreeth well with the description. The leves are very smalle, but the floures are cremesyn, and they shuld pe purple. Heranthemon hath the name, because it floureth in the sprynge. Thys have I written of thys herbe, that learned men shulde searche more dyligently for it, whyche is the true heranthemon.

The operation of chamomylle.

Chamomylle is hote and drye in the first degree. Chamomile, in subtylnes is lyke the rose; but in hete it draweth more nere the qualyte of oyle, whyche is very angreynge unto the nature of man, and temperate. Therefore it is good against werynes; it swageth ake, and unbendeth an lowseth it that is stretched owte, softeneth it that is but measurably harde; and setteth it abrode, that was narrowly thrust together. It driveth awaye, and dyssolveth agues, whyche come not with an inflammation of any inward part; and specially suche as come of choleryke humores, and of the thycknes of the skyn. Wherefore thys herb was consecrated of the wyse men of Egypt, unto the sonne, and was rekened to be the only remedy of all agues. But in that the were deceived for it can only hele those agues, that I rehersed; and those, when come of melancholy or of fleme, or of the inflammation of some inward part. For camomyle is the strongest remedy, when is is given after that mater is rype; therefore it is most convenient for the mydriff, and for the paynes under the pappes, whether the herbe be soden, or sytten over, or be drunken. It dryveth doune wymens sycknes, bryngeth furth the byrth, provoketh uryne, and dryveth out the stone. It is good to be drunken against the gnawing and wyndye swellynge of the smalle guttes; it purgeth awaye the yelowe iawndis. It health the disease of the lyver; it is good for the bladders to be bathe with the broth of thys herbe. Of alle the kyndes of Camomyle, that kind whit the purple floures is strongest. They with the yellow and whyte floure, do more provoke uryne. They hele also laid to emplaster wyse, the empostem, that is about the corner of the eye. The same chewed hele, the sores of the mouth.

Of chamomile. (Anthemis nobilis, Chamaemelum nobile, Matricaria chamomilla)

Anthemis, otherwise called Chamaemelum contend under it iii. kinds, which only differ in the color of the flower. The branches are a span long, all bushy with many places like arme holes, between the stalk is the branches; the branches are thin, small and many; the little heads are round with yellow flowers in the middles and about that round heat, ether white flowers stand in order or purple or yellow; about the greatness of the leaves of rue. The first kind of chamomile is called in Greek Leucanthemon, in English Chamomile. In German Roemisch camillen. The pothecaries in Germany call this kind Chammillam romanam. This herb is scare in Germany, but in England it is so plenteous that it growth not only in gardens, but also viiii. mile above Londen, it growth in the wild Felde, in Richmonde green. In Brantford green and in most plenty of al in Hunsley heath. The second kind is called in Greek, Chrysantemon. I have seen this herb in high Germany in the corn fields; but never in England, that I remember. It may be called in English yellow chamomile. The third kind is called in Greek Heranthemon. Divers think that Heranthemon is the herb; which is called of the herbarizes; Amarisca rubra; and of our country men, rede mathe, or red made wede. The thing that seems to let this herb to be Heranthemon, is this. It hath not a yellow head or knop; which is compassed about with purple flowers, as the other kinds have yellow knops set about, one with white flowers and the other with yellow; but the head of knop of this herb is nothing like the knops of the other, nether in greatness, nether in form, not yet in color, and the seed is as great s spinach seed is, but without prickers, it may in other points it agreed well with the description. The leaves are very small, but the flowers are crimson, and they should pe purple. Heranthemon hath the name, because it floweret in the spring. This have I written of this herb, that learned men should search more diligently for it, which is the true Heranthemon.

The operation of chamomile.

Chamomile is hot and dry in the first degree. Chamomile, in subtleness is like the rose; but in hot it draweth more near the quality of oil, which is very agreeing unto the nature of man and temperate. Therefore, it is good against wariness; it swaged ache, and unbanded an lowest it that is stretched out, soften it that is but measurably hard; and set it abroad, that was narrowly thrust together. It drives away and dissolved agues, which come not with an inflammation of any inward part; and specially such as come of choleric humors and of the thickness of the skin. Wherefore this herb was consecrated of the wise men of Egypt unto the son and was reknit to be the only remedy of all agues. But in that they were deceived for it can only hele those agues, that I rehearsed; and those when come of melancholy or of flehm or of the inflammation of some inward part. For chamomile is the strongest remedy, when it is given after that mater is ripe; therefore, it is most convenient for the midriff and for the pains under the pappa, whether the herb be sodden or sit over or be drunken. It drives down women’s sickness, brength furth the birth, provoked urine and drive out the stone. It is good to be drunken against the gnawing and windy swelling of the small gouttes; it purged away the yellow jaundice. It health the disease of the liver; it is good for the bladders to be bathe with the broth of this herb. Of alle the kinds of Chamomile, that kind whit the purple flowers is strongest. They with the yellow and white flower do more provoke urine. They hele also laid to plaster wise the empostem (pus), that is about the corner of the eye. The same chewed hele the sores of the mouth.

Antirrhium.

The herbe which Dioscorides and Plini call Antirrhinum; Theophrastus calleth antirchizum; for he described his antirrchzum thus; It is lyke unto gooshareth; called aparine with a very lytle root, and almost none. It hath a fruit lyke unto an calfes snowmt. Bus as Dioscorides agreeth with Plini in the name of this herbe, so doth he in the description of the same, differ both from Plini and Theophrastus also. For Plini giveth the leves of lin, or flackes unto antirrhinum. Dioscorides describeth his antirrhinum with leves like unto Pimpernel. His wordes are these; Antirrhinum is an herbe like unto pimpernel, both in leves and also in stalke; the floures or purple like unto leucoion or viola alba, but lesse; wherefore it is called wyld lychnis; it hath a fruyte like unto a calfys snowt. The herbe, which is described of Plini and Theophrastus; growth much in England in the corne feldes, in sallowed landes, at the first sight it apereth like unto cocle in the floure, partly in colour of the lese; which is bygger, longer then flaxe levens be, but not unlyke them in figure. Thus herbe maye be called in English calfes snowte. But antirrhinum as Dioscorides describeth, growth not in England, ever I sawe. For is was sent me out of Italye for antirrhinum Dioscoridis, hath not purple floures, but yelowe.; much lyke unto the floures of osyris. The floures before the open are like purple indede; but not afterward; the stalke also is rounde, nor four squared. The buddes out of which the leves come, the fruite both, do wonderfully nere resemble calfys snowte; The leves in dese are lyke unto the leves of Pimpernel, but much greater. This may be called in Engelisch yellow calfys snowte.

The properties of calfes snout.

Men wryte; that this herbe is good against all poisoned drynkes; and that they that are anointed with this herbe, with lily oyl, or privet oyle, shall therby wexe fayre and well savored. Theophrastus writeth; so some men have supposed, that the use of this herbe, shuld help men to obtayne prayse end worship. But all these are but dreames of sorcerers; for none of these thre learned men above rehersed, wryte, that this herbe hath thys propertye, but onely declare the opynyons of other men, whyche wrote or spake of these properties by gesse.

Antirrhinum. (Antirrhinum majus)

The herb which Dioscorides and Plini call Antirrhinum; Theophrastus calleth antirchizum; for he described his antirrchzum; thus. It is like unto Goosegrass; called (Galium) aparine with a very little root, and almost none. It hath a fruit like unto a calf’s snout. Bus as Dioscorides agreed with Plini in the name of this herb so doth he in the description of the same, differ both from Plini and Theophrastus also. For Plini giveth the leaves of Linum or flax unto Antirrhinum. Dioscorides described his Antirrhinum with leaves like unto Pimpernel. His words are these; Antirrhinum is an herb like unto pimpernel, both in leaves and also in stalk; the flowers or purple like unto Leucojum or viola alba, but lesser; wherefore it is called wild lychnis; it hath a fruit like unto a calf’s snout. The herb which is described of Plini and Theophrastus; growth much in England in the corn fields, in shallowed lands, at the first sight it aper like unto cockle in the flower, partly in color of the leaf; which is bigger, longer than flax leaves be, but not unlike them in figure. This herb may be called in English calves’ snout. But Antirrhinum as Dioscorides described, growth not in England ever I saw. For it was sent me out of Italie for Antirrhinum Dioscoridis, hath not purple flowers, but yellow, much like unto the flowers of Osiris. The flowers before the open are like purple; indeed, but not afterward; the stalk also is round, not four squared. The buds out of which the leaves come, the fruit both do wonderfully near resemble calf’s snout. The leaves in dese are like unto the leaves of Pimpernel, but much greater. This may be called in Engelisch yellow calf’s snout.

The properties of calf’s snout.

Men writ that this herb is good against all poisoned drinks; and that they that are anointed with this herb with lily oil or privet oil, shall there by waxed fayre and well savored. Theophrastus writ: so, some men have supposed that the use of this herb should help men to obtain praise and worship. But all these are but dreams of sorcerers; for none of these three learned men above rehearsed writs that this herb hath this property but only declare the opinions of other men which wrote or speak of these properties by guesses.

Of gooshareth.

Goosgareth called also Clyvet, because is cleveth upon mennes clothes. Is named in Greeke, aparine, Philanthropos, and Omphalo Carpos; in Duche, kleb kraut, in Frenche, Grateron. It hath many branches smal, four squarr and sharpe, the leves stande in a rounde circle aboute the stalke, certayne spaces goyng betwene. The circles are lyke unto madder; the floures are whyte the sede is harde rounde, some thing holowe, and whyte in the myddes, lyke unto a navel, and it cleveth unto mennys clothes. The shyphyrdes use it in the stede of a strayner to pull oute heres of the mylke. Thys herbe groweth in alle cuntres in great plentye.

The vertues.

The iuice of the sede stalkes, and leves of gooshareth, is good to be drunken against the bytynges of veperes Phalanges, and other venemus beastes. The same pured into a mannis eare swageth the payne, the herbe brused with hogges grese dryveth awaye harde kyrnelles and wennes, where so ever the be.

Of Goosegrass. (Galium aparine)

Goosegrass called also Clyvet, because is cleft upon men’s clothes. Is named in Greece aparine, Philanthropos, and Omphalo Carpos; in German kleb kraut, in French Grateron. It hath many branches small, four square and sharp. the leaves stand in a round circle about the stalk, certain spaces going between. The circles are like unto madder; the flowers are white, the seed is hard round, something hollow and white in the middles, like unto a navel and it cleft unto men’s clothes. The shepherds use it in the steed of a strainer to pull out hairs of the milk. This herb growth in alle countries in great plenty.

The virtues.

The juice of the seed stalks and leaves of Goosegrass is good to be drunken against the biting’s of vipers Phalanges and other venomous beasts. The same purred into a man’s ear swaged the pain, the herb bruised with hog’s grease drive away hard kernelless and wennes (Ichthyosis?), where so ever the be.

Of Apios.

Apios is called also Chamebalanos in greke, in Theophrastus ischas; and in latin after the translation of Theodore carica; the same semeth to me to be called in englisch, an ernut, or an earthnut. The earthnut groweth in manye places of Englande and in the most plenty that I have sene in Northumberland. Apios putteth furth ii. or. iii. branches, which ryse a lytle from the ground, smal, rede, and lyke a rishe; the leves are lyke rue, but something longer, narrower and yellowish grene. The sede is little, the roote is lyke the roote of a whyte Affodyl, and after the likenes of a peare, but rounder and fulle of iuice. The barke without is blacke, the roote within is whyte.

The vertues.

The upper parte of the roote draweth out by vomiting choler and fleme, the under part draweth out the same humores by the fundament. The hole purgeth, taken in the quantyte of.xv. granes. The words of Dioscorides made me to dowt, whether our earthnut were apios or no; seyng; many eat the hole root of earthnut; ye som time. .v. or .vi. yet nether go to stoule nor vomite by eatingh therof; wheter earthnut have these forsaid properties in grece or no not here; I can not surely tell, but this profit shalt, they have at least by this my coniecturing, setting furth of thys herbe, we lesse labour thou mayest knowe, true apios, if thou chaunge to se it. I wold exhorte students to prove; if this ernut of oures have in any other place of England, where as I have not bene, have properties. Dioscorides giveth unto apios or no. And if they cannot find them, let the learne of this ernut in seking, iudging of herbes; not to iudge herbes only by outward fashione. But also by qualities and virtue; for as liknes of a man. Alone in an ape or an image maketh not then men, because they want vertue pour operation of a man. So is it not the figure of liknes maketh an herbe, except it have strength, operation of herbe whos liknes it herareth also. Howe be it, may be so noughines of a place may wonderfully minish the operation of the herbe, ye so darken it, that it can not be easely perceived.

Of Apios. (Euphorbia apios)

Apios is called also Chamaebalanos in Greek, in Theophrastus ischas; and in Latin after the translation of Theodore carica; the same seem to me to be called in English an ertnut, or an earthnut. The earthnut growth in many places of England and in the most plenty that I have seen in Northumberland. Apios putted furth ii. or. iii. branches, which rise a little from the ground, small, red, and like a rise; the leaves are like rue, but something longer, narrower and yellowish green. The seed is little, the root is like the root of a white Affodil, and after the likeness of a pear, but rounder and full of juice. The bark without is black, the root within is white.

The virtues.

The upper part of the root draweth out by vomiting choler and flehm, the under part draweth out the same humors by the fundament. The hole purged, taken in the quantity of. xv. grains. The words of Dioscorides made me to doubt, whether our earthnut were Apios or no; seeing; many eat the hole root of earthnut; ye sometime. v. or .vi. yet nether go to stool nor vomit by eating thereof; whether earthnut have these foresaid properties in Greece or no not here; I cannot surely tell, but this profit shalt, they have at least by this my conjecturing, setting furth of this herb, we lesser labor thou mayest know, true Apios, if thou change to see it. I would exhort students to prove; if this ertnut of ours have in any other place of England, whereas I have not bene, have properties. Dioscorides giveth unto Apios or no. And if they cannot find them, let the learn of this earthnut in seeking, judging of herbs; not to judge herbs only by outward fashion. But also, by qualities and virtue; for as likeness of a man. Alone in an ape or an image maketh not then men, because they want virtue pour operation of a man. So is it not the figure of likeness maketh an herb, except it have strength, operation of herb whose likeness it hearth also. Howe be it, may be so noughties of a place may wonderfully minish the operation of the herb, ye so darken it that it cannot be easily perceived.

Of Baume.

Baume is named in greke melissophilon or meliphillon, in latin apiastrum or citrage, in duche melisson, or hartcraut, in frese tonge confili

in frenche melissa, potecaries call it melissam. Baume is name in greke melissophillon, in latin apiastrum because bees, which are called in greke melissa, in latin apes; do greatly haunt thys herbe, and are delited with it. Ryght baum hath leves and stalkes like unto stinking horehound; but the are greater and thinner, but not so rough. They have the smelle of a cytrone or a lymon.

The propertye.

The leves drunken with wine are good against the bytinges of phalanges, scorpiones, against the biting of a dogge, for the same purposes it is good to be bathed with the broth of the same. It is good for woman tot sitt over thys herbe tot bring doune their floures. It is good taking tethe shuld be washed with the same herbe. This herbe is also good to be put into Clisteres against blody flixe. The leves with saltpeter in drinke helpe the strangling that commeth of todstolles; with hony in an electuary; it is good, for the gnawynge in the belly, for the short wynded, if it be layd to with salt, it driveth away wennes, hard kervelles, it scoureth sores, and if it be layd to, it swageth the paynes of the ioyntes. The common baume that is commonly used; in England is but a bastard kynde, and the true bawme growth in many gardynes in Germany, but I have not sene it in England, that I remembre. It may be called in English bawme gentle.

Of Baume. (Melissa officinalis)

Baume is named in Greek melissophilon or meliphillon, in Latin apiastrum or citrage, in German melisson or hartcraut, in Frese tong confili

in French melissa, pothecaries call it melissam. Baume is name in Greek melissophillon, in Latin apiastrum because bees, which are called in Greek melissa, in Latin apes; do greatly haunt this herb, and are deleted with it. Ryght balm hath leaves and stalks like unto stinking horehound; but they are greater and thinner, but not so rough. They have the smell of a citron or a lemon.

The property.

The leaves drunken with wine are good against the biting’s of phalanges, scorpions, against the biting of a dog, for the same purposes it is good to be bathed with the broth of the same. It is good for woman tot sit over this herb to bring down their flowers. It is good taking teethe should be washed with the same herb. This herb is also good to be put into Clysters against bloody flix. The leaves with saltpeter in drink help the strangling that comet of toadstools; with honey in an electuary; it is good, for the gnawing in the belly, for the short winded, if it be laid to with salt, it drive away wennes (Ichthyosis?), hard kernelless, it scoured sores, and if it be laid to, it swaged the pains of the joints. The common balm that is commonly used; in England is but a bastard kind, and the true balm growth in many gardens in Deutsche, but I have not seen it in England, that I remember. It may be called in English balm gentle.

Of persely.

Persely is called in greke, selinon, in duche Petersely, or Peterling, in frenche, Persil. Persely is lyke unto smallage; but it is lesse, then it is; and it hath this propertye, to change his color. Persely is so well knowen in al countries, I need not any largelyers to describe it. Howbeit, it hath bene very sklenderly described. Some have abused long smallage, for persely, wherin they have ben deceived. For Dioscorides describing smallage, which he called elioselmum, saith it is greater than the gardine Selinum whyche is called in latin apium, he sayeth also, that elioselmum growth in moyst places. Then is the lesse Selinum, whyche growth ever in gardynes, and never in moyst places; the gardyne Selinum or Hortense apium. As for smallage it is well knowen of all them, that have given any study to the selyng of herbes, to growe in moyst places by water sydes. I have sene it growe also in an yland of east Freseland by the sea syde in great plenty. Plini also wrytyng of apium Hortense sayeth that the branches of apium in large drynkynges swyme above the brothes, and they have in sauces a proper plesantnes by them selves, or a peculiar grace as some speake nowe adayes. But smallage hath suche a strong savor, and so farre from all delyte or plesantnes that no man can fynde in hys harte to use is in sauces or eat it with hys meate; wherefore no man that beleveth Pliny, and seeth parsley so much used in alle countres in meates, and smallage in no countre, wyll from henceforth not take our smallage for apium hortense, but Persely.

The vertues of Persely

Persely layd to with bread or barely floure, helpeth inflammations of the eyes. It swageth the hete of the stomache, it helpeth the hardenes of the pappes. That commeth of claustered mylke, it provoketh uryne, both soden and rawe. The broth of it, and of the roote drunken, witstande poysened drynkes, provoking to vomit. It stoppeth the belly. The sede provoketh uryne more then the herbe doth; it is good remedy against the poison of serpentes, and of the schume of sylver, called lithargyrum. It driveth winde away. It is put in medicines, which swage ake, to triacles; and the medicynes that are made against the cough. It is so hote, that it driveth downe wymenese sykenes, dryveth wind away; doth the sede more then the herbe. It is most plesant unto the mouth and stomache. Persely heleth fishes, that are sycke; if it be casten into them in the pondes, that they may eate it. The sede with wyne, or the roote with olde wyne, breaketh the stoned in the bladder. It openeth all stoppynge, or obstruction, that is in the body; but it is harde to digest, wherefore it must be taken in the myddes of a mele. Persely of a certaine propertye, that it hath hurteth them, that have the fallyng sycknes. The ought therefore alle waye to forbeare is, for some that have bene almost clere heled of this disease, by the eating of Persely, have fallen into the disease agayne. It hurteth also the stones, as Simeon Sethy writeth. It is good for the hychcoke, that commeth of grosse excrementes. It scoureth the kidnes, the bladder, it openeth the stoppynges, are in the bloud veynes, the wynd veynes also. The sede taken before hand, helpeth men which have weyke braynes to beare drynke better. The use of the same, maketh a mans body savour well. It styrreht by appetite to cold wymen, to endevour themselves, to conceive chyldern. It they have the stone syt in the broth of this herbe, it driveth furth the stoned, and provoketh urine, and heleth the kydnes. Simeon sethy wold, that wymen than gyve sucke, shulde abstain from this herbe; for he wryteth, that it mynishet mylke.

Of parsley. (Petroselinum crispum)

Parsley is called in Greek, selinon, in German Petersely or Peterling, in French, Persil. Parsley is like unto smallage; but it is lesser, then it is and it hath this property, to change his color. Parsley is so well known in all countries, I need not any largely to describe it. Howbeit, it hath bene very slenderly described. Some have abused long smallage, for parsley, wherein they have been deceived. For Dioscorides describing smallage, which he called elioselmum, saith it is greater than the garden Selinum which is called in Latin Apium, he sayeth also that elioselmum growth in moist places. Then is the lesser Selinum, which growth ever in gardens, and never in moist places; the garden Selinum or Hortense Apium. As for smallage it is well known of all of them that have given any study to the selling of herbs to grow in moist places by water sides. I have seen it grow also in an island of east Friesland by the seaside in great plenty. Plini also writing of Apium Hortense sayeth that the branches of Apium in large drinking’s swim above the broths and they have in sauces a proper pleasantness by themselves or a peculiar grace as some speak nowadays. But smallage hath such a strong savor and so far from all delete or pleasantness that no man can find in his heart to use is in sauces or eat it with his meat; wherefore no man that believed Plini and see parsley so much used in alle countries in meats and smallage in no country will from henceforth not take our smallage for Apium hortense, but Parsley.

The virtues of Parsley

Parsley laid to with bread or barely flower helped inflammations of the eyes. It swaged the hot of the stomach, it helped the hardens of the pappa. That comet of clustered milk, it provoked urine, both sodden and raw. The broth of it and of the root drunken withstand poisoned drinks, provoking to vomit. It stopped the belly. The seed provoked urine more than the herb doth; it is good remedy against the poison of serpents’ and of the Schum of silver, called litargirum. It drives wind away. It is put in medicines, which swage ache, to treacle’s; and the medicines that are made against the cough. It is so hot, that it drives down women’s sickness, drive wind away; doth the seed more than the herb. It is most pleasant unto the mouth and stomach. Parsley health fishes that are sick; if it be caste into them in the ponds that they may eat it. The seed with wine, or the root with olde wine break the stones in the bladder. It opened all stopping, or obstruction that is in the body; but it is hard to digest, wherefore it must be taken in the middles of a mele. Parsley of a certain property that it hath hurt them that have the falling sickness. The ought therefore always to forbear is, for some that have bene almost clear heled of this disease by the eating of Parsley, have fallen into the disease again. It hurt also the stones, as Simeon Sethy write. It is good for the Hitchcock, that comet of grosses excrements. It scoured the kidneys, the bladder, it opened the stoppings that are in the blood veins, the wind veins also. The seed taken before hand, helped men which have week brains to bear drink better. The use of the same maketh a man’s body savor well. It stirs by appetite to cold women, to endeavor themselves, to conceive children. It they have the stone sit in the broth of this herb, it drives furth the stones and provoked urine and health the kidneys. Simeon Sethy would that women than give sucked should abstain from this herb; for he writes that it minis milk.

Arbutus.

Arbutus is called in greke Comaros, and in latin also beside arbus. I have not sene this tree in Englande; but is may be called in englishe, strawberry tree, because the tree bryngeth furth an fruite wonderes lyke unto a strawberye. Or an arbut tree, the fruite of the arbut tree, that I saw was very lyke unto a straw bery; but is was a great dele bygger. The leves wer endented, in color and proportion, much lyke unto the leves of a quickene tree or a quickboume; but they were rounder in the middes, not so fare indented toward the stalke, which ionythe leafe wuth the braunche, as the quickene trees leves are. Dioscorides describeth the arbut tree after this maner. Comaros called in latin arbutus, or unedo, is a tree lyke unto a quynce tree, gavyng thynne leaves with a fruyte of the greatnes of a Pluname, without anye kernell.

When it is rype; it is ether yelowe, or rede. Plinye descrybeth the arbut tree after thys maner. Strawberryes that growe one the ground, have an other kynde of body then the arbut berryes have; which are lyke in kynde, with the other, which growth on the tree, called in latin unedo, which onely fruyte is lyke unto the fruyt of the earth. The tree is selfe is thicke ansdushy. The fruite is rype in a yeare, and it that growet in under bloemeth, the other that is elder, wareth ripe in the tree at one tyme. It is a fruyte of smalle honor; and ther upon hath te name, that it bringeth furth, but one alone by it selfe. Yet do the Greycyanes geve two names unto it, Comaron, and memakylon. Wher upon it doth ampere that ther are so many kindes. This is called in an other name in latin, arbutus. By the words of Plinis it is easy to be perceived; that the tree which I have described is the true comaros of the Grecianes; and the arbutus or unedo, of the latines. Duid also ioyneth, tree strawbeery, and ground strawbeeries together, in these words; Arbuteos fructius, montanaq, fraga legebat.

The properties.

Good properties, that I knowne of thys fruyte hath none, but that it delyteth some men for diversyte. For it is evell for the stomache, and ingendreth the heade ake.

Arbutus. (Arbutus unedo)

Arbutus is called in Greek Comaros and in Latin also beside arbus. I have not seen this tree in England; but it may be called in English strawberry tree, because the tree brength furth an fruit wonders like unto a strawberry. Or an arbut tree, the fruit of the arbut tree that I saw was very like unto a strawberry; but is was a great deal bigger. The leaves were indented, in color and proportion much like unto the leaves of a quicken tree or a quickbeam; but they were rounder in the middles, not so fare indented toward the stalk which joint the leaf with the branches as the quicken tree leaves are. Dioscorides described the arbut tree after this manner. Comaros called in Latin arbutus or unedo is a tree like unto a quince tree, giving thin leaves with a fruit of the greatness of a Plum without any kernel.

When it is ripe; it is ether yellow, or red. Pliny described the arbut tree after this manner. Strawberries that grow one the ground, have another kind of body then the arbut berries have, which are like in kind with the other, which growth on the tree, called in Latin unedo, which only fruit is like unto the fruit of the earth. The tree itself is thick and bushy. The fruit is ripe in a year and it that growth in under bloomed, the other that is elder ware ripe in the tree at one time. It is a fruit of small honor; and there upon hath the name, that it bringeth furth but one alone by itself. Yet do the Grecians give two names unto it, Comaron and memakylon. Where upon it doth ampere that there are so many kinds. This is called in another name in Latin, Arbutus. By the words of Plinius it is easy to be perceived; that the tree which I have described is the true comaros of the Grecians; and the arbutus or unedo of the Latines. Did also join tree strawberry and ground strawberries together, in these words; Arbuteos fructius, montanaq, fraga legebat.

The properties.

Good property’s that I know of this fruit hath none, but that it deletes some men for diversity. For it is evil for the stomach and engendered the headache.

Aristolochia.

Aristolochia, is a greke name; and is so called, because it is very good for wymen, that labor of childe. The latines use the same name; the germanes call Aristolochia in their tonge, oster lucy.

Dioscorides maketh . iii. kyndes of Aristolochia. The first is called Aristolochia rotunda; and this is the female, the potecaries both in Germany, and in England, have abused in the steade of the true Aristolochia rotunda, capno phragmite mentioned in Plini; which is very well called of the germans holwurtz, because the rote is holowe. But they have erred far, for this holwurt is nothynge agreyng wyth the description of Aristolochia rotunda, for Aristolochia rotunda, hath leve lyke yuy, and a good savour, with some sharpnes, something round and soft. It hath many twigges, comming furth of one roote; lang branche, white floures, representing lytle cappes, wherin is a rede thynge, that savoreth evell; the roote is aboute lyke unto a rape roote. The leves of holwourtes, which is theyr Aristolochia rotunda, are cut and for indented, and very lyke unto our gardine rue, but the leves of our gardyne rue, are not lyke unto itty leves; therefore this holwourt of their, is not Aristolochia rotunda of Dioscorides. I have sene this Aristolochia rotunda diverse tymes. It hath the same savour and taste, than the other Aristolochia, which is called longa, but thys hath a round roote; but here and there appere out certayne unequall corners. It may be called in Englyshe, round byrthwurte; because it helpeth wymen to brynge furth theyr byrth. The seonde kind of artistolochia, is called aristolochia longa, which hath a lefe, some thing longer then the former kynde; it hath lytle branches of a span long, a purples floure of a stynkyng savour, out where of commeth a fruite lyke unto a peare; but black and a span long, somthyng longer. Thys kynde growth plentuoslye beside lake de come in the vynyardes wallis; it growth also beside Bon, about the vyneyardes, by the rhynsyde, of iche syde of the high way; but I could never se the fruytes so perfytt in Germany, as I dyd in Italy. This may be called in Englische longe hartwurt or longe byrtwurte. The thyrde kynd of Aristolochia is called clematitis; because it hath long smal branches, lyke a vynde; it hath leves some thing round, lyke unto stone crop; and flours, lyke unto rue; longer rootes, smal, with a thycke barke which hath a good devour savoer. I dyd se such a kynde as this at Basell; whose leves wer lesse, the all the other kyndes, but yet they were so great and unlike unto stonecrop, that I dare not plainly determine, that it was the right clematitis.

The vertues.

The round is good against all other poysones, but the long is good against serpentes, deadly venemes; if it be drunken, and laid to in the quantity of a dram. The same drunken with pepper and myrr, dryveth furth wymens floures, and their byrth, als al the burdenes, that the mother is charged with. It doth te same mynistred in a supposytorye before. The rounde is the same strength. The same drunken with water is syngularly good against the short wind sobbyng, the shakynge of the syde. It draweth out pryckes and hyvers. If it be layd to, it taketh awaye the scales or scurffe of bones, and eateth away rotten sores, schoureth them thar are fovule or stynkyng. With honey and aaris pouder, it fylleth up the hollowe places, it scoureth the goumes and teeth. The third kind is supposed to helpe the same diseases that the other do, but more weykely. Mesue writeth that both the rounde and long hartwurt purgeth, the rounde purgeth the fleme and thynne water more then the other. They purge the lunges excellently of rotten fleme, the quantite that is to be given of this herbe, is ether a dram, or a dram and an halfe. The rounde Aristolochia as Galene witnesseth, is more subtyle and fyne, then the other kyndes be; therefore the rounde, for as much as it can more perfyely open, make more fyne. It healeth better then the other, such syckenesses as come of stopping or of grosse wynde. The rounde also maketh teeth whyth, maketh goumes clene. All the kyndes are at the leste, hote and drye in the second degre; if any be hoter then other; Galene rekeneth the third kind to be so.

Aristolochia. (Aristolochia rotunda, longa and clematitis)

Aristolochia is a Greek name; and is so called because it is very good for women that labor of childe. The Latines use the same name; the Germans call Aristolochia in their tong, oster lucy.

Dioscorides maketh. iii. kinds of Aristolochia. The first is called Aristolochia rotunda; and this is the female, the pothecaries both in Deutsche and in England have abused in the stead of the true Aristolochia rotunda, capnos phragmite mentioned in Plini; which is very well called of the Germans holwurtz, because the rote is hollow. But they have erred far, for this holwurtz is nothing agreeing with the description of Aristolochia rotunda, for Aristolochia rotunda, hath leaf like Yui, and a good savor, with some sharpness, something round and soft. It hath many twigs, coming furth of one root; lang branch, white flowers, representing little capes wherein is a rede thing, that savored evil; the root is about like unto a rape root. The leaves of holwortz, which is their Aristolochia rotunda, are cut and for indented, and very like unto our garden rue, but the leaves of our garden rue are not like unto itty leaves; therefore, this holwurz of them is not Aristolochia rotunda of Dioscorides. (Corydalis cava) I have seen this Aristolochia rotunda diverse times. It hath the same savor and taste than the other Aristolochia, which is called longa, but this hath a round root; but here and there appear out certain unequal corners. It may be called in English round birthwurt; because it helped women to bring furth their birth. The second kind of Aristolochia, is called Aristolochia longa which hath a leaf something longer than the former kind; it hath little branches of a span long, a purples flower of a stinking savor, out where of comet a fruit like unto a pear; but black and a span long, something longer. This kind growth plenteously beside lake de come in the vineyard’s walls; it growth also beside Bon, about the vineyards by the Rhyne side of these side of the highway; but I could never see the fruits so perfect in Germany as I did in Italy. This may be called in English long hartwurt or long birthwort. The third kind of Aristolochia is called clematitis; because it hath long small branches like a wined; it hath leaves something round, like unto stone crop; and flours, like unto rue; longer roots, small, with a thick bark which hath a good devour savor. I did see such a kind as this at Basell; whose leaves were lesser then all the other kinds, but yet they were so great and unlike unto stonecrop, that I dare not plainly determine that it was the right clematitis.

The virtues.

The round is good against all other poisons, but the long is good against serpents’, deadly venoms, if it be drunken and laid to in the quantity of a drachm. The same drunken with pepper and myrrh drive furth women’s flowers and their birth, also al the burdens that the mother is charged with. It doth the same ministered in a suppository before. The round is the same strength. The same drunken with water is singularly good against the short wind sobbing, the shaking of the side. It draweth out prickles and hivers. If it be laid to it taketh away the scales or scurf of bones and eat away rotten sores, scoured them that are fouled or stinking. With honey and Arums powder it fillet up the hollow places, it scoured the gums and teeth. The third kind is supposed to help the same diseases that the other do, but more weekly. Mesue write that both the round and long hartwurt purged, the round purged the flehm and thin water more than the other. They purge the lunges excellently of rotten flehm, the quantity that is to be given of this herb is ether a drachm or a drachm and an half. The round Aristolochia as Galene witnesseth is more subtle and fine then the other kinds be, therefore, the round, for as much as it can more perfectly open, make finer. It health better than the other such sicknesses as come of stopping or of grosses wind. The round also maketh teeth whit, maketh gums clean. All the kinds are at the lest, hot and dry in the second degree; if any be hotter than other; Galene reknit the third kind to be so.

Of aron, or cockow pynt.

Coccow pynt called also in Englische, rampe or Aron; is named in Greke Aron, in latin, Arum, in duche, pfaffen bynde; in frenche bydchien of the herbaries, pes vituli, and serpentaria minor, and of the Arabians luphminus. It hath leves lyke dragon, but longer; and not so fulle of spottes. The stalke is something purple and lyke unto a betel, out of which commeth furth a fruyte of the colour of saffrone. The roote is whyte as dragones is, the whyche, being soden, is eaten, because it is not so bytynge, as it was before.

The vertues.

The roote, sede, and leves of aron, have the same properties that dragon hath. The roote is layd unto gowtye membres, with cowdunge; and is laid up and kept as dragones rootes are; and because the rootes are gentler, they are desired of many to be eaten in those countries, wheras the rootes of coccowpynt are not so bytynge hot, as they are in England end in Germany. Dioscorides semeth by hys writing, to shew, that where as he was borne, Aron was not so sharpe, as it is with us. Galena also writeth, that aron is hote in the first degree, drye in the same. But it that growth with us is hote in the third degree at the leste. Wherefore some per adventure wyll say, that thys our aron is not is, that Dioscorides and Galene wrote of. But Galene in these words folowyng; which are written in the second boke, de elementorum facultatibus wytnessesth, ther are .2. sortes of aron; one gentle, another, biting. In quibusdam regionibus acrior, quo dammodo provenit, ut prope ad dracontij radicem accerat, etc. In certayne regyons after a maner, it growth more bytyng, and sharpe; in so much, that it is almost as hote, as dragon is; and that the first water must be casten out, and the roote soden agayne in the second. Thys herbe growynge in Cyrene, is differing from it, or our countre, for it that is with us in Asia for a great parte, is sharper then it, that groweth in Cyrene.

Of Arum or cuckoo pint. (Arum maculatum)

Cuckoo pint called also in English rampe or Aron; is named in Greek Aron, in Latin Arum, in German, pfaffen bynde; in French bidchien, of the herbarizes, pes vituli, and serpentaria minor, and of the Arabians luphminus. It hath leaves like dragon, but longer, and not so full of spots. The stalk is something purple and like unto a betel, out of which comet furth a fruit of the color of saffron. The root is white as dragon is the which, being sodden, is eaten, because it is not so biting, as it was before.

The virtues.

The root, seed, and leaves of Arum have the same property’s that dragon hath. The root is laid unto gouty members, with cow dung; and is laid up and kept as dragon roots are and because the roots are gentler, they are desired of many to be eaten in those countries, whereas the roots of cuckoopint are not so biting hot as they are in England and in Germany. Dioscorides seem by his writing to shew that whereas he was borne, Aron was not so sharp as it is with us. Galena also writes that Aron is hot in the first degree, dry in the same. But it that growth with us is hot in the third degree at the lest. Wherefore some per adventure will say that this our Aron is not is that Dioscorides and Galene wrote of. But Galene in these words following, which are written in the second boke, de elementorum facultatibus witnesses there are .2. sorts of Aron; one gentle, another, biting. In quibusdam regionibus acrior, quo dammodo provenit, ut prope ad dracontij radicem accerat, etc. In certain regions after a manner, it growth more biting and sharper; in so much, that it is almost as hot as dragon is; and that the first water must be caste out and the root sodden again in the second. This herb growing in Cyrene is differing from it or our country, for it that is with us in Asia for a great part is sharper than it that growth in Cyrene.

Of Mugwurt.

Mugwurt is called both of the Grecians, and latines, artemisia; of the duche, byfus, or bifoit. The true artemisia, is as lytle knowen nowe adayes, as is true pontyke wormworde; lesse, as I thynke, for this great mugwurt is suche an artemisia, as out wormwood is absinthium ponticum; that is bastard, and not the true herbe. Dioscorides wryteth; artemisia, for the most parte growth about the see syde; and Pliny writeth; that it growth no where elles, but in the sees costes. This common mugwurt of ours, growth not at any see side, so ever I could se yet. For I could nether se it in these costes of England, nor in Germany, nor yet in Italye; but al waies in hedges, and among the corne, far from the see. Artemisia is a bushy herbe, like unto wormwood; but it hath greater, and fatter leves, and branches, the wormwood hath. First this great wormwood that is common with us, is not the wormwood that Dioscorides compareth artemisia to; but it is pontike wormwode. But this common mugwurt is nothinge like pontike wormwood, therefore this common mugwurt can not be artemisia Dioscoridis. Galenis artemisia it hote in the secund degre ful, slenderly dry in the same. But this comon mugwurt is scantly hote in the first degre. Wherfor this comon mugwurt can nether be artemisia of Dioscorides nor of Pliny. I found in an ylande beside venise, the very right artemisia; which had leves greater then pontike wormwood a great dele, and fully hote in the second degree; with floures much unlike unto wormwood pontike, but somthing agreing in savor; master doctor Wnedy, the kyngs Phisycyane can testify of the same, which dyd examine the herbe with me. Thys kynde may be called in Englysh sea mugwurt. Some to taken feverfewe for one kynde of Artemysya. And tansye for an other kynde, and indeed I thynke not, but that fevervewe can do it, that is required of Artemysya. Howe it be it, me thynke that the description of Dioscorides doth not agre in alle poynte with feverwewe. For feverfewe ought to be like in figure ads fashion unto right wormwode, and also unto the right artemisia. But that is not. I report me unto them, which have sene all the thre herbes. Wherefore I dare not pronounce, that feverfew is one of the first kyndes of artemisia. Dioscorides maketh also mention of another artemisia, which groweth in the myddel lande, and not at the sea syde. That sayth he, is al lytle herbe with one single of lytle stalke, and fulle of floures of a rede orange colour. Thys herbe describeth Dioscorides to be sphodra micron, that is very little. Now when as tansye is a great hyghe herbe, howe can tansye be thys herbe. Me thynke, that feverfewe shuld be rather thys herbe, then tansy; if it hadde but one stalke, and yelwe floures, as it hath whyte. I thynke therfore, it is not best to pronunce in thys herbe, tyll all thynges be better tryed.

The vertues.

Both the mugworte, both it with the broder lefe, it with narrower, hete, and also make subtyle; and the made hote upon fyre, are good for wymen to sytt in, for to brynge downe theyr sykenes. To bring furth their secundes, and their byrth. They helpe also the suffocation of the mother, and the inflammation of the same, they breake the stone; and provoke uryne, that is stopped. The same layd to the nether most parte of the belly, brynge wemens theyr syknes. The iuice put into the mowther with myrre doth the same, that the bath doth. The toppes, and leves of the same herbes, in the quantyte of .iii. drammes, are commonly drunken to bring the forsaid syknes downe. The right mugwourt is good to be drunken agaynste the poison of the iuice of poppye, called opium, with wyne. Pliny wryteth; that is was opynyon in hys dayes, that men that had it upon them, shuld not be wery, that no evel medicine shuld hurt them; and that no evell beaste shuld noy them.

Of Mugwurt. (Artemisia vulgaris)

Mugwurt is called both of the Grecians and Latines Artemisia; of the German, byfus or bifoit. The true Artemisia is as little known nowadays as is true ponticum wormwood; lesser as I think, for this great mugwurt is such an Artemisia as our wormwood is Absinthium ponticum; that is bastard, and not the true herb. Dioscorides write, Artemisia for the most part growth about the see side; and Plini write; that it growth nowhere ells, but in the seacoasts. This common mugwurt of our growth not at any see side, so ever I could see yet. For I could nether see it in the seacoast of England, nor in Deutsche, nor yet in Italie; but always in hedges and among the corn, far from the see. Artemisia is a bushy herb, like unto wormwood; but it hath greater and fatter leaves and branches then wormwood hath. First this great wormwood that is common with us, is not the wormwood that Dioscorides compared with Artemisia to; but it is ponticum wormwood. But this common mugwurt is nothing like ponticum wormwood, therefore this common mugwurt cannot be Artemisia Dioscoridis. Galene’ s Artemisia it hot in the secund degree full, slenderly dry in the same. But this common mugwurt is scarily hot in the first degree. Wherefore this common mugwurt can nether be Artemisia of Dioscorides nor of Plini. I found in an island beside Venise, the very right Artemisia; which had leaves greater then ponticum wormwood a great deal and fully hot in the second degree; with flowers much unlike unto wormwood ponticum, but something agreeing in savor; master doctor Wnedy, the kings Physician can testify of the same, which did examine the herb with me. This kind may be called in English sea mugwurt. Some do taken feverfew for one kind of Artemisia. And tansy for another kind, and indeed I think not, but that feverfew can do it, that is required of Artemisia. Howe it be it, me think that the description of Dioscorides doth not agree in alle pointe with feverfew. For feverfew ought to be like in figure and fashion unto right wormwood and also unto the right Artemisia. But that is not. I report me unto them, which have seen all the three herbs. Wherefore I dare not pronounce that feverfew is one of the first kinds of Artemisia. Dioscorides maketh also mention of another Artemisia which growth in the middle land and not at the seaside. That say he, is a little herb with one single of little stalk and full of flowers of a red orange color. This herb described Dioscorides to be sphodra micron, that is very little. Now when as tansy is a great high herb, howe can tansy be this herb. Me think, that feverfew should be rather this herb then tansy; if it had but one stalk and yellow flowers, as it hath white. I think therefore, it is not best to pronounce in this herb, till all things be better tried.

The virtues.

Both the mugwort, both it with the brood leaf, it with narrower, hot and also make subtle; and the made hot upon fire are good for women to sit in for to bring down their sickness. To bring furth their second and their birth. They help also the suffocation of the mother, and the inflammation of the same, they break the stone; and provoke urine that is stopped. The same laid to the nether most part of the belly bring women’s their sickness. The juice put into the mother with myrrh doth the same that the bath doth. The tops and leaves of the same herbs in the quantity of. iii. drachms are commonly drunken to bring the foresaid sickness down. The right mugwurt is good to be drunken against the poison of the juice of poppy, called opium, with wine. Plini write; that is was the opinion in his days that men that had it upon them should not be wary that no evil medicine should hurt them; and that no evil beast should noy them.

Of the reede.

A reede, is called in greke kalamos; in latin arundo, or calamus, in duch een ror, or een reede; in frenche, unge roseau. Ther are dyverse kyndes of redes, some are thicke redes; wherof arrowes are made, in diverse cuntres; some serve for to make tonges for pypes; some serve to make instruments to write whit. Whiche we comonly called pennes. Another kinde of rede growth about riverse sides; and thys being thicke, holowe, is called of some Arundo cypria; of other, donax. Another kynde is called phragmitis, or vallatoria; because it growth about hedges, and dyckes. Thys is small, and some thing whyte, and wel knowen of all men. This last kynde growth much in England; but the other kyndes growe not in England, that I knowe of; howe be it they are brought in of merchantes out of other countrees.

The vertues of the reede.

The roote of the common hedge rede, called in latin Canna; by I selfe, or layde to with hys knoppes; draweth out shyveres, and pryckes. Yet also swageth the payne of yhe ioyntes, and menbres owte of ioynte, layde to with vynegre. The greene leves broosed, ans lyad to heleth cholerykeinflammacyones, and other inflamiciones also. The ashes of the barke layde to with vynegre, heleth the fallynge of the heyre; the downe, that is in the toppe of the reede like floures; if it come into a mannes eare, maketh him defe.

Of the reed. (Arundo donax, Phragmites australis)

A reed is called in Greek kalamos; in Latin Arundo or calamus, in German ein ror or ein reede; in French unge roseau. there are diverse kinds of redes, some are thick redes; whereof arrows are made in diverse countries; some serve for to make tongs for pipes; some serve to make instruments to write whit. Which we commonly called penne. Another kind of rede growth about rivers sides; and this being thick, hollow, is called of some Arundo cypria; of other, donax. Another kind is called Phragmites or vallatoria; because it growth about hedges, and dikes. This is small and something white and well known of all men. This last kind growth much in England; but the other kinds grow not in England, that I know of; howe be it they are brought in of merchants out of other countries.

The virtues of the reed.

The root of the common hedge rede called in Latin Canna; by itself or laide to with his knops; draweth out shivers and prickles. Yet also swaged the pain of the joints and members out of joint, laide to with vinegar. The green leaves bruised and laid to health choleric inflammations and other inflammations also. The ashes of the bark laide to with vinegar health the falling of the hear; the down that is in the top of the reed like flowers; if it come into a man’s ear, maketh him deaf.

Of Folfoote or Asarabacca.

Asarum is called in greke, asaron; in englisch folfote (because it hath a round leafe, lyke a folis fote) and asarabacca in duche, hasell wurt; because it growth abowte hasell tree rootes; im frenche, cabaret. Folfoote growth only in gardynes in Engelande; but it growth wylde in certayne places of Germanye. Folefoote mis a well savouring herbe, and used to be put in garlandes. It hath leves lyke unto yuy, but lesse, and rounder by a great dele; with purple floures, lyke the floures of henbane; and they growe but a lytle from the root, have a good savour, out of which commeth sede, like grapes. It hath many rootes ful of knottes, smal, one lieng over an other, not unlike unto grasse rootes, but much smaller, well savoringe, hote, and bytyng vehemently the tonge.

The vertue of folfoot.

The nature of thus herbe is hote, and it provoketh water; it heleth the dropsy, and the old sciatica. The rootes provoke downe a womans sikenes, taken in the quantyte if vi.drammes with mede; and they purge, as nesing pouder called whyte Hellebor doth. Galena sayth; that folefoote is lyke unto Acorus in strength; but that thys is more stronge, and vehement.

Of Folfoot or Asara bacca. (Asarum europaeum)

Asarum is called in Greek asaron; in English folfote (because it hath a round leaf like a fool’s foot) and asara bacca in German, hasell wurt; because it growth about hazel tree roots; in French cabaret. Folfoot growth only in gardens in Engeland; but it growth wild in certain places of Germany. Folefoot is a well savoring herb and used to be put in garlands. It hath leaves like unto Yu, but lesser and rounder by a great deal; with purple flowers like the flowers of henbane; and they grow but a little from the root, have a good savor, out of which comet seed, like grapes. It hath many roots full of knots, small, one laying over another, not unlike unto gras roots, but much smaller, well savoring, hot and biting vehemently the tong.

The virtue of folfoot.

The nature of this herb is hot and it provoked water; it health the dropsy and the old sciatica. The roots provoke down a woman’s sickness, taken in the quantity if vi. drachms with mee; and they purge, as nesting powder called white Helleborus doth. Galena says that folefoot is like unto Acorus in strength; but that this is stronger and more vehement.

Of great saint Johnes wurte.

Galene, and Paule conteyne ascyron under androsemo; but Dioscorides descrybeth thes herbes severally, so maketh them sondry herbes. Ascyron called also ascaroides is a kynde of hyperici, called in englishe saint Johns grasse, or saint Johns wurt. But it differith in greatnes. For it hath greater leves, stalkes, and mo branches, the saynt Johns grasse hathe. I have marked also thys difference.; that ascyron hathe a four squared stalke, and leves with very fewe holes in them; whiche I have not sene in Hyperico, the herbe may be called in englyshe great saynt Johns grasse. I have sene it diverse tymes in syon parke.

The vertues.

The sede of thys herbe is good for the scyatica. If it be drunken with water, and honye, about the quantity of .xx. unces; it purgeth largely choleryke humores. But is must be taken continually, tyll the paciente be hole. This herbe is also good against burnynge.

Of great saint John’s wurt. (Hypericum ascyron)

Galene, and Paule contain ascyron under androsaemum; but Dioscorides described these herbs severally, so maketh them sundry herbs. Ascyron called also ascaroides is a kind of Hypericum, called in English saint John’s gras or saint John’s wurt. But it different in greatness. For it hath greater leaves, stalks and more branches than saint John’s gras hath. I have marked also this difference.; that ascyron hath a four squared stalk and leaves with very few holes in them; which I have not seen in Hypericum, the herb may be called in English great saint John’s gras. I have seen it diverse times in Sion Park.

The virtues.

The seed of this herb is good for the sciatica. If it be drunken with water and honey, about the quantity of. xx. once; it purged largely choleric humors. But it must be taken continually till the patient be hole. This herb is also good against burning.

Of swallowe wurte.

Asclepias is rekened of Fuchsius to be the herbe, whiche is called of the common herbaries hirundinaria, of the poticaries vince toxicum, of the germanes schwalbenwurts. It growth in Germany in high mountaynes, and in stony grounde amonges the bushes. I have not sene it in Englande; But is may be called in englyshe swallowurte. Sum physicians Italianes, when I was in Italy, supposed this herbe (which sum call asclepias) to be Apocynum. But this herbe hathe no yellow iuyce, nether doth it poyson with wyne, as Apocynum doth. Wherefore thys herbe cannot be Apocynum. Asclepas hath long smalle branches; out of which cum furth longe leves, lyke unto yvy leves; many small rootes, whiche savour well, the flour is of an unpleasaunt savour. The sede is like hatchet fyche, called otherwise securidaca.

The vertues of swallowurt.

The rootes of thys herbe drunken with wyne helpe them that have gnawynge in their body, and are remedy against the bytyng of venomous beastes. The leves layd upon the almost incurable sores of the pappes or brestes, and of the mother, hele them. The later writers of physyke, wryte that thys herbe is good to bring downe wymens floures; that it is good against the bytyng of a mad doge, and against poison. Wherfor it is called vince toxicum, that is, master poison, or over cum poison. They saye that the roote of thys herbe steped in wyne is good against the dropsye, and that the floures, and leves broken, and put into woundes, heleth them shortlye. The saye also, that thys herbe heleth matery and old sores; and is good against burstynges, and eth diseases of the pryytes.

Of swallowwurt. (Vincetoxicum nigrum of now Cynanchum nigrum)

Asclepias is reknit of Fuchsius to be the herb, which is called of the common herbarizes hirundinaria, of the pothecaries vincetoxicum, of the Germans schwalbenwurtz. It growth in Deutsche in high mountains and in stony ground among the bushes. I have not seen it in England; But may be called in English swallowwurte. Sum physicians Italians, when I was in Italy, supposed this herb (which sum call Asclepias) to be Apocynum. But this herb hath no yellow juice, nether doth it poisons with wine as Apocynum doth. Wherefore this herb cannot be Apocynum. Asclepias hath long small branches; out of which cum furth long leaves, like unto ivy leaves; many small roots which savor well, the flour is of an unpleasant savor. The seed is like hatchet fiche, called otherwise securidaca.

The virtues of swallowwort.

The roots of this herb drunken with wine help them that have gnawing in their body and are remedy against the biting of venomous beasts. The leaves laid upon the almost incurable sores of the pappa or breasts and of the mother, hele them. The later writers of physic write that this herb is good to bring down women’s flowers; that it is good against the biting of a mad dog and against poison. Wherefore it is called vincetoxicum, that is master poison or over cum poison. They say that the root of this herb stepped in wine is good against the dropsy and that the flowers and leaves broken and put into wounds health them shortly. The say also, that this herb health mattery and old sores; and is good against bursting’s and eth diseases of the privities.

Of Sperage.

Sperage is called in Latin Asparagus; in Duche Spargen; in frenche Esperage, sume potecaries cal this herbe Sparagus. Asparagus is of twoo sortes, the one is called Asparagus altilis, asparagus alone, and this is the comon sperage which growth in diverse gardins in England; and in sume places by the sea side, in sandy hilles; as it groweth right plentuously in the ylandes of East Freselande, in high Germany, without any settyng, or sowyng. The other kinde is called in latin, Corruda, or Asparagus sylvestris. Thys kinde may be called in Englisch, prikky sperage; because it hath prykkes growing on it. This kynde dyd I never se but only in the mount appenine. Gardin sperage is ful of branches; and it hath leves lyke fenell but much smaller, a great rounde roote, whyche hath a knoppe in it. When sperage cummeth first furth of the grounds, it bringeth furth certaine byge twigges; and in the toppes are certayne buddes, lyke unto rounde knoppes; which afterward sprede abrode into twigges, branches, and leaves; the sede of thys kynde of Sperage, when it is ripe, it is rede. The wilde sperage in the stede of leaves hath nothynge but prykkes; in other poyntes not unlike the other Sperage.

The properties of gardine Sperage.

The yonge stalkes of gardine sperage broken, and taken with whyte wyne, stanche the payne of the kydnes; sperage rosted or soden, swageth and easeth the strangulione, the hardnes in making of water, and the blody flyxe. The roote soden with wyne, or vinegre helpeth members oute of ioynte. The same soden with fygges, and cyches, and taken in, hele the iaundes, it heleth also the sciatica, and the strangurian. The prykkye Sperage is good to make ones belly lowse taken in meate; and it is goof to provoke urine; it is also good for the stopping of the water, against the iaundis, the diseases of kidnes Scyatyca, it is also good for the tooth ache. Sperage scoureth away the without any manifeste hete, or colde.

Of Asparagus. (Asparagus officinalis)

Sperage is called in Latin Asparagus; in German Spargen; in French Esperage, some pothecaries call this herb Sparagus. Asparagus is of two sorts, the one is called Asparagus altilis, asparagus alone, and this is the common asperge which growth in diverse gardens in England; and in some places by the seaside, in sandy hills; as it growth right plenteously in the islands of East Friesland, in high Deutsche, without any setting or sowing. The other kind is called in Latin, Corruda or Asparagus sylvestris. this kind may be called in Englisch prickly asperge; because it hath prickers growing on it. This kind did I never see but only in the mount Apennine. Gardin asperge is full of branches; and it hath leaves like fennel but much smaller, a great round root which hath a knop in it. When asperge comet first furth of the ground it bringeth furth certain big twigs; and in the tops are certain budded, like unto round knops; which afterward spread abroad into twigs, branches and leaves; the seed of this kind of Asperge, when it is ripe, it is red. The wild asperge in the stead of leaves hath nothing but prickers; in other points not unlike the other Asperge.

The properties of garden Asperge.

The young stalks of garden asperge broken and taken with white win, stanched the pain of the kidneys; asperge roosted or sodden swaged and eased the strangling, the hardness in making of water and the bloody flux. The root sodden with wine or vinegar helped members out of joint. The same sodden with Figgs and ciche and taken in, hele the jaundice, it health also the sciatica, and the stranguries. The prickle asperge is good to make one’s belly lows taken in meat; and it is good to provoke urine; it is also good for the stopping of the water, against the jaundice, the diseases of kidneys Sciatica, it is also good for the tooth ache. Asperge scoured away the without any manifest hot or cold.

Of Ceterache.

Asplenium, as Dioscorides wryteth, is called also Asplenium, Splenium, and Hemionium, thoughe Hemionites be a far other herb in dioscorides, then asplenium is, it is called of asclepiades, in the .ix. book of Galenes worke of the compositione of medecynes after the places, Hemionites. Andromachus in the same boke giveth the same name unto asplenium. But Galene in the first boke of simples, the .xii .chapter; semeth contrarie unto al these .iiii. autentike autoeres, to make .ii. diverse herbes of asplenium. Scolopendrium; whil se here herseth these words, greater diseases of the milte, liver, require, stronger herbes; that is to wit, the barkes of capers, the rootes of Tamarisk, Scolopendrium, Scilla called sea onyon, the herbe which representeth the same thing by his name called asplenos. What a man would say in this mater, it is not very redy at hand unto al men, nether had it ben redy unto me, if that I had not sene .ii. kindes of asplenium. Whilse I went by the Rhene side .iiii. miles beneth Binge; I chaunsed upon great plenty of aspleno; and ther did I one herbe, which had whiter leaves, deper indented, sharper leaves, then the other had; in so much (as I remenbre) it drew nere unto the likenes of a certain kynde of a lytle thistle, which is indented like Asplenium. This (as I suppose was the herbe which Galene did separate from scolopendrion. And yet it is not scolopendrion hartes tongue; which agreeth nothing nether in likenes, nether in description with scolopendrion. Asplenos growth much in Germanie, in olde moiste walles, in rokkes, it growth also in England, about Bristow, is is named in duche steinfarne, in French, Ceterach; as the potecarie cal it. I have harde no Englisch name of this herbe; but it may be wel called in English, Ceterach, or miltwaste, or finger ferne; because it is no longer then a mannes finger; or scaleferne, because it is all fulle of scales on the innnersyde. Asplenon hath leaves lyke in figure unto Scolopendra the beste; which also called Centypes, is not unlike a greate, and roughe palmers worme. The leaves are sum thing lyke polypodium; and are indented so that one indenting is not right over agaynste another; but agaynste ervery dyvtysyon, cuttynge, or indenting, standeth a round halfe cyrcle. The inner syde of the lefe is sumthinge yelowe, and roughe, with small thynges lyke bran, or yelowe scales; whiche with a light occasion fall of the outer syde is grene. It hath nether flower, nor seede. If this description can not evidently ynough declare unto you asplenon; take a branche of polypodium; and take a finger lenghte of the middes of it, the nether ende, and the high ende cut away; cut of both the sides, the stoppes of the leves away, make yhen the remaine round, then shal ye see the very forme of asplenon.

The propertyes.

The leves of ceterach have this virtue; when they are made hote in vynegre, and drunken of for the space of .xl. dayes, that they waste up the mylt; but this herbe is also good for the stranguaryan, and the iandes or guelsought. It stoppeth the hichcoke or yiskynge; and breaketh the stones in the bladder. Autorys wryte that this herbe is not to be used much of suche wemen as wold sayne have many chylder. Asplenum as Galene sayeth is no hote herbe, but it hath subtill partes, and therfore breaketh the stoned, and maketh the mylt to melt away.

Of Ceterach. (Ceterach officinalis)

Asplenium, as Dioscorides writ is called also Asplenium, Splenium and Hemionium, though Hemionites be a far other herb in Dioscorides, then Asplenium is, it is called of asclepiads, in the. ix. book of Galen’ s work of the composition of medicines after the places, Hemionites. Andromachus in the same book giveth the same name unto Asplenium. But Galene in the first book of authors to make. ii. diverse herbs of Asplenium. Scolopendrium; while see here her set these words, greater diseases of the milt, liver, require, stronger herbs; that is to wit, the barks of capers, the roots of Tamarisk, Scolopendrium, Scilla called sea onion, the herb which represented the same thing by his name called asplenos. What a man would say in this mater, it is not very reedy at hand unto al men, nether had it ben reedy unto me, if that I had not seen. ii. kinds of Asplenium. While se I went by the Rhine side. iiii. miles beneath Binge; I chased upon great plenty of Asplenium; and there did I one herb, which had whiter leaves, deeper indented, sharper leaves then the other had; in so much (as I remember) it drew near unto the likeness of a certain kind of a little thistle, which is indented like Asplenium. This (as I suppose) was the herb which Galene did separate from scolopendrium. And yet it is not scolopendrium harts’ tongue, which agreed nothing nether in likeness, nether in description with scolopendrium. Asplenium growth much in Germanië, in olde moist walls, in rocks, it growth also in England about Bristow, it is named in German steinfarne, in French Ceterach as the pothecaries call it. I have heard no Englisch name of this herb; but it may be well called in English Ceterach, or miltwast or finger fern; because it is no longer than a man’s finger; or scalefern, because it is all full of scales on the inner side. Asplenium hath leaves like in figure unto Scolopendra the beast, which also called Centypes, is not unlike a great and rough palmer’s worm. The leaves are something like Polypodium; and are indented so that one indenting is not right over against another; but against every division, cutting, or indenting, stand round a half circle. The inner side of the leaf is something yellow and rough with small things like bran or yellow scales, which with a light occasion fall of the outer side is green. It hath nether flower, nor seed. If this description cannot evidently enough declare unto you Asplenium; take a branch of Polypodium; and take a finger length of the middles of it, the nether end and the high and cut away; cut of both the sides, the stops of the leaves away, make then the remain round, then shall ye see the very form of Asplenium.

The properties.

The leaves of Ceterach have this virtue, when they are made hot in vinegar and drunken of for the space of. xl. days that they waste up the milt; but this herb is also good for the strangury and the jaundice or geeles sought. It stopped the Hitchcock or husking; and break the stones in the bladder. Autor’s write that this herb is not to be used much of such women as would say have many children. Asplenium as Galene sayeth is no hot herb, but it hath subtill partes, and therefore break the stoned and maketh the milt to melt away.

Of Astragalus.

Astragalus is named about Colon, erdekelin, in netherland, erdnutt, in overland, ein erdnusse; I have sene it in England in Come parke, and on rychemunde heth. But I never could learne the name of it in Englyshe. I am compelled for lacke of an other name, to call it peese earthnut, because it hath leves lyke a lyttle peese, or a ciche, and rootes lyke an earthnut. Although all the description of Dioscorides beside dyd agre very well unto this herbe; yet when as I had found the roote in certaine moyst places very lytle astringent; I began to dowt, but after that I found that in drye places, that it hath a manifest astryction; I douted no more; but thar thys herbe was the right astragalus, athough Fuchsius do contend, that thys shuld be apios. Dioscorides described astragalus thus. Astragalus is a lytle bushy herbe, growynge a lytle from the ground with branches and leves lyke unto a ciche. The floures are purple end lytle. The roote is rounde as a radyce, and an great with alle there growth certayne thynges unto the roote, stronge as horne, and blacke, and one wonden in with in an other, and astringent int tast. It groweth in places open to the wynde in shadowe places, and where as snowe lyeth longe.

The vertues.

The roote of Astraglus drunken with wyne, stoppeth the fluxe of the belly, and maketh an man to make water. It is good to put the pouder of thys herbe into olde sores. It stoppeth bloude; but is is so harde, that it can not well be beaten.

Of Astragalus. (Astragalus tragacantha, probably Bunium bulbocastanum)

Astragalus is named about Colon, erdekelin, in Netherlands, erdnutt, in overland, ein erdnusz; I have seen it in England in Come Park and on Richmond heath. But I never could learn the name of it in English. I am compelled for lack of another name, to call it Pease earthnut, because it hath leaves like a little Pease or a Cider and roots like an earthnut. Although all the description of Dioscorides beside did agree very well unto this herb; yet when as I had found the root in certain places, that it hath a manifest astriction; I doubted no more; but that this herb was the right Astragalus, although Fuchsius do contend, that this should be Apios. Dioscorides described astragalus thus. Astragalus is a little bushy herb, growing a little from the ground with branches and leaves like unto a Cicer. The flowers are purple end little. The root is round as a radish and great with alle there growth certain things unto the root, strong as horn and black and one wounds in with in another and astringent int taste. It growth in places open to the wind in shadow places and whereas snow lieth long.

The virtues.

The root of Astragalus drunken with wine, stop the flux of the belly and maketh a man to make water. It is good to put the powder of this herb into olde sores. It stops blood; but it is so hard that it cannot well be beaten.

Of areche.

Areche or oreche is called in latin atriplex; in Greke atraphaxus and Chrysolachanon, in duche molten or milten. In frenche arroches or bones damens. Areche is of two kyndes; the one is garden areche, whyche growth onely in gardynes; the other kynde is called in engelishe, wyld arech; and it growth abrode in the corne feldes. Arech, is moyst in the secund degre, and colde in the fyrste.

The vertues of areche.

Areche softeneth the belllye; and ether rawe or soden, it driveth awaye shallow sores, whyche are brode and not depe, called in Latyn, Pani. The sede of thys herbe with a cerayn mede, made with water and honye, heleth the iaundyes or guelsought.

Of Areche. (Atriplex hortensis)

Areche or oreche is called in Latin Atriplex; in Greek atraphaxus and Chrysolachanon, in German molten or milten. In French arroches or bones damens. Areche is of two kinds; the one is garden Areche, which growth only in gardens; the other kind is called in English wild Areche; and it growth abroad in the corn fields. Areche is moist in the secund degree and cold in the first.

The virtues of Areche.

Areche softened the belly; and ether raw or sodden it drive away shallow sores, which are brood and not deep, called in Latin Pani. The seed of this herb with a certain mee made with water and honey, health the jaundices or geeles sought.

Of otes.

Avena is named in Greke, bromos, in Englyshe Otes or Etes, of haver; in duche haver, or haber, in frenche avoine. Ther are .ii. kyndes of otes; the one is called in Engelisch commonly, otes; and the other is called egilops in Greke, and in latin avena sterilis, and in Englisch wild otes. Otes are of a could, stopping nature. Otes are so well knowen, that I need not to descrybe them. Ther is an other kinde of otes, called pilotes, which growe in Sussex; it hath no husks abydyng upon it, after that it is threshed is lyke otemele.

Otes are good to make emplasteress of, as barly is, gruel made of otes stoppeth the belly, the iuice of otes in suppinges, or brothes; is good for the cough. Galene wryteth that otes do dry and measurably disperse abrode, without any bytyng, if they be layd unto any place.

Of oats. (Avena sativa)

Avena is named in Greek bromos, in English Otes or Etes of haver; in German haver or haber, in French avoine. There are. ii. kinds of oats; the one is called in Engelisch commonly otes; and the other is called Aegilops in Greek and in Latin Avena sterilis and in Englisch wild otes. Oats are of a could stopping nature. Oats are so well known that I need not to describe them. There is another kind of oats, called pilotes, (Avena nuda) which grow in Sussex; it hath no husks abiding upon it, after that it is threshed is like oat mele.

Oats are good to make plasters of, as barley is, gruel made of oats stopped the belly, the juice of oats in supping’s or broths; is good for the cough. Galene write that oats do dry and measurably disperse abroad without any biting, if they be laid unto any place.

Of Baccharis supposed to be sage of Hierusalem.

Baccharis, is a wel savoring herbe, used to be putt in garlandes; whose leves are sharpe, and have a meane bygnes between the violet leafe, and the leafe of mollen. The stalke is ful of crestes and corneres aboute a cubit hyght, some thynge sharpe, not withowt lytle branches, growynge out of it; the flour is purple, some thynge whyte, and well smellyngen. The rootes are like black hellebore rootes, and the small of them is like Cinnamum. I have sought to fynde thys herbe which the Latines cal Baccharis. But I could never finde any that did so wel agree with the description of Baccharis as doth the herbe that we cal in engelishe sage of hierusalem, the potecaries pulmonaria, yf any man can fynd any herbe to whom the description of Baccharis agreeth better to, then to this herbe, wil I give places in the mean se also I wil take this Baccharis until I fynde a better sage of Hierusalem growth aboute Colen in woddes in greate plentye.

The vertues of baccharis.

The roote of Baccharis soden in water doth helpe it that is drawen together, burstene, it is also goof for them that have fallen from above and are brused for, them that are short wyndes, for an old coughe, for them thar cannot make water wel. It driveth downe wymens syknes. It is good to be given in wyne against the bytinges of serpentes. It is good for wymen in childebede to syt over; the leves as them be astringent are good to lay to the hede for the hede ake; for the inflamation of the eyes, for the brestes of pappes that swell to much after the birth, for the impostemes of the corners of the eyes when they begyn first and burningens and inflammations. The savoure maketh a man slepe.

Of Baccharis supposed to be sage of Jerusalem. (Baccharis dioscoridis, mostly use men the name for this a Phlomis)

Baccharis is a well savoring herb, used to be putt in garlands; whose leaves are sharp and have a mean bigness between the violet leaf and the leaf of Mullen. The stalk is full of crests and corners about cubit high, something sharp not without little branches growing out of it; the flour is purple, something white, and well smelling. The roots are like black hellebore roots and the smell of them is like Cinnamomum. I have sought to find this herb which the Latines call Baccharis. But I could never find any that did so well agree with the description of Baccharis as doth the herb that we call in English sage of Jerusalem, the pothecaries Pulmonaria, if any man can find any herb to whom the description of Baccharis agreed better to, then to this herb, will I give places in the mean se also I will take this Baccharis until I find a better sage of Jerusalem growth about Colen in woods in great plenty.

The virtues of Baccharis.

The root of Baccharis sodden in water doth help it that is drawn together, bursting, it is also good for them that have fallen from above and are bruised for, them that are short winded, for an old cough, for them that cannot make water well. It drives down women’s sickness. It is good to be given in wine against the biting’s of serpents. It is good for women in childbed to sit over; the leaves as them be astringent are good to lay to the head for the headache; for the inflammation of the eyes, for the breasts of pappa that swell to much after the birth, for the impostemes (pus) of the corners of the eyes when they begin first and burnings and inflammations. The savor maketh a man sleep.

Of stynkynge horehounde.

Stynkyng horehounde is named in Greke Ballote, in sume greke books megaprasion, and other melanprasion, of the Latines Marrubium magnum or Marrubium nigrum, in Duche stinkyn Andorne, in Frenche Marrubium noir, it is called also in Englishe blacke horehounde; Ballota hath foursquare stalkes blake, something roughe, many growynge furth of ane roote, with greater leves then horehunde, roughe and a space goyng between sum thing rounde, like unto apiastrum we cal beume, wherfor sum cal it apiastrum, that is baume, white floures do compasse the stalke about after the maner of whorles.

The virtue of stynkyng horehunde.

The leves of this herbe layd to with salt, ar good for the bytyng of a doge. If the leves be layd in asshes while se their saide a little thei stop the swellynge lumpes that ryse in the fundament; with hony also they purge fytlhy and foule woundes.

Of stinking horehound. (Ballota nigra)

Stinking horehound is named in Greek Ballota, in some Greek books megaprasion and of other melanprasion, of the Latines Marrubium magnum or Marrubium nigrum, in German stinkyn Andorne, in French Marrubium noir, it is called also in English black horehound; Ballota hath foursquare stalks black, something rough, many growing furth of a root with greater leaves then horehound, rouge and a space going between something round, like unto apiastrum we call Baume, wherefore sum call it apiastrum, that is Baume, white flowers do compass the stalk about after the manner of whorls.

The virtue of stinking horehound.

The leaves of this herb laid to with salt are good for the biting of a doge. If the leaves be laid in ash while see their said a little, they stop the swelling lumps that rise in the fundament; with honey also, they purge filthy and foule wounds.

Of bukkes bearde.

Gotes bearde is called in Greke tragopogon or keme, in latin barba hirci, in Duch Buksbart, in French barb de bouc. Dioscorides descrybeth Gotis berde thus; Tragopogon hath a short stalke, leaves lyke unto saffron, and a long roote whiche is swete, out of the stalke cummeth furth a greate hede in whose top is blake sede or fruite wher upon it hath the name gevene; thys is the texte of Dioscorides, but I do suspecte that dioscorides text is corrupted; fotrI thynke that he wolde never say that thys herbe shuld be called Bukkis bearde because is hath a blake sede or fruite, for what hath a whyte fruite or a blake, tot do with the lykenes of a bukkes bearde, nothing at all. Therfore where as Dioscorides text is corrupte, it is best to amend it with the text of Theophrastus of whome he borrowed all together thys description. Then where as Dioscorides sayeth out of the top cummeth out a blake sede where of Gotes berde hath the name. let us rede als Theophrastus doth. Out of the top cummeth a hore whyte bearde, wher upon it is called gotes bearde; thes be the words of Theophrastus. The herb which we cal gotes bearde in barune places hath but a short, stlake bur in gardines in ranke meddos, it hath a longe stalke and ful of ioyntes like knees. About Londen I have sene in the feld thys herbe with an swete roote and with blake sede and a yellow floure and after the floure is gone with a great dele of longe whyte doune lyke tuftes of whyte here, but about Colon I saw it whyche had whyte sede and a bytter roote all fulle of mylke as in other places it doth appere.

The vertues of bukkes bearde.

Dioscorides writeth no more of bukkes beard but that it is good to eat, the newer writers say that it is good for the disease of the breste, liver, for the paines in the kiddnes, bladder and for the ache in the syde; when it cummeth first furth of the grounde the tendre buddes are good, pleasant in a sallat, so are also the tendre stalkes a great while after, till the knope in the top cumme furth. The leves ar not unpleasant afterward, both in sallate and in potage. Thys herbe semeth to be of a temporate warmness.

Of bukkes beard. (Tragopogon pratensis)

Goats beard is called in Greek Tragopogon or keme, in Latin barba hirci, in Duch Buksbart, in French barb de bouc. Dioscorides described Goats beard thus; Tragopogon hath a short stalk, leaves like unto saffron, and a long root which is sweet, out of the stalk comet furth a great head in whose top is black seed or fruit where upon it hath the name given; this is the text of Dioscorides, but I do suspect that Dioscorides text is corrupted; for I think that he would never say that this herb should be called Buck’s beard because is hath a black seed or fruit, for what hath a white fruit or a black toe do with the likeness of a buck’s beard, nothing at all. Therefore, whereas Dioscorides text is corrupt, it is best to amend it with the text of Theophrastus of whom he borrowed all together this description. Then whereas Dioscorides say out of the top come out a black seed where of Goats beard hath the name. let us reed al Theophrastus doth. Out of the top come a hoary white beard where upon it is called goats beard; these be the words of Theophrastus. The herb which we call goats beard in barren places hath but a short, stalk, but in gardens in ranked meadows it hath a long stalk and full of joints like knees. About Londen I have seen in the field this herb with an sweet root and with black seed and a yellow flower and after the flower is gone with a great deal of long white dons like tufts of white hear, but about Colon I saw it which had white seed and a bitter root all full of milk as in other places it doth appear.

The virtues of buck’s beard.

Dioscorides write no more of bucks beard but that it is good to eat, the newer writers say that it is good for the disease of the breast, liver, for the pains in the kidneys, bladder and for the ache in the side; when it comes first furth of the ground the tender budded are good, pleasant in a salat, so are also the tender stalks a great while after, till the knop in the top comet furth. The leaves are not unpleasant afterward, both in salat and in potage. This herb seems to be of a temperate warmness.

Of the Dasey.

A Dasey is called in Latin Bellis, in Duche klein tijtlosen, or monatblumele, in French des margarites or pasquetes, of the herbaries Consolida minor or primula veris. There are twoo kyndes of Dases, one with a reed floure which growth in the gardynes, and an other whyche growth abrode in every grene and hyghe way. The Northern men call thys herbe a banwurt because it helpeth bones, to knyt agayne. The lefe of the Dasey is sume thing longe and towarde the ende round and there are smalle nykkes in the borders or edges off the leaves. Plini writeth that the Dasey hath .l.iii. and sumtime. lv. iltle whyte leves whiche go about the yellow knope; it appereth that the double Daseys were not found in plinies tyme whyche have a greate dele mo then Plini maketh mencion of.

The vertues of Dasies.

Pliny wryteth that thys herbe dryveth away greate swelling and wemes, the common surgeanes use this herbe much in helyng woundes, wherefore they cal it consolidam minorem, and diverse gyve thys herbe in drynke unto theyr pacientes that are wounded and do them muche good. The later wryters holde also that the iuice of thys herbe is good for the palsey, for the Gout and for the Sciatica. Thys have I proved that the iuice of the rede gardene Dasye put into a mans nose drawet out water wunderfully out of the hede, wherby it can not be coulde an herbe after the doctrine of Galene.

Of the Dasey. (Bellis perennis)

A Dasey is called in Latin Bellis, in German klein tijtlosen, or monatblumele, in French des margarites or pasquetes, of the herbarizes Consolida minor or Primula veris. There are two kinds of Daisies, one with a reed flower which growth in the gardens, and another which growth abroad in every green and hygge way. The Northern men call this herb a banwurt because it helped bones, to knit again. The leaf of the Dasey is something long and toward the end round and there are small nicks in the borders or edges off the leaves. Plini write that the Dasey hath. l.iii. and sometime. lv. little white leaves which go about the yellow knop; it appeared that the double Daseys were not found in Plinius time which have a great deal more then Plini maketh mention of.

The virtues of Daises.

Pliny write that this herb drive away great swelling and memes, the common surgeons use this herb much in heling wounds, wherefore they call it consolidam minorem, and diverse gyve this herb in drink unto their patients that are wounded and do them much good. The later writers hold also that the juice of this herb is good for the palsy, for the Gout and for the Sciatica. This have I proved that the juice of the rede garden Dasey put into a man’s nose draw out water wonderfully out of the head, whereby it cannot be could an herb after the doctrine of Galene.

Of Betes.

Beta is named in Greke Teutlon or Seution, in Englische A bete; in Duche Mangolt; in French porree, or iotte. Betes have a stalke full of crestes and corneres of .ii. cubites hyght al leafe lyke areche or lettes, smal yellow floures, and a longe roote whyche hath many small strynges lyke small teredes cummynge furth of it. There are twoo kyndes of Betes, the white bete whyche is also called sicula, and blake betes called in Latin Beta nigra.

The vertues of betes.

The blake Bete is sodene with Lentilles to stoppe the belly with all, whyche thynge is sowne broughte to passe with the roote. The whyte Bete is good for the belly; but they have bothe an evell iuice, by the reason nitrosyte or bytter saltishnes which they have of their like unto saltpeter; wherfor they iuice poured into a mannes nose with hony purgeth the head, and it heleth the paine in the eares. The brothe of the roote and leaves scoureth away scurfe and scales and nittes out of the head. It swageth the paines of the moulled or kibed heles. The same helpeth frekelles and spottes if they be rubbed over before with saltpeter natural. So it helpeth the voyde places, whyche the tallynge of the here make yf they be styred by with a knnyffe. It helpeth runnynge sores, whyche spred abrode an wast up by the fleshe as they goo. It heleth also soddone in water, the burstynge out of wheles, the burnynge that commeth by fyre, the burnynge inflamationes that come of choler or hote bloode. The iuice of Betes doth metely well scoure away, and some tyme causeth the belly to be louse, and twicheth and biteth the stomake specially in them that have a stomache redy to fele a thynge redely, wherefore it is a meate noysume unto the stomache, yf it be muche eaten. It norysheth but lytle as other pot herbes or wurtes doo; yet it is good with winegre for the stoppynge of the lyver and the milt. Betes are of twoo contrarie natures. The iuice is hote and stoppeth the belly and engendreth thirst; But hys body is of grosse partes, wyndy, coulde, and harde of digestion.

Of Betes. (Beta vulgaris)

Beta is named in Greek Teutlon or Seution, in English a beet; in German Mangolt; in French porree or iotte. Beets have a stalk full of crests and corners of. ii. cubits high al leave like Areche or lettuce, small yellow flowers, and a long root which hath many small strings like small threads cometh furth of it. There are two kinds of Beets, the white beet, which is also called sicula, and black beets called in Latin Beta nigra.

The virtues of beets.

The black beet is soddened with Lens to stop the belly with all, which thing is sown brought to passe with the root. The white Beet is good for the belly; but they have both an evil juice, by the reason nitrous or bitter saltish which they have of their like unto saltpeter; wherefore they juice poured into a man’s nose with honey purged the head and it health the pain in the ears. The broth of the root and leaves scoured away scurf and scales and netes out of the head. It swaged the pains of the mulled or kited heles. The same helped freckles and spots if they be rubbed over before with saltpeter natural. So, it helped the voided places, which the tallying of the hear make if they be stirred by with a knife. It helped running sores, which spread abroad and waste up by the flesh as they goo. It health also sodden in water, the bursting out of whiles, the burning that comet by fire, the burning inflammations that come of choler or hot blood. The juice of Beets doth meetly well scoured awa and sometime caused the belly to be louse and twitched and bitten the stomach specially in them that have a stomach reedy to feel a thing reedy, wherefore it is a meat noisome unto the stomach, if it be much eaten. It nourished but little as other pot herbs or warts doo; yet it is good with vinegar for the stopping of the liver and the milt. Beets are of two contrary natures. The juice is hot and stopped the belly and engendered thirst; But his body is of grosses partes, windy, cold and hard of digestion.

Of Betonie.

Betonie is called in latin betonica; in greke kestron or psychotropon; in duche betonien; in frenche betoine or betotsoe. Betonye hath a small stalke a cubit longe or longer, foursquared, with a lefe soft, longe, indented about, and lyke unto an oke lefe, wel smalling and greater nere the roote. In the toppes of the stalkes is sede in a longe hed like an eare, as sume kinde of saveray hath. It hath smalle rootes as hellebore hath.

The vertues of betonye.

The rootes of betony drunken in mede, drawe out muche fleme by vomyt. The leves ought to be layde on partes that are bursten and drawen together, and they are good for wymen that have the disease of the moother, to releise the strangelynge of the moother, in the quantite of a dramme with water and hony. The drammes are to be drunken in xviii. unces of wyne against the bitinges of serpentes. The herbe is goo to be layd as an emplaster upon woundes made by venomous bestes. A dramme of this herbe drunken with wyne, is good against dedly poyson. If this herbe taken afore, and it chance a man afterward to drinke poyson, as Dioscorides writeth, it shall not hurt hym. It helpeth to make water. It looseth the belly. And if it be drunken with water, it heleth the fallyng syknes, and them that are mad. And with vinegre and hony it heleth them that are syck in the diseas the lyver or mylt. If it be taken in the quantite of a dramme. It helpeth digestion taken in the quantite of a bene after supper with soden hony. After the same maner it is good for them that belche out a sour brethe. It is good for them thar are diseased in the stomache, both to be eate, and the iuice of it to be drunken, if they drynke afterward wyne delayed with water. It is given in the quantite of a scruple and a halfe in two unces of colde wyne dilayed with water to them that spytt blode. In water it is good for the sciatica, and for the ache of the bladder, and kydneys. It is good to be take in the quantyte of .ii. drammes with water and hony for the dropsey in wyne mixed with hony. It helpeth them that have the iaundys. Betony taken in the quantyte of a dramme with wyne draweth downe a wymannis siknes. Foure drammes taken in a pynt and a halfe of mede or hony water maketh a purgacion. It is also good for the tysyc, and for them that spyt matter or corruption out of the longes, if it be receyuyd with hony. The leves use to be dryed and broken, and so kept in an erthen pot. Thys myche doth Dioscorides write of betony, and Galene confyrmeth the same, writynge on thys wyse. Betony hath the power to cut in sunder, as the taste iudgeth; for it is sume thing bytter and a lytle bytynge, the whiche thynge hys operacion partycularly done, doth testify. For it devydeth insunder stones in the kydneys, and it purgeth and scoureth the lunges, brest and lyver. It bryngeth downe to wymen theyr syknes, and suche other operationes hath it whiche Dioscorides hath made mention of. Plini writeth that wyne and vinegre made with betony are good for the stomach, and the clearness of the eyes.

Of Betonie. (Betonica od Stachys officinalis)

Betonie is called in Latin betonica; in Greek kestron or psychotropon; in German betonien; in French betoine or betotsoe. Betonie hath a small stalk a cubit long or longer, foursquare, with a leaf soft, long, indented about, and like unto an oak leaf, well smelling and greater near the root. In the tops of the stalks is seed in a long head like an ear, as some kind of savory hath. It hath small roots as hellebore hath.

The virtues of betonie.

The roots of betony drunken in mee draw out much flehm by vomit. The leaves ought to be laide on partes that are bursting and drawn together, and they are good for women that have the disease of the mother to release the strangling of the mother, in the quantity of a drachm with water and honey. The drachms are to be drunken in xviii. once’s of wine against the biting’s of serpents. The herb is good to be laid as a plaster upon wounds made by venomous beasts. A drachm of this herb drunken with wine is good against deadly poison. If this herb taken afore and it chance a man afterward to drink poison, as Dioscorides write, it shall not hurt him. It helped to make water. It lost the belly. And if it be drunken with water, it health the falling sickness and them that are mad. And with vinegar and honey it health them that are sick in the disease the liver or milt. If it be taken in the quantity of a drachm. It helped digestion taken in the quantity of a bene after supper with sodden honey. After the same manner it is good for them that belched out a sour breathe. It is good for them thar are diseased in the stomach, both to be eaten and the juice of it to be drunken, if they drink afterward wine delayed with water. It is given in the quantity of a scruple and a half in two once’s of cold wine delayed with water to them that spit blood. In water it is good for the sciatica and for the ache of the bladder and kidneys. It is good to be take in the quantity of. ii. drachms with water and honey for the dropsy in wine mixed with honey. It helped them that have the jaundice. Betony taken in the quantity of a drachm with wine draweth down a woman’s sickness. Four drachms taken in a pint and a half of mee or honey water maketh a purgation. It is also good for the physic and for them that spit matter or corruption out of the lunges, if it be received with honey. The leaves use to be dried and broken and so kept in an earthen pot. This much doth Dioscorides write of betony and Galene confirmed the same, writing on this wise. Betony hath the power to cut in sunder, as the taste judged; for it is something bitter and a little biting, the which thing his operation particularly done, doth testify. For it divided in sunder stones in the kidneys and it purged and scoured the lunges, breast and liver. It brength down to women their sickness and such other operations hath it which Dioscorides hath made mention of. Plini write that wine and vinegar made with betony are good for the stomach and the clearness of the eyes.

Of Paulis betony.

Paulis betony is myche dyfferyng from Dioscorides betony, as Paulus witnesseth hys selfe. It hathe small branches, lyke unto pennyroyal, but smaller, whyche yf ye do taste of, it hath almost no qualyte that ye can perceive. Gesner supposeth that betonica whiche is called in englyshe fluellyn is Paulis betony; But the manifest bytternes of it wyll not suffer it so to be. But the herbe whyche I do set furth here in thys figure having both leves and stalkes so lyke pennyroyal, that many doth of the gather it for pennyroyal, and being without all qualyt whyche can be perceived in taste, savynge only a very lytel bytternes, after mu iudgement is the true Paulis betonye. Thys herbe groweth in Syon gardyn, and in diverse woddes not far from Syon with a whyte floure mixed with blewe, and with an sede lyk unto bursa pastoris.

The properties of Paulis Betony.

Paulis Agineta, who only wryteth of thys herbe, telleth no other good properties of thys herbe, but that it is good for the disease of the kydneyes.

Of Paulis betonie. (Veronica officinalis)

Paulis betonie is much differing from Dioscorides betonie, as Paulus witnesseth his self. It hath small branches, like unto pennyroyal, but small, which if ye do taste of it hath almost no quality that ye can perceive. Gesner supposed that betonica which is called in English fluellin is Paulis betonie; But the manifest bitterness of it will not suffer it so to be. But the herb which I do set furth here in this figure having both leaves and stalks so like pennyroyal that many doth of the gather it for pennyroyal and being without all quality which can be perceived in taste, saving only a very little bitterness, after mu judgment is the true Paulis betonie. This herb growth in Sion Garden, and in diverse woods not far from Sion with a white flower mixed with blue and with a seed like unto bursa pastoris.

The properties of Paulis Betonie.

Paulis Agineta, who only writ of this herb tells no other good properties of this herb, but that it is good for the disease of the kidneys.

Of Byrche.

Byrche is called in latin Betula, or as sum wryte betulla, in Greke semyda, in duche birckbaum, in frenche boulean or beula. I fynd nothing of the byrche tre in Dioscorides, but thus do I find wryten of the byrche in Plini. The sorb or serince tre loveth cold places, and yit dothe the byrche tre loveth colde places better. Thys frenche tre is a wonderfull whytenes and of no lesse smallness, greatly feerfull to many, because the offyceres make roddes of it. The same is good to make hoopts of it, and twygges for baskettes, it is so bowing. The frenche men seth out of it a certain iuice of such other wise called bitumen. I have not red of any virtue it hath in physic. How be it, it serveth for many good uses, and for none better than for betynge of stubborne boyes, that ether lye or wyll not learne. Flechers make prykke shaftes of byrche because it is hevier then espe is. Byrders take bowes of this tre and lyme the twygges and go a batsolynge yith them. Fyssheres in northumberlande pyll of the uttermoste barke and put it in the clyft of a flyke and set it in fyre and hold it at the water syde and make fyshe cum thither, which if the se, they stryke with theyr leysters or sammon speres, other use of byrche tree knowe I none.

Of Byrche. (Betula pendula)

Birch is called in Latin Betula or as sum write betulla, in Greek semyda, in German birckbaum, in French boulean or beula. I find nothing of the birch tree in Dioscorides, but thus do I find written of the birch in Plini. The sorb or service tree loveth cold places, and it dote the birch tree loveth cold places better. This French tree is a wonderful whiteness and of no lesser smallness, greatly fearful to many, because the officers make rods of it. The same is good to make hoops of it and twigs for basket’s, it is so bowing. The French men set out of it a certain juice of such otherwise called bitumen. I have not read of any virtue it hath in physic. How be it, it served for many good uses, and for none better than for betting of stub borne boys, that ether lye or will not learn. Fletchers make Prykes shafts of birch because it is heavier than Esp is. Birders take bows of this tree and lime the twigs and go a batfowling with them. Fishers in Northumberland pill of the uttermost bark and put it in the cleft of a flake and set it in fire and hold it at the water side and make fishes cum thither, which if the se, they strike with their leisters or salmon speres, other use of birches tree know I none.

Of blites.

Blitun is named in greke bliton of bleton, in duche maier, in Frenche dublyts or espinars. I have not heard the englishe name of this herbe, nether dyd I ever se in England and gardin blitum. But I saw wyld blitum growynge in my Lordes gardyne at shene but I could learne there no name of it. It may be called in englyshe a blyte or a blete. Blitum hath leves like unto amarantho purpureo called in englyshe purple velved floure, yit myche greater then velved floure is. The common blyte hath a grene lefe but there is an other blyte which I have sene in Italy with the one half of the lefe red and the other grene. The leves of blyte are unsavery and are of no qualyte. The sede of blite is as betis sede is, with a skyne about is, and very plentuouse. Blites have no rootes then one, not going right downe but a wrye. The wyld blytes leves are smaller then purple velvet floures are, in the top of the herbe, ther is wonderfull great plenty of smalle sede hangynge to gether as it were in clusters lyke grapes.

The vertues of blites.

Blite (sayeth Plini) semeth to be dull without all savour and sharpenes where upon the husbandes in menander make a rebuke unto the wymen. It is nought for the stomache. It troubleth the belly so that it maketh choler in sum. Yit sum saye that it is good drunken in wyne against scorpiones and for agnayles, and for the mylt. And for the ache of the temples layd on with oyl. Hippocrates supposeth that the blody isshue of wymen may be staunched with this herbe taken in meate.

Of blites. (Blitum of Amaranthus capitatum and virgatum)

Blitun is named in Greek bliton of bleton, in German maier, in French dublyts or espinars. I have not heard the English name of this herb; neither did I ever see in England and garden blitum. But I saw wild blitum growing in my Lordes garden at Shene, but I could learn there no name of it. It may be called in English a blite or a blete. Blitum hath leaves like unto Amaranthus purpureus called in English purple velvet flower, it much greater than velvet flower is. The common blite hath a green leaf but there is another blite which I have seen in Italy with the one half of the leaf red and the other green. The leaves of blithe are unsavory and are of no quality. The seed of blite is as beet seed is, with a skin about is, and very plenteous. Blites have no roots then one, not going right down but wry. The wild blites leaves are small then purple velvet flowers are, in the top of the herb, there is wonderful great plenty of small seed hanging together as it were in clusters like grapes.

The virtues of blites.

Blite (sayeth Plini) seem to be dull without all savor and sharpens where upon the husbands in meander make a rebuke unto the women. It is nought for the stomach. It troubled the belly so that it maketh choler in sum. Yet some say that it is good drunken in wine against scorpions and for agnails and for the milt. And for the ache of the temples laid on with oil. Hippocrates supposed that the bloody issue of women may be staunched with this herb taken in meat.

The Oke of Hierusalem.

Oke of Hierusalem is named in greke botrys, and the latin men use the same name, the duche name is trauben kraut, and sum frenche men call it pymen of mygraine. How be it, other frenche men say that pymen is a bushe. Oke of Hierusalem is an herbe all yellow and all full of branches and spred abrode, and hath in up holes betwene the stalke, lower end of the branches., lyke unto mennis arm holes. The sede growth thorow all the hole branches. The leves are lyke cichore leves, and all the hole herbe hath a plesant savour, wherefore it is layd among the clothes.

The properties of Oke of Hierusalem.

Oke of Hierusalem semeth to be an hote herbe, and dry. Paulus, Dioscorides, and Plini do agre all together; that this herbe drunken with wyne is good for them that are short wynded, and can noth take their breth, except they hold their neck right up. Other properties of this herbe have I not find in any good auror. The herbe growth about watersydes, and in many gardines in England.

The Oak of Jerusalem. (Chenopodium botrys)

Oak of Jerusalem is named in Greek botrys, and the Latin men use the same name, the German name is trauben kraut, and sum French men call it pymen of mygraine. How be it, other French men say that pymen is a bush. Oak of Jerusalem is an herb all yellow and all full of branches and spread abroad and hath in up holes between the stalk, lower end of the branches, like unto men’s arm holes. The seed growth thorough all the hole branches. The leaves are like chicory leaves, and all the hole herb hath a pleasant savor, wherefore it is laid among the clothes.

The properties of Oak of Jerusalem.

Oak of Jerusalem seem to be a hot herb and dry. Paulus, Dioscorides and Plini do agree all together; that this herb drunken with wine is good for them that are short winded, and cannot take their breath, except they hold their neck right up. Other properties of this herb have I not find in any good auror. The herb growth about watersides and in many gardens in England.

Of Cole or kolwurts.

Cole is named in greke, krambe; in latin brassica, in duche kol; in frenche, chaves; of the common wryters, and apothecaries, caulis; because of all other herbes it hath the greatest stalke, whiche is called in latin caulis, beside the common cole there is another kynde; whyche is called in greke krambe kephalote; in latin, brassica lacuturris, or triciana, or brassica sessilis, in englyshe cabbage cole; in duche cappis kraut, in frenche capuci.

Cole hath a great brode lefe, and thyke, with certayne swellings, not equall with the synewes whyche are as manifest in cole, as in any other herb. The stalke is very great, the floure is yellow, sumtyme whyte. The sede is in lytle lone coddes black, and greater the rapeseed.

The vertues of cole.

The gardyne cole is good for the belly; if it be lightly heted, and so eaten. If it be thorewoly soden, it stoppeth the belly; and myche more, if that is soden in lie. Cole berath the stomache. The summer cole is sharper. The cole of Egipt is so bitter, it can not be eaten. Cole eaten is good for them that se not well. For the trymblying of the memres. Cole taken after meat, dryveth away the evel, or hurt, that cummeth of surffret tyng, and of drinking of wyne; if the persones use not sueset tyng, but fall into it by a chance the tender and yonge buddes, that are in the top, ar better for the stomache, then other partes are; but the are sharper. Wherefore they are the abler to provoke uryne. But the same layd up in souse, are evell for the stomache, and trouble the belly. The rowe iuice with arise, and saltpeter, especially natural, drunken softeneth the belly. The iuice drunken with wyne heleth the bytyngesof viperes. It is also layd with the mele of fenegreke, and vynegre, unto the members; that have the goute, ad the payne in the ioyntes. It is good for filthy, and olde sores. If it be put in the nose thrylles, it purgeth the hede. The same put in with the floure of darnel draweth downe wymens floures. The leves layd to by them selves or brused with barly mele, ar good for all inflammationes, and softe swellynges. They hele also burnyng in postemes; that cum of subtyle, or choleryke bloode; and little sores, like wheles, whyche broken send furth blody matter; and lepres which are diseases of the skyn, with salt they burst Carbuncles. They hold also the here that falleth of. If they be soden, and mixed with hony they ar good for consuming sores, which wast up the fleshe. The leves raw are good to be eaten with vinegre, for them that are diseased with the mylt. If ye chew the leves, and swallow over the iuice; it wyl bring agayn the voice, that is lost. The brothe of cole, both provoketh uryne, also helpeth wymen to theyr sykneys. The sede of it, especially which growth in Egypt, drunken kylleth wormes, purgeth the skynne of the face, the frekylles that are in it. The grene buddes, whiche are in the tope of the stalke, burnt with the rootes, and put into olde swynes grese; do helpe the ache of the syde; whyche of longe tyme hath contynued. Ther are certayne harmes that cum of this herbe; if it be not taken in right tyme, and quantyte. This herbe to myche occupied in meat ingendreth evell, and melancholyke iuice. It dulleth the sight, and it troubleth the slepe with contrary thynges, whiche are sene in the dreme. The floure of cole, of a certayne propertye that it hath, destroyeth sede; it hurteth also the lunges. Cole is hote, and drye in the fyrst degree.

Of Cole or kolwurts. (Brassica oleracea)

Cole is named in Greek, krambe; in Latin Brassica, in German kol; in French, chaves; of the common writers and apothecaries caulis; because of all other herbs it hath the greatest stalk which is called in Latin caulis, beside the common Cole there is another kind; which is called in Greek krambe kephalote; in Latin Brassica lacuturris or triciana, or brassica sessilis, in English cabbage Cole; (Coleslaw) in German cappis kraut, in French capuci.

Cole hath a great brood leaf and thick with certain swellings, not equal with the sinews which are as manifest in Cole as in any other herb. The stalk is very great, the flower is yellow, sometime white. The seed is in little lone pods black and greater the rapeseed.

The virtues of Cole.

The garden Cole is good for the belly, if it be lightly heated and so eaten. If it be thoroughly soddened it stopped the belly; and much more if that is sodden in lie. Cole berths the stomach. The summer Cole is sharper. The Cole of Egypt is so bitter, it cannot be eaten. Cole eaten is good for them that see not well. For the trembling of the members. Cole taken after meat drive away the evil or hurt that comet of surfeit ting and of drinking of wine; if the persons use not sue set ting but fall into it by a chance the tender and young budded that are in the top are better for the stomach then other partes are but they are sharper. Wherefore they are the abler to provoke urine. But the same laid up in souse, are evil for the stomach, and trouble the belly. The raw juice with arise and saltpeter, especially natural, drunken softened the belly. The juice drunken with wine health the biting’s of vipers. It is also laid with the mele of fenugreek and vinegar unto the members; that have the gout and the pain in the joints. It is good for filthy and olde sores. If it be put in the nose thrills, it purged the head. The same put in with the flower of darnel draweth down women’s flowers. The leaves laid to by themselves or bruised with barley mele are good for all inflammations and softer swellings. They hele also burning in postemes (pus); that cum of subtle or choleric blood; and little sores like whiles, which broken send furth bloody matter; and lepers which are diseases of the skin, with salt they burst Carbuncles. They hold also the here that falleth of. If they be sodden and mixed with honey, they are good for consuming sores, which waste up the flesh. The leaves raw are good to be eaten with vinegar, for them that are diseased with the milt. If ye chew the leaves and swallow over the juice; it will bring again the voice that is lost. The broth of Cole both provoked urines, also helped women to their sickness. The seed of it, especially which growth in Egypt, drunken killed worms, purged the skin of the face, the freckles that are in it. The green budded which are in the top of the stalk burnt with the roots and put into olde swine’s grease; do help the ache of the side; which of long time hath continued. There are certain harms that cum of this herb; if it be not taken in right time, and quantity. This herb to much occupied in meat engendered evil and melancholic juice. It dulled the sight, and it troubled the sleep with contrary things which are seen in the dream. The flower of Cole of a certain property that it hath, destroyed seed; it hurt also the lunges. Cole is hot and dry in the first degree.

Of see Coole.

Brassica sylvestris is named in greke krambe agria. It may be called in engelyshe se cole; Because it groweth naturally by the see syde. I never saw it in all my lyfe, saving in Dover clyffes. This is myche lyke the other cole; but it is whyter, and rougher, and bitter with all. But the leves of it, that I sawe, were mych lesse, and narrower, then the gardyne cole. Theophrastus describeth a certayne kynde of wyld cole, that hath smouthe leves; whyche appereth to me to be a certayne kynde of carloke, that growth in the corne, with outher leves then the common carloke hath. The same is called in Northumberlande this day, wyld kele. There are yit. Ii.kyndes of wyld cole, wherof I fynd no mencion in any wryter. The one is a wonderful great cole; it hath leves thrise als thike, as ever I saw any other cole have it hath whyte floures, and round berryes, lyke yvy. Wher in the sede is contained. This herbe growth at dover harde by the see syd. The other kynde of wyld cole growth ever b water sydes, with an leafe indentyd, as rokket is; in taste, smelle, fashione of floure, and sede, lyke unto the the gardyne cole. Of thes I name in latyne brassicam dobricam, in englyshe dover cole; because I found it first besyde dover. The secund kynde I cal brassicam flumatilem, in engelish water kole, because it growth ever by water sides.

The vertues of see cole.

The tender buddes of this cole are not unpleasant unto the mouth, if thet be sodden in lye. The leves of this herbe layd to, after the maner of an emplaster, do bynd and close by woundes; and dryve awaye, and scatter abrode inflammations, soft swellinges.

Of see Coole. (Crambe maritima)

Brassica sylvestris is named in Greek krambe agria. It may be called in English see Cole. Because it growth naturally by the seaside. I never saw it in all my life, saving in Dover cliffs. This is much like the other Cole; but it is whiter, and rougher and bitter with all. But the leaves of it, that I saw, were much lesser and narrower than the garden Cole. Theophrastus described a certain kind of wild Cole that hath smooth leaves, which appeared to me to be a certain kind of carloke, (Sisymbrium irio) that growth in the corn, with other leaves then the common carloke hath. The same is called in Northumberland this day, wild kele. There are yet ii. kinds of wild Cole, whereof I find no mention in any writer. The one is a wonderful great Cole; it hath leaves thrice al thick as ever I saw any other Cole have, it hath white flowers and round berries, like Ivy. Where in the seed is contained. This herb growth at Dover hard by the seaside. The other kind of wild Cole growth ever by water sides with a leaf indented, as rocket is; in taste, smell, fashion of flower and seed like unto the garden Cole. Of these I name in Latin Brassicam dobricam, in English Dover Cole, because I found it first beside Dover. The secund kind I call Brassicam flumatilem, in English water Cole, because it growth ever by water sides.

The virtues of sea Cole.

The tender budded of this Cole are not unpleasant unto the mouth, if they be sodden in lye. The leaves of this herb laid to, after the manner of a plaster do bind and close by wounds; and drive away and scatter abroad inflammations, soft swellings.

Of Soldanell.

Brassica marina, is called in greke, krambe thalassia; in duche, merekoel, in frenche soldanella in the latin, that of the apothecaries, common herbaries use, soldanella, it may be called in englyshe soldanella or see folefot; of the lyknes of the lefe. The place wherin it groweth. I have not sene it in England saving only beside Porbek. Howbeit, I thynke verily, that it is in other places, in great plentye. I have sene it myche in east freseland, vy the see bankes, see diches. It growth myche in myddoes by the see syde, whiche are at certayne tymes of the yere over flowene with the see; and in the bankes of small crekes, dyches; wher into, not alwayes, but at certayne tymes commeth the salt water. Sum call thys herbe in freseland, leppell crout. Because when the leves cum first furth, the appere upon a metly longe stalke after lyknes of a leppell; which we call in engelyshe a spoone. Dioscorides describeth brassicam marinam after thys wyse. Brassica marina is nothing lyke to brassica hortensis. It hath lang leves, lyke unto Aristolochia rotunda, called rond astrologia, or rounde hartwurt. Every lefe cummeth out by it selfe, or branches being sum thynge red; and every lefe hath but one stalke, owt of which he growth, as yuy lefe doth, it hath whyte iuice, but not myche. It hath a saltysh taste. Sumthyng bytter, wa fat growing to gyther. The herb, whiche I take to be soldanel; when it cummeth first up, hath upon a long stalke very round leves; almost as round, as gardyn folfot, whiche is called asarum; and very fat, and thick, and bytter in taste, something saltish wit a manifest hete; the leves that cummet straight way from the rootes, as the first do, but out of the stalke, are longer mych, then the other; which dicknnea semeeth to have considered in his description. The flowers are whyte, the sede is downysh blak. The herbe doth appere in freseland, in may, inner and in in august the sede is ryppe. Here are the reders to be warned; that the translation of Ruellius in the description of this herbe hath more, then is founden in one greke textes. For wher our texted have only thes wordes; Phylla schouse makrata strongyle aristolochie amoia; that is, it hath long leves, lyke unto the rounde Aristolochia; he addeth, teunia, that is, thyn; whiche is clene contrary unto experiences whiche teacheth us, that they are very thick, of fatt, namely when as they cum fyrst furth.

The properties of Soldanell.

The herbe is hole evell for the stomache, and sharpe. lowseth the belly vehemently. Because it is so sharpe, it is used to be sodden with fat fleshe. Is is founde by the experience of the later wryters of physike, to be very good against the dropsy; because it purgeth water wonderfully.

Of Soldanella. (Calystegia soldanella)

Brassica marina is called in Greek, krambe thalassia; in German, merekoel, in French soldanella in the Latin, that of the apothecaries, common herbarizes use, soldanella, it may be called in English soldanella or see folefoot; of the likeness of the leaf. The place wherein it growth. I have not seen it in England saving only beside Purbeck. Howbeit, I think verily that it is in other places in great plenty. I have seen it much in east Friesland by the sea banks, sea diches. It growth much in meadows by the sea side which are at certain times of the year overflown with the sea; and in the banks of small creeks, diches; where into, not always, but at certain times comet the salt water. Sum call this herb in Friesland leppell crout. Because when the leaves cum first furth the appear upon a meetly long stalk after likens of a leppell; which we call in English a spoon. Dioscorides described Brassicam marinam after this wise. Brassica marina is nothing like to Brassica hortensis. It hath lang leaves, like unto Aristolochia rotunda, called round Aristolochia or round hartwurt. Every leaf comet out by itself or branches being something red; and every leaf hath but one stalk out of which he growth, as Yu leaf doth, it hath white juice, but not much. It hath a saltish taste. Something bitter, what fat growing together. The herb which I take to be soldanella; when it comes first up hath upon a long stalk very round leaves; almost as round as garden folfoot which is called Asarum; and very fat and thick and bitter in taste, something saltish wit a manifest hot; the leaves that comet straight way from the roots, as the first do, but out of the stalk are longer much then the other; which thickness to have considered in his description. The flowers are white, the seed is down black. The herb doth appear in Friesland in May, inner and in in august the seed is ripe. Here are the readers to be warned; that the translation of Ruellius in the description of this herb hath more than is found in one Greek texts. For where our texted have only these words; Phylla schouse makrata strongyle aristolochie amoia; that is, it hath long leaves like unto the round Aristolochia; he added, teunia, that is, thin; which is clean contrary unto experiences which teaches us, that they are very thick of fat, namely when as they cum first furth.

The properties of Soldanella.

The herb is hole evil for the stomach, and sharp. Louse the belly vehemently. Because it is so sharp it is used to be sodden with fat flesh. It is found by the experience of the later writers of physic to be very good against the dropsy; because it purged water wonderfully.

Of Brymithalassion.

Bryon thalassion, is called in latin, muscus marianus. But this muscus marinus is of .ii. kyndes, as muscus is. One kynde of mosse is brode, like but unto liver wurt. Which is named in Dioscorides a moss in this wordes…. And there is an other kynde of mosse, whyche is smalle, lyke heres. Dioscorides in the description of this herbe doth te stiffer. And even so many kyndes are there of bryon thalasson, although Dioscorides do describe but one. Bryon thalassion, that Dioscorides speaketh of, growth upon stones, and oysters, and suche other lyke fysshes shelles, by the see syde; smal, and lyke heres, without any stalke, but Plini and Theophrastus write of another kinde of bryon thalassion, which Theophrastus describeth in thes wordes. Ther is another herbe called bryon, whit a lefe al grene, large; not unlike unto lettis, but fuller of wryncles, drawene in together. Plini in the .xxvii. booke. viiii. chapter hath the same description. The learned men of Italy have taken a lytle thynge lyke mosse, that growth here commonly upon oysters shelles, which the cal corallinam, for bryon thalassion Dioscoridis. Whose opinion I can not utterly refel. But I know a see herbe like moss in dede with a taste playne astringent, which semet to me more like to be Brion thalassion, and the potecaries use all thys herbe, usnea marina; and it hath woddishe matter, which a man bytheth on it; but the other called Corallium is made of multi lytle stony ioytes conynglye knyt togethers; and if ye byte it with your tethe, it wyll crashe under you teth; as lytle stones of gravell do. Usnea marina may be called in Englishe, see mosse. Corallina may be named in Engelishe Coralline, the bryon thalassion of Theophrastus and Pliny, is called in Northumberland flauke; whyche in lent the poore people fethe, and that with lekes, and oyniones. They put it in a poot and smore it, as they call it; and then it looketh blake, and then put they oyniones to it, and eat it.

The vertues.

Bryon thalassion, that is see mosse, is made of an erthly, and watery substance, and both could, for it byndeth also the taste, and is astringent. And the same layd unto any hoote thing, couleth it, and heleth it, it dryve bake the gatheryng of humores together; and helpeth the gout, whyche had need to be couled. Sume use coralline to kyll wormes stand hold, that it kylleth them in dese, where of as I yet have no experience.

Of Brymithalassion. (Bougainvillia muscus)

Bryon thalassion, is called in Latin Muscus marianus. But this Muscus marinus is of. ii. kinds, as Muscus is. One kind of mosses is brood, like but unto liver wurt. Which is named in Dioscorides a moss in these words…. And there is another kind of mosses, which is small like here. Dioscorides in the description of this herb doth the stiffer. And even so many kinds are there of Bryon thalasson, although Dioscorides do describe but one. Bryon thalassion, that Dioscorides speak of growth upon stones and oysters and such other like fishes’ shells by the seaside; small, and like here without any stalk, but Plini and Theophrastus write of another kind of Bryon thalassion which Theophrastus described in these words. There is another herb called Bryon, whit a leaf al green, large; not unlike unto Lettuce, but fuller of wrinkles, drawn in together. Plini in the. xxvii. book, viiii. chapter hath the same description. The learned men of Italy have taken a little thing like mosses that growth here commonly upon oyster’s shells, which the call corallina for Bryon thalassion Dioscoridis. Whose opinion I cannot utterly revel. But I know a see herb like moss indeed with a taste plane astringent, which seem to me more like to be Brion thalassion, and the pothecaries use all this herb, usnea marina; and it hath wood’s matter which a man bit on it; but the other called Corallium is made of multi little stony joints cunningly knit together; and if ye bite it with your teethe it will crashed under you teethe; as little stones of gravel do. Usnea marina may be called in English, see mosses. Corallina may be named in English Coralline, the Bryon thalassion of Theophrastus and Plini, is called in Northumberland flauke; which in lent the poor people seethe and that with leeks and onions. They put it in a poot and smore it, as they call it; and then it looked black and then put they onions to it and eat it.

The virtues.

Bryon thalassion, that is see mosses, is made of an earthly and watery substance and both could, for it bind also the taste and is astringent. And the same laid unto any hot thing could it and health it, it drives bake the gathering of humors together; and helped the gout, which had need to be cooled. Some use corallines to kill worms stand hold that it killed them in dese, where of as I yet have no experience.

Of Borage.

Diverse well learned men, as Leonicerus and Ruellius, with other men have supposed; that the herbe whiche is called in latin Borago, in englyshe, Borago, is buglossum in Dioscorides; and this opinion hath lang prevailed. But two freers of Rome, writing upon mesue, say, that they have found in Spaine the true Buglossum, and that thys our Borage if not the true buglossum; their resones are these. Borago hath not leves like unto mullen (by they) nether lyke Comfrey; but Dioscorides maketh buglossum lyke them bothe. Therefore Borage is not buglossum Dioscoridis. I answer that mullen when it cummethe first up, hath leves like unto the brode leves of Borage. When the cume first further; but as the leves of mullen that came out of the stalke, are longer then they, that cume streyght out of the roote; so are also the leves of Borage longer, whyche growe on the stalke, them they that cume from the roote. Therefore the unlykenes of Mollen, and of Borage shal not hynder borage to be Buglossum. What yf mullen have longer leves than borage hath, it foloweth not yet that borages lefe may be lyk mullens lefe dioscorides, I graunt, wryteth that the leves of Symphyton are sumthynge longe drawynge nere unto Buglossum. The wordes of Dioscorides ar these……. That is the leves of Comfrey; are roughe, narrowe, and sumtyng long, lyke the leves of buglossum. Thys doth not make Borage and Comfrey unlike, because comfrey hath longer leves then borage hath.nether doth Dioscorides say, that Comfrey is longer then Buglossum; but Comfrey hath sumthyng long leves, like unto them of buglossom. That buglossum need not to have so long leves as comfrey hath, Dioscorides doth partly signyfie.where he saythe that Cirsion (whyche I take to be oure langde vese) hath longer leves then buglossum. Dioscorides also maketh those leves makra, that is longe, whyche are not with out comparison lnoge, but longe in comparison of shorter, and rounder; so doth he calle the leves of Brassica marina long, whyche are not longe, but in comparison of other rounder and shorter leves; therefore that reason wyll not serve. Is it not possible that there may be .ii. or . iii. kyndes of an herbe, wherof Dioscorides describeth but one. Dioscorides describeth but one kind of bryon thalassion; and yet Theophrastus maketh many kyndes. Dioscorides maketh but one kynde of Cornus; and Theophrastus maketh twoo. And where Dioscorides maketh mention but of one kynde of herbe, other autores have founde out two, sumtyme three, and sumtyme foure. Wherefore, yf it were so that thy description of Dioscorides dyd not thoroughly out agree in all poyntes with thys herbe; yet it might be a kynde of it, seyng that it agreeth both in taste, and muche in lykenes with buglosse; whyche can not be denyed, but it is agreeyng with the description of buglossi dioscorides. How be it, I wyll not graunt as yet, but that Borage agreeth bothe my iugement, and also the iugement of the twoo freres of Rome; whome I can not so muche dispraise, for their hyprocritical kind of lynyng, beynge in Babilon; as I can alowe them, for their diligent labores and true text, and first wrytyng. Dioscorides describeth thus buglossum. Buglossum is lyke unto Mullen, and hath a lefe spred upon the grounde, but blakker, and roughe. Muche lke unto an oxes tounge. In the description of Comfrey, he maketh it lyke unto Buglosso.

The vertues of buglosse or Borage.

Dioscorides doth not speke much more of buglossum, but that it semeth to make men merry, yf they drynke of the wyne that is put into. Symeon Sethy a latter wryter amongst the Grecians sayth, that Buglossum provoketh urine, quencheth the thirst and that the stalkes of thys herbe, ether rawe, or sodden, and so eten ar good against the diseases of the lyver; ther may be also a good iulep made of it, for men that go by the way.

Of Borage. (Borago officinalis)

Diverse well learned men as Lonicerus and Ruellius with other men have supposed; that the herb, which is called in Latin Borago, in English Borago, is Buglossum in Dioscorides; and this opinion hath lang prevailed. But two frères of Rome, writing upon Mesue, say, that they have found in Spaine the true Buglossum, and that this our Borage if not the true buglossum; their reasons are these. Borago hath not leaves like unto mullein (by they) nether like Comfrey; but Dioscorides maketh buglossum like them both. Therefore, Borage is not buglossum Dioscoridis. I answer that Mollen when it comes first up hath leaves like unto the brood leaves of Borage. When the cume first further; but as the leaves of Mollen that came out of the stalk are longer than they, that cume straight out of the root; so are also the leaves of Borage longer, which grow on the stalk them they that cume from the root. Therefore, the unlikeness of Mollen and of Borage shall not hinder Borage to be Buglossum. What if Mollen have longer leaves than Borage hath, it followed not yet that Borages leaf may be like Mollen leaf Dioscorides, I grant, write that the leaves of Symphytum are something long drawing near unto Buglossum. The words of Dioscorides are these……. That is the leaves of Comfrey; are rough, narrow and something long, like the leaves of Buglossum. this doth not make Borage and Comfrey unlike, because comfrey hath longer leaves then borage hath, nether doth Dioscorides say that Comfrey is longer then Buglossum; but Comfrey hath something long leaves, like unto them of Buglossum. That Buglossum need not to have so long leaves as comfrey hath, Dioscorides doth partly signified where he says that Cirsium (which I take to be our langdebefe) hath longer leaves then Buglossum. Dioscorides also maketh those leaves makra, that is long, which are not without comparison long, but long in comparison of shorter and rounder; so doth he calls the leaves of Brassica marina long, which are not long but in comparison of other rounder and shorter leaves; therefore, that reason will not serve. Is it not possible that there may be. ii. or. iii. kinds of an herb, whereof Dioscorides described but one. Dioscorides described but one kind of Bryon thalassion; and yet Theophrastus maketh many kinds. Dioscorides maketh but one kind of Cornus; and Theophrastus maketh two. And where Dioscorides maketh mention but of one kind of herb, other authors have found out two, sometime three, and sometime four. Wherefore, if it were so that thy description of Dioscorides did not thoroughly out agree in all points with this herb; yet it might be a kind of it, seeing that it agreed both in taste and much in likeness with Bugloss; which cannot be denied, but it is agreeing with the description of buglossi Dioscorides. How be it, I will not grant yet, but that Borage agreed both my judgment and also the judgment of the two freres of Rome; whom I cannot so much dispraise, for their hypocritical kind of lining, being in Babilon; as I can alow them for their diligent labors and true text, and first writing. Dioscorides described thus Buglossum. Buglossum is like unto Mullen, and hath a leaf spread upon the ground, but blacker and rough. Muche like unto an ox’s tong. In the description of Comfrey, he maketh it like unto Buglossum.

The virtues of bugloss or Borage.

Dioscorides doth not speak much more of Buglossum, but that it seems to make men merry, if they drink of the wine that is put into. Symeon Sethy a latter writer amongst the Grecians says that Buglossum provoked urine, quenched the thirst and that the stalks of this herb, ether raw, or sodden and so eten are good against the diseases of the liver; there may be also a good julep made of it for men that go by the way.

Of orey.

Buphthalmus hath no other used name, that I know, nether in Latin nor Engelishe; nether have I seen it in England. But is may be called in Latin Oruins because and in English Orey. I have seen it in Italy, and in hyghe Almany; there is very lytle difference between it, and yelowe camomyle, saving that thys hath greater knoppes and longer leves then yelowe camomyle hath. Dioscorides describeth Buphthalmus thus. Buphthalmus or orey putteth furth small branches, and softe, and hath leves lyke fenel and a yellowe floure greater than Camomil, lyke unto an ey, whereupon it hath the name. it growth about townes, and in great playnes.

The vertues of orey.

The floures of this herbe broken, and mixed with wex, in a salve dryve away swellings and hardenes. It is also reported that yf a man drynke of it, after that is cume further of the bathe, in continuance of tyme he shall be delivered from the iaundes.

Of Orey. (Buphthalmum salicifolium)

Buphthalmum hath no other used name, that I know, nether in Latin nor English; nether have I seen it in England. But it may be called in Latin Oruins because and in English Orey. I have seen it in Italy, and in high Almany; there is very little difference between it and yellow chamomile, saving that this hath greater knops and longer leaves then yellow chamomile hath. Dioscorides described buphthalmias thus. Buphthalmum or Orey putted furth small branches and soft and hath leaves like fennel and a yellow flower greater than Chamomile, like unto an eye, whereupon it hath the name. It growth about towns and in great plains.

The virtues of Orey.

The flowers of this herb broken and mixed with wax in a salve drive away swellings and hardness. It is also reported that if a man drink of it, after that is cume further of the bathe, in continuance of time he shall be delivered from the jaundice.

Of Bulbine or wylde leeke.

Plyny makethe mention of a kind of Bulbus, whiche he sayeth, is called of the grecianes Bulbine, and hath leves lyke lekees, an a hede or knoppe. The herbe which I take to be Bulbine, growth amonge the corne, and hath floures about the beginning of Aprill. It hath lang small blades lyke leekes; but much smaller and sharper, the blades that cume from the root ar very small ad longe; but they that cume out of the top of the stalke, and grow higher then the stalkes, ar broder. The floures grow out of the top of the stalke, they are yellow; the vessel that holdeth the seed is .iii. square, the stalke is small, not a span longe, the roote is round lyke an onyione with a dunne huske, and sumtynge redish within, and a lytle bytter and clammy. It growth much in Germany, about Bon and Colon. Pliny writeth that the propertie of thys herbe is to hele woundes, and close the it. Bulbus, where of this is ane kynde, hath many other good properties. But I wyll not given no more unto the herbe, then my autor doth; except I had experience that he had not seen or proved. Some in Duche lande call thys herbe hundes vilich; and it may be called in Englisch Corne leeke or wylde leeke.

Of Bulbine or wild leek. (Bulbine frutescens, out of South Africa!)

Pliny maketh mention of a kind of Bulbus, which he sayeth, is called of the Grecians Bulbine, and hath leaves like leeks, and a head or knop. The herb which I take to be Bulbine, growth among the corn, and hath flowers about the beginning of Aprill. It hath lang small blades like leeks; but much smaller and sharper, the blades that cume from the root are very small and long; but they that cume out of the top of the stalk and grow higher than the stalks are brood. The flowers grow out of the top of the stalk they are yellow; the vessel that hold the seed is .iii. square, the stalk is small, not a span long, the root is round like an onion with a dun husk and something reddish within, and a little bitter and clammy. It growth much in Germany about Bon and Colon. Plini write that the property of this herb is to hele wounds and close them it. Bulbus, where of this is a kind, hath many other good properties. But I will not give no more unto the herb then my author doth; except I had experience that he had not seen or proved. Some in German land call this herb hundes vilich; and it may be called in Englisch corn leek or wild leek.

Of wylde Parsely or square Parselye.

Bumium hath no other name that I know; nother in Latin, Duche, nor in Englishe; for I never sawe it, nether in Englande, nor in Germany, nether in any other place, savynge only in Italy, in the universite of Bonony; yet lest it shulde be nameless, yf it shulde be here after founde, or brought unto this realme; I do name it, of the lyknes that it hath of parselye, square parselye, or wylde parseley. Dioscorides describeth Bumium thus. Bumium putteth furth a stalke square longe, of the thyknes of ones finger; and hath leves lyke parseley, but muche thinner and muche lyke unto Coriander leves; it hath floures of dyll, and swete savorynge sede, lesse then henbane.

The properties of Bumion of square Parseley.

Bumion provoketh urine, and warmeth and dryveth downe the secoundes; and it is good for the mylte, the bladder, and for the kydneis. This herbe is used to be taken with a lytle water and hony, bothe moyst and drye, and sumtyme the iuice is taken out bothe of the stalke and the roote with a lytle water and hony.

Of wild Parsley or square Parsley. (Bunium persicum?)

Bumium hath no other name that I know; nether in Latin, German, nor in English; for I never saw it, nether in England, nor in Deutsche, nether in any other place, saving only in Italy, in the university of Bologna; yet lest it should be nameless, if it should be here after found or brought unto this realm; I do name it, of the likens that it hath of parsley, square parsley or wild parsley. Dioscorides described Bunium thus. Bunium putted furth a stalk square long of the thickness of one’s finger; and hath leaves like parsley, but much thinner and much like unto Coriander leaves; it hath flowers of dill, and sweet savoring seed, lesser than henbane.

The properties of Bunion of square Parsley.

Bunion provoked urine and warmth and drive down the second; and it is good for the milt, the bladder and for the kidneys. This herb is used to be taken with a little water and honey, both moist and dry, and sometime the juice is taken out both of the stalk and the root with a little water and honey.

Of buxus.

Buxus named in Greke pyxos, is called in Englysh Boxe; in duche bucks bonme, and in French Bouys. Ther groweth in the mountaines in Germany greate plenty of Boxe wylde with oute any setting; but in Englande it growth not alone by it self, in any place that I know. How be it there is muche in Englande, and so well knowen, that it nedeth no description. Theophrastus sayth that boxe growth never to an highe tree and that the leves of Boxe are lyke unto myrt tree; But het telleth not of whyche Myrt tree he meaneth of. In dede in thyknes of leves which are very nere one unto another. Box is lyke unto the gardyn myrt; but bygnes of lefe, it is more lyke the wylde myrte. How be it the leves of boxe are both rounder, and greater then wylde myrt leves ar. Boxe hath rounde lytle veselles, whyche holde blake seed in them. The wood of boxe is yelowe and pale; and serveth for no use in medicine, that I have read of; the floures of thys tree make bytter hony; wherefore it is not good to be planted, wher as bees are kept. This writeth Pliny in the .xvi. booke of hys natural story.

Of Buxus. (Buxus sempervirens)

Buxus named in Greek pyxos, is called in English Box; in German bucks boume, and in French Bouis. Ther growth in the mountains in Germany great plenty of Box wild without any setting; but in England it growth not alone by itself, in any place that I know. How be it there is much in England and so well known, that it needed no description. Theophrastus say that box growth never to a high tree and that the leaves of Box are like unto mirth tree; But het tell not of which Mirt tree he meant of. Indeed, in thickness of leaves which are very near one unto another. Box is like unto the garden mirth; but bigness of leaf, it is more like the wild mirth. How be it the leaves of box are both rounder, and greater than wild mirth leaves ar. Box hath round little vessels, which hold black seed in them. The wood of box is yellow and pale; and served for no use in medicine that I have read of; the flowers of this tree make bitter honey; wherefore it is not good to be planted, whereas bees are kept. This write Plini in the. xvi. book of his natural story.

Of Calamynte.

Dioscorides maketh three kyndes of Calamynte; the firste kynde he describeth thus. It growth comonlye in mountaynes, and hath leves lyke unto Basyll, whyte in under, dry branches, and squared stalkes; and a purple floure. This herbe growth muche in Germany about Bon; and in Englande aboute Syon, it hath leves lesse then great Basyl, muche lyke unto the comon organe, or wyld marierum; but they are roughe on bothe sydes, but more roughe of the under part, and whyte with al, but grene of the onder part; yet noth withstanding mixed with a whyte hore, where about doth grow in equal order, one from another certayne knoppes, whyt whoolles. Lyke unto them that ar in horehounde; out of the whiche do growe purple floures; the leafe is hote; and holden under ones tethet, do purgeth furth flavor and hath also a very good savouere; but sumthyng stronge wythall, the rootes are small muche lye unto the rootes of the comone organe; thys kynde may be called in Englishe roughe Orgen bushe Calamynt. The second kynde is thus described of Dioscorides. It is lyke pennypall but greater; and this have sume called wyld pennypall; because it is lyke it in savore. The Latines cal it Nepitam; thys kynde of Calamynte growth much in England among the corne; and it is called in Engelishe commonly corne mynt; and of the Pothecaries Calamentum. How be it at these dayes the Latines call it not nepetam; but use the Greke terme of Calamynte. The third kynde, as Dioscorides wryteth, is lyke unto wyld mynt, with longer leves; with greater branches, and stalkes then the other kyndes have; but is hath lesse strengthe, then the rest; thys kynde is now adayes called of the Apothecaries Nepita; in Englishe Nepe; in Duch Catsenkraut, or katzenmuntes; in French herbe an chat, the cattes comenly, wher as they can finde it in many gardin, wil eat it up, wherefore sume cal it in English Catmynt. This herbe growth farre from cytyes and townes, in hedges, and in stony groundes. Calamint is hote and drye, in the third degree. Dioscorides writeth that calamynt growth in playnes; hyghe and rokkye places; and in watery places.

The vertues of Calamynt.

The leves of all the kyndes of Calamynt, are very hote and bytyng. Calamint ether dronken, or layd to the place, is good for then that ar byten of serpentes; the broth of calamint drunken driveth downe wymens sycknes; and provoeth water; and it helpeth places brused, and bursten and shrunken or drawen together; and the that ar shortwynded; and them that ar vexed with choler, or with shakynge, it scorwet awaye the ianondies. It is be taken aforehande, it wythstandeth poyson, if it be drunken with salt and hony, it kylleth wormes in the belly; and that wyll it doo as wel rawe, as sodden. The same herbe eten heleth the common lazares; yf they drynke whaye ofter the receyuyng of thys same herbe; the leves brosed and layd in wolle, and put into the place of conception, draweth downe wymens sycknes. Calamint eyther strewed on the grounde, or set on fyre, dryveth awaye serpentes. If it be sodden in wyne, it maketh blacke scares to be whyte, and taketh awaye the blacke colour oute from the depe botome, and burneth the utter part of the skyne. The iuice poured on ones eares, killeth the wormes there. Galen saythe yf it be taken in swete honyed wyne it provoketh a man to sweate and that sume use to fethe thys herbe in oyle and anoynte all the body with it do dryve away the colde of agues and that it cutteth a sundere grosse humores.

Of Calamynte. (Calamintha officinalis, Nepeta cataria)

Dioscorides maketh three kinds of Calamint; the first kind he described thus. It growth commonly in mountains and hath leaves like unto Basil, white in under, dry branches, and squared stalks, and a purple flower. This herb growth much in Germany about Bon; and in England about Sion, it hath leaves lesser then great Basil, much like unto the common origan or wild marjoram; but they are rough on both sides, but more rough of the under part, and white with al, but green of the under part; yet notwithstanding mixed with a white here where about doth grow in equal order, one from another certain knops, whit woollies. like unto them that are in horehound; out of the which do grow purple flowers; the leaf is hot; and holden under ones teeth do purged furth flavor and hath also a very good savor; but something strong withal, the roots are small much like unto the roots of the common origan; this kind may be called in English roughed Origan bush Calamint. The second kind is thus described of Dioscorides. It is like penny pall but greater; and this have some called wild penny pall, because it is like it in savor. The Latines call it Nepitam; this kind of Calamint growth much in England among the corn; and it is called in English commonly corn mint; and of the Pothecaries Calamentum. How be it at these days the Latines call it not nepetam; but use the Greek term of Calamint. The third kind, as Dioscorides write is like unto wild mint, with longer leaves; with greater branches and stalks then the other kinds have; but is hath lesser strength then the rest; this kind is nowadays called of the Apothecaries Nepita; in English Nepe; in Duch Catsenkraut, or katzenmuntes; in French herb an chat, the cat’s commonly where as they can find it in many garden will eat it up, wherefore some call it in English Catmint. This herb growth far from cities and towns, in hedges, and in stony grounds. Calamint is hot and dry, in the third degree. Dioscorides write that calamint growth in plains; high and rocky places; and in watery places.

The virtues of Calamint.

The leaves of all the kinds of Calamint are very hot and biting. Calamint ether drunken or laid to the place is good for then that are bitten of serpents; the broth of calamint drunken drive down women’s sickness; and provoked water; and it helped places bruised and bursting and shrunken or drawn together; and the that are short-winded; and them that are vexed with choler or with shaking, it scored away the jaundices. It is be taken forehanded, it withstands poison, if it be drunken with salt and honey it killed worms in the belly; and that will its doo as well raw as sodden. The same herb eten health the common Lazare’s; if they drink whey often the receiving of this same herb; the leaves bruised and laid in wool and put into the place of conception draweth down women’s sickness. Calamint either strewed on the ground or set on fire drive away serpents. If it be sodden in wine, it maketh black scares to be white and taketh away the black color out from the deep bottom and burnet the utter part of the skin. The juice poured on one’s ears killed the worms there. Galen says if it be taken in sweet, honeyed wine it provoked a man to sweat and that some use to set this herb in oil and anointed all the body with it do drive away the cold of agues and that it cut in sunder grosses humors.

Of marigoldes.

Caltha is called of the Herbaries Calendula, in Englishe Marigolde, in duche Ryngblomen; in French sousie; it is not yet surely knowne howe that this herbe Caltha was called amonges the grecians for it is hard to fynd any mention of this herbe purpefedly described, how be it; I fynde mention of Caltha in the description of chrysanthemon for Dioscorides after Ruellius translation say the these wordes; Chrysanthemon aut Caltha non nullis Busthalmos herba est fructicosa. That is, Chrisanthemon or Caltha which sum cal buthalmus is a bushy herbe, if this text were trew, we might be sure to know a greke name for Caltha. For besye that it were a greke name it self, it shuld be called also chrysanthemon; but my greke dioscorides which coronarius hath set forth hath calcas wheras Ruellius hath Caltha which thing maketh me doute wheter the grecians hat made any mencion of Caltha or no, for chrysanthemon or Golde flore may as well be called chalcas of the brazen colour that it hath (for chalcas in greke is brase in English) as it maye be called Buthalmus of the lyknes that it hath of the oxeye. Caltha is but sclenderlye described of the Latin authores; for Virgill doth only call it reed yelowe Caltha and pliny amonge yellow violettes and other yelowe floures maketh mention of Caltha and sayeth that it hath a stronge savour, of whyche places wee can only gesse that oure marigold shuld be the Latin mens Caltha.

The properties of Marygoldes.

Marygoldes floures drunken, draw downe wymens siknes; so doth the iuice of the herbe; whyche is a present remedy for the toothe ake, if the mouth be washed with it’ summe use to make they here yellow with the floure of this herbe, not being content with the natural colour, which God hath given them. A perfume made of the dryed floures of this herbe and put into the convenient place, bryngeth downe the secoundes.

Of marigoldes. (Calendula officinalis)

Caltha is called of the Herbarizes Calendula, in English Marigolde, in German Ringblomen; in French sousie; it is not yet surely known howe that this herb Caltha was called amongst the Grecians for it is hard to find any mention of this herb perfectly described, how be it; I find mention of Caltha in the description of chrysanthemum for Dioscorides after Ruellius translation say the these words; Chrysanthemon aut Caltha non nullis Bupthalmos herba est fructicosa. That is, Chrysanthemum or Caltha which sum call Buphthalmum is a bushy herb, if this text were true, we might be sure to know a Greek name for Caltha. For beside that it were a Greek name itself, it should be called also chrysanthemum; but my Greek Dioscorides which Coronarius hath set forth hath chalcas whereas Ruellius hath Caltha which thing maketh me doubt whether the Grecians hat made any mention of Caltha or no for chrysanthemum or Golde Flore may as well be called chalcas of the brazen color that it hath (for chalcas in Greek is braze in English) as it may be called Buphthalmum of the likeness that it hath of the oxeye. Caltha is but slenderly described of the Latin authors; for Virgill doth only call it reed yellow Caltha and Plini among yellow violets and other yellow flowers maketh mention of Caltha and sayeth that it hath a strong savor, of which places we can only guess that our marigold should be the Latin means Caltha.

The properties of Marigolds.

Marigolds flowers drunken, draw down women’s sickness; so doth the juice of the herb; which is a present remedy for the tooth ache, if the mouth be washed with it’. some use to make they here yellow with the flower of this herb, not being content with the natural color which God hath given them. A perfume made of the dried flowers of this herb and put into the convenient place, brength down the second.

Of Hempe.

Cannabis named of, both of the Grecians and latines, is called in englische Hempe; in Duche hanffe; in French chanure. Hempe, sayeth Dioscorides, is profitable for many thynges in mans lyfe, and specially to make stronge cables, and ropes of. It hath leves lyke an Ashe tree, with an stronge savour; long stalkes, and round seed.

The properties of Hempe.

Hempseed taken largelye in mete wasteth up the natural seed, the iuice of grene Hempe is good agaynste the ake of the eare yf it be poured in. Symeon sethy writeth, that hemp seed, if it be taken out of mesure, taketh mens wyttes from them, as coriander dothe, of the pouder of the dryed leves of hemp maketh men drunken. Pliny writeth that the iuice of hem put into ones eare killeth wormes and al bestes thar ar in the eare; but is maketh the hed ake, that hemp is of such a nature, that it can congole the water, and make it go together; and that therfore it is good for hestes mannes, drunken in water. The roote sodden in water maketh softe the wyntes, thar are shronke togyther and gowtes, and lyke diseases he sayeth, that it is also good to be layd upon burned places, but that is must be oft changed that it drye not. Dioscorides maketh mention of an other kynde of wylde hempe; whiche sume recken to be eupatorium vulgare; but that can not be, for it hath nother seedes like unto marishe mallowe, nother may a man make ropes of the barke of it whyche thing belonge unto wylde Hempe; wherefore it can not be wylde hempe.

Of Hempe. (Cannabis sativa)

Cannabis named of both Grecians and Latine, is called in English Hempe; in German hanffe; in French chanure. Hempe, sayeth Dioscorides, is profitable for many things in man’s life, and specially to make strong cables and ropes of. It hath leaves like an Ashe tree, with a strong savor, long stalks and round seed.

The properties of Hempe.

Hempseed taken largely in mete wasted up the natural seed, the juice of green Hempe is good against the ache of the ear if it be poured in. Symeon Sethi write that hemp seed, if it be taken out of measure, taketh men’s witness from them, as coriander dote, of the powder of the dried leaves of hemp maketh men drunken. Plini write that the juice of hem put into one’s ear killed worms and al beasts thar are in the ear; but is maketh the headache, that hemp is of such a nature, that it can congealed the water and make it go together; and that therefore it is good for hastes man’s, drunken in water. The root sodden in water maketh soften the joints that are shrunken together and gouts and like diseases he sayeth, that it is also good to be laid upon burned places, but that must be oft changed that it dries not. Dioscorides maketh mention of another kind of wile hemp; which some reckon to be Eupatorium vulgare; but that cannot be, for it hath nether seeds like unto marish mallow, nether may a man make ropes of the bare of it which thing belong unto wild Hempe; wherefore it cannot be wild hemp.

Of wylde Gelover or Gelyuflore.

Diverse lerned men have iudged, the herbe that wee call in Englishe Gelover or a Gelyfloure to be Betonica in Dioscorides, bur seynge the place, out of whyche they gather theyr opinion is proved to be but bastarde, and set to by some other to Dioscorides; They have no sure grounde of theyr opynyon. And wher as some allege, that Paitle maketh twoo kyndes of Betonie, that theyr opinion might take place; yet it is nothing to the purpose, for the leves of the one Betony are indented lyke an oke; and the other is lyke penyrialle and theyr Betonica hath leves like a leeke of brode gras so that theyr betonica can be nether of Paulis Betonies. And wher as Pliny is alleged, to have twoo kindes of Betonica or betonica; it can not be founde so in Pliny, that is right corrected, therfore they have no foundation to bylde theyr opinion upon. I thynke that our Gelover is Cantabrica in Pliny; for he describeth cantabricam thus. In the selfde Spayne was founde cantabrica, of the people of Cantabria, in the time of Augustus. It growth everye wher witg aryshy stalke a fot highe; where upon ar long floures of a Lily floure, that is to wyte, lytle at the setting on, and broder ever toward the ende; and in thys is very smalle seed. Thys description of Pliny semeth unto me, to agree very well unto the herbe called of the pothecaryes Tunica; and in Englishe wylde Gelover, for it hath a small stalke lyke unto a ryshe, both on color and quantite; and hath such a longe vessel upon the toppe as represented the forme of it called in Latin Calathus. The gardyn Gelovers ar made so pleasant and swete with the labous and wytt of man, and not by nature.

The vertues of Gelovers.

The iuice of wylde Gelover, as the later wryters do holde, is good to breke the stone; and to bring further; and is also good for the fallyng sycknes. The roote of the gardyn Gelover is good against the plage and therfore sume use to make conserves of the floures, and use it in the tyme of pestilence; they holde also, that it is good against the shakynge of a quartane ague; and that the iuice of it is good for the toothe ake, holden in ones mouth fastynge; and that it is also good for synewes that are cut, for the ache of the gowte, and for the bytynge of a madd dogge, yf it be layd upo nthe bytten place, brosed op the iuice of it.

Of wilde Gelover or Gelyuflore. (Tagetes patula of erecta)

Diverse learned men have judged the herb that we call in English Gelover or a Gelyflower to be Betonica in Dioscorides, but seeing the place out of which they gather their opinion is proved to be but bastard and set to by some other to Dioscorides; They have no sure ground of their opinion. And whereas some allege that Plini maketh two kinds of Betonie, that their opinion might take place; yet it is nothing to the purpose, for the leaves of the round Betonie are indented like an oak; and the other is like pennyroyal and their Betonica hath leaves like a leek of brood gras so that their Betonica can be nether of Paulis Betonies. And where as Plini is alleged to have two kinds of Betonica or Betonica; it cannot be found so in Plini that is right corrected, therefore they have no foundation to Bild their opinion upon. I think that our Glover is Cantabrica in Plini; for he described cantabricam thus. In the self-Spain was found cantabrica of the people of Cantabria, in the time of Augustus. It growth everywhere with a risky stalk a foot high; where upon are long flowers of a Lily flower, that is to white, little at the setting on and brood ever toward the end; and in this is very small seed. This description of Plini seem unto me, to agree very well unto the herb called of the pothecaries Tunica; and in English wild Glover, for it hath a small stalk like unto a rise, both on color and quantity; and hath such a long vessel upon the top as represented the form of it called in Latin Calathus. The garden Glovers are made so pleasant and sweet with the labors and wit of man and not by nature.

The virtues of Glovers.

The juice of wild Glover, as the later writers do hold, is good to break the stone; and to bring further; and is also good for the falling sickness. The root of the garden Glover is good against the plage and therefore some use to make conserves of the flowers and use it in the time of pestilence; they hold also that it is good against the shaking of a quartan ague; and that the juice of it is good for the tooth ache, holden in one’s mouth fasting; and that it is also good for sinews that are cut, for the ache of the gout and for the biting of a mad dog, if it be laid upon the bitten place, bruised op the juice of it.

Of Fumitory.

Fumitory is called in Greke Capnos, in Latin Fumaria; of the Pothecaryes Fumus terre; in Duche Erddrauche or duvenkervell. Fumitory is a bushy herbe, and very tender, and lyke unto Coriandre; but it hath whiter leves and them in greate number, which are as thoughe it were of an ashe coloure and purple floures. In the toppe of the herbe ar little roonde knoppes after the floures begon. It growth in the corne in gardings, in vineiardes, in hedges, and in al plowed and dygged places. Fumitorye is hote and drye in the second degree, of a manifest bitternes, which is a witness of the hete of the same.

The vertues of Fumitory.

The iuice of thys herbe, whiche in dede is sharpe, maketh clere eyes to cume furth; wherefore is hath the name;’ layd to the gumme it wyll not let the doble heres of eye lyddes to growe agayne; the herbe dryveth furth choleryke water; the later wryters use fumitory, to purge and make clene mennes blood, and gyve it in water, or other liquors against cabbes, and scoury diseses, and such other lyke; whyche come of melancholy, and burnt choler. Pliny maketh mention of another Capnos, whyche is named of Theophrastus capnos fragmitis, that is to say, fumitory of the hedged. This herbe hathe leves lye coriander, but greater; a purple floure in the toppe of the stalke, and sumtime whyte, the roote is rounde, and hollow, and bytter; wherefore it hath the propertye for to open, and to breke in sundre grosse humores. It greweth in great plenty in the hedged about Bon in Germany; and it is called in Duche Hollworte; and it may be called in Engelish Howellwort or hollowe wort.

Of Fumitory. (Fumaria officinalis)

Fumitory is called in Greek Capnos, in Latin Fumaria; of the Pothecaries Fumus terre; in German Erdrauche or duvenkervell. Fumitory is a bushy herb, and very tender and like unto Coriander; but it hath whiter leaves and them in great number which are as though it were of an ashen color and purple flowers. In the top of the herb are little ronde knops after the flowers began. It growth in the corn, in gardens, in vineyards, in hedges and in al plowed and digger places. Fumitory is hot and dry in the second degree, of a manifest bitterness, which is a witness of the hot of the same.

The virtues of Fumitory.

The juice of this herb, which indeed is sharp, maketh clear eyes to cume furth; wherefore is hath the name;’ laid to the gum it will not let the doble hairs of eyelids to grow again; the herb drive furth choleric water; the later writers use fumitory, to purge and make clean men’s blood and give it in water or other liquors against scabbles and scurvy diseases and such other like; which come of melancholy and burnt choler. Plini maketh mention of another Capnos which is named of Theophrastus capnos fragmitis, that is to say, fumitory of the hedged. This herb hath leaves like coriander, but greater; a purple flower in the top of the stalk, and sometime white, the root is round and hollow and bitter; wherefore it hath the property for to open, and to break in sunder grosses humors. It growth in great plenty in the hedged about Bon in Germany; and it is called in German Hollworte; (Corydalis cava) and it may be called in English Howellwort or hollow wort.

Of Capers.

Capparis is a greke worde; which the latines use as their owne also; and Capparis, is called in Theodorus Gaza, in latin inturis; it is called in English capers; in duche Cappres; in Frenche Capres. Capers is a pricky bushe, which lying upon the grounde stretches furth unto a round circle, and hath prickes as a bramble, crokyng in, after the fashion of a hoke; it hath rounde leves lyke unto quince tree, and a fruit like an olive; which whan it is opened sheweth a whyte floure; and when it is shaken away ther is a thing found in it, lyke a long acorne, which when it is opened, hath corners lyke unto the cornes of pomgranates, lytle and red; the rootes ar hard, great and many. I have seen Caperes grow in diverse gardins of Italy, but not in the feldes that I remembre of.

The vertues of Capers.

Capers as Simeon sethy writeth, ar hote and drye in the second degree; but they ar of diverse and sundry qualites; on is bytter, wherewith they clenge, purge, cut in sundre. Another is byting, sharpe, wherwith they hete drive abrode, make thinne. The third is astringent, or binding together, wherewith they drawe together and binde; wherefore they helpe hard miltes both sake and also laid without with vynegre or oxymel. Caperes also provoke wymens sycknes; the same sodden with wyne and vynegre ar good for the tooth ake. But the roote is stronger in all these cases, then the leves, the stalke and the fruit are. Caperes do make soft the hardnes of wennes, and kernelles and such other lyke harde lompes; the iuice of Capers kylleth the wormes of the eares with vynegre; they do open the stoppynge of the lyver and mylte, and of a certayne natural propertie, they are specially good for the mylte, they are also good for the sciatica; but they hurte the bladder and the kydneys, dioscorides writeth that both the stalkes, also fruites of caperes, are layd up in pyckel, te beten, that they trouble the belly; or evel to the stomake; and ingender thirst; and that the frute of them drunken in wyne fourty dayes wasteth, awaye the mylt. And dryveth forth blody water. But they say also, they are good to be drunken against the palsey, and against burstynges, and places drawen together.

Of Capers. (Capparis spinosa)

Capparis is a Greek word; which the Latines use as their own also and Capparis, is called in Theodorus Gaza, in Latin inturis; it is called in English capers; in German Cappres; in French Capres. Capers is a pricky bush which lying upon the ground stretches furth unto a round circle, and hath prickles as a bramble, crooking in, after the fashion of a hoke; it hath round leaves like unto quince tree, and a fruit like an olive; which when it is opened shew a white flower; and when it is shaken away there is a thing found in it, like a long acorn, which when it is opened hath corners like unto the corns of pomegranates, little and red; the roots are hard, great and many. I have seen Caper grow in diverse gardens of Italy, but not in the fields that I remember of.

The virtues of Capers.

Capers as Simeon Sethi write, are hot and dry in the second degree; but they are of diverse and sundry qualities; on is bitter, wherewith they clang, purge, cut in sunder. Another is biting, sharp wherewith they hot drive abroad, make thin. The third is astringent or binding together, wherewith they draw together and bind; wherefore they help hard milts both sake and also laid without with vinegar or oxymel. Capers also provoke women’s sickness; the same sodden with wine and vinegar are good for the tooth ache. But the root is stronger in all these cases then the leaves, the stalk and the fruit are. Capers do make soft the hardness of wennes (Ichthyosis?), and kernelless and such other like hard lumps; the juice of Capers killed the worms of the ears with vinegar; they do open the stopping of the liver and milt, and of a certain natural property, they are specially good for the milt, they are also good for the sciatica; but they hurt the bladder and the kidneys, Dioscorides write that both the stalks, also fruits of capers are laid up in pickle the beater, that they trouble the belly; or evil to the stomach; and engender thirst; and that the fruit of them drunken in wine fourteen days waste away the milt. And drive forth bloody water. But they say also, they are good to be drunken against the palsy, and against bursting’s and places drawn together.

Of artichockes.

Carduus, called in greke Scolimus after Galene; Aetius and Paulus; is a sundry herbe from cinara. But other authors make onely this difference, Carduus should be wylde archychock, and cinara should be the gardyn archychok. Archichock is very sclenderly, to shortly described of Dioscorides. For he describeth it no largelyer then thus, it hath leves of chameleon, or blacker then the whyte thystel, and thicker. It hath a long stalke, ad fulle of leves, with the hed ful of prickes, and a black roote and a thick. Theophrastus sayeth that archychock is markyd to have this property by it self, that the roote is good to be eaten, both rawe and sodden; and that it is also very good, when it floryshet; and that, when the roote wareth harde, is sendeth forth a white iuice, lyke mylke. Plini wryteth, that it a mervell to see, how that in the kyndes of archychock sum bring fourth floures all the hole sommer; so do conceive, and sum bring forth fruyte. Archychocke, when it is very yong, it hath very sharp prickes; But when it is old, it hath no pryckes at all. Thus far have I rehersed the wordes of Dioscorides, Theophrastus, and Plini. Whiche are sufficient to declare, that our archychoke is the herbe that they cal Scolimus and cinara, but beside the description, for the better knowledge of thys herbe, it is to be added, that the leves of archychock are very deply indentyd, even to the very synewes which depart the myde leves. And the frute of archychocke is mych lyke unto a pyneapell nut; But the thycke leves of the hed, whiche after the maner of scales lye on upon an other, are a great dele broder and thicker, then they are in pyne aples. The wylde archychock hath a great dele narrower leves, then the other and much longer ans sharper prickeles, then the gardyne archychock hath. And the fruyte is all prikky and very sharp.

The vertues of archychock.

Aetius writeth that the roote of archychock sodden in wyne and drunken, dryveth out muche stynkynge uryne. And therfor that it heleth the stynkyng of all the hole body. He sayth that it is hot in the begynnyng of the thyrde degree, and drye in the seconde, whiche qualities in the archycychoecks that we have in England, I could never yit perceive.

Galene sayth that archychock hath a noughty iuice, and geveth and maketh evell nourishment to the body, specially if it be harde, for then it hath in it a choleryke humore in great plenty; and hath the hole substance harde, in so myche that of it is ingendred a melancholyke nourishement; and of the iuice of it is ingendred a thyck and choleryke humore. Wherfor it is best to eate it sodden with oyle and with wyne. Plini wryteth, when this herbe taken in wyne, sturreth by the luste of the body. But he affyrmeth that Hesyodes and Alfeus wytnes, that lykewyse as thys herbe provoketh lust in woman, so it abateth the same in men.

Of artichockes. (Cynara cardunculus and scolymus)

Carduus, called in Greek Scolimus after Galene; Aetius and Paulus; is a sundry herb from Cynara. But other authors make only this difference, Carduus should be wild artichoke and Cynara should be the garden artichoke. Artichoke is very slenderly, to shortly described of Dioscorides. For he described it no largely then thus, it hath leaves of chameleon or blacker than the white thistle and thicker. It hath a long stalk and full of leaves, with the head full of prickles and a black root and a thick. Theophrastus sayeth that artichoke is marked to have this property by itself, that the root is good to be eaten, both raw and sodden; and that it is also very good when it flourished; and that, when the root ware hard, is send forth a white juice, like milk. Plini write, that it a marvel to see, how that in the kinds of artichoke sum bring forth flowers all the hole summer; so, do conceive and sum bring forth fruit. Artichoke, when it is very young, it hath very sharp prickles; But when it is old it hath no prickles at all. Thus far have I rehearsed the words of Dioscorides, Theophrastus, and Plini. Which are sufficient to declare that our artichoke is the herb that they call Scolymus and Cynara, but beside the description, for the better knowledge of this herb, it is to be added that the leaves of artichoke are very deeply indented, even to the very sinews which depart the middle leaves. And the fruit of artichoke is much like unto a pineapple nut; But the thick leaves of the head, which after the manner of scales lye on upon another are a great deal brood and thicker than they are in pineapples. The wild artichoke hath a great deal narrower leaves then the other and much longer and sharper prickles then the garden artichoke hath. And the fruit is all prickly and very sharp.

The virtues of artichoke.

Aetius write that the root of artichoke sodden in wine and drunken drive out much stinking urine. And therefore, that it health the stinking of all the whole body. He says that it is hot in the beginning of the third degree and dry in the second, which qualities in the artichoke’s that we have in England, I could never it perceive.

Galene say that artichoke hath a naughty juice, and give and maketh evil nourishment to the body, especially if it be hard, for then it hath in it a choleric humors in great plenty; and hath the hole substance hard, in so much that of it is engendered a melancholic nourishment; and of the juice of it is engendered a thick and choleric humor. Wherefore it is best to eat it sodden with oil and with wine. Plini write, when this herb taken in wine, stir by the lust of the body. But he affirmed that Hesiodus and Alfeus witness, that likewise as this herb provoked lust in woman, so it abated the same in men.

Of caruwayes.

Caruwayes is called in greke karos and karon in the latin, men cal it carum and carom; the poticaries call it carum. The duche men call it matkumel or wyshen kumell; and the freses hofcumynte. It groweth in great plenty in Frees lande in the medowes ther, between maryen hoffe and werdone hard by the see banke. Caruwayes hath many squared stalkes and hollowe, commyng out of one roote and out of the toppes of the stalkes growth sedes after the maner of fennell or dylle; and it hath white floures, leves lyke wylde carrot. The rootes ar long, small, and yelowe, and pleasant in taste. The sede is hot and drye, almost in the thyrde degree, but the roote, and the herbe are not so hote.

The vertues and properties of Caruwayes.

Caruwaye warmeth the body; and provoketh urine; and is good for the stomake; it maketh one have a swette breth. It helpeth also digestion; and it is mixed amonges preservat yyves, and such as easely goeth thorowe one. It maye be used in the stede of Annis; and it is goof against wynde, both in the stomake, and in the guttes. The stalkes, when then com first up, are wonderfull plesant eaten in a salat unsodden. And the herbe serveth to make swete and well savored potage.

Of caruwayes. (Carum carvi)

Caraways is called in Greek karos and karon in the Latin, men call it Carum and carom; the pothecaries call it Carum. The German men call it matkumel or wishen kumell; and the Friesen hofcuminte. It growth in great plenty in Friesland in the meadows there, between Maria hof and Werdum hard by the sea bank. Caraways hath many squared stalks and hollow, coming out of one root and out of the tops of the stalk’s growth seeds after the manner of fennel or Dille; and it hath white flowers, leaves like wild carrot. The roots are long, small, and yellow and pleasant in taste. The seed is hot and dry, almost in the third degree, but the root and the herb are not so hot.

The virtues and properties of Caraways.

Caraway warmth the body; and provoked urine; and is good for the stomach; it maketh one has a sweet breath. It helped also digestion; and it is mixed amongst preservatives, and such as easily go throw one. It may be used in the steed of Anis; and it is goof against wind, both in the stomach and in the gutters. The stalks, when then com first up, are wonderful, pleasant eaten in a salat unsodden. And the herb served to make sweet and well savored potage.

Of Segge or Chergres.

Carex is the latin name of an herbe, whiche we call in English segge, or shergresse; wherof I fynde no mencion, nether among the grecianes, nether among the latines, savynge that I have rede of it in Vergile, and in Calphurning. Calphurnus writeth thus of this herbe. Ipse procul stabo, vel acute carice lectus. I wylle stande late away coveryd with the sharpe segge. Vergil also in his Georgykes maketh this here gresse to be sharpe; and in hys egloges he maketh it to growe thycke to gether in bushes in these wordes. Tu post tarectalatcbas, then hurkedest behynde the segge bushes. This herbe, that I do take to be carex, growth in fennes and in water sides; and hath a short roote red without, and many lytle stringes at it. The leves, as they cum out first, are three square; after wardes they do go abrode and represent a long small knyfe, but not without certayne squares. And the edges of this herb ar so sharpe, that they will cut a mannes hand; and have a certain roughnes, whiche maketh them to cut the souner of whiche propertie the northern men call it shere gresse. It hath a long stalke, ant three square; and in the top of that is a sort of lytle knoppes, in stede of seedes; and floures muche lyke unto our garydyne gallyngal. I have not red any use of thys in physyke. The people of the fenne countreys use it for footer and do heate ovens with it.

Of Segge or Chergres. (Carex sorts)

Carex is the Latin name of an herb which we call in English segge or shergresse; whereof I find no mention, nether among the Grecians, nether among the Latines, saving that I have rede of it in Virgil and in Calphurning. Calphurnus write thus of this herb. Ipse procul stabo, vel acute carice lectus. I will stand late away covered with the Sharpe sedge. Virgil also in his Georgykes maketh this here gras to be Sharpe; and in his egloges he maketh it to grow thick together in bushes in these words. Tu post tarectalatcbas, then hurt behind the sedge bushes. This herb, that I do take to be Carex, growth in fen and in water sides; and hath a short root red without and many little strings at it. The leaves, as they cum out first, are three squares; afterwards they do go abroad and represent a long, small knife, but not without certain squares. And the edges of this herb are so Sharpe, that they will cut a man’s hand; and have a certain roughness which maketh them to cut the sooner of which property the northern men call it shere gresse. It hath a long stalk and three squares; and in the top of that is a sort of little knops, in steed of seed’s; and flowers much like unto our garden galingale. I have not read any use of this in physic. The people of the fen country’s use it for footer and do heat ovens with it.

Of Doder.

Doder is called of some of the grecians cassitas; of the later latin men cassutha. It is calleth of the potecaries, and common herbaries Cuscuta, and podagra lini; the duche men call it fyltz kraut, doder, and wrang, in frenche it is name Gowte de line. Doder growth out of herbes, and small bushes, as miscelto growth out of trees. And nother of bothe grow out of the grounde. Doder is lyke a great red harpe stryng; and it wyndeth about herbes, folding mych about them; and hath floures and knoppes, one from an other a good space; wherin is the sede. This herbe hath nother leves, not stalke, nether root in the grounde. The herbes that I have marked doder to growe most in, ar flax and tares. We call in england savery that hath doder growing on it, laced savery; and tyme that hath the same, laced tyme. Laces that goo about tyme is epithymum mesues; but not the epithymum, wherof Dioscorides, Galene, and other olde wryters have made mention of. I have sene it in Germany and in England in plenty.

The nature of Doder.

Doder openeth the stoppyng of the lyver, and mylt. It dischargeth the vaynes of flegmatyke and choleryk humores by the uryne. It heleyh the iaundes, that cometh of stoppynge of the lyver. It is good for chylder, that have the agwe. But myche use of it hurteth the stomake, but that hurt is taken away, by puttynge a lytle Annys unto it, with wormwode it purgeth a man of yelowe choler.

Of Doder. (Cuscuta epithymum, europaea and sorts)

Dodder is called of some of the Grecians cassitas; of the later Latin men cassutha. It is calleth of the pothecaries and common herbarizes Cuscuta and podagra lini; the German men call it fyltz kraut, doder and wrang, in French it is name Gowte de line. Dodder growth out of herbs and small bushes, as mistletoe growth out of trees. And another of both grows out of the ground. Dodder is like a great red harp string; and it winded about herbs, folding much about them; and hath flowers and knops, one from another a good space; wherein is the seed. This herb hath nether leaves, not stalk, nether root in the ground. The herbs that I have marked dodder to grow most in, are flax and tares. We call in England savory that hath dodder growing on it, laced savory; and time that hath the same, laced time. Laces that goo about time is epithymum Mesue’ s; but not the epithymum, whereof Dioscorides, Galene, and other olde writers have made mention of. I have seen it in Deutsche and in England in plenty.

The nature of Dodder.

Dodder opened the stopping of the liver and milt. It discharged the veins of phlegmatic and choleric humors by the urine. It health the jaundice, that cometh of stopping of the liver. It is good for children, that have the ague. But much use of it hurt the stomach, but that hurt is taken away by putting a little Anis unto it, with wormwood it purged a man of yellow choler.

Of Chesnut tree.

Castanea, called castonos in greke; of some dios balanos; is named in englyshe a chesnut tree; in duche een kesten baum; in frenche castaigney. The frute of it is called of some glans sardiana, that is a sardiane acorne. Chesnut tree is a great tree and hath leves long and indentyd, lyke a nettell, the huske of the fruyte is all rough without, and within it hath a browne skynnen, whyte meat within. Chesnut trees growe plentuouslye in kent abrode in the feldes, and in many gardynes in England.

The vertues of Chestnuts.

Symeon Sethi writeth, that chestnuts are hote and drye in the first degree; and nourishe the body muche. They ar long in goyng downe, and in digestynge; and in gender grosse humors; and are fulle of wynde; and stoppe the belly, but is they be perched, or dryed, they put awaye a great dele of the hurte that they would have done rawe. Dioscorides sayth that the brown skyne next unto the meate, stoppeth myghtey; and that the meat of chestnuts is a remedy against the poysen of the herbe Ephemerum.

Of Chesnut tree. (Castanea sativa)

Castanea, called castonos in Greek; of some dios balanos; is named in English a chestnut tree; in German ein kesten baum; in French castaigney. The fruit of it is called of some glans sardiana, that is a Sardian acorn. Chesnutt tree is a great tree and hath leaves long and indented, like a nettle, the husk of the fruit is all rough without, and within it hath a brown skin and white meat within. Chesnutt trees grow plenteously in Kent abroad in the fields and in many gardens in England.

The virtues of Chestnuts.

Symeon Sethi write that chestnuts are hot and dry in the first degree; and nourish the body much. They are long in going down and in digesting; and engender grosses humors; and are full of wind and stop the belly, but is they be perched or dried, they put away a great deal of the hurt that they would have done raw. Dioscorides say that the brown skin next unto the meat stopped mighty; and that the meat of chestnuts is a remedy against the poison of the herb Ephemerum.

Of Nettel tree or lote tree.

Celtis is named in greke lotos, is called in frenche, as gesner sayth, Algsiez or ledomier. But howe that is calleth in englische and in duche I can not telle. For I never sawe it, nether in Germany, nor in englande; but I have sene it in Italy. It hath a lefe lyke a nettle; therfor it may be called in englysche Nettell tree or lote tree. Plini writeth thus of lotus. Affryca in that part, wher as it turneth towards us, bryngeth furth an excellent tree called lotus, or Celtis whiche also growth mych in Italy. It is of the bignes of a pere tree. How be it Cornelius nepos maketh it a short tree, the lefe is indentyd mych; elles it myght seme to be lefe of ilex. The fruyte of thus is of the bygnes of a bene; of the color of saffrone, before it is rype. It hath many diverse colors as grapes have. It growth in Affryca thyck as myrtelles doo; and not as cheryes do in Italy. It is so swete meat that it dyd gyve a name unto the people there wher it growth. They say that the bellyes of them that eat that shal fele no syknus. It is better without the inward kernelles; the whiche in a certayne other kynde semeth as harde as a stone. There is also pressed out of thys fruyt wyne lyke unto honeyd wyne; the whyche, as it is sayd, can not endure lenger then .x. dayes. we have red sayht Plini, that hole hostes of men in Affrica have ben fed with this same fruyte. The wood hath a black color and is myche desyred of men for to make pypes, to make knyffe heftes, and suche other lyke thynges, of the rootes of it. Dioscorides describeth an other kynde of lotus, whiche he sayt is of a wonderfulle bygnes, and bryngeth furth a bery bygger then pepper, swete, and plesant in mete, and esy for the stomake. Of thes authors wel do gather, that there are .ii. kyndes of lotus; of the which I have sene but the one kynde, and that in clavenna a little city, as we enter in at the foote of the mountaynes, beside an old castell.

The vertus of Lotus.

The beeryes stoppe the belly, the broth of the shavings or shyvers of this woorde either in wyne, or in infusion, helpeth the blody flyxe, the flyxe of the mother, it maketh ones heare rede, stoppeth the belly.

Of Nettel tree or lote tree. (Celtis australis)

Celtis is named in Greek lotos, is called in French, as Gesner say, Algsiez or ledomier. But howe that is calleth in English and in German I cannot tel. For I never saw it, nether in Germany, nor in England; but I have seen it in Italy. It hath a leaf like a nettle; therefore, it may be called in English Nettell tree or lotus tree. Plini write thus of lotus. Africa in that part, whereas it turned towards us, brength furth an excellent tree called lotus or Celtis which also growth much in Italy. It is of the bigness of a pear tree. How be it Cornelius nepos maketh it a short tree, the leaf is indented much; ells it might seem to be leaf of Ilex. The fruit of thus is of the bigness of a bean; of the color of saffron, before it is ripe. It hath many diverse colors as grapes have. It growth in Africa thick as myrtles doo; and not as cherries do in Italy. It is so sweet meat that it did give a name unto the people there where it growth. They say that the bellies of them that eat that shall feel no sickness. It is better without the inward kernels; the which in a certain other kind seem as hard as a stone. There is also pressed out of this fruit wine like unto honeyed wine; the which, as it is said, cannot endure longer then. x. days. We have red say Plini, that hole hostess of men in Affrica has been fed with this same fruit. The wood hath a black color and is much desired of men for to make pipes, to make knife hefts and such other like things of the roots of it. Dioscorides described another kind of lotus, which he says is of a wonderfully bigness and brength furth a berry bigger than pepper, sweet, and pleasant in mete, and easy for the stomach. Of these authors well do gather, that there are. ii. kinds of lotus; of the which I have seen but the one kind, and that in Clavenna a little city as we enter in at the foot of the mountains beside an old castell.

The virtues of Lotus.

The berries stop the belly, the broth of the shavings or shivers of this wood either in wine or in infusion, helped the bloody flux, the flux of the mother, it maketh ones hear rede, stopped the belly.

Of Centory.

Centaurium is of two sortes; the one is called cenataurium magnum, and it is called of the potecaries ruponticum; in English rupontike. It growth onely in gardyns. I never sawe it, saving only in Italy and Germany. The second kynde is called in latin centaurium minus; in englishe centaury; in duche Tusent gulden; in frenche fel terre. Great centaury, other wyse called ruponticum hath leves like unto a walnut tree, somthyng long, of a grene color of cole indented round about, it hath a stalke like unto a dock of two or three cubytes of hyght in the top, of the whiche are heads like unto poppy, round and long, the floure is blew. The seed is like wyld safforne wrapped in certayn flockes like wole. The root is thyck, hevy and rounde, of three foote longe, and full of iuice, bytyng with a certayne astriction, so swetnes, the color of it is red. Ther growe many bastard stalkes out of the roote, beside the principall stalke. Centaurium minus, that is the les centaury, whiche is our common century in England, is an herbe lyke unto organe, of wylde marierum, or saynt Johannes worte. It hath a stalke fulle of corners a spanne long, and more; with a floure lyke unto rose campion, is to wytt crymesyne turning toward purple, the leves are lyke rewe, long, smalle; the frute of it is lyke unto wheate. The roote is very smal, smoth, and of no valewe; but it is bytter.

The vertues and properties of rewe pontyke.

The roote helpeth burstynges, and drawynges to gether, those that are sycke in the pleurisy, them thar ar short wyndyd, the olde cough, them that spyt bloode without an agewe, in wyne, if the have an agewe, if it be taken with water in the quantite of .ii. drammes, so that it be brosed and geven to the pacient. So like wyse doth it helpe the gnawynge and payne of the mother. It provoketh also wymens syknes, and dryveth forth the chylde, if it be put in to the secret place of concepcyone, and the iuice doth the same, it heleth woundes well if the herbe be grene and brosed, or if it be drye and then steped and brosed. It byndeth to gether ans heleth up woundes, the flesh wil growe to gether if it be sodden and brosed with this same herbe. Plinis writeth that this herbe is good for the diseases of shepe.

The vertues of century.

The herbe brosed, when it is grene, if it be layd unto woundes it doth ioyne them together agayne, it scoureth olde sores, and covereth them with skynne, it driveth out choler and grose humores, thorowe the belly, if it be sodden and droncken. The broth it is sodden in, is good to poor in, against them that have the scyatyca, for it draweth the bloode, and easeth the payne. The iuice is very good for to put in the medicines for the eyes, for with hony it purgeth away the darkness of the eyes, the same layed in with woole into the naturral place, bryngeth downe wymens syknes, the iuice drunken, heleth properly the diseases of the synewes. Century is good for the stopping of the mylte and the lyver, for the collike it kylleth wormes, and heleth the ake of the mother. Som wryte also, that it doth let the spyttiyng of bloode, it is also good to laye without upon a harde mylt to make it softe agayne.

Of Centory. (Rhaponticum scariosum, Centaurium erythraea)

Centaurium is of two sorts; the one is called Centaurium magnum, and it is called of the pothecaries ruponticum; in English rupontike. It growth only in gardens. I never saw it, saving only in Italy and Germany. The second kind is called in Latin Centaurium minus; in English centaury; in German Tusent gulden; in French fel terre. Great centaury, otherwise called ruponticum hath leaves like unto a walnut tree, something long, of a green color of Cole indented round about, it hath a stalk like unto a dock of two or three cubits of high in the top, of the which are heads like unto poppy, round and long, the flower is blue. The seed is like wild saffron wrapped in certain flocks like wool. The root is thick, heavy and round of three foot long and full of juice, biting with a certain astriction, so sweetness, the color of it is red. There grow many bastard stalks out of the root, beside the principal stalk.

Centaurium minus, that is the les centaury, which is our common century in England, is an herb like unto origan of wild marjoram or saint Johannes’s wort. It hath a stalk full of corners a span long and more; with a flower like unto rose campion, is to wit kermesina turning toward purple, the leaves are like raw, long, small; the fruit of it is like unto wheat. The root is very small, smooth, and of no value; but it is bitter.

The virtues and properties of Rhaponticum.

The root helped bursting’s and drawing together, those that are sick in the pleurisy, them thar are short winded, the olde cough, them that spit blood without an argue, in wine if they have an argue, if it be taken with water in the quantity of. ii. drachms, so that it be browsed and given to the patient. So likewise, doth it helped the gnawing and pain of the mother. It provoked also women’s sickness and drive forth the child, if it be put into the secret place of conception and the juice doth the same, it health wounds well if the herb be green and browsed, or if it be dry and then stepped and browsed. It binds together and health up wounds, the flesh will grow together if it be sodden and browsed with this same herb. Plinius write that this herb is good for the diseases of sheep.

The virtues of century.

The herb browsed, when it is green, if it be laid unto wounds it doth join them together again, it scoured olde sores and covered them with skin, it drives out choler and grosses humors thrower the belly, if it be sodden and drunken. The broth it is sodden in, is good to poor in, against them that have the sciatica, for it draweth the blood and eased the pain. The juice is very good for to put in the medicines for the eyes, for with honey it purged away the darkness of the eyes, the same laid in with wool into the natural place brength down women’s sickness, the juice drunken health properly the diseases of the sinews. Century is good for the stopping of the milt and the liver, for the colic it killed worms, and health the ache of the mother. Som write also that it doth let the spitting of blood, it is also good to lay without upon a hard milt to make it soft again.

Of cudweed of chafweede.

Centunculus named in greke gnaphalion, is named in duche rurkraut, and in englishe in some places cartaphilago. How be it there is an other herbe whych is the true cartiphylago is myche differynge from thys same herbe. Centunculus called in Yorkeshyre Cudweed, and in Northumberlande Chafwede because it is thought to be good for chafynge of any mans fleshe with goynge or rydynge. Gnaphalion whiche is discrybed of Dioscorides and Plini, at the first sight is lyke unto the herbe whyche is called of the pothecaryes stoechas citrina and in duche ryndblome. But nether the floures are so bright yellowe, nether the leves are so longe, the leves of centunclus have both without a whyte wolle, or cottone. Beside thys kynde that Dioscorides describeth there is as an other kynde, whyche hath a rough thing lyke woole both without an within the leves. This hath leves lyke unto rosmary but longer, and al the stalkes thorough is fulle of browne floures growing thyk to gether, in knoppes have leves al about them, but specially in under the floure, the former kynde growth mych in heaths and mores, the second kind growth in watery places specially there wher as turffes have bene dygged.

The vertues of cudweed or cudwort.

Cudwort or chafweed is good sodden in tarte wyne against the bluddy flyxe, and against the common flixe. It stoppeth also wymens floures, it is also good to be put to the fundament against the voyd desyere ofgayng to stolle when that men can do nothynge, it is also to lay upon rottyng sores to hele them with all.

Of cudweed of chafweed. (Gnaphalium uliginosum and possible Filago)

Centunculus named in Greek gnaphalion, is named in German rurkraut, and in English in some places cartaphilago. How be it there is another herb which is the true cartiphilago is much differing from this same herb. Centunculus called in Yorkshire Cudweed, and in Northumberland Chaffweed because it is thought to be good for chafing of any man’s flesh with going or riding. Gnaphalium which is described of Dioscorides and Plini, at the first sight is like unto the herb which is called of the pothecaries stoechas citrina and in German rindblome. But neither the flowers are so bright yellow, nether the leaves are so long, the leaves of centunclus have both without a white wool or cotton. Beside this kind that Dioscorides described there is as another kind which hath a rough thing like wool both without an within the leaves. This hath leaves like unto rosemary but longer, and al the stalks thorough is full of brown flowers growing thick together, in knops have leaves al about them, but specially in under the flower, the former kind growth much in heaths and mores, the second kind growth in watery places specially there whereas turf have bene dig.

The virtues of cudweed or cudwort.

Cudworth or chaffweed is good sodden in tarte wine against the bloody flux, and against the common flux. It stopped also women’s flowers, it is also good to be put to the fundament against the void desire of going to stool when that men can do nothing, it is also to lay upon rotting sores to hele them with all.

Of the kyndes of onyons.

An oynon was ones called of the old latines unio. Because one herbed dyd growe upon one roote, and now it is called cepa, or cepe, the grecianes call it crommion, the duche men call it zwibell, or Sepel, the french men cal it oignon. Ther are diverse kindes of onyons, the first kynde is our common onyon which hath long hollowe leves lyke pypes, a round hollowe smoth stalk in whose tope growth a great knope al ful of seedes, the root is round like a rape but that it is not so thycke, hath a rede skynne about is, this kinde is called commonly in latin cepa or cepe. The second kynde is called in greke crommyon askalonion, in latine Cepa ascalonia, and in englysh a Scalion. Ascalyon differeth from an onyon in that it hathe a great deale lesse heade and a longer neck and thycker. Theophrastus in the vii. booke of the story of plantes, the fourth chapter wryteth thus of the kyndes of onyons, cepa sissiles (whiche hath their name that one is cloven from an other) and ascolonie whiche have their name of ascoloma a place in iewry differ amonges them selfes hath in dressynge in gardyne as in nature. The gardyners do leve the cloven onyons in wynter, as of no effect with their leves. In the spryng tyme they take of the outwarde leves and trym the rest, when that this is taken away, other do bude agayne and then are they cloven be nethe wherof they have their name, be called cloven onyons. Thus far hath Theophrastus of whose wordes, we may plainly gather that the herbe which is called of hem cepa sissilis and in greke Crommyon Schiston, is it that we call in english holleke, the duche men call Sere or Suer, in fresland Suerley. And the same opinion may be confirmed by the aucthorite of Plini in the .xix. boke ad .vi. chapter of his natural historye in this wordes. They leve the onyon called Schiston Cromyon in winter with his leves and in the spryng they do take of the leves, other ryse up in under again with the same devisions, wher upon they have their name, thus fare Plini. The onyons that we cal hollekes ar of this nature, that if one be set alone that their wil a great sorte within a shorte space growe of that same roote, without any sowing. And if ye take one of the cluster of, wher as there are a dossene together, and set it in havest in the grounde alone, that one shall bring you out a dosen, if the ground be fruitful the next yere, wher for seyng this herbe, lasteth in the grounde all wynter it were better to call it wynter onyon then holleke. Plini also putteth a very playne difference between the scallyone and the holleke in thes wordes. This is the proper nature of scaliones, they are barren in bringing furth by the roote, therfore the grecians have counsellyd to sowe them and not to set them. Thes are Plinies wordes wherof we gather that one kynde of onyons is plenteous and maketh increase by the roote. But sayng that nether the common onyon nor the scallyone bringeth furth by the roote and ther are but iii. yndes of onyons, our holleke is one kynde, it followeth that it must be the kynde of onyons whiche bringeth furth fruyte and maketh increase by the roote, therfore it is cepa sissilis.

The nature of onyons.

Onyons as Galene sayeth, are hote in the fourth degree, the substance is of grosse partes, wherefore they open the emrodes, both layd to, and after the maner of an implaster, also as an ointment with vynegre. Dioscorides writeth that if it be put in as a suppository, that it openeth the emrodes, and suche other places as excrementes use to ysshue out by. The long onyon is sharper then the round, the yelowe sharper then the whyte, the drye sharper then the grene, the rawe sharper then then sodden or the rosted. Yit do the all byte and ingendre wynde. The iuice of onyons layd to with hony heleth the darknes of the eyes, dulnes of sight, the hauwe and clowdes of the eyes. Shotyng of bloode in the eyes when they begyn, they are good for the quinsy, if the place be anointed with, the iuice dryveth out wymens syknes, and purgeth the hede, poored in at the nose thrylies. It is good to laye to the biting of a dog. With raw hony and vynegre, it is good for the casing of ones foote with his shoo, layd to with capons grece or hennes grece, it is good to laye upon their heads whose hear falleth of. Onyons eaten in meat largely make the head ake, when the are sodden they provoke more plentuosly uryne, they make them forgetfull whiche in the tymes of their sycknes use them owt of mesure. Onyons sodden with raysyns an a fygges make rype swellynges and burste them very quiyckly.

Of the kinds of onyons. (Allium cepa, ascalonicum)

An onion was ones called of the old Latines unio. Because one herb did grow upon one root and now it is called cepa or cepe, the Grecians call it crommion, the German men call it zwibell or Sepel, the French men call it oignon. there are diverse kinds of onions, the first kind is our common onion which hath long hollow leaves like pipes, a round hollow smooth stalk in whose tope growth a great knop al full of seeds, the root is round like a rape but that it is not so thick, hath a rede skin about is, this kind is called commonly in Latin cepa or cepe. The second kind is called in Greek crommyon askalonion, in Latin Cepa ascalonia, and in English a Scalion. Ascalonicum differed from an onion in that it hath a great deal lesser head and a longer neck and thicker. Theophrastus in the vii. book of the story of plantes, the fourth chapter write thus of the kinds of onions, cepa sessiles (which hath their name that one is cloven from another) and ascalonicum which have their name of Ascalon a place in Jewry differs among themself hath in dressing in garden as in nature. The gardeners do leaf the cloven onions in winter, as of no effect with their leaves. In the springtime they take of the outward leaves and trim the rest, when that this is taken away, other do bud again and then are they cloven be nether whereof they have their name, be called cloven onions. Thus far hath Theophrastus of whose words, we may plainly gather that the herb which is called of hem cepa sessilis and in Greek Crommyon Schiston, is it that we call in English holleke, the German men call Sere or Suer, in Friesland Suerley. And the same opinion may be confirmed by the authority of Plini in the. xix. boke ad .vi. chapter of his natural history in these words. They leaf the onion called Schiston Cromyon in winter with his leaves and in the spring, they do take of the leaves, other rise up in under again with the same divisions, where upon they have their name, thus fare Plini. The onions that we call hollekes are of this nature, that if one be set alone that their will a great sort within a short space grow of that same root, without any sowing. And if ye take one of the cluster of, where as there are a dose together and set it in harvest in the ground alone, that one shall bring you out a dose, if the ground be fruitful the next yere, where for sei ng this herb, lasted in the ground all winter it were better to call it winter onion then holleke. Plini also putted a very plane difference between the scallion and the holleke in these words. This is the proper nature of scallions, they are barren in bringing furth by the root, therefore the Grecians have counselled to sow them and not to set them. Thes are Plinius words whereof we gather that one kind of onions is plenteous and maketh increase by the root. But saying that nether the common onion nor the scallion bringeth furth by the root and there are but iii. kinds of onions, our holleke is one kind, it followed that it must be the kind of onions which bringeth furth fruit and maketh increase by the root, therefore it is cepa sessilis.

The nature of onions.

Onions as Galene sayeth, are hot in the fourth degree, the substance is of grosses partes, wherefore they open the hemorrhoids, both laid to, and after the manner of a plaster, also as an ointment with vinegar. Dioscorides write that if it be put in as a suppository that it opened the hemorrhoids and such other places as excrement’s use to issue out by. The long onion is sharper than the round, the yellow sharper then the white, the dry sharper then the green, the raw sharper then then sodden or the roosted. Yet do the all byte and engender winded. The juice of onions laid to with honey health the darkness of the eyes, dullness of sight, the haw and clouds of the eyes. Shooting of blood in the eyes when they begin, they are good for the quinsy, if the place be anointed with, the juice drives out women’s sickness and purged the head, poured in at the nose thrills. It is good to lay to the biting of a dog. With raw honey and vinegar, it is good for the casing of one’s foot with his shoo, laid to with capon’s grace or hens grace, it is good to lay upon their heads whose hear falleth of. Onions eaten in meat largely make the headache, when they are sodden, they provoke more plenteously urine, they make them forgetful which in the times of their sickness use them out of measure. Onions sodden with raisins and a fig make ripe swellings and burst them very quickly.

Of broklyme

Brooclymes as I iudge, is called in Dioscorides Cepeaa which as Dioscorides wryteth is lyke unto porcelline. But it hath blacker leves an a small roote. Plini sayeth that Cepea is like purcelline but it hath a blacker roote, nothing worth, growing in sandy see shores, with a bytter taste. Dioscorides maketh Cepea lyke unto purcellyne saving in blacknes of leves. And Plini makynge Cepeam also lyke unto Purcellyne, wryteth that the difference whiche is between them, is in the blaknes of the roote wherfor, if the bokes be trewe Cepea Dioscorides and Plini are not all one. I have sene a herbe that Plini describeth oft in fresland, by the see syde within the see bankes, in suche places as the see commeth, to every spryng tyde, it may be called in English see purcellyne. The leves ar very lyke purcelllyne and are more salt then bitter as ofte as I have provyd. I found the same herbe of late beside the Ile of Porbek.

The vertues of cepa.

The leves drunken in wyne help the straungulione.them that have scabbes in their bladder, that doth is chefye if it be taken wyne wherin the rootes of wylde sperage is sodden.

Of broklyme. (Veronica cepea)

Brooklimes as I judge, is called in Dioscorides Cepeaa which as Dioscorides write is like unto porcelain. But it hath blacker leaves and a small root. Plini sayeth that Cepea is like porcelain but it hath a blacker root, nothing worth, growing in sandy see shores, with a bitter taste. Dioscorides maketh Cepea like unto porcelain saving in blackness of leaves. And Plini making Cepea also like unto Porcelain, write that the difference which is between them is in the blackness of the root wherefore, if the bokes be true, Cepea Dioscorides and Plini are not all one. I have seen a herb that Plini described oft in Friesland, by the seaside within the sea banks, in such places as the see comet to every spring tide, it may be called in English see porcelain. The leaves are very like porcelain and are more salt then bitter as oft as I have proved. I found the same herb of late beside the Ile of Purbeck.

The virtues of cepa.

The leaves drunken in wine help the strangling. them that have scabbles in their bladder, that doth is chiefly if it be taken wine wherein the roots of wild asperge is sodden.

Of hethe Cipres.

Chamaecyparissus is supposed of some men to be the herbe that we call Lavender cotton; whose opinions as I do not utterlye refuse, yet I found an other herbe in the mountaynes above Bon, whyche being in all poyntes much more lyke a Cypres tree then lavender cotton is; me thynke is rather chamaecyparissus then it is; it may be called in Engelisch hethe cypres, because it growth amonge hethe, or dwarse cypres. Thys herbe that I speke of, is lytle more than a spane long, and hath leves as ye see in the picture very lyke to a cypres tree, and lytle knopes in the toppe lyke unto a cypres nutt, but sume thing longer for theyr quantyte, the leves are playne astringent oute any heate at all, thys herbe groweth in a heathe beyond Bon, in th syde of a mountayne; but I never sawe is any where elles, saving there in alle my life.

The vertues of Chamaecyparissus.

The herbe of Chamaecyparissus which may be called grounde Cypres of hethe cypres, drunken in wyne, is good agaynste all poysone of all serpentes and scorpions, other propertiesI fynde in no author of thys herbe, wherefore I dare not geve unto it all the propertyes of the Cypres tree and hath the name of cypres tree, and thys worde Chamae, whyche betokeneth by the grounde or lowe for as Chamemelum hath the name of chamae and melon, and one qualite of an appelle, that is to wytt, the smelle and yet hath not the nature of an appel. Ans as chame daphne, whyche hat leves lyke an bay tree and yet hath not the vertues of a bay tree evyne so it foloweth not, that because chamaecyparissus hath the name of chamae, and syparisse whiche is a cypres tree and hath some qualytes of the cypres tree hath, what so ever propertyes the cypres tree hath that chamaecyparissus shal have the same, thys therefore have I given you warnynge of, to read all newe wryters with iudgement and to trye theyr saynges before ye put them in practyce.

Of hethe Cipres. (Santolina chamaecyparissus)

Chamaecyparissus is supposed of some men to be the herb that we call Lavender cotton; whose opinions as I do not utterly refuse, yet I found another herb in the mountains above Bon, which being in all points much more like a cypress tree then lavender cotton is; me think is rather chamaecyparissus then it is; it may be called in Engelisch heath cypress, because it growth among heath or dwarse cypress. This herb that I speak of, is little more than a span long, and hath leaves as ye see in the picture very like to a cypress tree, and little knops in the top like unto a cypress Nutt, but something longer for their quantity, the leaves are plane astringent out any heat at all, this herb growth in a heath beyond Bon, in the side of a mountain; but I never saw is anywhere ells, saving there in alle my life.

The virtues of Chamaecyparissus.

The herb of Chamaecyparissus which may be called ground cypress of heath cypress, drunken in wine is good against all poison of all serpents and scorpions, other properties’ find in no author of this herb, wherefore I dare not give unto it all the properties of the cypress tree and hath the name of cypress tree, and this word Chamae, which betokened by the ground or low for as Chamaemelum hath the name of chamae and melon, and one quality of an apple, that is to wit, the smell and yet hath not the nature of an apple. And as Chamaedaphne, which hat leaves like an bay tree and yet hath not the virtues of a bay tree even so it followed not that because chamaecyparissus hath the name of chamae, and cyparis which is a cypress tree and hath some qualities of the cypress tree hath, what so ever properties the cypress tree hath that chamaecyparissus shall have the same, this therefore have I given you warning of, to read all new writers with judgment and to trye their sayings before ye put them in practice.

Of Germander.

Germander, whyche is also called in Cambrige shyre Englyshe triacle, is called in Greke Chamaedrys; in Latin trissago; in Duche Garmanderlin; in Frenche; gehmandre; it is called of the pothecaryes chamedryos. Germander growth in the rockes of Germany over against Byng, beside Erensfelde. In England I sawe it nowher, savyng only in gardines. It is hote and drye in the thyrde degree; it is a lytel bushe, of a spanne hyghe and more; and hath lytel leves and bytter; in forme and indenting of the leafe, lyke unto an oke leafe; the floure is lytel and almost of a purple color, it is best tyme together is, when as it is ful of floures, redy to brynge furth seed.

The vertues of Germander.

Grene Germander sodden in water, and drunken is good for the coughe; for the hardnes of the mylte; and for the stopping of the water; and dropsyes that are in the begynnyng. It provoketh also womens sycknes to come downe, and the same drunken with vynegre wasteth awaye the mylte. It is also a special remedy with wyne both drunken, and also in maner of an implaster, agaynste the bytynges of serpentes. It scowreth als olde sores with hony, the same layd on with oyle dryveth awaye the darknes of the eyes. It cutteth in sunder all grosse humores; and openeth all the inward partes. The leves of Germander, as Theophrastus wryteth, broken and layd in olye are good for burstynges, and against woundes; and consumynge sores. The fruyte of germander draweth out choler. The leves also broken in oyle are good for the whyte hawe, or the perle in the eye.

Of Germander. (Teucrium chamaedrys)

Germander, which is also called in Cambridgeshire English treacle, is called in Greek Chamaedrys; in Latin trissago; in German Garmanderlin; in French; germandre; it is called of the pothecaries chamedryos. Germander growth in the rocks of Germany over against Byng, beside Ehrenfeld. In England I saw it nowhere, saving only in gardens. It is hot and dry in the third degree; it is a little bush, of a span high and more; and hath little leaves and bitter; in form and indenting of the leaf like unto an oak leaf; the flower is little and almost of a purple color, it is best time together is, when as it is full of flowers reedy to bring furth seed.

The virtues of Germander.

Green Germander sodden in water and drunken is good for the cough; for the hardness of the milt; and for the stopping of the water; and dropsy’s that are in the beginning. It provoked also women’s sickness to come down and the same drunken with vinegar wasted away the milt. It is also a special remedy with wine both drunken and also in manner of a plaster against the biting’s of serpents. It scored away olde sores with honey, the same laid on with oil drive away the darkness of the eyes. It cut in sunder all grosses humors; and opened all the inward partes. The leaves of Germander, as Theophrastus write, broken and laid in oil are good for bursting’s and against wounds, and consuming sores. The fruit of germander draweth out choler. The leaves also broken in oil are good for the white haw or the pearl in the eye.

Of lukken Gollande.

Chameleuce called also populago, farfagium, and Farranum, is not al one herbe in Dioscorides, Aetius, and Galene, for Aetius and Galene seme to make of Chameleuce and Bechion all one herbe, and speciallye Aetius; for he wrytynge remedyes against the coughe, geveth the same properties unto Chameleuce, that Dioscorides geveth unto Tussilago or Bechion. Pliny also in hys tyme sayth, that ther was some that toke chameleuce and Tussilago to be all on; and in the names that were added unto Dioscorides Tussilago was called chameleuce; how be it, in Dioscorides they are twoo contrary and diverse herbes. For he wryteth contrary description of them in twoo sundry chapiters. Chameleuce hath leves bowing inward; and hath certayne branches, for every lefe commeth out by it selfe out of the roote, and not of the stalke. Dioscorides sayth that chameleuce is an grene herbe, with the leves bowing inward, and with certayne branches, with a floure lyke a rose; where upon it foloweth that they can not bothe be one herbe. Thys herbe useth to growe commonly about water sydes, and in watery medowes, the proportion of it is lesse, is much like unto a water rose, otherwise called nunefar, but he lefe is sharper and many partes lesse and there growe many leves on one stalke, and in the toppe of the stalke is a yellow floure like unto the kyngcuppe called Ranunculus; but the leves of the floures are thycker, and turne inward agayne, in the maner of a knoppe of lyttel belle. But the one thing that wyll not suffer thys herbe, that I call lucken gollande, to be galenis chameuce, and that is, that thys herbe is colde, when as Galene maketh hys Chameleuce hotte all moste in the thyrde degree.

The vertues of Chameleuce.

I can not fynde in Dioscorides any other propertyes that Chameleuce hath, saving only that it is good for the ake of the ioynes.

Of lukken Gollande. (Tussilago farfara)

Chameleuce called also populago, farfagium and Farranum, is not al one herb in Dioscorides, Aetius, and Galene, for Aetius and Galene seme to make of Chameleuce and Bechion all one herb, and specially Aetius: for he writing remedies against the cough, giveth the same properties unto Chameleuce, that Dioscorides giveth unto Tussilago or Bechion. Plini also in his time say that there was some that toke chameleuce and Tussilago to be all on; and in the names that were added unto Dioscorides Tussilago was called chameleuce; how be it, in Dioscorides they are two contrary and diverse herbs. For he writes contrary description of them in two sundry chapiters. Chameleuce hath leaves bowing inward; and hath certain branches, for every leaf comet out by itself out of the root and not of the stalk. Dioscorides say that chameleuce is a green herb, with the leaves bowing inward and with certain branches, with a flower like a rose; where upon it followed that they cannot both be one herb. This herb used to grow commonly about water sides, and in watery meadows, the proportion of it is lesser, is much like unto a water rose, otherwise called nenuphar, but he leaf is sharper and many partes lesser and there grow many leaves on one stalk and in the top of the stalk is a yellow flower like unto the kingcups called Ranunculus; but the leaves of the flowers are thicker and turn inward again, in the manner of a knop of little belle. But the one thing that will not suffer this herb, that I call lucken gollande, to be Galene’ s chameleuce, and that is, that this herb is cold, when as Galene maketh his Chameleuce hot all most in the third degree.

The virtues of Chameleuce.

I cannot find in Dioscorides any other properties that Chameleuce hath, saving only that it is good for the ache of the joints.

Of Chamepeuce.

Chamapeuce, as plini writeth, hath leves lyke unto a Larche tree, whyche is called in latine larix. I can fynde no mention of thys herbe in any authoure, whyche hath wryten of herbes, savynge only in Pliny, and he describeth it no lagerlyer then ye reade before; wherefore it is harde to telle which is the herbe that Pliny meneth of. Gesnerus reckeneth that the herbe which is called in Duch barentopen, and of other called pata ursyna, shuld be chamepeuce, the herbe that he supposeth to be chamepeuce groweth in the top op the alpes; and it is of a finger lengthe and a halfe, bowynge sumthynge downe, lyke a fether that standeth in ones cap; and it iit is about every wher lytle grene leves, wherby it dothe wonderfly represent an ere of corne; bur (saving Gesnerus iudgement) I know an herbe, whyche growth in heaths plentuosly in Germany, whyche is more lyke the Larcheboum agreet dele; and that herbe is called of the Pothecaries of Louane spice celtic. It runneth upon the grounde lyke a vyne, all roughe, and ful of lytle leves lyke unto the leves of a fyr tree; and it is devided out in branches; and every he resembleth a crowes foote, saving that the toes comme not a lyke out of one place, and every toe is lyke unto a grene ere of corne; and at the first hath, ende of the herbe, when is it growen as muche as it wyll growe, there cummeth out of the one of the branches a lytle stalke, lytle more then an ynche and a halfe longe, whyche is full of small ioyntes; and very iointe hath litle hoyre tuftes coming out; out of the end of the stalke commeth twoo roughe fruytes, much lyke unto the longe blomes that cume forth of the hasell nutt tree in wynter, the the nutt blomes are, and sume thing roughe. It may be called in Engelysh hethe crowfott, or hethe fyru.

The properties of Chamepecue.

Pliny saythe that Chameuce, is good for the ache of the ioynes and of the ridgebone, they use it in Denmark and in East freseland with olde wyne or mylke, against the scuer buch whyche is called in the North cuntre the scruby ell.

Of Chamepeuce. (Lycopodium clavatum)

Chamaepeuce, as Plini write, hath leaves like unto a Larche tree, which is called in Latin Larix. I can find no mention of this herb in any author which hath written of herbs, saving only in Plini, and he described it no larger than ye read before; wherefore it is hard to tell which is the herb that Plini meant of. Gesner reckoned that the herb which is called in German barentopen and of other called pata ursina, should be chamaepeuce, the herb that he supposed to be chamaepeuce growth in the top of the alps; and it is of a finger length and a half, bowing something down, like a feather that stand in one’s cap; and it is is about everywhere little green leaves, whereby it doth wonderfully represent an ear of corn; bur (saving Gesner judgment) I know an herb, which growth in heaths plenteously in Germany which is more like the Larchboum agreed a deal; and that herb is called of the Pothecaries of Louane spica celtica. It rennet upon the ground like a vine, all rough and full of little leaves like unto the leaves of a fir tree; and it is divided out in branches; and every he resembled a crows foot, saving that the toes come not a like out of one place, and every toe is like unto a green ere of corn; and at the first hath, end of the herb, when is it grown as much as it will grow, there comet out of the one of the branches a little stalk, little more than an inch and a half long which is full of small joints; and very joints hath little hoar tufts coming out; out of the end of the stalk comet two rough fruits, much like unto the long blooms that cume forth of the hazelnut tree in winter, that the nut blooms are, and something rough. It may be called in English heath crowfoot or heat fury.

The properties of Chamaepecue.

Pliny say that Chameaepeuce is good for the ache of the joins and of the ridge bone, they use it in Denmark and in East Friesland with olde wine or milk against the scheurbuik (scurvy) which is called in the North country the scrubby evil.

Of grounde Pyne.

Chamepites in Greke is called in Latin Ajuga of abiga, and of the pothecaries Iva muscata; in Duch eye lenger ye Lieber; and in Frenche Ive muscate; and it maye be called in Englishe grounde pyne. It groweth muche in the mount Apennine beside Bonony, and above Bon in Germany. I here also that it is founde nowe in diverse places in England. Chamaepitys is of three kindes. The first kinde hath leves like untot stone crop, but much thinner, roughe and fatte and thycke aboute the boughs, and hathe the smelle of a pyne tree. The floures be yellowe of whyte; the rootes ar lyke Succore rootes. Thys herbe crepith upon the ground, and some thynge croked. The second kynde hathe branches, of a cubit hyght or length, bowynge in after the fashion of an anker, and smalle, wythe flore, and a blake seed. The third kynde is called the male, and is but a lytle one with small leves, whyte and roughe, with a roughe and a whyte stalke, with yellowe floures, and a seed sommyng out at the setting of the leves, al these thre kindes have the smel of a pyne tree. The twoo first kindes are not very comon; but the third kynde growth very plenteouslye in Germanye. Ground e pyne is drye in the third degree, and hote in the seconde.

The properties of grounde Pyne.

The leves drunken seven dayes in wyne hele the iaundes, and the same drunken .xl. dayes with meade made of hony and water, helpe the Sciatica, they are also good for the stoppynge of the water; for the diseases of the lyver and kyndnes; and the gnawynge of the belly; sume use the brothe of thys herbe, as a preservative against the poyson of wolfes bayne and leopardes bayne; sum use to put barly mele and the broth of this herbe together, and kneade them together and use them for the purposes above rehersed. The same herbe beten into pouder, and made into pylles with a sygge, and the taken, softeneth suche thynges as hurt the mother. It dryveth away the hardnes of the pappes, or the brestes; it closet woundes together. It stoppeth also, yf it be layd to with hony, sores that do rune at large, and consume the fleshe. Plini also saythe, that it is good against the bytyng of a scorpion. If it be drunken, it draweth out cloddy or clottes bloude. It maketh men to sweat if the be anoynted with it. It is also good for a newe coughe lately begon. Some do write that thys herbe sodden with vynegre, and drunken, wyl dryve out a dead chylde out of the mothers wombe.

Of grounde Pyne. (Ajuga chamaepitys, reptans and iva)

Chamaepitys in Greek is called in Latin Ajuga of abiga and of the pothecaries Iva muscata; in Germany ye lenger ye Lieber; and in French Ive muscate; and it may be called in English ground pine. It growth much in the mount Apennine beside Bologna and above Bon in Deutsche. I hear also that it is found now in diverse places in England. Chamaepitys is of three kinds. The first kind hath leaves like unto stone crop, but much thinner, rough and fat and thick about the boughs, and hath the smell of a pine tree. The flowers be yellow of white; the roots are like Succory roots. This herb crept upon the ground, and something crooked. The second kind hath branches, of a cubit high or length, bowing in after the fashion of an anker, and small, withe flower and a black seed. The third kind is called the male, and is but a little one with small leaves, white and rough with a rough and a white stalk, with yellow flowers, and a seed something out at the setting of the leaves, all these three kinds have the smell of a pine tree. The two first kinds are not very common; but the third kind growth very plenteously in Germany. Ground pine is dry in the third degree and hot in the second.

The properties of ground Pine.

The leaves drunken seven days in wine hele the jaundice, and the same drunken. xl. days with mead made of honey and water, help the Sciatica, they are also good for the stopping of the water; for the diseases of the liver and kidney; and the gnawing of the belly; some use the broth of this herb as a preservative against the poison of wolfs bain and leopards bain; sum use to put barley mele and the broth of this herb together, and knead them together and use them for the purposes above rehearsed. The same herb beaten into powder and made into pills with a sieve and the taken, softened such things as hurt the mother. It drives away the hardness of the pappa or the breasts; it closet wounds together. It stopped also if it be laid to with honey, sores that do rune at large, and consume the flesh. Plini also say that it is good against the biting of a scorpion. If it be drunken, it draweth out cloddy or clotted blood. It maketh men to sweat if the be anointed with it. It is also good for a new cough lately began. Some do write that this herb sodden with vinegar and drunken will drive out a dead child out of the mother’s womb.

Of gume Succory.

Chondrilla is not in Englande, that I have sen; it is much in highe Germany and because it hath leves lyke succory and stalkes lyke rysshes, it may be named in Englishe ryshhe succory or a gunm succory; because it hath a clammy humor in it. Ther is mention made of twoo kyndes of chondrylla in Dioscorides; of the which the former kinde is thus described. Chondrilla which is called of some men serys and of other succory; it hath a stalke floures, and leves like Succory; Wherfore some call it wylde succory; but it is hole together smaller, in whose stalkes there cometh furth a gume lyke mylke in a lumpe like a beane. There is another kynde of Chondrilla, with an longe leve iudentyd, and as it were gnawen rounde about, spredyng it selfe upon the ground. The stalke is fulle of mylke iuice, the roote is smal wel lykyng yellowe and full of iuice; the second is it, that I have seen in Germany; the leves of this herbe are sprede upon the ground, and a indentyd much lyke unto dandelion; the stalk as and branches ar smaller; and in the top of every branche is a yellow floure, which when is sadeth is turned into whyte downe.

The properties gume succory.

The leaves and the stalke of gum succory have the poor for to degest. The iuice boweth backe agayne the heare of the eye browes, that stande not in order. It growth in ranke manored groundes, some do recken that it is good against the byting of a serpent; because it is knowen by experience that when the feld mouse is hurte, she doth eate it.

Of gume Succory. (Chondrilla juncea)

Chondrilla is not in England, that I have seen; it is much in high Germany and because it hath leaves like succory and stalks like rushes it may be named in English rush succory or a gum succory; because it hath a clammy humor in it. there is mention made of two kinds of Chondrilla in Dioscorides; of the which the former kind is thus described. Chondrilla which is called of some men seris and of other succory; it hath a stalk flowers and leaves like Succory; Wherefore some call it wild succory; but it is hole together smaller in whose stalks there cometh furth a gum like milk in a lump like a bean. There is another kind of Chondrilla, with a long leaf indented, and as it were gnawed round about, spreading itself upon the ground. The stalk is full of milk juice, the root is small well liking yellow and full of juice; the second is it that I have seen in Germany; the leaves of this herb are spread upon the ground, and a indented much like unto dandelion; the stalk as and branches are smaller; and in the top of every branch is a yellow flower which when is seed is turned into white down.

The properties gum succory.

The leaves and the stalk of gum succory have the power for to digest. The juice bowed back again the hair of the eyebrow that stand not in order. It growth in rank manured grounds, some do reckon that it is good against the biting of a serpent; because it is known by experience that when the field mouse is hurt, she doth eat it.

Of chrysanthemon.

Chysanthemon is of .ii. kindes; one of them is spoke of the intreatyng of Camomyll; and it is called in englysh yellow camomylle. The other kynde it is, wher of I intreate nowe of. The herbe, whyche I take to be Chrysanthemon growth plentously upon the walles of Andernake in Germany, it hath smalle leves, after the figure of tansey; but many partes lesse, much indenteth, it is full of branches, and every branche hath yellow floures, wonderfully bright. Dioscorides describeth chrsanthemon thus. Chrysanthemon or calchas whiche is called buphthalmus of some, is a tender herbe and fulle of branches and bringeth forth smothe stakes, and leves cut or indendtid. It hath floures wonderfully shynynge yellowe, and resemblynge the appell of an eye; wher upon it hath gotten the name of oxey; it growth beside townes; the herbe may be called in English golden floure.

The properties of Golden floure.

The floures of golden flour broken, and mixed wyth oyle and waxe, are supposed to dryve away the fat that is gathered under the skynne after the maner of a lompe; thei hele the iaundies, and restore a man to hys color shortly yf a man after the longe use of he the bathe, drynke of them after he is come for the oute of the bathe. There is suche agreement between the discriptions of Buphthalmum and Chrysanthemon, and the vertues are so lytle dyfferynge one from another that I suppose, that although be the descriptions be had in Dioscorides, yet the one of them is put into Dioscorides by some other man, and not by hem selfe. For who wolde thynke Dioscorides so unwise a man, that he wolde given unto twoo herbes all one description, and in all poyntes lyke propertyes, ye and bothe one name; and yet make twoo of them, by settynge them in diverse chapyters. No body I thynke, that knoweth the learnynge and wysdome of Dioscorides, therfore I do suspecte that one of the same Chapiters, is none of Dioscorides but set to by some other man, but here it is harde to iudge whyche of the Chapiters shoulde seme to be counterfeit, and set to, seynge that bothe the herbes are described suche places, as the lykenes of them to stande iustely in suche places. Buphthalmus is described after anthemis, and parthenion, and one kynde of anthemis hath yellowe floures all hole; and parthenium hathe a yellow knop and whyte floures aboute it. Therefore I can gyve no certayne iugement in this matter, but leve it unto the iugement of the readers.

Of chrysanthemon. (Chrysanthemum from China or Anthemis tinctoria?)

Chrysanthemum is of. ii. kinds; one of them is spoke of the entreating of Chamomile; and it is called in English yellow chamomile. The other kind it is, whereof I entreat now of. The herb, which I take to be Chrysanthemum growth plenteously upon the walls of Andernake in Germany, it hath small leaves, after the figure of tansy; but many partes lesser, much indented, it is full of branches, and every branch hath yellow flowers, wonderfully bright. Dioscorides described chrysanthemum thus. Chrysanthemum or calchas which is called Buphthalmum of some, is a tender herb and full of branches and bringeth forth smote stakes, and leaves cut or indented. It hath flowers wonderfully shining yellow and resembling the apple of an eye; where upon it hath gotten the name of oxeye; it growth beside towns; the herb may be called in English golden flower.

The properties of Golden flower.

The flowers of golden flour broken and mixed with oil and wax are supposed to drive away the fat that is gathered under the skin after the manner of a lump; they hele the jaundices and restore a man to his color shortly if a man after the long use of the bathe drink of them after he comes for the out of the bathe. There is such agreement between the descriptions of Buphthalmum and Chrysanthemum and the virtues are so little differing one from another that I suppose that although be the descriptions be had in Dioscorides, yet the one of them is put into Dioscorides by some other man, and not by hem self. For whom would think Dioscorides so unwise a man, that he would give unto two herbs all one description and in all points like properties, ye and both one name; and yet make two of them, by setting them in diverse chapters. No body I think, that know the learning and wisdom of Dioscorides, therefore I do suspect that one of the same Chapiters, is none of Dioscorides but set to by some other man, but here it is hard to judge which of the Chapiters should seem to be counterfeit and set to, seeing that both the herbs are described such places, as the likeness of them to stand justly in such places. Buphthalmum is described after Anthemis and parthenium, and one kind of Anthemis hath yellow flowers all hole; and parthenium hath a yellow knop and white flowers about it. Therefore, I can gyve no certain judgment in this matter but leaf it unto the judgment of the readers.

Of Cicerbita.

Cicerbita is named in greke sogchos; in Englishe a sow thystel, in duche hasenkool or gense distel; in Frenche lateron; it groweth common enough in all cuntries. There are twoo kyndes of sow thystel. There is one that is an wilde one, and hath more pryckes upon it. And the other is but soft and tender, much desire to be eaten in meat; with a stalke full of corners and hollow within sumtyme red, with leves indented about the edges of them. The other sowthystel is yet tenderer, after the maner of a tree; having brode leves, the leves departe the stalke which groweth out in to branches.

The vertues of Sow thystell.

The virtue of both is to coule and bynde, therfore thet are good for the hoote stomake; and also in inflammations, if the be layd unto the place, the iuice of them stopping the gnawing of the stomake, if it be dronken. It provoketh also milke if it be layd to on wool. It helpeth the gatherynge together of mater, than is allowed the fundament, and the mother. Bothe the herbe and the roote is good for them that are byten of a scorpion, yf it be layd to in the maner of an emplaster.

Of Cicerbita. (Cicerbita alpina, and Sonchus oleraceus)

Cicerbita is named in Greek sogchos; in English a sow thistle, in German hasenkool or gense distel; in French lateron; it growth common enough in all countries. There are two kinds of sow thistle. There is one that is a wild one, and hath more prickles upon it. And the other is but soft and tender, much desire to be eaten in meat; with a stalk full of corners and hollow within sometime red, with leaves indented about the edges of them. The other sow thistle is yet tenderer, after the manner of a tree; having brood leaves, the leaves depart the stalk which growth out in to branches.

The virtues of Sow thistle.

The virtue of both is to cool and bind, therefore they are good for the hot stomach; and also in inflammations, if the be laid unto the place, the juice of them stopping the gnawing of the stomach, if it be drunken. It provoked also milk if it be laid to on wool. It helped the gathering together of mater, than is allowed the fundament and the mother. Bothe the herb and the root is good for them that are bitten of a scorpion, if it be laid to in the manner of a plaster.

Of Cich or chice pease.

Cicer is called in greke erebinthos, in duche kicherns kicherbs; and zisserne, in Frenche chices. Cicer is muche in Italy and in Germany. I have seen them in the gardine of the herbaries and I have it in my garden at kew. Cicer may be named in Englishe ciche or ciche pease, after the French tonge cicer. This herbe is not described of Dioscorides, nether of Theophrastus, nether of plini, saving that Plini sayeth that it hath a rounde cod, but other pulse have longe and browne after the sight of the seed, Theophrastus say that ciche hath the longes roote of any pulse and that cicer differeth from other pulses by many properties, first in thar it is long in bringing furth the floures doth hastely bring furth the fruite, for within .xl. dayes after that it is come whit many be made perf it, as some saye. It is also very fast and harde as wood, it is very ill for new fallowed ground by the reason that is wasteth it upon it kylleth al herbes, and moste and sonest of al other, ground thistle every grounde is not fytt for thys pulse; for it requireth a blake and a grosse ground. Ciche also as Pliny sayeth cometh wel upe with saltnes and therfor it burneth the ground, ciche ought not to be sowent except it be layd in stepe a day begore. There are diverse kyndes of ciches, one is called cicer arietina which hath the name of the licknes of a rames head and this is the most common ciche and moste be used noweadayes. Her is another kynde whyche is called cicer nigrum, that is blake Ciche and that have I seen in Germany, but seldome. There is another kynde that is called cicer album, that is white ciche, much lesse and rounder then the common Ciche; thys also have I seen diverse tymes in Germany. There is another kinde that is called cicer columbinum of venerium, whyche kynde I do not remembre that I have seen. These be the fragmentes which I have gathered out of Theophrastus and Plini to supplye partly the resume of a description. But I wylle describe it as I have seen it. The common Ciche hath a very harde stalke and some thynge roughe, and at the first sight every leve apeaere, but the leves are a great dele smaller and lightly about there growe of every branche twoo orders of leves. The code is shorte and rounde, the roote is lyke the colour of the earthe and not very longe.

Of the propertis of Ciche.

Ciche, als Galene wrytet, nourishet much, and good for the bellye. The other kynde of Ciche hathe the same power to makynge ripe of cittynge in sundrye and in coverynge awaye, for they are hoote and moyst, and have some bytternes, by the whiche strength they scoure the Mylte, the Lyver, and the kydneys, and clenge awaye sharpe scabbes als Lepres and foule scorfe that is upon the skynne. They dryve also awaye impostemes aboute the eares, swellynges, and hardenes of the stones; with hony also they hele soorres almost uncurable. Dioscorides wryteth that Ciches amende a mannes color and they helpe also the byrthe to come forthe. Symeon Sethi wryteth thus of Ciches. All kyndes of ciches are hote and moyst in the first degree, and are harde of degestyone, and ingrendre superfluyties. They provoke the pleasure of the bodye, and norysshe more then beanes doe; but they open and purge and dryve downe wymens floures, and they have some swete qualite with the saltnes. They lose the bellye with theyr swetnes, they provoke a man to make water, they ingedre wynd, increase mylke and do scoure. But the blake Ciche is a good medicine agaynste venome and poysone, and moste of all provoketh urine, and breketh the stones of the kydneys and blader, the whyche thynge no other pulse can doo so well, and specially the blake and lytle one, and that thynge dothe the brothe of them more myghtely, the whyche pulse for all that, above all other pulses hure the sores and exulcertiones. But the rede Ciche is hotter then the whyte, and ingedreth a groose humores. Ciches steped in water a nyght and then taken, kylle wormes in the bellye. But he that hath taken then let hym fast .vi. houres after; the brothe of ciches is good for the ianondes yf blake Ciche be sodden with radishe and parsley ad the brothe be taken with almonde oyle, it purgeth effectually and dryveth out the stones of the kydnes and blader. But yf it be taken with beanes it maketh a good plyte and fatt fleshe; grene ciches are very windy, hard of digestion and make men have an evell color.

Of Cich or chice pease. (Cicer arietinum)

Cicer is called in Greek erebinthos, in German kicherns or kicherbs; and zisserne, in French chices. Cicer is much in Italy and in Deutsche. I have seen them in the garden of the herbarizes and I have it in my garden at Kew. Cicer may be named in English chick or chickpea after the French tong cicer. This herb is not described of Dioscorides, nether of Theophrastus, nether of Plini, saving that Plini sayeth that it hath a round cod, but other pulse have long and brown after the sight of the seed, Theophrastus say that chick hath the long’s root of any pulse and that cicer differed from other pulses by many properties, first in thar it is long in bringing furth the flowers doth hastily bring furth the fruit, for within .xl. days after that it comes whit many be made perfect, as some say. It is also very fast and hard as wood, it is very ill for new fallowed ground by the reason that is wasted it upon it killed al herbs, and most and soonest of all other the ground thistle, every ground is not fit for this pulse; for it required a black and a grosses ground. Chick also as Plini sayeth cometh well up with saltines and therefore it burnet the ground, chick ought not to be sown except it be laid in steep a day begore. There are diverse kinds of chicks, one is called Cicer arietinum which hath the name of the likeness of a ram’s head and this is the most common chick, and most be used nowadays. Her is another kind which is called Cicer nigrum, that is black Chick and that have I seen in Germany, but seldom. There is another kind that is called Cicer album, that is white chick, much lesser and rounder then the common Chick; this also have I seen diverse times in Germany. There is another kind that is called Cicer columbinum of venerium, which kind I do not remember that I have seen. These be the fragments which I have gathered out of Theophrastus and Plini to supply partly the resume of a description. But I will describe it as I have seen it. The common Chick hath a very hard stalk and something rough and at the first sight every leaf appears, but the leaves are a great deal smaller and lightly about their grow of every branch two orders of leaves. The code is short and round, the root is like the color of the earth and not very long.

Of the properties of Chick.

Chick, as Galene write, nourished much, and good for the belly. The other kind of Chick hath the same power to making ripe of citing in sundry and in covering away, for they are hot and moist and have some bitterness, by the which strength they scour the Milt, the liver and the kidneys and cling away sharp scabbles as Lepers and foule scurf that is upon the skin. They drive also away impostemes (pus) about the ears, swellings and hardness of the stones; with honey also, they hele sores almost uncurable. Dioscorides write that Chicks amend a man’ n color and they help also the birth to come furth. Symeon Sethi write thus of Chicks. All kinds of chicks are hot and moist in the first degree and are hard of digestion and engender superfluities. They provoke the pleasure of the body and nourished more than beans doe; but they open and purge and drive down women’s flowers and they have some sweet quality with the saltness. They lose the belly with their sweetness, they provoke a man to make water, they engender wind, increase milk and do scour. But the black Chick is a good medicine against venom and poison and most of all provoked urine and break the stones of the kidneys and blader, the which thing no other pulse can do so well, and specially the black and little one, and that thing do the broth of them more mightily, the which pulse for all that, above all other pulses hurt the sores and ulcerations. But the red Chick is hotter than the white, and engender a grosses humors. Chicks steeped in water a night and then taken, kil worms in the belly. But he that hath taken then let him fast .vi. hours after; the broth of chicks is good for the jaundices if black Chick be sodden with radish and parsley and the broth be taken with almond oil, it purged effectually and drive out the stones of the kidneys and blader. But if it be taken with beans it maketh a good plenty and fat flesh; green chicks are very windy, hard of digestion and make men have an evil color.

Of Cichelynge.

Cicercula semeth to be a diminitive of Cicera and not of Cicer for then is shulde be named cicerculum. Cicera is founde in Palladius whyche sayeth that cicera differeth onely in thys form cicercula, that the colour is unpleasanter and blacker, cicera is called in Greke of Theophrastus ochros, and het sayeth that it is hote and drye, and therefore can preserve it selfe from corruption. Cicercula as Columella wryteth hathe sedes lyke a peese bur full of corners. Pliny saythe that cicercula is of the kind of ciche, which is not equal but ful of corners, as a peese. Theophrastus rekeneth cicerculam among ervilles and peese, whiche have a stalke fallyng upon the ground; other markes or tokens wherby cicercula may be knowen, have I not rede of; it is called in greke lathyris, it may be called in Englyshe Chicelynge. Cicercula, whiche I have soon growyng, hath very long and narrow leves, and a stalke all ful of corners and crestes, and greater and shorter coddes, for the quantite of the pulse, then peese have; the seede is whyte and full of corners. It groweth much about moyshe dorp about three English myle from bove Bon.

Of Cichelynge. (Lathyrus ochrus)

Cicercula seem to be a diminutive of Cicera and not of Cicer for then is should be named cicerculum. Cicera is found in Palladius which sayeth that cicera differed only in this form cicercula, that the color is unpleasantry and blacker, cicera is called in Greek of Theophrastus ochros, and het sayeth that it is hot and dry, and therefore can preserve itself from corruption. Cicercula as Columella write hath seeds like a pea, but full of corners. Plini say that cicercula is of the kind of chick, which is not equal but full of corners, as a pea. Theophrastus reknit cicerculam among ervil and peas which have a stalk falling upon the ground; other marks or tokens whereby cicercula may be known have I not rede of; it is called in Greek Lathyris, it may be called in English Chicelynge. Cicercula, which I have seen growing, hath very long and narrow leaves, and a stalk all full of corners and crests and greater and shorter pods, for the quantity of the pulse then pea have; the seed is white and full of corners. It growth much about moist Dorp about three English mile from above Bon.

Of hemloke or homloke.

Cicula is called in greke koneiou; in english, homlocke, in duche sheirlinge,; in frenche cigne or secu. Cicuta, as Dioscorides wryteth, hath a stalke ful of iointes or knees, as fenel hath, greate and full of bowes in the top, the leves are lyke unto feul gyant of herbe sapapene called ferula, but narrower and stinking. Ther growe out of the top both branches, and also a spoky top, the seed whiter then anyse; but Plinis say the grosser and thycker, the roote is hollow and nothynge worthe. Plini sayth that the stalke of Cicuta is smothe and ful of ioyntes, and sumthing blake; higher then two cubites and that the leves ar smaller then coriander leves; herre I thinke it worthy to be notes that the herbe whiche wee call homlocke hath leves not very well agreynge unto the description of dioscorides, for dioscorides writeth that Cicuta, hath leves like ferula, which hath leves like unto fenel, saving that they are much sharper, broder, but our homloke hath leves like unto persely, in al poyntes unlike unto fenel wherfor dioscorides knew an other kinder of Cicuta then we know; how be it the description of Cicuta in Plini agreeth in al pointes with our homloke, for Plini maketh the leves of Cicuta like unto coriander, but smaller, thinner wich ar a great dele bigger then the leves of ferula, als ye shal wol percyve when we compare them bothe togyther, therfor I thynke that this homloke that we have here, is the trew Cicuta of Plini, because it hath not such per illus properties as ancient autors give unto Cicuta tho whome I answere that al herbes have not like vertues in all places, for ar as in sume placies is eaten, in other it is so sharpe that it can not be eaten as galena sayth in his boke de facultatibus climentorum; helleborus is not always alike good in every place as dioscorides writeth, Theophrastus writing of Cicuta, sheweth in sum placies Cicuta is much stronger then in other sum; Cicuta is strongest in susis, in al colde and shadowy placies. Therfore if it have not all the hole strength that it hath in susis, yit it ought not therfore to be indged for any other herbe than Cicuta. How be it this same, if that it were ordered as I knowe howe that it might be ordered, it wold do harme more then enough. Plini also wryteth that in sum places men use to eate the yong stalkes of homlokkes in sallattes. But U wyll counsell no man to do so, for fere of it, that may folowe.

The properties of Homloke.

If that any man be afford that he hath eaten or drunken homloke, let hym drynke pure hote wyne, whiche is not to subtyle. The maner of kepynge of the iuice of homloke is this. Take the toppes of homlok, before the sedes and leves wer harde, and bruse them, presse out the iuice, and set it in the son, let it harden with sonne, and when it is harde, lay it by and use it. It quencheth the out ragyous het called saynt Antonies fyer, and running sores whiche sprede abrode very mych. The herbe with the leves broken and layd unto an mans stones stauncheth the imaginations and dreaming of the bodily pleasur whiche chaunce upon the nyght; but is febleth the member of generation. The same layd upon a lately delivered womans Pappes wasteth away the mylke, and if it be layd upon maydens brestes in the tyme of their virginite, it holdeth them downe, and suffeteth them not to growe. Homloke of candy is of moste strength, and it of magara, after them, it of athenes and they that growe in cio and in cilicia.

Of hemloke or homloke. (Cicuta maculata)

Cicuta is called in Greek koneion; in English hemlock, in German sheirlinge, in French cigne or secu. Cicuta, as Dioscorides write, hath a stalk full of joints or knees as fennel hath, great and full of bows in the top, the leaves are like unto fuel giant of herb Sagapenum called Ferula, but narrower and stinking. There grow out of the top both branches and also a spooky top, the seed whiter than anis; but Plini say the grosses and thicker, the root is hollow and nothing worth. Plini say that the stalk of Cicuta is smooth and full of joints and something black; higher then two cubits and that the leaves are smaller than coriander leaves; hear I think it worthy to be notes that the herb which we call hemlock hath leaves not very well agreeing unto the description of Dioscorides, for Dioscorides write that Cicuta hath leaves like Ferula, which hath leaves like unto fennel, saving that they are much sharper, brooder, but our hemlock hath leaves like unto parsley, in al points unlike unto fennel wherefore Dioscorides knew another kind of Cicuta then we know; how be it, the description of Cicuta in Plini agreed in al pointes with our hemlock, for Plini maketh the leaves of Cicuta like unto coriander, but smaller, thinner witch are a great deal bigger then the leaves of Ferula, as ye shall well perceive when we compare them both together, therefore I think that this hemlock that we have here is the true Cicuta of Plini, because it hath no such perilous properties as ancient authors give unto Cicuta to whom I answer that al herbs have not like virtues in all places, for are as in some places is eaten, in other it is so sharp that it cannot be eaten as Galena say in his book de facultatibus climentorum; Helleborus is not always alike good in every place as Dioscorides write, Theophrastus writing of Cicuta, shew in sum places Cicuta is much stronger than in other sum; Cicuta is strongest in susus, in al cold and shadowy places. Therefore, if it has not all the hole strength that it hath in susus, yet it ought not therefore to be engendered for any other herb than Cicuta. How be it this same, if that it was ordered as I know howe that it might be ordered, it would do harm more than enough. Plini also write that in some places men use to eat the young stalks of hemlocks in salutes. But I will counsel no man to do so for fere of it that may follow.

The properties of Hemlock.

If that any man be afford that he hath eaten or drunken hemlock, let him drink pure hot wine, which is not to subtle. The manner of keeping of the juice of hemlock is this. Take the tops of hemlock, before the seeds and leaves were hard and bruise them, pressed out the juice and set it in the sun, let it harden with the sun and when it is hard lay it by and use it. It quenched the outrageous hot called saint Antonis’s fire, and running sores which spread abroad very much. The herb with the leaves broken and laid unto a man’s stones stanched the imaginations and dreaming of the bodily pleasure which chance upon the night; but is fabled the member of generation. The same laid upon a lately delivered woman’s Pappa wasted away the milk and if it be laid upon maidens’ breasts in the time of their virginity, it holds them down and suffered them not to grow. Hemlock of Candy is of most strength and it of Magara after them, it of Athens and they that grow in Chios and in Cilicia.

Of the see gyrdell.

Alga which is a common name unto a great parte of see herbes, and is commonly called in englysh see wrak, and in greke phycos is devided into diverse kyndes, and every one hath a sundry forme from another. Virgil maketh mencion of alga, wher he saith proicta uillior alga Viler, then the cast out sewrake. Among all other kyndes Theophrastus describeth one after thys maner. Ther is a certayne kynde of se wrake with a brode leafe, of a grene color, to the whyche sum geve the name of a lekke other call this gyrdel. The roote is rough, and without it is dull of scales within very longe and thyke and not vulyke un to the herbe called syue onyon. This kynde may be wel called in englysh see gyrdell, it is called in latin cingulum and in greke zoster. This herbe is plentuously sene in porbek bij the see syde after a great tempest hath bene in the see, whiche commonly low seth suche see herbes and dryveth them unto the syde. Dioscorides maketh .iii. kyndes of fucus or see wrake, one, brode, and other kynde long and rede, and the third kynde whyte. I saw the see gyrdell this year in Juli with as the properties that Theophrastus requyreth in his see gyrdell in the forsayd place. The rootes was lyke unto garleke, many chyves making one great hede and the leves had the forme of a leke, but they were a faudom long.

The properties of see wrake.

Dioscorides wryteth that all the kyndes of see wrake, doo coole and helpe not only the gout, but also hote burnynges, called inflammations. It they be layde unto the places greved, yit grene and moyste after the maner of an emplaster. In the byshopriche of Durram the husband men of the countre that dwell by the see syde, use to fate theyr lande with see wrake.

Of the see gyrdell. (Zostera marina, Fucus sorts)

Alga which is a common name unto a great part of sea herbs and is commonly called in English see wrack and in Greek phycos is divided into diverse kinds, and everyone hath a sundry form from another. Virgil maketh mention of alga, where he saith proicta villior alga Viler, then the cast out sea wrack. Among all other kinds of Theophrastus described one after this manner, there is a certain kind of sea wrack with a brood leaf of a green color, to the which sum give the name of a lekke other call this girdle. The root is rough, and without it is dull of scales within very long and thick and not unlike to the herb called sea onion. This kind may be well called in English sea girdle, it is called in Latin cingulum and in Greek zoster. This herb is plenteously seen in Purbeck by the seaside after a great tempest hath bene in the sea which commonly low set such see herbs and drive them unto the side. Dioscorides makes. iii. kinds of Fucus or sea wrack, one brood, and other kind long and red and the third kind white. I saw the see girdle this year in Juli with as the properties that Theophrastus required in his see girdle in the foresaid place. The roots were like unto garlic, many chives making one great head and the leaves had the form of a leek, but they were a fandom long.

The properties of see wrack.

Dioscorides write that all the kinds of see wrack do cool and help not only the gout, but also hot burnings, called inflammations. It they be laide unto the places grieved, yet green and moist after the manner of a plaster. In the bishopric of Duram, the husband men of the country that dwell by the seaside, use to fat their land with see wrack.

Of langdebefe.

Cirsion called in greke kirsion as Dioscorides writet, is a tender stalke of twee cubytes longe, and .iii. squared. the lytle leves that cum out benethe, resemble in lyknes a rose, the corneres alle full prickes. It is a soft in the spaces that are between. The leves are lyke unto the leves of buglossum. Mesurable roughe and longer, whyte in under. Fulle of prikkes in the extremyties or edges. The tope of the stalke is rounde about and rough, and in that are purple hedes whiche wast away and so doth at the length. Plini descrybeth Cirsion thus. Cirsion is a tender lytle stalke of twoo cubytus longe lyke unto a triangle cumpassed about with prykkye leves. The prykkes are softe, the leves are lyke unto oxe tonge, but lesse, whyte in under and in the top are purple hedes, whiche coume in to downe, we have no herbe in Englande that I knowe to whom all this hole description do agre. I knowe noweher in England where unto thes description do agre better, then unto our lang debefe. How be it, it waneth certain tokens that the description both require, that is the purple floures. For if it hath yellowe floures and thre squared stalke as sum reken that the leves that ar under moste resemble not a rose. As doth the color of the floure I passe not so myche of, seyng that it is enclosed into a down. So I know many herbes whore by nature should have blewe floures, yit have whyte floures as Chychory or violettes and borage. As for them .iii. squared stalke, it maye be so that at sum tyme of the growynge it hath an .iii. squared stalke, which Dioscorides hath marked, and not many others. Yit all the elder berryes whiche I sawe in the alpes and in retia, were as rede and scarlet. Dioscorides requireth, a cremesyn floure into purple. I have sene an hole feld full of whyte century. Then wher as al the other properties and tokens do agre, and no other kynde can be founde here so lyke cirsion as this herbe is. I reken the colour of the floure, and the squares of the stalke (whyche is yit squared in dede) ought not to put furth one lang debete, out of the kynde of cirson, although it be not all the best. As touching the lytle leves which represent the forme of a rose. I reken that Dioscorides meanth the leves spredyng on the ground should have a certayne lyknes unto the figure of a rose whiche thing this our lang debefe doth not want. Here is to be notes for them that rede Dioscorides in latine of Ruellius that they truste hym not to myche without the greke texte, for he declareth in the description of Cirsion makrotea maiora when in other iiii.herbes he tanslteth, the same word longiora. It is also not to be passed over in sylance that Plini hath here, where as Dioscorides hath makrotera, Ruellius maiora, minora, that is lesse leves, so that Plini meaneth that cirsion hath lesse leves then buglossum hath.

The properties of cirsion.

Dioscorides shwethe that Andreas the herbary wrote that the roote of cirsion bound to the syke place, swageth the ache of the great veynes whyche being to myche in larged, send to many humores to one place.

Of langdebefe. (Cirsium arvense of heterophyllum)

Cirsium called in Greek kirsion as Dioscorides write, is a tender stalk of twee cubits long and. iii. squared. The little leaves that cum out beneath, resemble in likens a rose, the corners alle full prickles. It is a soft in the spaces that are between. The leaves are like unto the leaves of bugloss. Measurable rough and longer, white in under. Fulle of prickles in the extremities or edges. The tope of the stalk is round about and rough, and in that are purple heads which waste away and so doth at the length. Plini described Cirsium thus. Cirsium is a tender little stale of two cubits long like unto a triangle compassed about with prickle leaves. The prickles are soft, the leaves are like unto ox tong, but lesser, white in under and in the top are purple heads which come into down, we have no herb in England that I know to whom all this hole description do agree. I know nowhere in England where unto this description do agree better then unto our lang de beef. How be it, it waned certain tokens that the description both require, that is the purple flowers. For if it hath yellow flowers and three squared stalks as sum recon that the leaves that are under most resemble not a rose. As doth the color of the flower I passe not so much of, seeing that it is enclosed into a down. So, I know many herbs whore by nature should have blue flowers yet have white flowers as Chicory or violets and borage. As for them. iii. squared stalk it may be so that at some time of the growing it hath an. iii. squared stalk which Dioscorides hath marked and not many others. Yet all the elder berries which I saw in the alps and in Retia were as red and scarlet. Dioscorides required a carnosine flower into purple. I have seen a hole field full of white century. They were as all the other properties and tokens do agree, and no other kind can be found here so like Cirsium as this herb is. I recon the color of the flower and the squares of the stalk (which is yet squared indeed) ought not to put furth one lang de beef out of the kind of Cirsium, although it be not all the best. As touching the little leaves which represent the form of a rose. I reckon that Dioscorides meant the leaves spreading on the ground should have a certain likeness unto the figure of a rose which thing this our lang de beef doth not want. Here is to be notes for them that rede Dioscorides in Latin of Ruellius that they trust him not to much without the Greek text, for he declared in the description of Cirsion makrotea maiora when in other iiii. herbs he tansleteth the same word longiora. It is also not to be passed over in silence that Plini hath here, where as Dioscorides hath makrotera, Ruellius maiora, minora, that is lesser leaves, so that Plini meant that Cirsium hath lesser leaves then bugloss hath.

The properties of Cirsium.

Dioscorides shew that Andreas the herbaria wrote that the root of Cirsium bound to the sick place swaged the ache of the great veins which being to much enlarged, send too many humors to one place.

Of cistus.

Cistus is named in greke kistos, kitharos and kissaros, of the common herbaries rosago and rosa canina, and in frenche rose canine as gesner saith. I have sene it in Italy in certayne gardynes and ones in England in my lord gardyne at syon. But it that I sawe at syon hath broder and longer leves then it whiche I sawe in Italy. I have not heard as yit and englyshe name for cistus, but for lak of other, it may be called cystbushe or ciste sage, of the lykenes that it hath with sage. Cistus as Dioscorides wryteth, is a thicke bushe and full of branches and growth in stony places full of leves but not high. The leves are rounde and tart with a a roughe kind and rough. The male hath a floure lyke a pomgranat, the female hath a whyte floure. Plini also sayth that ther are .ii. kyndes of cistus, the male with a floure lyke a rose, the female with a white floure.

The properties of cistus.

Cistus is astringent, wherefore his floures drunken twyse on a daye in tart wyne stope the blody flyxe. The floures mixed and made with wex after the maner of a treate, hele old sores, and the places that are burnt with the fyre. Hypocistus called of the pothecaries hipoquistida, growth about the routes of Cistus, and is lyke unto the flour of pomgranat, sum of them are yelowe, sum grene, sum white. The iuice is melted, out and made thyk as acacia is, but sume dry it, and stepe it when it is broken, and seethe it and do all other thynges that is done with licio. It hath the strength of acacia, but ir dryveth sumthyng more and byndeth. But drunken and put in, it is good for the blody flyxe of wymen.

Ther is (as Dioscorides sayth) an other kynde of cistus called of sum ledon whiche is a bushe and growth as other cistus doth, but it hath longer leves and blacker, which is in the spryng of the yere have a certayne fatness. The nature of the leves is astringent, is of as great strength as cistus is and of this, is made gum, which is called ladanum. For when as the gotes and gote bukkes eat the leves of cistus, they gather manifestly the fatness with their beardes, and very away with theyr clammynes is that cleveth upon their hery and rough fete. The whiche the inhabyters of the cunte combe of and streyne it, and make it in lumpes together, and so lay it by, other pul ropes thorowe of the clamminess, and make ladanum of it. It is moste commendable that saveth wel, and is sumthyng grene and is sowne softe and fat, not full of sande, or evell savored, and full of rosin as it of Cyprus is. It that cummeth out of arabia and lybia is viler then the a thre be.

The nature of Ladanum.

Ladanum, as Dioscorides sayth, hath the properties to bind to gether, to warme, to make softe and to open, the mouthes of the veynes, put myr and myrtell oyle and vayne unto ladanum, it wyll holde styll the here that goeth of. With wyne layd upon scares of woundes sores maketh them loke beter savored. Ladanum poured into ye eare which honyed water of rose pyle heleth payne of the eares, and the same in a fumigation draweth downe the secoundes. Ladan put into the mother in a pessary or in a long fashion of a suppository heleth the hardness of the mother. It is good to be put into medicines for the cough and in softening emplasters. Ladan drunken with olde wyne stoppeth the belly, and provoket uryne. Ladanum is full hete in the first degree, as Galene sayth and colde nere unto the seconde.

Of Cistus. Cistus ladanifer and sorts and Cytinus hypocistis)

Cistus is named in Greek kistos, kitharos and kissaros, of the common herbarizes rosago and rosa canina, and in French rose canine as Gesner saith. I have seen it in Italy in certain gardens and ones in England in my lord garden at Sion. But it that I saw at Sion hath brood and longer leaves then it which I saw in Italy. I have not heard as yet and English name for Cistus, but for lack of other it may be called ciystbushe or ciste sage, of the likeness that it hath with sage. Cistus as Dioscorides write, is a thick bush and full of branches and growth in stony places full of leaves but not high. The leaves are round and tart with a a rough kind and rough. The male hath a flower like a pomegranate, the female hath a white flower. Plini also say that there are. ii. kinds of cistus, the male with a flower like a rose, the female with a white flower.

The properties of Cistus.

Cistus is astringent, wherefore his flowers drunken twice on a day in tart wine stope the bloody flux. The flowers mixed and made with wax after the manner of a treat hele old sores and the places that are burnt with the fire. Hypocistus called of the pothecaries hipoquistida, growth about the routes of Cistus and is like unto the flour of pomegranate, sum of them are yellow, sum green, sum white. The juice is melted, out and made thick as Acacia is, but some dry it, and steep it when it is broken and seethe it and do all other things that is done with Lycium. It hath the strength of acacia, but it drives something more and bind. But drunken and put in it is good for the bloody flux of women.

Ther is (as Dioscorides say) another kind of cistus called of sum (Cistus) ledon which is a bush and growth as other Cistus doth, but it hath longer leaves and blacker, which is in the spring of the year have a certain fatness. The nature of the leaves is astringent, is of as great strength as cistus is and of this, is made gum, which is called labdanum. For when as the goat’s and goat bucks eat the leaves of Cistus, they gather manifestly the fatness with their beards and very away with their clamminess is that cleft upon their hair and rough fete. The which the inhibiters of the country combed of and strain it and make it in lumps together and so lay it by, other pull ropes throw of the clamminess and make labdanum of it. It is most commendable that saved well and is something green and is soon soft and fat, not full of sand or evil savored and full of rosin as it of Cyprus is. It that comet out of Arabia and Libbie is viler than the other be.

The nature of Labdanum.

Labdanum, as Dioscorides say, hath the properties to bind together to warm, to make soft and to open the mouths of the veins, put myrrh and myrtle oil and vane unto labdanum, it will hold still the here that goth of. With wine laid upon scares of wounds sores maketh them loke beater savored. Labdanum poured into ye ear which honeyed water of rose oil health pain of the ears, and the same in a fumigation draweth down the second. Labdanum put into the mother in a pessary or in a long fashion of a suppository health the hardness of the mother. It is good to be put into medicines for the cough and in softening plasters. Labdanum drunken with olde wine stopped the belly and provoked urine. Labdanum is full hot in the first degree, as Galene say, and cold near unto the second.

Of Perwyncle or perywyncle.

Clematis is so named of Dioscorides without any addition, of other it is called clematis aegyptia because is growth plentously there, it is called of Plini in sum places daphnoides, in other chamedaphne, in other vinca pervinca, it is called in Englishe perwyncle, or perywyncle, in duche ingrien and in frenche duisseron. Clematis is named in englyshe perwincle and it growth in fatt and well beryng groundes, it hath little branches of the bygnes of arishe. The fygure and colour of the leves are lyke unto a laurell or bay lefe, but they are lesse a great dele. Thus doth Dioscorides descrybe clematis. It hath pretty blewe floures and the herbe crepeth upon the grounde very thyke, one branche wovene about an other.

The properties of perwincle.

The leves and stalkes of perwincle drunken with wyne, stop both the blody and other flyxe, with mylke and rose oyle or privet oyle, the same put into a pessary, or mouther suppository, relese the payne of the mouther. Perwincle chewed stanched the tuth ache. The same is medicinable to be laid upon the places that are bytten of serpentes. Perwyncle growth wild in many places of Germany, it growth plentuously in Englande in gardynes and wylde also in the west cuntre.

Of Perwyncle or periwinkle. (Vinca minor)

Clematis is so named of Dioscorides without any addition, of other it is called clematis aegyptia because is growth plenteously there, it is called of Plini in some places daphnoides, in other chamedaphne, in other vinca pervinca, it is called in English periwinkle or perywyncle, in German ingrien and in French duisseron. Clematis is named in English periwinkle and it growth in fat and well bereding grounds, it hath little branches of the bigness of arise. The figure and color of the leaves are like unto a laurel or bay leaf, but they are lesser a great deal. Thus, doth Dioscorides describe clematis. It hath pretty blue flowers and the herb crept upon the ground very thick, one branch woven about another.

The properties of periwinkle.

The leaves and stalks of periwinkle drunken with wine stop both the bloody and other flux, with milk and rose oil or privet oil, the same put into a pessary or mouther suppository, release the pain of the mouther. Periwinkle chewed stanched the tooth ache. The same is medicinable to be laid upon the places that are bitten of serpents. Periwinkle growth wild in many places of Germany, it growth plenteously in England in gardens and wild also in the west country.

Of Clematis.

Clematis putteth furth a long branche, sumthing rede, rough,t he leaf is byting in taste, it maketh blysteres, it crepeth upon trees as smylax doth; I never sawe this herbe nether in Germany nor in england: wherfor I know nether nor the German name of this herbe, but it map be englysh bushe perwincle, or bytynge perwincle. I sawe this in a gardyn in ferraria, it had leues not unlike unto the levs of clematis daphnoydes .But they were longer and sharper, at the ende a very lyke unto the small leves of the bytyng vynde called in latin vitis sylvestis. Ruellius ioyneth in his translation of Dioscorides clematis, clematitis to gither and setteth them in one chapter: as my Dioscorides in greke describeth clematis in the beginninning of the fourth boke, and clematitis in the ende of the same boke . Whiche thyng Galene maketh mention in the boke of simple medicines where as he shekketh Pamphilus the herbary, for confoudyng thes .ii. herbes together whose natures were diverse. Further more seyng that the names are also dyverse and the herbes are described in dyverse places it shuld not belong unto a translator to make of clematitis clematis: and to take an herbe out of the place where as Dioscorides hath set it and bryng it by such into an other place, wer is thuld not stand; the foloweth hys greke example and led hym to the whyche he dyd, he is excusable; but if he dyd it of hys owne hede, he is worhy blame and not to be followed.

The nature of clematitis.

The sede of clematis broken and drunken in honied water, dryveth furth thynne flee and choler. The leves layd to lepres scoure them away. Sum use to condyte this herbe with dittany to eate it. Galene sayeth that thys herbe is hote in the begynnynge of the fourth degre.

Of Clematis. (Clematis vitalba and viticella)

Clematis putted furth a long branch, something red, rough, the leaf is biting in taste, it maketh blisters, it crept upon trees as Smilax doth; I never saw this herb nether in Germany nor or in England: wherefore I know nether nor the German name of this herb, but it may be English bush periwinkle or biting periwinkle. I saw this in a garden in Ferreria, it had leaves not unlike unto the leaves of Clematis daphnoides. But they were longer and sharper, at the end very like unto the small leaves of the biting wind called in Latin Vitis sylvestris. Ruellius joined in his translation of Dioscorides Clematis, Clematitis to gather and set them in one chapter: as my Dioscorides in Greek described Clematis in the beginning of the fourth book and Clematitis in the end of the same book. Which thing Galene maketh mention in the book of simple medicines whereas he checks Pamphilus the herbaria, for confounding these. ii. herbes together whose natures were diverse. Furthermore seeing that the names are also diverse and the herbes are described in diverse places it should not belong unto a translator to make of Clematitis Clematis: and to take an herb out of the place where as Dioscorides hath set it and bring it by such into another place where is should not stand; he followed his Greek example and led him to the which he did, he is excusable; but if he did it of his own head, he is worthy blame and not to be followed.

The nature of Clematitis.

The seed of Clematis broken and drunken in honied water drive furth thin flee and choler. The leaves laid to lepers scour them away. Sum uses to conducts this herb with dittany to eat it. Galene sayeth that this herb is hot in the beginning of the fourth degree.

Of Clinopodium.

Clinopodium called of the latines Clinopodium, may be called in englysh horse tyme because it is lyke unto wyld tyme, but a great dele greater. Clinopodium is thus described of Dioscorides, Clinopodium is a lytle bushe full of twygges, having the length of .ii. spannes, it groweth in stones. It hath leves lyke unto wyld tyme, and floures representing a bedfoote, and one standing fron an other certayne spaces goyng between, as we se in horehonde. Plini describeth Clinopodium after thus maner. Clinopodium is like unto wyld tyme.

The properties of horsetyme.

Both Clinopodium it selfe, and the bothe of it, is good to be drunken against the bytynges of serpentes; against places that are bursten and shronke to gether; and against the strangury. It dryveth furth wymens sycknes and if it be drunken certyne dayes it putteth awaye hangynge wants. It stoppeth the belly soden to the wastynge of the third parte of the broth that is soden is, in ague taken with water, without an ague in wyne. Galene sayth that Clinopodium is hote and dry in the thyrde degree, but our Clinopodium, is not also so hote or elles my taste faleth me.

Of Clinopodium. (Clinopodium vulgare)

Clinopodium called of the Latines Clinopodium may be called in English horse time because it is like unto wild time, but a great deal greater. Clinopodium is thus described of Dioscorides, Clinopodium is a little bush full of twigs, having the length of. ii. span, it growth in stones. It hath leaves like unto wild time, and flowers representing a bed foot and one standing from another certain spaces going between, as we see in horehound. Plini described Clinopodium after thus manner. Clinopodium is like unto wild time.

The properties of horse time.

Both Clinopodium itself and the both of it is good to be drunken against the biting’s of serpents; against places that are bursting and shrunken together; and against the strangury. It drives furth women’s sickness and if it be drunken certain days, it putted away hanging wants. It stopped the belly sodden to the wasting of the third part of the broth that is sodden is, in ague taken with water, without an ague in wine. Galene say that Clinopodium is hot and dry in the third degree, but our Clinopodium is not also so hot or ells my taste failed me.

Of clymenum or water betony.

Clymenum, as Dioscorides writeth, putteth furth a foure squared stalke lyke unto the bene stalke; but it hath leves lyke unto plantayne, it hath lytle sede cases about the stalke turnynge one into another, not unlike unto the clasperes of the fyshe called polypus. This description of Dioscorides agreeth well unto the herbe which we call in Englyshe water betony; or brown wurt; the duche men name it braunwurtz; and the herbaries, scrofulariam maiorem. But Plini semeth to make an other kinde of Clymenos, in thes wordes. Clymenos is an herbe that hath the name of a kynge, with the leves of yuy ful of branches, with an empty stalke compassed about with ioyntes, it hath a stronge savour and sedes lyke yuy. It groweth in woddes and mountaynes. Ther is a smal lyknes between playntayne and yuy. Dioscorides sayeth, that his clymenon hathe leves lyke unto playntayne and Plini maketh hys clymenos with leves lyke yuy. Therfor it apereth that they be not all one herbe, Plini also consessith after the description of hys clymenos that the grecianes make theyr clymenos lyke unto playntayne. Dioscorides sayeth that hys clymenon growth in mountaynes wher upon I gather that hys clymenon growth not always in mountaynes but in other places also. Yit in thys agreeth with Plini that clymenos growth in mountaynes, the common water betony growth commonly about water sydes. Howe be it. I have sene it also in other places. The herbe which I take to be clymenes Plini, and a kynde of it as Dioscorides descrybeth, growth myche in Germany in woddes hedges, and hath leves sumthyng lyke long yuy leves, but longer and indentyd, and therfor more lyke a nettle, the savour of this herbe is stronger then the other and hath redder color in diverse places then the other. Thys clymenos of Plini may be called in Englyshe wode brownwurt.

The nature of clymenon.

Ther is a iuice pressed out of the holle herbe whyche is very good in drynke against the spytting furth of bloode, and the same stoppeth the rede isshue of wymen and the flyxe of the belly by coulyng. It stoppeth also the bloode that bursteth out of the nose. The leves brused or the sede cases layd upon freshe woundes, brynge them to a perfytt amendement and cover them with skyn. Plini sayeth that hys clemenos drunken maketh onen men, barum, and to be without chylder. The common herbaries writ that Scrophularia heleth rottynge sores and the swellynge sores of the fundament called fygges of sum writers. The iuice is also good for the deformytie of the face myche lyke unto a laseres syknes.

Of clymenum or water betony. (Scrophularia auriculata)

Clymenum, as Dioscorides write, putted furth a four squared stalk like unto the bene stalk; but it hath leaves like unto plantain, it hath little seed cases about the stalk turning one into another, not unlike unto the claspers of the fishe called polypus. This description of Dioscorides agreed well unto the herb which we call in English water betony; or brownwurt; the German men name it braunwurtz; and the herbarizes, scrofulariam maiorem. But Plini seem to make another kind of Clymenos, in these words. Climenos is an herb that hath the name of a king, with the leaves of Yui full of branches, with an empty stalk compassed about with joints, it hath a strong savor and seeds like Yui. It growth in woods and mountains. There is a small likeness between plantain and Yui. Dioscorides sayeth that his clymenon hath leaves like unto plantain and Plini maketh his clymenos with leaves like Yui. Therefore, it appears that they be not all one herb, Plini also consists after the description of his clymenos that the Grecians make their clymenos like unto plantain. Dioscorides sayeth that his clymenon growth in mountains where upon I gather that his clymenon growth not always in mountains but in other places also. Yit in this agreed with Plini that clymenos growth in mountains, the common water betony growth commonly about water sides. Howe be it. I have seen it also in other places. The herb which I take to be clymenes Plini, and a kind of it as Dioscorides described, growth much in Germany in woods hedges and hath leaves something like long Yui leaves, but longer and indented and therefore more like a nettle, the savor of this herb is stronger than the other and hath redder color in diverse places then the other. this clymenos of Plini may be called in English wood brownwurt.

The nature of clymenon.

Ther is a juice pressed out of the hole herb which is very good in drink against the spitting furth of blood and the same stopped the rede issue of women and the flux of the belly by cooling. It stopped also the blood that burst out of the nose. The leaves bruised or the seed cases laid upon fresh wounds bring them to a perfect amendment and cover them with skin. Plini sayeth that his clemenos drunken maketh one men, baren, and to be without children. The common herbarizes write that Scrophularia health rotting sores and the swelling sores of the fundament called figs of sum writers. The juice is also good for the deformities of the face much like unto a laser’s sickness.

Of bastard saffron.

Cnecus or Cnicus is called in greke knikos, in Englishe bastard saffrone, in duche wyld saffron, in Frenche saffran bastarde, is it named of the potecaries and common herberies Carthamus. It growth myche in high Germany and in certayne gardines in Englande. Bastard saffrone hath long leves, and endented about, sharpe and prykkynge. The stalke is fote and a half longe, it hath hedes lyke the great knoppes that cum furth of an olive tree when it buddeth first. The floure is lyke saffrone, the sede is whyte sumthynge rede, longe and full of corners.

The vertues of bastard saffron.

The iuice of the sede brused and streyned out of honied water or with the broth of a cok, purgeth the bellye, but it is not good for the stomache, of bastard saffrone are made lytle cakes by puttyng to the iuice of it, almonds nitre, anise, and soden hony which also louse the belyye. Thes are parted into .iiii.partes whiche are of the bygnes of a walnut, wherof it is sufficient to have taken .ii. or. .iii. befor supper. The maner of temperynge of this confection is this. Take of the whitest sede of bastard saffrone one sectary, of a phronitre one dramme, the fleshe of .xxx. dried fygges. The iuice of the sede maketh mylk go to gether and to crude and maketh it more mete to soften the belly. Mesue wryteth that bastard saffrone purgeth the fleme and water both by vomyte and also by purgation it is be chosen inward, that doth is lykewyse put unto the body by a clyster, therfor it is good for the colyke and such lyke diseases, it scoureth the brest and the longes specially with this electuary that followeth and his owne oyle wherfor it maketh the voice clere, and by myche using of it incresseth the sede is scoureth and openeth. The floure of it with honyed water heleth the jaundes, and because it hurteth the stomake ye must myxe with is, anise, or galanga, or mastyck, or such lyke that are comfortable for the stomake. Suche thynges that be bytyng and sharpe as cardamomum, gyngre, and sal gemme, put unto it maketh him worke soner and save the guttes from harme, so .v. drammes of the kernelles of bastarde saffrone with a drame and a halfe of cardamomum made into the pylles of the bignes of smal peases, in the quantite of .v. drammes purge sufficiently, the same kyrnelles made into a cloth, and put into oxymel and specially of squylla, whilse in it is soden, maketh it purge well. Take .cviii. drammes of the kyrnelles of bastard saffrone .vi. drammes of pentlies of cardamomum, of ginger of eche a drame and a halfe, made of thes myxes together lumpes of the bygnes of a walnut, and gyve one or .ii. The same kyrnelles sodden in the broth of a cock or a henne with the forsayd species, have the forsayd strength and operacion. This sede is given in medicine from .iiii. drammes to .v. Te floure is given from one dramme to .iii. Galene sayeth that bastard saffrone is hote in the thyrd degre if any man will laye it without. Mesue sayeth that it is hote in the first degre and dry in the seconde.

Of bastard saffron. (Carthamus tinctorius)

Cnecus or Cnicus is called in Greek knikos, in English bastard saffron, in German wild saffron, in French saffran bastarde, is it named of the pothecaries and common herbarizes Carthamus. It growth much in high Germany and in certain gardens in England. Bastard saffron hath long leaves, and indented about, sharp and pricket. The stalk is a foot and a half long it hath heads like the great knops that cum furth of an olive tree when it budded first. The flower is like saffron, the seed is white something red, long and full of corners.

The virtues of bastard saffron.

The juice of the seed bruised and strained out of honied water or with the broth of a cock, purged the belly, but it is not good for the stomach, of bastard saffron are made little cakes by putting to the juice of it, almonds niter, anise, and sodden honey which also louse the bely. Thes are parted into, iiii. partes which are of the bigness of a walnut, whereof it is sufficient to have taken. ii. or. .iii. before supper. The manner of tempering of this confection is this. Take of the whitest seed of bastard saffron one sectary of a phronitre or one drachm, the flesh of .xxx. dried figs. The juice of the seed maketh milk go together and to crude and maketh it more mete to soften the belly. Mesue write that bastard saffron purged the flehm and water both by vomit and also by purgation it is be chosen inward, that doth is likewise put unto the body by a clyster, therefore it is good for the colic and such like diseases, it scoured the breast and the lunges specially with this electuary that followed and his own oil wherefore it maketh the voice clear and by much using of it increased the seed is scoured and opened. The flower of it with honeyed water health the jaundices and because it hurt the stomach ye must mixed with is, anise or galanga or mastic or such like that are comfortable for the stomach. Such things that be biting and sharp as cardamomum, ginger, and sal gemme, put unto it maketh him work sooner and save the gut’s from harm, so .v. drachms of the kernelless of bastard saffron with a drachm and a half of cardamomum made into the pills of the bigness of small peas in the quantity of .v. drachms purge sufficiently, the same kernelless made into a cloth and put into oxymel and specially of squill while in it is sodden maketh it purge well. Take. cviii. drachms of the kernelless of bastard saffron .vi. drachms of pentiles of cardamomum, of ginger of each a drachm and a half, made of these mixes together lumps of the bigness of a walnut and give one or. ii. The same kernelless sodden in the broth of a cock or a hen with the foresaid species, have the foresaid strength and operation. This seed is given in medicine from. iiii. drachms to. v. The flower is given from one drachm to. iii. Galene sayeth that bastard saffron is hot in the third degree if any man will lay it without. Mesue sayeth that it is hot in the first degree and dry in the second.

Of middow safforne.

Colichiton other wyse called ophamensis is named of the potecaries hermodactylis, in duche zeitlos, and herbstblume, hunders hoden, and wild saffran blome, in frenche anchien, it may be calledin englyshe meddowe safforne, safforne or dogge flores. I have sene it myche in Germany both in woodes, and in medowes, and I have sene it growe in the west cuntre beside bath. Colchicom as it is descrybeth in Dioscorides bryngeth further a tikysh floure lyke unto saffrone in the onder of mountaine, after that tyme it have geth furth leves lyke unto Bulbus, but a great deale fatter, it hath a stalke a span long being ride sedert the roote is blackish rede whytche when it is a lytle bared and hath the bitter skyne scraped of, is whyte and softe and ful of whyte iuice and swete in taste, his rounde roote hath in the myddes of it aryst out of the whyche the floure commethe furth, it growth moste in mecena, in colcus, the floure of thys herbe is whyte blewyshe and not whyte, the huskes that holde the seede are lyke unto dogges stones wherfor the duche men call this herbe hundis hoden, that is doggis coddes or stones.

The nature of the Saffrone.

It is good to knowe thys herbe that man maye eschew it, it wyll strangel a man and kyl him in the space of one day even of some kynde of tode stolles do, the roote is swete and provoketh men therby to eate of it, yf any man by chance heve eaten any of thys, the remedy is to drynke a great drawght of cowe mylke.

Of middow safforne. (Colchicum autumnale)

Colichiton other wise called ophamensis is named of the pothecaries hermodactylis, in German zeitlos and herbstblume, hunders hoden and wild saffron blome, in French anchien, it may be called in English meadow saffron, saffron or dog flores. I have seen it much in Germany both in woods and in meadows and I have seen it grow in the west country beside Bath. Colchicum as it is described in Dioscorides bring further a tikes flower like unto saffron in the under of mountain, after that time it have get furth leaves like unto Bulbus, but a great deal fatter, it hath a stalk a span long being ride seed, the root is blackish red which when it is a little bared and hath the bitter skin scraped of is white and soft and full of white juice and sweet in taste, his round root hath in the middles of it arise out of the which the flower comet furth, it growth most in Medea, in Colchis, the flower of this herb is white blueish and not white, the husks that hold the seed are like unto dog’s stones wherefore the German men call this herb hundis hoden, that is dog’s pods or stones.

The nature of the wild Saffron.

It is good to know this herb that man may eschew it, it will strange a man and kill him in the space of one day even of some kind of toadstools do, the root is sweet and provoked men thereby to eat of it, if any man by chance have eaten any of this, the remedy is to drink a great draught of cow milk.

Of Beane of Egypt.

Colocasia called in Greke Cyamos egiptios; and in latyne faba egyptia; maye be called in Englyshe a bene of Egypt. I have seen the right Colocasia in Italy and a kynde of the same in Germany and ones growynge in Englande. It that I saw in Germany grew upon three Englyshe myles from Bone beside Seberge. Beane of Egypt hath large leves lyke unto butter bur, called in greke petasos or petasites; a stalke of a cubit long, and an ynche thycke; a floure after the liknes of a rose, twyese as bygge as the poppy flore hath. And when as the floure is begone, it hath lytle vessels, lyke unto the hony combes of waspes (as Ruellius translateth) or lyke unto lytle places or caskettess wherin any thing is layd. In them is a lytle beane above the corneryng coming oute lyke a lytle belle. The beane, when it is grene, is eaten renderith it is dayee, it is blak and bygger then the commone beane.

The properties of beane of Egypt.

The nature of the beane of Egipt is to be astringent, and byndynge. It is good for the stomake, for the bloody flyx; for the other flyxe in the belly, the smalle guttes taken with. Beane mele after the maner of grevelle; the barkes sodden in honied wyne, of three cyates therof be taken, profytt muche more for the same purpose; that grene thynge and bytter in tast whyche is in the myddes, yf it be broken and sodden with rose oyle, and pohred in to the eare, is good for the ache of the eare.

Of Beane of Egypt. (Colocasia esculenta)

Colocasia called in Greek Cyamos egiptios; and in Latin faba egyptia; may be called in English a bene of Egypt. I have seen the right Colocasia in Italy and a kind of the same in Deutsche and ones growing in England. It that I saw in Germany grew upon three English miles from Bon beside Seberg. Beane of Egypt hath large leaves like unto butter bur, called in Greek petasos or Petasites; a stalk of a cubit long and an inch thick; a flower after the likeness of a rose, twice as big as the poppy flower hath. And when as the flower is begone it hath little vessels, like unto the honeycombs of wasps (as Ruellius translated) or like unto little places or casket’s wherein anything is laid. In them is a little bean above the cornering coming out like a little belle. The bean, when it is green, is eaten rendered it is day, it is black and bigger than the common bean.

The properties of bean of Egypt.

The nature of the bean of Egypt is to be astringent and binding. It is good for the stomach, for the bloody flux for the other flux in the belly, the small gouttes taken with. Bean mele after the manner of gravel; the barks sodden in honied wine of three kyats thereof be taken, profit much more for the same purpose; that green thing and bitter in taste, which is in the middles, if it be broken and sodden with rose oil, and poured into the ear, is good for the ache of the ear.

Of Coniza.

Coniza is of twoo sortes, the greter and the lesse. I have seen bothe the kyndes in Italy between Cremonia en farraria by the padus banke. The lesse growth muche in Germany, by the Rhene, it may be called in Englishe Conyse; the lesse of them hathe the beter savoure. But the great is more blushy and hathe broder floures, bothe them leves ar like unto an olive; tree rough and fate, the great hathe a stalke three cubits long; and the lesse but one foot longe, the floure is brittle and in colour yellowe or redeshe, whiche is consumed at length into a downe; the rootes are nothyng wurthe.

The properties of Coniza.

The hole herbe ether strowed upon the the grounde or les, aper sum with the smoke of it, dryveth away serpents and gnattes and kylle flees, the leves are good to be layd upon the bytynges of serpentes and upon swellyng lumpes. Men use to take the leves and the floures and to geve them in wine to be drunken for to dryve downe wymens sycknes, and the byrthe also yf need be; they are also good against the strangulyone, and the iaundes and agaynste the gnawynge of the bellye; the same also drunken with vynegre is good against the fallynge sycknes, yf the herbe be sodden and wymen sytt in in the water that it is sodden in, it is good for the diseases of the mother, yt if be sodden in oyle and so layd unto; It is good for them that shake for colle; the smalle one layd unto the heade is good for the head ache. Conisa is bothe hotte and drye in the thyrde degree.

Of Coniza. (Conyza canadensis? Or Conyza dioscoridis, Inula conyza)

Conyza is of two sorts, the greater and the lesser. I have seen both the kinds in Italy between Cremona and Ferreria by the Padus bank. The lesser growth much in Germany by the Rhine, it may be called in English Conyse; the lesser of them hath the better savor. But the great is more blush and hath brood flowers, both of them leaves are like unto an olive; tree rough and fat, the great hath a stalk three cubits long; and the lesser but one foot long, the flower is brittle and in color yellow or reddish, which is consumed at length into a down; the roots are nothing worth.

The properties of Conyza.

The hole herb ether strowed upon the ground or less, aper sum with the smoke of it, drive away serpents and gnats and killed flees, the leaves are good to be laid upon the biting’s of serpents and upon swelling lumps. Men use to take the leaves and the flowers and to give them in wine to be drunken for to drive down women’s sickness and the birth also if need be; they are also good against the strangling, and the jaundice and against the gnawing of the belly; the same also drunken with vinegar is good against the falling sickness, if the herb be sodden and women sit in in the water that it is sodden in, it is good for the diseases of the mother, it if be sodden in oil and so laid unto; It is good for them that shake for cold; the small one laid unto the head is good for the head ache. Conyza is both hot and dry in the third degree.

Of Berefoote.

Berefoote is called in Latine bothe of Plini and Columella consiligo, the duche men cal it Christ wurte, the French men cal it pate delyone. Some abused this herbe for branke ursine and sume have taken it for blake hellebore, but it is nether of both, for branke ursine hath far other maner of leves then berefoote hath, but the lycknes of named in sygnifycation, hath deceived them that that toke berefote for branke ursine. Ther hath sum ben of the learned sorte whom I have followed in opinione my self for a tyme, whyche have taken berefoote for blake hellebore. When I was in Ferraria the best learned that I could mete with all, taught me that the kynde of berefoote that dyeth every yere with the yellower and broder lefe, was blake hellebore, and that the smaller was helleborine. How be it, by the some that I had with a certayne wyse Germane, yet unlearned in the latin tonge, and by more diligent examynge of the herbe those kyndes of berefoote was helleborus niger, but consiligo. Fuchsius called bothe these kyndes false blake hellebore. But one Riffius not content with fuchsius, holdeth that oure comen berefot shuld, be the true blake helleborus; but because diverse set muche by hys iugement. I wyll examine hys iugement with Dioscorides. Hellebore the blake, in Dioscorides, hath grene leves lyke unto the leves of a playne tree, but lesse drawynge nere unto the lykenes of cow persnepe called sphondylion. But more devyded and blakker and sumtynge roughe and sharpe. Bur oure common berefot hath leves not lyke unto a playne tree or sphondylium, but like unto hempe or true agnus castus of Italy, wherefore, oure common berefot can not be helleborus niger. The Germane of whome I made mention of before; when he perceived that I was desirous to knowe herbes, ant the natures of the same, asked me whether I knewe an herbe called in theyr tonge christwurtz or no. I sayde ye, but knowe you sayeth he, all the properties that it hathe. I shewed hym of certayne properties that it had, well saythe he, I know more properties that it hathe beside thys, for the with tolde me that a pece of the roote of thys herbe whyche they call chrystes wurtz and we berefot, put in after a botkyne in to a beestes eare a rounde circle made aboute the hole, heleth the beast of any inward disease whose saynge made me call to remembrance it that I had reade in Plini and Columella of consiligo, and so after that, I had reade it that Plini and Columella had wryten of consiligo and gad sume conferener with learned men touching thys herbe, thought that is shuld be no more helleborus niger, but consiligo; thys also, dyd confyrme my opinion and when I went to England that I dyd hear that diverse husband men whyt when I spoke, used to put the roote of barefoot into beastes eares and called the pulleying out of it, sy seying of beastes and in sume place called the herbe syterwutte. The nature of Consiligo, after Columella.

We knowe (sayth Columella) a present remedy of the roote which the shepherd cal consiligo, that growth in great plenty in mersis, mountaynes, and it is very holesume for all cattell. They laye is shulde be used thus; the broadest parte of the ear must have a rounde circle made aboute it with the blood that ryneth furth, with an brasene botkyne and the same circle must be rounde lyke unto the letter D, and when thys is done without, and in hyger part of the eare the halfe of the foresaid cyrcle is to bored thorowe with the foresyad botkyne, and the roote of the herbe is to be put in at the hole, whyche when the newe wounde hathe received, holdeth it so faste that it wyll not let it goo forthe; and then all the might and pestilent poyson of the disease is brought so into the eare. And whylles the part whyche is circled aboute dyeth and falleth awaye, the hole beast is saved with the lose of a very smalle parte.

Of Berefoote. (Epipactis helleborine, Helleborus viridis)

Berefoot is called in Latine both of Plini and Columella consiligo, the German men call it Christ wurte, the French men call it pate delyone. Some abused this herb for brank ursine, and some have taken it for black hellebore, but it is nether of both, for brank ursine hath far other manner of leaves then berefoot hath, but the likeness of named in signification, hath deceived them that that toke berefoot for brank ursine. There hath sum ben of the learned sort whom I have followed in opinion myself for a time, which have taken berefoot for black hellebore. When I was in Ferreria the best learned that I could meet with all, taught me that the kind of berefoot that dies every yere with the yellower and brood leaf was black hellebore and that the smaller was Helleborine. How be it, by the some that I had with a certain wise Germane, yet unlearned in the Latin tong, and by more diligent examine of the herb those kinds of barefoot was Helleborus niger, but consiligo. Fuchsius called both these kinds of false black hellebore. But one Riffius not content with Fuchsius hold that our conmen berefoot should be the true black Helleborus; but because diverse set much by his judgment. I will examine his judgment with Dioscorides. Hellebore the black, in Dioscorides, hath green leaves like unto the leaves of a plane tree, but lesser drawing near unto the likeness of cow parsnip called sphondylium. But more divided and blacker and something rough and sharp. But our common berefoot hath leaves not like unto a plane tree or sphondylium but like unto hemp or true Agnus castus of Italy, wherefore our common berefoot cannot be Helleborus niger. The Germane of whom I made mention of before; when he perceived that I was desirous to know herbs and the natures of the same, asked me whether I knew an herb called in their tong christwurtz or no. I say yes, but know you, sayeth he, all the properties that it hath. I shewed him of certain properties that it had, well say he, I know more properties that it hath beside this, for the with told me that a piece of the root of this herb which they call chrystes wurtz and we berefoot, put in after a Botkin in to a beast ear a rounde circle made about the hole, health the beast of any inward disease whose saying made me call to remembrance it that I had read in Plini and Columella of consiligo and so after that I had read it that Plini and Columella had written of consiligo and gad some conference with learned men touching this herb, thought that is should be no more Helleborus niger, but consiligo; this also did confirm my opinion and when I went to England that I did hear that diverse husband men whit when I spoke, used to put the root of barefoot into beasts ears and called the pulleying out of it, Sy saying of beasts and in some place called the herb siterwutte, (setter).

The nature of Consiligo, after Columella.

We know (say Columella) a present remedy of the root which the shepherd call consiligo, that growth in great plenty in mercies, mountains, and it is very wholesome for all Cattell. They say is should be used thus; the broadest part of the ear must have a round circle made about it with the blood that rennet furth, with an brazen Botkin and the same circle must be round like unto the letter D, and when this is done without and in higher part of the ear the half of the foresaid circle is to bored throw with the foresaid Botkin, and the root of the herb is to be put in at the hole, which when the new wound hath received, hold it so fast that it will not let it go forth; and then all the might and pestilent poison of the disease is brought so into the ear. And whiles the part, which is circled about death and falleth away, the hole beast is saved with the loss of a very small part.

Of bindweed.

Convolvulus called in Greke helxine cisampelos, is the herbe whyche is called of the herbaries volubilis, in Englyshe withwynde or bindweed, in Duche winden; in Frenche lizet, lizeron or campanet. Helxine hathe leves lyke unto Ivy, but lesse and small twygges, wherwyth it claspeth aboute what so ever stronge thynge it doth tuche. Plini describeth convolvulus thus; ther is a floure not unlike unto a lylye in the herbe, whyche is called convolvulus. It growth amonges shrubbes ans bushes and hathe no savore nether any lytle chyves lyke saffrone as a lyly hath only representyng, a lili in whitenes, it is as it were an unperfyt worke of nature lerning to make likes. Welke bescribeth diverse kyndes of convolvulus, one kynde sayth he is great and hath mylke in it, and it is called sessile arboreum; with a whyte floure lyke unto a belle it be se any behind. Than a little one, and hath bothe lesse floures and leves then the other, and it crepeth upon the grounde and the branches of other herbes. The thyrde kynde is also full of mylke, and hath leves sumthyng whyte hory, unmesurable hoote, it cutteth and pulleth of the skynne, and in purgationes bryngeth eout blood, wherefore as a venomous thing, it is to be hoydes, his fourth kynde is hopes. The fyft kynde hathe a roote lyke betonye or rather greater, as bygge as a great gourde, hys stalke is twee cubytes longe, the leves are norrowe and lytle and hathe the forme of an arowe with shetes on it.

The properties of byndweed.

The iuice of were bytende, purgeth the belly.

Of bindweed. (Convolvulus arvensis, Calystegia sepium

Convolvulus called in Greek helxine cisampelos, is the herb, which is called of the herbarizes volubilis, in English withwynde or bindweed, in German winden; in French lizet, lizeron or campanet. Helxine hath leaves like unto Ivy, but lesser and small twigs wherewith it clasped about whatsoever strong thing it doth touch. Plini described Convolvulus; thus, there is a flower not unlike unto a like in the herb, which is called Convolvulus. It growth amongst shrubs and bushes and hath no savor nether any little chives like saffron as a lily hath only representing a lily in whiteness, it is as it were an unperfect work of nature learning to make likes. Welke described diverse kinds of Convolvulus, one kind say he is great and hath milk in it, and it is called sessile arboreum; with a white flower like unto a belle it be se any behind. Then a little one and hath both lesser flowers and leaves then the other and it crept upon the ground and the branches of other herbs. The third kind is also full of milk and hath leaves something white hoary, unmeasurable hot, it cut and pullet of the skin and in purgation’s brength out blood, wherefore as a venomous thing, it is to be hoyden, his fourth kind hopes. The fifth kind hath a root like betonie or rather greater, as big as a great gourde, his stalk is twee cubits long, the leaves are narrow and little and hath the form of an arow with sheets on it.

The properties of bindweed.

The juice of were bitten, purged the belly.

Of Coryandre.

Coriandrum, Coriamus is called in Greke Corion and Corianon, in Englyshe colander or coriander. In Duche coriander; in Frence coriander. Coriander hath leves lyke the first kynde of crowfoote, and unto herbe robart with the smalle leves, growth in woodes, and unto thyrde kynde of Daucus, and the right venus herbe, called adianton; the leves beneth ar sum thing bygge lyke unto venus here, and those above are very small lyke unto fumytorie, the leves are wonderfull stynkyng when the ar grene, the stalke is a cubytt and a halve of hyght, full of lytle branches; the floures are white and the sede is round and bare, and when it is drye, it is of a good savoure and a good taste.

The vertues of Coriandre out of Galene.

Corianon or corion, or how so ever ye wyl call it, the older Grecianes call it corianon that never phisicans call corion even als Dioscorides dothe; whyche saythe that the herbe hath a coolynge nature, but there ge myssed, for is ist made of contraty powers having moste of bytter substance, whyche wee declare to be of subtyle partes and an eartly nature; nether harthe it a lytle of a waterye moyster, whucht is of a warme power, and unto thys is ioyned a lytle adstryction or byndynge together oute of ll the properties it worketh dyverslye all those thynges, that Dioscorides wryteth of, but not by no cooling virtue that it hathe. Dioscorides wryteth that Coriandre layd to with breade of barley mele is good for saynt Antonyes fyre, and for the sores that speede fore abrode, it heleth also sores that aryse on the nyght that have blody mater in them; the inflammations of the stones, and Carbuncles, with honey and rosynes. It dryveth away with beanes broken, harde swellynges, kernelles, and wennes. The seed dryveth fur the wormes of the guttes drunken with malvesye. It increaseth the seed. But yf it be taken out of mesure it dothe trouble a mannes with with great jeopardyn of madnes. Wherefore ye must not continually use it and out of measure. The iuice of Coriandre with whyte lede or lythargry and vinegre, rose oyle layd to, heleth the inflammations of the uttermost skyne. Averrois wryteth that Coriander hath a propertie to holde meat in the stomake untyll it be digested, and that it maketh fleshe where with it is sodden to have the tast of spyce. Symeon Sethy wryteth that Coriandre is good for the stomache, and wehn it is perched at the fyren, that it stoppeth the bellye. In drynke it stoppeth the ishue of bloode and also yf it be brused and layd upon it that bledeth.

Of Coryandre. (Coriandrum sativum)

Coriandrum, Coriamus is called in Greek Corion and Corianon, in English colander or coriander. In German coriander; in Frenche coriander. Coriander hath leaves like the first kind of crowfoot, and unto herb Robert with the small leaves, growth in woods and unto third kind of Daucus, and the right Venus herb, called Adiantum; the leaves beneath are sum thing big like unto Venus here, and those above are very small like unto fumitory, the leaves are wonderful stinking when the are green, the stalk is a cubit and a halve of high, full of little branches; the flowers are white and the seed is round and bare, and when it is dry, it is of a good savor and a good taste.

The virtues of Coriander out of Galene.

Corianon or corion, or how so ever ye will call it, the older Grecians call it corianon that never physicians call corion even as Dioscorides doth; which say that the herb hath a cooling nature, but there he missed, for it is made of contrary powers having most of bitter substance, which we declare to be of subtle partes and an earthly nature; nether hath it a little of a watery moister, which is of a warm power and unto this is joined a little abstriction or binding together out of the two properties it worketh diversely all those things, that Dioscorides write off, but not by no cooling virtue that it hath. Dioscorides write that Coriander laid to with bread of barley mele is good for saint Antonis’s fire and for the sores that spread fore abroad, it health also sores that arise on the night that have bloody mater in them, the inflammations of the stones and Carbuncles, with honey and raisins. It drives away with beans broken hard swellings, kernelless, and wennes (Ichthyosis?). The seed drive furth the worms of the gutters drunken with malvasia. It increased the seed. But if it be taken out of measure it doth trouble a man with great jeopardy of madness. Wherefore ye must not continually use it and out of measure. The juice of Coriander with white lead or lethargy and vinegar, rose oil laid to health the inflammations of the uttermost skin. Averroes write that Coriander hath a property to hold meat in the stomach until it be digested and that it maketh flesh where with it is soddened to have the taste of spice. Symeon Sethy write that Coriander is good for the stomach, and when it is perched at the fire that it stopped the belly. In drink it stopped the issue of blood and also if it be bruised and laid upon it that bleeds.

Of the Cornell tree.

Cornus is called in Greke, crania, in duche Thierlinbaum; in French cormier or cornier, ther ar two kyndes of Cornus, the male and the female, cornus as Dioscorides saieth is a hard tree, bryngyng furth long berryes, lyke an olive, which first are grene, and after when the are rype, are rede, or of the coloure of waxe, and thys is the male kynde which is also described, of Theophrastus; he writeth of both the kyndes of thys maner. Ther is one cornel tree which is the male, an other the female; it hath leves like an almond tree but that they be fatter and thicker, it hathe a barke full of synewes and thyn, the body of the tree, is not very thycke, but the female putteth furth small twygges out of the syde as the right agnus castus doth, it is fuller of branches, they have bothe knottes as agnus hath, both two against another and one metyng with another. The woode of the male hath no pythe (I call the softe thing that is in any tree as in elder and suche lyke) but it is founde fast like unto a horne, both in thycknes and strongness. The female hath a pythe in it, is softe, and made hollow, the length of the male is at the moste of .xii. cubyttes, of whyche length the longest huntynge staves werof, that wer in Macedonia, the hoole body of the tree is nothing excellent, they that dwel in Ida beside Troye, holde the male is barrone, that the female is frutful, the frute hath a kernel lyke an olive, the frute is swete in eating and pleasant in savoure, the floure is lyke an olyve tree and it bloemeth and bryngeth further frute after the same maner, so that out of one stalke growe many, they agre also in time, but the Macedonias say that they bring furth both frute, but the females frute cannot be tasted and that they have a strong roote out of the danger of corruption as agnus is. It growth in moyst places, not only in drye places, both by seed and also by stykking in of slippes, which ar slipped of the tree. I have seen the first cornus whiche is the male plentuously in Germany, the second which is the female both in Germany and in England, the male be called in Englyshe a cornele tree. The female is called of some doge berrye tree; sume call it a corn tree; sume because bucheres use to make prykkes of it call it pryke tree; it were best to call it with one common name wylde cornel tree. The leves ar much broder then the almond tree leves ar, they ar almost rounde, saving that towarde the ende they are small and sharpe, the male hathe as far as I remembre, but one very growynge upon one stalke, but the female hath many. These which I have rehersed semet to kynder the trees that I meane to be cornus. How be it I am sure that the first cornus with the rede lang bery, whyche growth by it selfe, is cornus of Dioscorides.

The properties of the Cornele tree.

Corneles in meat, do bynde and stop, and are holsume bothe for the blody flyx, and also for the other, whether they be geven in meat or soden in wyne; they may be kept in bryne als olyves be the matter that cummeth furthe of the grene tree or bowes when it is in burning, is good to lay unto the scurfe lyke leper. Plini sayeth thar the sweete of a twyg of cornele tree, received upon a burnynge hote plate of yron, whyche the wood to wychet not, heleth the scurvey evel in the begynnyng, yf the rust of yron be layd upon the scrufe. I have kept the berryes of zornale tree very longe in the iuice of corneles, a little sodden upon the fyre; I heare say that ther is a cornel tree at Hampton courte here in Engelande.

Of the Cornell tree. (Cornus mas, Cornus sanguinea)

Cornus is called in Greek crania, in German Thierlinbaum; in French cormier or cornier, there are two kinds of Cornus, the male and the female, Cornus as Dioscorides say is a hard tree, bringing furth long berries like an olive, which first are green and after when they are ripe are red or of the color of wax and this is the male kind which is also described of Theophrastus; he write of both the kinds of this manner. There is one cornel tree which is the male, another the female; it hath leaves like an almond tree but that they be fatter and thicker, it hath a bark full of sinews and thin, the body of the tree is not very thick, but the female putted furth small twigs out of the side as the right Agnus castus doth, it is fuller of branches, they have both knots as Agnus hath, both two against another and one meeting with another. The wood of the male hath no pith (I call the soft thing that is in any tree as in elder and such like) but it is found fast like unto a horn, both in thickness and strongness. The female hath a pith in it, is soft and made hollow, the length of the male is at the most of. xii. cubit of which length the longest hunting staves whereof, that were in Macedonia, the whole body of the tree is nothing excellent, they that dwell in Ida beside Troye hold the male is barren, that the female is fruitful, the fruit hath a kernel like an olive, the fruit is sweet in eating and pleasant in savor, the flower is like an olive tree and it bloomed and brength further fruit after the same manner, so that out of one stalk grow many, they agree also in time, but the Macedonia’s say that they bring furth both fruit, but the females fruit cannot be tasted and that they have a strong root out of the danger of corruption as Agnus is. It growth in moist places, not only in dry places, both by seed and by sticking in of slipper, which are slipped of the tree. I have seen the first Cornus which is the male plenteously in Germany, the second which is the female both in Germany and in England, the male be called in English a cornel tree. The female is called of some dog berry tree; some call it a corn tree; some because butchers use to make prickers of it call it pricker tree; it were best to call it with one common name wild cornel tree. The leaves are much brooder then the almond tree leaves are, they are almost round, saving that toward the end they are small and sharp, the male hath as far as I remember, but one very growing upon one stalk, but the female hath many. These which I have rehearsed seemed to kind the trees that I mean to be Cornus. How be it, I am sure that the first Cornus with the rede lang berry which growth by itself, is Cornus of Dioscorides.

The properties of the Cornel tree.

Cornels in meat do bind and stop and are wholesome both for the bloody flux and also for the other, whether they be given in meat or sodden in wine; they may be kept in brine as olives be the matter that comet furth of the green tree or bows when it is in burning, is good to lay unto the scurf like leper. Plini say thar the sweet of a twig of cornel tree, received upon a burning hot plate of iron, which the wood to wicket not, health the scurvy evil in the beginning if the rust of iron be laid upon the scurf. I have kept the berries of cornel tree very long in the juice of cornels, a little sodden upon the fire; I hear say that there is a cornel tree at Hampton court here in Engeland.

Of herbe Ive.

Coronopus or coronopodium is called in Engelyshe herbe Ive or Crowfoote, plantne; in Duche rappefuses, in Frence cariole, on dent on chien. Theodoro gaza, calleth it Filago, it growth muche aboute Shene in the hyghe waye, and aboute the sea syde in the bankes whyche ae made by mans hande. Coronopus is a little long herbe, crepyng upon the ground with out leves, it is sodden with other eatable herbes, the roote is astringent and byndinge, it growth in unmanerd groundes in heapes of erth or stones, as ar made to defend the see bankes, or the fresh water bankes, from over flowynge in highe ways. My greke Dioscorides hath en doomasti, it appereth by the translation of Ruellius that his greke example had en rhoomasi, that lyketh me better, for experience teacheth me that herbe Ive nether growth aboute houses, nether in houses, but very plentuously upon artificial bankes and heapes of earth or stones whyche are called in Greke Cheomata. Theophrastus reherseth coronopus amongshe herbes whiche have only leves from the roote and from no other parte and so growth herbe yve and the stalke is lyke plantayne and hathe suche an heade as it hathe. The maner of dressynge thys herbe, and puttynge it into sallettes, when it is a lytler sodden, indurethe yet styl in Franche, and in sume places of Englande.

The nature of herbe Ive.

T read of no other medicin of this herbe in dioscorides but that it is astringent and stoppeth a laxe. Paulus agineat writeth that it is thought to be good agaynste the cholyke yf the translation be true, whyche I do parlty suspecte, bothe because Galene and Aetius say, that it is rekened to be good, and not collicis cruciatibus, but caellcsis that of for them that have the flyx of the bellye whyth cummeth commonly of the ionge debilitis of the stomache.

Of herb Ive. (Coronopus didymus or Plantago coronopus)

Coronopus or coronopodium is called in English herb Ive or Crowfoot, plant; in German rappefuses, in Frenche cariole, or dent on chien. Theodoro Gaza, calleth it Filago, it growth much about Shene in the highway and about the seaside in the banks which are made by man’s hand. Coronopus is a little long herb, creping upon the ground without leaves, it is soddened with other eatable herbs, the root is astringent and binding, it growth in unmannered grounds in heaps of earth or stones as are made to defend the sea banks or the freshwater banks from overflowing in highways. My Greek Dioscorides hath; en doomasti, it appeared by the translation of Ruellius that his Greek example had; en rhoomasi, that liked me better, for experience teaches me that herb Ive nether growth about houses, nether in houses, but very plenteously upon artificial banks and heaps of earth or stones which are called in Greek Cheomata. Theophrastus rehearsed Coronopus amongst herbs which have only leaves from the root and from no other part and so growth herb ive and the stalk is like plantain and hath such an head as it hath. The manner of dressing this herb and putted it into salad when it is a littler sodden, endured yet still in Franche and in some places of England.

The nature of herb Ive.

I read of no other medicine of this herb in Dioscorides but that it is astringent and stopped a lax. Paulus Aegineta write that it is thought to be good against the cholic if the translation be true, which I do partly suspect, both because Galene and Aetius say that it is reknit to be good and not; collicis cruciatibus, but caellcsis that of for them that have the flux of the belly which comet commonly of the young debilities of the stomach.

Of the Hasell tree.

Corylus is called in Greke karya pontyke, or leptokarya, in Latin nux pontica, parva et avellana, in Englyshe an hasell tree or an hasell nut; in Duche hasell nutz, in Frenche noisette ou anelme, there seme to bee twoo maner of hasell nuttes rather then twoo diverse kyndes; the one is the gardyne nutt tree called the fylberde tree and the other is the wood nutt tree. The hasell is so well knowen that wee need not any description of it.

The properties of the Hasell nutt.

Hasell nuttes as Dioscorides saythe, are evell for the stomache, but they broken and dronkene in hoyed water, hele the olde coughe, the same rosted and drunken with a lytle peper make rype the catar or reume. The ashes of burned nuttes with hogges grese or beared grese, layd upon a hede, from whyche the heare falleth of, it wyll restore the heare agayne, there are sume that holde that yf nutt shelles be burnt and made lyke ashes yf they be layd to the hinder hede of the children that have graye eyes that they wyl make them blake. Galena also granteth in hys booke de alimentorum facultatibus that hasell nuttes noryshe but lytle and that they are worse for the stomache then walnuttes are. The hasel nutt, as Galene sayth hath a more erthly and colder substance then the walnuttes have.

Of the Hasell tree. (Corylus avellana, Corylus maxima)

Corylus is called in Greek karya pontyke or leptokarya, in Latin nux pontica, parva et avellana, in English an hazel tree or an hazel nut; in German hasell nutz, in French noisette ou anelme, there seem to be two manner of hazel nut’s rather than two diverse kinds; the one is the garden Nutt tree called the filbert tree and the other is the wood Nutt tree. The hazel is so well known that we need not any description of it.

The properties of the Hasell Nutt.

Hasell nuts as Dioscorides say, are evil for the stomach, but they broke and drunken in honeyed water hele the olde cough, the same roosted and drunken with a little pepper make ripe the catarrh or rheum. The ashes of burned nut’s with hog’s grease or bear grease, laid upon a head from which the hear falleth of, it will restore the hear again, there are some that hold that if the nut shells be burnt and made like ashes if they be laid to the hinder head of the children that have grey eyes that they will make them black. Galena also granted in his book de alimentorum facultatibus that hazel nut’s nourished but little and that they are worse for the stomach then walnuts are. The hazel nut, as Galene say hath a more earthly and colder substance then the walnuts have.

Of Sampere.

Sampere is called is Greke crithmon or crithamon, the Latin use the same termes, the common herbaryes call it cretam marinam, sume recken that it is also Batis in Plini, and I thynke that this herbe is called in Columella otus cordum, it is called in Frenche bacil or faenoyl marine; in Italyan fenechio marino. It growth plentously beside Dover and in Sussexe by the sea syde. Sampere is a lytle busshe herbe, and of every syde full off leves, al moste a cubytt hyghe. It growethe by the sea syde and in stony places. It hath fat leves and many, and sume thynge whytyshe lyke the leves of porcellayne, but broder and longere with a saltyshe taste. The floures are whyte. The fruyte is as rosemary frute is, well smellynge, soft, round and furth as when it is dryed wyll burst, and it have within it a seed lyke unto wheat, the rootes are a finger thyke in nombre about three or foure; and they have a goodly and pleasant savoure.

The vertues.

The roote, seed and leves sodden in wyne and drunken, helpe them that can not make water, them that have the iaundes. They bring downe also to wymens theyr syknes. Sampere both rawe and soden, is eaten as a wurte or, a common herbe that is eaten in sallet, or other wyse. It is also kept in bryne. Thys maketh of kepyng of sampere that Dioscorides speaketh of here, is at this saye kepte by the sea syde in England. Galena saythe that sampere is salt in taste with an lytle bytternes, wherefore it hath the power to drive and scoure away, yet both these vertues are weyker in thyse herbe then the are in playne bytter herbes.

Of Sampere. (Crithmum maritimum)

Sampere is called is Greek crithmon or crithamon, the Latin use the same terms, the common herbarizes call it cretam marinam, some reckon that it is also Batis in Plini, and I think that this herb is called in Columella otus cordum, it is called in French bacil or faenoyl marine; in Italian fenechio marino. It growth plenteously beside Dover and in Sussex by the seaside. Sampere is a little bush herb and of every side full off leaves, almost a cubit high. It grows by the seaside and in stony places. It hath fat leaves and many, and something whitish like the leaves of porcelain, but brooder and longer with a saltish taste. The flowers are white. The fruit is as rosemary fruit is, well smelling, soft, round and furth as when it is dried will burst, and it have within it a seed like unto wheat, the roots are a finger thick in number about three or four; and they have a goodly and pleasant savor.

The virtues.

The root, seed and leaves sodden in wine and drunken help them that cannot make water, them that have the jaundice. They bring down also to women’s their sickness. Sampere both raw and sodden is eaten as a wort or a common herb that is eaten in sallet or otherwise. It is also kept in brine. This maketh of keeping of Sampere that Dioscorides speak of here is at this say kept by the seaside in England. Galena says that Sampere is salt in taste with a little bitterness, wherefore it hath the power to drive and scour away, yet both these virtues are weaker in this herb then they are in plane bitter herbs.

Of saffron.

Saffron is named in greke krokos, in latine crocus, in duche saffran, in frence saffron. Theophrastus descrybeth saffrone thus. Saffronesis of the nature of them, that are as the forsayd kyndes of narcissus are, and cummeth furth so. But it hath an narrowe lefe, for the leves cum furth lyke here, it bloweth late, for it floureth at the falling downe of the sterres, called vergilie, that is about the xv daye of October, and that but for a short tyme, and by it putteth way the lefe with the floure, but rather sowner. The roote is manyfold and thyck, well lyvyng, it loveth tho be trodden on, and so it thryveth the better if the roote be broken beneth. Therfor it cummeth farest furth beside patthes and fontaynes. Plini writeth the same of saffrone.

Ther vertues of saffron.

Thessalus was of that iudgement that he thought that saffron shuld onely be well smelling. Other reken that the quantyte of .iii. drammes drunken doth kyll a man, man but doutles, it hath the propertye to dyest, to soften, to bynde to gether, and to provoke uryne, it maketh a good colour in them that use it, with womans mylke it stoppeth the running of watering of the eyes. It is convenient to be put into the emplasters whyche made for the mouther and for the fundament. It provoketh to the pleasure of the body. It swageth the inflammations whyche are in the turnynge unto saynt Antonis fyre, it is good for the gatherynges that are in the eares. The rootes drunken in sak maketh a man make water well. Plinis wryteth thus of saffrone. Safron dryveth away all inflamations. But specially the inflamtions of the eyes whit the whyt of an eg. It helpeth the suffocation of the mouther. It is excellent good for the exulcerations groynf of the skyn of the stomake, of the breste of the kydnes, of the lyver, of the longes and bladder. It is also goof for the cough and pleurisy. It taketh away icke. It is good for weake braynes yf he can not well beare drynke. It provoketh slepe. Symeon sethy wryteth thes wordes of saffron. Saffrone is hote in the seconde degree and drye in the first. Although sum have sayd that is was hote in the third degre. It is good for the stomake, it helpeth the meat be sowner digested. It hath the pour to open. It health flegmatike diseases, the drousy or the forgetfull syknes called lethargus. It is profitable for the interalles or inward partes and for them that can not well take their brethe. If any persone use saffron measurably, it maketh in them a good colour but if they use it out of mesure it maketh hym loke pale and maketh the hede ache, and hurteth the appetite. But is it be mixed with opium of poppy iuice, mylche and rose oyle and the fete be onoynted ther with, betel leves layd upon them, it swageth the payne of the fete. It is perilous to take to myche of that at ones. Averrois sayth also that saffrone comforteth the hert, and Avicenna sayth that it scoureth the morphwe and heleth brode swellynges.

Of saffron. (Crocus sativus)

Saffron is named in Greek krokos, in Latin crocus, in German saffran, in French saffron. Theophrastus described saffron thus. Saffron sis of the nature of them that are as the foresaid kinds of narcissus are, and comt furth so. But it hath an narrow leaf, for the leaves cum furth like here, it blows late, for it floweret at the falling down of the star’s, called Virgilio, that is about the xv day of October, and that but for a short time, and by it putted way the leaf with the flower, but rather sooner. The root is manyfold and thick, well living, it loveth to be trodden on and so it thrived the better if the root be broken beneath. Therefore, it comet fairest furth beside paths and Fontaines. Plini write the same of saffron.

Ther virtues of saffron.

Thessalus was of that judgment that he thought that saffron should only be well smelling. Other recon that the quantity of. iii. drachms drunken doth kill a man, man but doubtless, it hath the property to dried, to soften, to bind together and to provoke urine, it maketh a good color in them that use it, with woman’s milk it stopped the running of watering of the eyes. It is convenient to be put into the plasters which made for the mouther and for the fundament. It provoked to the pleasure of the body. It swaged the inflammations which are in the turning unto saint Antonis’s fire, it is good for the gatherings that are in the ears. The roots drunken in sac maketh a man make water well. Plini write thus of saffron. Saffron drives away all inflammations. But specially the inflammations of the eye’s whit the whit of an egg. It helped the suffocation of the mouther. It is excellent good for the ulcerations growing of the skin of the stomach, of the breast, of the kidneys, of the liver, of the lunges and bladder. It is also good for the cough and pleurisy. It taketh away hiccup. It is good for weaker brains if he cannot well bear drink. It provoked sleep. Symeon Sethi write these words of saffron. Saffron is hot in the second degree and dry in the first. Although sum have said that it was hot in the third degree. It is good for the stomach; it helped the meat be sooner digested. It hath the pour to open. It health phlegmatic diseases, the dropsy or the forgetful sickness called lethargic. It is profitable for the interlaces or inward partes and for them that cannot well take their breath. If any person uses saffron measurably, it maketh in them a good color but if they use it out of measure it maketh him loke pale and maketh the headache and hurt the appetite. But is it be mixed with opium of poppy juice, milk and rose oil and the fete be anointed there with, betel leaves laid upon them, it swaged the pain of the fete. It is perilous to take too much of that at ones. Averroes say also that saffron comforted the heart and Avicenna says that it scoured the Morphew and health brood swellings.

Of cucumbers and suche lyke frutes.

Cucumber is called in Greke Sikyos or sikys in latin, cucumis or cucumber, in duche kucumeren, in French cucumbrer. Dioscorides maketh mention of Pepones in the intreatyng cucubere wherfor pepones are under the kynde of cucumbres. Theophrastus and Plini make .iii. kyndes of cucumbre. How be it, they do not describe them or tell of any difference in lyknes between one an and other, after Dioscorides tyme, but handeling of the fruyes after dyvers fashiones, there rose up melopepones and lemones, and anguria, which ear all conteyned under cucumis, heve their names of their forme and bygnes and colour, cucumbres have long rough branches lyke wyndes growynge furth from the roote and for lak of strength they go by the ground except they fynde sumthyng to leane on. The lefe is almost rounde but full of small corners. The floure is yellow. The fruyte of the cucumbre is for the most part yellow and long. Plini wryteth that the for growen cucumbers are called pepones and they are longe, they that are rounde after the forme of an apppell are called melopepones. Sum of thes kyndes now are called citrulli of their citrone coloure and thys kynde hath brode and whyte sede.

The vertues of cucumbers, Melones, Pepones, Citrulles and such lyke of the same kynde, out of Dioscorides.

Cucumber is good for the belly and stomache, it rouleth, it is not sone corrupted, it helpeth the blader, I calleth again them with the savoure of it which are fallen into a swowne. The sede provoketh uryne measurably, with mylt or swete wyne, it heleth the exulcertion of rawness of the bladder. The leves layd to with wyne, hele the bytynge of a dog, with hony the ploukes or wheles that aryse commonly upon the nyght. The fleshe of substance of pepones taken in meat dryveth out water and the same health the inflammations of the eyes if it be layd unto them. The over partes of pepones layd unto the hinder part of the head of a chylde heleth his burning called siriasis. The samen layd upon the forhed turneth an other waye the running or usshues of the eyes. The dry roote drunken with honyed water in the quantite of a dramme maketh an man vomyte and if any man wylle vomite measurably after supper let hym take no more but one scruple. If the same be layd to sores whiche are growen lyke hony combes it wyll hele them.

Out of Galene de simplicium facultatibus.

The eatable cucumber pepon that is to saye rype, is of a fyne substance. But the same unripe is of a grosser substance. They have poure to scour and to shynnynge but myche more is the same brought to pas if the sedes be broken and bete in to powder and layd upon the place that nedeth scouring. There is an abundant colde and moyse temperature in them, but not so myche that they do excede the seconde degre.

Out of Galene de alimentorum facultatibus.

The hole nature of pepones is colde with plentouse moyster. They have a certayne scourynge propertie by the helpe wherof they dryve out uryne, and go quyklier downe then gourdes and melopepones. But that the scour, thou shalt evidently perceive, if thou rub the foule skyn with them, wherfor if any man have anu scurfines in the face or any frekelles, or any morphew in the utter parte of the skyn, the pepones scour also them awaye. But the sede scoureth more myghtely then the fleshe, for it scoureth away so myche that it is good for kydneys thar are vexed with the stone. Pepones ingendre in the body a noughty iuice and that specially when as it is not concoct or overcummed of nature, by reason wherof it maketh men in danger of the choleryke disease, more over before it corrupted, if it be largely taken in provoketh men unto vomite, except the eate afterward sum other meat that hath a good and holsume moysture or iuice in it. Melopepones that is, the rounder fruite which resemble more the forme of a quince; are les then the pepones ar, nether have they so evell a iuice, and they provoke water les and go flow slower downe and they do not so myche further vomites as pepones do, likewise they are not so sown corrupted in the stomake, when as an evell humor is gathered in it, or nay other cause of corruption taketh it. Furthermore men use to absteyne from is that is nexte the sede in pepones, eate the same in melopepones, and that is good for them to provoke them to the stole. They that eate only the melopepones fleshe, do not sone put furth by the place of excrementes is, as they do the pepones fleshe, cucumbres als provoke water as pepones do, but lesse then they, because their substance is to moyste, and therfor they are not so sone corrupted in the stomake as they be, ye shall fynde sum that can digest them as many other thynges that other men can not digest, by the reason of a certayne familiaritie that is between their natures.

Out of Simeon Sethi.

Cucumbers are cold and moyst in the second degree, and they make an evel iuice and noryshement in a man, ye must chuse at least rather then the greatest kynde. They whiche provoke water if they be steped in vinegre and taken in to the body, swage the hete of an ague, specially of them that cum hastely. The oft using of thes fruytes minishe a mans sede and quancheth the luste unto the pleasure of the body. But the sede of cucumbres dryed, purches there by a certaye heate and hath a contrary operations to the moyst and undried partes, and provoketh water mych more. Ther is an other kynde of the same whiche is thought to be languria, that is cold vehemently, in the second degre, sum reken is should be cold in the third degre. This kynde ingendreth tough fleme in the stomache whiche is sprede abrode raw, by the veynes. Therfor they that eate of the great kynde called tetranguria or languria, in continuance of tyme have in their veynes and other hollow places evel humores growen together, whiche ingendre longe agues. The sede of thes provoketh urine but les then pepones sede, for it is sowner corruptes in the stomache. But the beste ones is that hath the lesse sede. They helpe dry and hote stomakes, and if they be taken in a burnyngen ague with vinegre and not he owter part for the are of evell iuice and are harde of digestion, almost poylos. They have also an other propertie, that they call again them that have fall into a swound by the reason of heate, but is they fynde any fleme in the stomake they ingendre a desire to vomite, the colyke and the disease in the sydes by the pappes.

Of cucumbers and such like fruits. (Cucumis sativus, Cucumis anguria, Cucurbita pepo and var. melopepo)

Cucumber is called in Greek Sicyos or sicys in Latin, Cucumis or cucumber, in German kucumeren, in French cucumbrer. Dioscorides maketh mention of Pepones in the entreating cucumber wherefore pepo’ s are under the kind of cucumbers. Theophrastus and Plini maketh. iii. kinds of cucumber. How be it, they do not describe them or tell of any difference in likeness between one and other, after Dioscorides time, but handling of the fruits after divers fashions, there rose up melopepo and lemons, and anguria, which ear all contained under Cucumis, have their names of their form and bigness and color, cucumbers have long rough branches like winds growing furth from the root and for lack of strength they go by the ground except they find something to lean on. The leaf is almost round but full of small corners. The flower is yellow. The fruit of the cucumber is for the most part yellow and long. Plini write that the full-grown cucumbers are called pepo’ s and they are long, they that are round after the form of an apple are called melopepo. Sum of these kinds now are called Citrullus of their citron color and this kind hath brood and white seed.

The virtues of cucumbers, Melones, Pepo’ s, Citrullus and such like of the same kind, out of Dioscorides.

Cucumber is good for the belly and stomach, it ruled, it is not sone corrupted, it helped the blader, I calleth again them with the savor of it which are fallen into a swooned. The seed provoked urine measurably, with milt or sweet wine, it health the exculpatory of rawness of the bladder. The leaves laid to with wine, hele the biting of a dog, with honey the pokes or whiles that arise commonly upon the night. The flesh of substance of pepo ‘s taken in meat drive out water and the same health the inflammations of the eyes if it be laid unto them. The over partes of pepo ‘s laid unto the hinder part of the head of a child health his burning called siriasis. The same laid upon the forehead turned another way the running or issues of the eyes. The dry root drunken with honeyed water in the quantity of a drachm maketh a man vomit and if any man will vomit measurably after supper let him take no more but one scruple. If the same be laid to sores which are grown like honey combs it will heel them.

Out of Galene de simplicium facultatibus.

The eatable cucumber pepo, that is to say ripe, is of a fine substance. But the same unripe is of a grosser’s substance. They have power to scour and to shinning but much more is the same brought to pas if the seeds be broken and beaten in to powder and laid upon the place that needed scouring. There is an abundant cold and moiste temperature in them, but not so much that they do exceed the second degree.

Out of Galene de alimentorum facultatibus.

The hole nature of pepo’ s is cold with plenteously moister. They have a certain scouring property by the help whereof they drive out urine and go quicklier down then gourdes and melopepo. But that the scour, thou shalt evidently perceive, if thou rub the foule skin with them, wherefore if any man has any scurf’ s in the face or any freckles or any Morphew in the utter part of the skin, the pepo scour also them away. But the seed scoured more mightily than the flesh, for it scoured away so much that it is good for kidneys thar are vexed with the stone. Pepo’ s engender in the body a naughty juice and that specially when as it is not concoct or overcome of nature, by reason whereof it maketh men in danger of the choleric disease, more over before it corrupted, if it be largely taken in provoked men unto vomit, except the eat afterward sum other meat that hath a good and wholesome moisture or juice in it. Melopepo’ s that is the rounder fruit which resemble more the form of a quince; are les then the pepo’ s are, nether have they so evil a juice, and they provoke water les and go flow slower down and they do not so much further vomits as pepo’ s do, likewise they are not so sown corrupted in the stomach, when as an evil humor is gathered in it, or may other cause of corruption taketh it. Furthermore, men use to abstain from is that is next the seed in pepo’s, eat the same in melopepo’ s, and that is good for them to provoke them to the stole. They that eat only the melopepo’ s flesh, do not sone put furth by the place of excrement’s is, as they do the pepo’ s flesh, cucumbers as provoke water as pepo’s do, but lesser then they, because their substance is to moist, and therefore they are not so sone corrupted in the stomach as they be, ye shall find sum that can digest them as many other things that other men cannot digest, by the reason of a certain familiarity that is between their natures.

Out of Simeon Sethi.

Cucumbers are cold and moist in the second degree, and they make an evil juice and nourishment in a man, ye must chose at least rather than the greatest kind. They which provoke water if they be steeped in vinegar and taken into the body, swage the hot of an ague, specially of them that cum hastily. The oft using of these fruits minish a mans seed and quenched the lust unto the pleasure of the body. But the seed of cucumbers dried, purched there by a certain heat and hath a contrary operation to the moist and undried partes and provoked water much more. There is another kind of the same which is thought to be Lagenaria, that is cold vehemently, in the second degree, sum recon should be cold in the third degree. This kind engendered tough flehm in the stomach which is spread abroad raw by the veins. Therefore, they that eat of the great kind called tetranguria or Lagenaria, in continuance of time have in their veins and other hollow places evil humors grown together, which engender long agues. The seed of these provoked urine but les then pepo ‘seed, for it is sooner corrupts in the stomach. But the best ones is that hath the lesser seed. They help dry and hot stomachs and if they be taken in a burning ague with vinegar and not, he outer part for they are of evil juice and are hard of digestion, almost polos. They have also another property that they call again them that have fall into a swound by the reason of heat, but is they find any flehm in the stomach they engender a desire to vomit, the colic and the disease in the sides by the pappa.

Of the wylde cucumbers.

Cucumis sylvestris, or cucimus anguinus, is called in greke ficis agrios, of the common herbaries cucumber asinius, it may be called in englyshe wylde cucumbre or lepyng cucumbrer, it growth plentuously about bonony abrode a little out of the towne, but in England it groweth only in gardyns, wylde cucumbre doth dyffer from the gardyne cucumbre only in the fruyte whiche it hath a great dele lesse, not unlike unto long acornes, it is lyke the gardyne cucumbre, both in leves and in in long rumpynge branches, it hath a whyte roote, it growth in sandy groundes and in feldes neve unto hoses, all the hele bushe is bitter.

The properties of wylde Cucumber.

The iuice of the leves of wylde cucumbre poured in to the eares swage the paine of them. The rote layd unto any olde swellyng with barle mele, after the maner of an emplaster, dryveth it away. If it be layd to with turpentine upon hard swellynges,.it bursteth and breketh them. It is powren in against the sciatica. If it be sodden with vinegre and layd to, it driveth away the gout. The brothe weherin this herbe is sodden is good to washe a mans toth with for the to the ache, the pouder of the dryved herbe, soureth awaye the foul scurffenes, the leprosy, the whyte spottes that are depe in the flesh. It restoreth black scares unto the olde colour agayne, it scoureth awaye spottes that are in the face. The iuice of the roote in the weght of v. granes, also the barke in the mesure of halfe an unce purge onut cooler and fleme, specially in them that have the dropsy. It softeneth the belly without any grefe of the stomache, halfe a pounde of the roote is broke in .v. unces of wyne and specially of Libya .iii. ciates, that is about .vi. unces are given for the space of .iii. dayes whilse may be manifestly perceived to be fallen, there is made of the fruyte of wylde cucumbre a medicine whiche is called elaterium, the maner of making of it is largely taught in Dioscorides who so lyst to serve it, let hym rede thes wordes of Dioscorides. The medicine called elaterium is thus made of the fruyte of wylde cucumber. Chose out wylde cucumbres whiche when as they lepe awaye put forth iuice, and let them lye one nyght, and on the next daye folowynge set upon a cup, a syve that hath very fyne holes, and take in your handes every cucumbre by it selfe and dyvyde it with a knyfe havynge the edge turned upwarde and pres out the moisture in to the cup that is set in undere, pres also out that the fleshe thing that cleveth unto the yve that it may go downe. Fast as myche as is redy into the basyn ordered therto for the nones. Pour swete water upon them whiche are in the sye and pres and cast them away. Styre the humor in the basin corner with a lynnyng cloth and set it against the son, strayne thorow the water whith thyck groundes until it stande, and do this oft untyll the water that swymmeth above fal to the grounde, whiche after that thou hast diligently streined out, break in a morter the grosse groundes that remayne, and make trocyskes or balles of it. The best is smouthe not hevy, sum thing moyst, with a certayne whytnes excedinge bitter, whiche if it be put into a candell burnet easely. From the tyme that it be kept two yeres peaces is grievous and noughty. From the tyme that it be kept two yeres until it be ten yeare olde it is good for purgations, the hole mesure or dosis that may be geven is xii. granes, the leste is .vi. granes. A good byg grane is enough for a chylde. For if it be taken in any greater quantite it is repardus. It dryveth out fleme both upward and dounwarde. It is a good purgatyon for them that are short winded. If ye wyll purge the belly put twyse as mych salt and as mych stibium as will colour it, and gyve a pyll in the quantyte of a lytle pease. And afterward drynke an unce and .v. drammes of warme water. But to provoke vomit, take the water that elaterium is steped in, and stroke the inward parte of the tonge beneth, with a fether, whyche is dipped in the steppynge. And if any man be harde to vomyte, resolve it with oyle or with ointment made of floure de luce and forbid slepe. But wyne and oyle are convenyente to be given unto them continually, that are to myche purged for that helpeth them agayne. But if the vomit will not stop of leve of, ye muste gyve, colde water, barle mele, vynegre and water, appelles, and suche as in makynge thyke and faste to gether. Elaterium helpeth wymen unto theyr sykness, yf it be put in the place of conception in an supposytorye. It heleth the iandes or guelsought, yf it be poured into the nose with mylke. It is very good agaynste olde hede akes. It is very excellente good for the quynsey, yf it be layde to with olde oyle, and hony, or the gall of a bul. Mesue sayeth, that the iuice of wylde cucumber maye be given from .x. granes unto the thyrde parte of a dramme, that is a scruple, the pouder of the roote maye be given from fyftene granes unto a halfe a dramme, the brothe that is soden in maye be given from .ii. unces unto .iiii. It is hote and drye in the thyrde degree after Mesue. But Galene sayeth, that it is extremelye bytter and lyghtlye hote, so that is hote, but in the seconde degre.

Of the wild cucumbers. (Ecballium elaterium)

Cucumis sylvestris, or Cucumis anguinus, is called in Greek sicys agrios, of the common herbarizes cucumber asinnius, it may be called in English wild cucumber or leaping cucumber, it growth plenteously about Bologna abroad a little out of the town, but in England it growth only in gardens, wild cucumber doth differ from the garden cucumber only in the fruit which it hath a great deal lesser, not unlike unto long acorns, it is like the garden cucumber, both in leaves and in in long romping branches, it hath a white root, it growth in sandy grounds and in fields neve unto houses, all the hele bush is bitter.

The properties of wild Cucumber.

The juice of the leaves of wild cucumber poured into the ears swage the pain of them. The rote laid unto any olde swelling with barley mele, after the manner of a plaster, drive it away. If it be laid to with turpentine upon hard swellings, it burst and break them. It is power in against the sciatica. If it be sodden with vinegar and laid to it drive away the gout. The broth wherein this herb is sodden is good to wash a man’s tooth with for the to the ache, the powder of the dry herb scoured away the foul scurf’s, the leprosy, the white spots that are deep in the flesh. It restoreth black scares unto the olde color again, it scoured away spots that are in the face. The juice of the root in the weight of v. grains, also the bark in the measure of half a once purge out cooler and flehm, especially in them that have the dropsy. It softened the belly without any grief of the stomach, half a pound of the root is broken in. v. once’s of wine and specially of Libya. iii. kyats, that is about .vi. once’s are given for the space of. iii. days while it may be manifestly perceived to be fallen, there is made of the fruit of wild cucumber a medicine which is called elaterium, the manner of making of it is largely taught in Dioscorides who so lust to serve it, let him rede these words of Dioscorides. The medicine called elaterium is thus made of the fruit of wild cucumber. Chose out wild cucumbers which when as they lepe away put forth juice and let them lye one night and on the next day following set upon a cup, a sieve that hath very fine holes, and take in your hands every cucumber by itself and divide it with a knife having the edge turned upward and press out the moisture in to the cup that is set in under, press also out that the flesh thing that cleft unto the eve that it may go down. Fast as much as is reedy into the basin ordered thereto for the nones. Pour sweet water upon them which are in the sieve and press and cast them away. Styre the humor in the basin corner with a linen cloth and set it against the son, strain thorough the water with thick grounds until it stands and do this oft until the water that swim above fall to the ground. which after that thou hast diligently strained out, break in a mortar the grosses grounds that remained and make cookies or balls of it. The best is smooth not heavy, sum thing moist, with a certain whitish exceeding bitter, which if it be put into a Kandell burnet easily. From the time that it be kept two years peace’s is grievous and naughty. From the time that it be kept two years until it be ten-year olde it is good for purgation’s, the hole measure or doses that may be given is xii. grains, the lest is .vi. grains. A good big gran is enough for a child. For if it be taken in any greater quantity it is reparses. It drives out flehm both upward and downward. It is a good purgation for them that are short winded. If ye will purge the belly put twice as much salt and as much stibium as will color it, and gyve a pill in the quantity of a little pea. And afterward drink an once and. v. drachm of warm water. But to provoke vomit, take the water that elaterium is steeped in, and stroke the inward part of the tong beneath with a feather, which is dipped in the stepping. And if any man be hard to vomit, resolve it with oil or with ointment made of flower de luce and forbid sleep. But wine and oil are convenient to be given unto them continually, that are too much purged for that helped them again. But if the vomit will not stop of leaf of, ye must give cold water, barley mele, vinegar and water, apple’s and such as in making thick and fast together. Elaterium helped women unto their sickness, if it be put in the place of conception in a suppository. It health the jaundice or Geels sought, if it be poured into the nose with milk. It is very good against olde headaches. It is very excellent good for the quinsy, if it be laide to with olde oil and honey or the gall of a bul. Mesue sayeth, that the juice of wild cucumber may be given from .x. grains unto the third part of a drachm, that is a scruple, the powder of the root may be given from fifteen grains unto a half a drachm, the broth that is sodden in May be given from .ii. once’s unto. iiii. It is hot and dry in the third degree after Mesue. But Galene sayeth, that it is extremely bitter and lightly hot, so that is hot, but in the second degree.

Of the gourde.

A gourde is called in greke kolokynthia. In latyn cucurbita. In duche kurbis, in frenche courge. A gourde hath long running branches, whiche naturally indevour upwarde, but for lake of streynghte, except the fynde sumthynge to stay and upholde them selves by, they crepe by the grounde. It hathe a rounde lefe, not unlike the lefe of a bur, or Asara baca. The floure is whyte, the fruyte is fyrste grene, and later yelowe. After the lyknes of a peare. The barke, of the frute, when it is yonge, is tendre, and softe; but when it is olde, it is hard and sume take the meat out of it, and use it in the stede of a bottell.

The vertues of the gourde.

The gourde which men use to eate brused and layed, to after the maner of an emplaster, swageth, swellings and impostemes. The stikkes of branchis of gourdes are layd upon the moulde of chylders hedes to relese the hete of them whyche is called siriasis. They coule also the inflammations of the eyes and of the gowte. The iuice of the branches brused by it self, or with rose oyle poured in; swageth the payne of the eares. If it be layd upon the burning of the skyn in hote agues it heleth it. The iuice of the hole herbe warmed and pressed and drunken with a little hony and saltpeter, doth gently lose the belly. If any man make hollow a raw gourd, and wyll put wyne into it and holde it abrode onder the skye out of the house, and temper it, and drynk it fastyng it wyll lowse the belly gently. The gourd (sayeth Galene) is of a coulde and moyste complexion, and is moyste and could in the seconde degre, wherefore the iuice of the branches is good for the payne of the eares, whiche is with an inflammations if it be layd to with rose oyle. And so, if it be hole layde to, it couleth metely well hote inflammations. When as it is eaten it is moyste and dryveth thirst awaye. The gourde whylse it is rawe is unpleasant and hurteth the stomache, and is very harde of digestion in so myche that if a man for lacke of other meat besayne to eat a gourde (as one presumed to do) he shall fele an hevy weyghtly is hys stomake, and shall turne up hys stomake and he desired to vomit from the which grefes a man can only be delivered by vomytyng. Therfor men use to eate this (as the do with all other undurable fruytes) ether sodden or fryed in a frying pan or rosted, the gourde (as myche as lyeth in it) geveth unto the body a moyste and coulde and therfor small norishement, but it goeth easely unto the bottom of the stomake both by reason of hys slyppernynes and also moisture. Furthermore it is not harde to be digested, if it be not corrupted before. And that chanceth unto it when it is noughtely dressed or any evell humor is gathered in the stomake, and sumtyme because it taryeth to long in the stomach, whiche thynge chanceth unto all other undurable frutes that are of a moyst complexion. For the putrefy quikly in the stomake except they cum first unto the bottom of it. Therfore even as the gourde as mythe as is in it, hath a iuice that can not be discerned by any fence what qualyte it is of. And is easy to be destibute into the hole body, so when as it is mynled with any other thing ht hath any great notable qualite, it is made lyke it very easely, as if it be taken with mustarde, the iuice whiche cummeth of thes two mixed, and dyvyde and feht unto the belly, shall be sharpe bytynge with an notable hete.

Of the gourde. (Cucurbita pepo and maxima)

A gourde is called in Greek kolokynthia. In Latin Cucurbita. In German kurbis, in French courge. A gourde hath long running branches, which naturally endeavor upward, but for lake of strength, except the find something to stay and uphold themselves by, they crepe by the ground. It hath a round leaf, not unlike the leaf of a bur or Asara bacca. (Arum) The flower is white; the fruit is first green and later yellow. After the likens of a pear. The bark of the fruit, when it is young is tender and soft; but when it is olde it is hard, and some take the meat out of it and use it in the steed of a bottle.

The virtues of the gourde.

The gourde which men use to eat bruised and laid to after the manner of a plaster, swaged swellings and impostemes. (pus) The sticks of branches of gourdes are laid upon the mound of child heads to release the hot of them which is called siriasis. They cool also the inflammations of the eyes and of the gout. The juice of the branches bruised by itself or with rose oil poured in; swaged the pain of the ears. If it be laid upon the burning of the skin in hot agues it health, it. The juice of the hole herb warmed and pressed and drunken with a little honey and saltpeter doth gently lose the belly. If any man makes hollow a raw gourd and will put wine into it and hold it abroad under the sky out of the house and temper it and drink it fasting it will lose the belly gently. The gourd (sayeth Galene) is of a cold and moist complexion and is moist and could in the degree, wherefore the juice of the branches is good for the pain of the ears, which is with an inflammation if it be laid to with rose oil. And so, if it be hole laide to, it cooled meetly well hot inflammations. When as it is eaten it is moist and drive thirst away. The gourde while it is raw is unpleasant and hurt the stomach and is very hard of digestion in so much that if a man for lack of other meat be safe to eat a gourde (as one presumed to do) he shall feel an heavy weightily is his stomach, and shall turn up his stomach and he desired to vomit from the which griefs a man can only be delivered by vomiting. Therefore men use to eat this (as the do with all other unadorable fruits) ether sodden or fried in a frying pan or roosted, the gourde (as much as lie in it) give unto the body a moist and could and therefore small nourishment, but it goth easily unto the bottom of the stomach both by reason of his slipperiness and also moisture. Furthermore, it is not hard to be digested, if it be not corrupted before. And that chanced unto it when it is naughtily dressed or any evil humor is gathered in the stomach and sometime because it tarried to long in the stomach, which thing chanced unto all other unadorable fruits that are of a moist complexion. For the putrefy quickly in the stomach except they cum first unto the bottom of it. Therefore, even as the gourde as myths as is in it, hath a juice that cannot be discerned by any fence what quality it is of. And is easy to be distribute into the hole body, so when as it is mingled with any other thing it hath any great notable quality, it is made like it very easily, as if it be taken with mustard, the juice which comet of these two mixed, and divide and felt unto the belly shall be sharp biting with an notable hot.

Of Coloquintida.

Coloquintida is called in greke colokinthis, in latin cucurbita sylvestris, the potecaries cal it coloquintida, it growth only in gardiness in englande and Germany. Coloquintida putteth furth branches and leves lyke a cucumbre, creping by the ground dyvydes, a rounde fruyte lyke a balle excedyngly bytter whyche ye muste gather when it begynneth fyrst to be turned into a pale yellowishe colour.

The vertues.

The inner parte of the frute of coloquintida hath the natur to purge, if ye take two scruples, made in pilles with honied water, sodden hony myr and nitre or saltpetre. The balles dryed and broken and poured in by a clyster are good for the palsy, the sciatica and the colyk for it pullet furth choler and fleme and shavynges ans sumetime also blode. It taketh away the tuth ach if a man purge it and cover it with clay and hete is with vynegre and nitre and wasthe his tethe with the broth that this is sodden in. if any man feth in honeyed water or swete wyne, and drynck it after that is cooled without the dore abrode, it purgeth away grosse humores of the belly and thynges lyke scavynge of stranynges of the guttes. It is excedyng hurtfull unto the stomache. If it be put into a suppository it wyll pull furth the extrementes off the belly. The iuice of the grene coloquintida is good to be rubbed upon the place that is vexed with the sciatica. Pliny writeth thus of it. Coloquintida poured in by an clyster, heleth all the diseases of the guttes, of the kydnes, ioynes and the palsye also the sedes be caste out. The fleshe of coloquintida with salt and wormwood, maketh fast, louse tethe. The same heleth the payne of the ryge bone, ioynes, hynde bone, if they be rubbed with it, with a lytle oyle. Let them that use the fruyte of coloquintida taken hede that thet bete it unto very fyne pouder or elles it will frete the guttes very sore.

Of Coloquintida. (Citrullus colocynthis)

Coloquintida is called in Greek colokinthis, in Latin Cucurbita sylvestris, the pothecaries call it coloquintida, it growth only in gardens in England and Germany. Colocynth putted furth branches and leaves like a cucumber, creping by the ground divides, a round fruit like a ball exceedingly bitter which ye must gather when it begins first to be turned into a pale yellowish color.

The virtues.

The inner part of the fruit of colocynth hath the nature to purge, if ye take two scruples, made in pills with honied water, sodden honey myrrh and niter or saltpeter. The balls dried and broken and poured in by a clyster are good for the palsy, the sciatica and the colic for it pullet furth choler and flehm and shavings and sometime also blood. It taketh away the tooth ach if a man purges it and cover it with clay and hot is with vinegar and niter and was his teeth with the broth that this is sodden in. If any man set it in honeyed water or sweet wine and drink it after that is cooled without the door abroad, it purged away grosses humors of the belly and things like scavenge of strangles of the gouttes. It is exceeding hurtful unto the stomach. If it be put into a suppository, it will pull furth the extremeness off the belly. The juice of the green colocynth is good to be rubbed upon the place that is vexed with the sciatica. Plini write thus of it. Colocynth poured in by a clyster health all the diseases of the gouttes, of the kidneys, joints and the palsy also the seeds be caste out. The flesh of colocynth with salt and wormwood maketh fast louse teethe. The same health the pain of the rug bone, joins, hinder bone, if they be rubbed with it, with a little oil. Let them that use the fruit of colocynth taken head that they beat it unto very fine powder or ells it will fret the gouttes very sore.

Of commyn.

Commyn is called in greke kyminon, in duche kumich or comyn, in frenche cumyne. The sede of gardyne commyn is well knowen in englande, but the herbe growth not with us that ever I could se. Dioscorides desribeth not the gardyn commyn, velyke because it was so well knowen in hys cuntre. But he describeth .ii. kyndes of wyld commyn, first after thus maner. Wylde commyn hath but a smalle bushe, and hath a stalke a span long and small, out of whiche cum out foure or five lytle leves, lyke as they were indented after the maner of gingidium, supposed of Ruellius to be our chervell. It hath in the toppe five or sixe round softe lytle hedes, wherin is chaffye sede, hoter in taste then gardyn commyn, it growth in lytle hylles. The second kynde of wylde commyn is not unlyke unto the gardyn commyn, it putteth furth of every floure longe hornes where in is sede like unto git or nigella romana. The former kynde of wylde commyn have I not sene that I can remenbre, but the second kynde I suppose I have sene. Sum there be in Italy which thynke the pale nigella to be, he second kynde of wylde commyn, other reken the lytle black nigella to be, whiche is common in the stobble in Germany after the corne be caried awaye, to be the second kynde of wylde commyn. But nether than pale nigella nether the other wyde kynde can be wyld commyn, except the gardyne nigella romana be also wylde commyn, for they are all of one figure in leves, and sedes, and of lyke small. The second kynde of wylde commyn putteth further of every floure longe hornes wherin are sede in them for theyr sede is contayned in the myddes of the hede, one nombre divides from an other, by thyn partitions, therfore nether the wylde nigella, nether the pale con be cuminum sylvestre alterum. I rather holde with Conrades Gesnerus, whyche thynketh that the herbe called of the herbaries Consolida regalis, of the duche, rydders sporen, and in englyshe larkys hele, is thesecond kinde of wylde commyn, the levs of that herbe are lyke nigella, the floures are blew and there cummeth furth of it an longe white thynge lyke a lytle horne, when the floure is gon, there cummeth out a lytle vessel lyke a shore horne, wher in is black sede conteyned lyke unto nigella, it growth in Germany commonly among the stuble and the corne, but it is not rype untyll the corne be caried awaye and a good whyle after.

The vertues of comyn.

Commyn as Dioscorides writeth, heleth, byndeth, and dryveth. It is good for gnawynge, and for wynde both sodden and out into oyle or layde to after the maner of an ointment with barley mele. It is given to them that are short wyndes, in wyne and water. Commyn layd to with tallness, or the floure of darnell, or with a lytle wex after the manner of a salve, helpeth the swellynge of the stones. It stoppeth the overmyche abundance of wymens natural syknes. And the same broken and layd to in venigre, to the nose thrilles, stoppeth blode; it maketh the colour of them that use it myche pale. Symeon sethy wryteth, comyn, doth dryed also spryngeled wythe vinegre, dryveth a moyst stomache, and stoppeth laxes, and that it good to lay upon wymennis pappes, whiche have clustered or cloddes mylke in them. Sum write that to myche use of thys, ingendreth the stone, and that the smoke of it, dryveth away gnattes. Plini sayeth that commyn is good with honeyed vinegre for the fallyng syknes. Cumin is hote and dry in the third degre. The second kinde of wylde comin is a remedy against the bytynges of serpentes, it helpeth them that have the stone, or strangulian, and them that pys clodded blode, but persely sede made hote must be taken afterwat des.

Of commyn. (Cuminum cyminum, (Consolida regalis?)

Commyn is called in Greek kyminon, in German kumich or comyn, in French cumyne. The seed of garden cumin is well known in England, but the herb growth not with us that ever I could se. Dioscorides described not the garden cumin, velike because it was so well known in his country. But he described. ii. kinds of wild cumin, first after thus manner. Wild cumin hath but a small bush and hath a stalk a span long and small, out of which cum out four or five little leaves, like as they were indented after the manner of gingidium, (Caucalis daucoides) supposed of Ruellius to be our chervil. It hath in the top five or six round soft little heads wherein is chaffy seed, hotter in taste then garden cumin, it growth in little hills. The second kind of wild cumin is not unlike unto the garden cumin, it putted furth of every flower long horn where in is seed like unto git or Nigella romana. The former kind of wild cumin have I not seen that I can remember, but the second kind I suppose I have seen. Sum there be in Italy which think the pale nigella to be, he second kind of wiled cumin, other recon the little black nigella to be, which is common in the stubble in Germany after the corn be caried away, to be the second kind of wild cumin. But nether than pale Nigella nether the other wild kind can be wild cumin, except the garden Nigella romana be also wild cumin, for they are all of one figure in leaves and seeds and of like small. The second kind of wild cumin putted further of every flower long horns wherein are seed in them for their seed is contained in the middles of the head, one number divides from another by thin partitions, therefore nether the wild Nigella, nether the pale can be Cuminum sylvestre alterum. I rather hold with Conrad Gesner which thinks that the herb called of the herbarizes Consolida regalis, of the German, rydders sporen, and in English larks hele, is the second kind of wild cumin, the leaves of that herb are like Nigella, the flowers are blue and there comet furth of it an long white thing like a little horn when the flower is gone there comet out a little vessel like a shore horn wherein is black seed contained like unto Nigella, it growth in Deutsche commonly among the stubble and the corn, but it is not ripe until the corn be caried away and a good while after.

The virtues of cumin.

Cumin as Dioscorides write, health, bind and drive. It is good for gnawing, and for wind both sodden and out into oil or laide to after the manner of an ointment with barley mele. It is given to them that are short winded in wine and water. Cumin laid to with tallness, or the flower of darnel or with a little wax after the manner of a salve, helped the swelling of the stones. It stopped the overmuch abundance of women’s natural sickness. And the same broken and laid to in vinegar to the nose thrills stopped blood; it maketh the color of them that use it much pale. Symeon Sethi write, cumin doth dry also springled withe vinegar, drive a moist stomach and stopped laxus and that it good to lay upon women’s pappa which have clustered or clod’s milk in them. Sum writes that too much use of this engendered the stone and that the smoke of it drive away gnats. Plini sayeth that cumin is good with honeyed vinegar for the falling sickness. Cumin is hot and dry in the third degree. The second kind of wild cumin is a remedy against the biting’s of serpents, it helped them that have the stone or strangling and them that piss clod’s blood, but parsley seed made hot must be taken afterwit des.

Of the cypres tre.

The Cypres is called in greke Cyparissos, in duche eyn Cypres baum. Dioscorides dothe not descrybe this tre, for he telleth onely the properties of it, the tre is a f a good hyght, but it is not all of one yere, as the fyr tre is, but is dyvideth it self into diverse branches of thys syde of the top, and is not straight as the fyr is, but oft tymes croked, noth with standing as Plini writeth and experience teacheth us, the te from that part where as it hath first leves unto the top hath the figure of a steple, that is great beneth, and the hyger up the smaller it is. The leves are lyke unto the leves of savyn specially when the are yong, but the savour discerneth them, and the sharpenes of lefe, and so doth the hete lykewyse, for savyn hath a more prykkyng, stynkyng and hoter lefe then cypres hath, the lefe of Cypres never falleth, but is ever grene, it hath a fruyte lyke unto a pyn tre, but many partes led and sumthyng longer in figure. Pliny maketh two kynde of Cypres trees, one with sharp steyly top, whyche is called the female, and an other with branches spred abrode or large whyche he called the male. The female growth right plenutously in the gardin of Syon, but I do not remember that I ever sawe the other.

The vertues of the Ciprs tree out of Galene and Dioscorides.

The levs of the Cypres tree, the buddes and the freshe and softe apples bynde to gyther, great sores in harde bodies wher upon it is evident, that it hath the pour to drye without any sharpnes, or bytynge hete, as even the taste doth testify. For there apereth in it a certayne lyghte bytynge sharpnes, but much bytternes, and much more harryshe tartness. But it hath so muche byting sharpnes and hete in it as is in the able to to lede hys tartnes in to the depnes, yet wortketh it no bytynge, or hete in the bodye. But when as thet that hete and drye do consume the humores that are contaynes in the bodye, yet with there bytynge sharpnes and hete, the drawe unto them other. And therfore it helpeth them that are bursten, and have the guttes fallen in to theyr coddes; for it dryveth en gyveth streyngthe unto the partes of the bodye, whyche are to loose by the meanes of to muche moisture, and that cummethe to passe because byndynge go the to the grounde by the helpe of the hete that is mixed with it, whyche leadeth it thither, and kepeth such a measure that it can hete without any bytyng. The Cipres tree (as Dioscorides wryteth) cooleth and byndeth, the leves if it drunken with bastarde, and a little myr, helpe the isshue of the blader, and strangury; but the cipres apples broken and drunken with wyne ar very good for the blody flyx, for the other flyx, and against the coughe. The broth wher in they are sodden have the same effect. If they be brused with a fyg, they soften hardnes, and hele the drynkyng disease of the nose calle polypus. And if they be sodden in vinegre, and broken with lupines they bring awaye scabbynaples. They hele also the burstynge that falleth in to the roddes layde to as an emplaster. The leves have the same strenghthe. The leves broken and layde to in an emplaster ioyn and drawe woundes together; they stop blood, and the same if they be mixed with wex, and layde to the stomach do streyngthen it. Theophrastus wryteth that the bordes or the dore of Dianas temple, indure .iiii. ages, wherefore it is good for to take of the wood of it, to put in such hobbles, or implementes as ye wolde have to last longe tyme without corruption. Plini also wryteth that the Cypres tree nether rotteth, nether is any ieopardy of age, and that the leves of Cipres brused, and layd upon sedes kepe them from the wormes.

Of the cypress tree. (Cupressus sempervirens)

The cypress is called in Greek Cyparissos, in German eyn cypress baum. Dioscorides doth not describe this tree, for he tell only the properties of it, the tree is a f a good high, but it is not all of one year as the fir tree is, but is divided itself into diverse branches of this side of the top and is not straight as the fir is, but oft times crooked, not with standing as Plini write and experience teaches us, the top from that part where as it hath first leaves unto the top hath the figure of a steeple, that is great beneath and the higher up the smaller it is. The leaves are like unto the leaves of savin specially when they are young, but the savor discerned them and the sharpens of leaf, and so doth the hot likewise, for savin hath a more prickling, stinking and hotter leaf then cypress hath, the leaf of cypress never falleth, but is ever green, it hath a fruit like unto a pin tree, but many partes led and something longer in figure. Plini maketh two kind of cypress trees, one with sharp stile top, which is called the female, and another with branches spread abroad or large which he called the male. The female growth right plenteously in the garden of Sion, but I do not remember that I ever saw the other.

The virtues of the Cypress tree out of Galene and Dioscorides.

The levs of the cypress tree, the bud’s and the fresh and soft apples bind together great sores in hard bodies where upon it is evident that it hath the power to dry without any sharpness or biting hot, as even the taste doth testify. For their appear in it a certain lighten biting sharpness, but much bitterness and much more harish tartness. But it hath so much biting sharpness and hot in it as is in the able to lead his tartness into the deepness yet worked it no biting or hot in the body. But when as they that hot and dry do consume the humors that are contains in the body, yet with their biting sharpness and hot the draw unto them other. And therefore it helped them that are bursting and have the gouttes fallen in to their pods; for it drive and gives strength unto the partes of the body, which are to lose by the means of too much moisture and that comet to passe because binding go the to the ground by the help of the hot that is mixed with it, which leadeth it thither and kept such a measure that it can hot without any biting. The Cypress tree (as Dioscorides write) cooled and binds the leaves if it drunken with bastard and a little myrrh help the issue of the blader and strangury; but the cypress apples broken and drunken with wine are very good for the bloody flux, for the other flux and against the cough. The broth wherein they are sodden have the same effect. If they be bruised with a fig, they soften hardness and hele the drinking disease of the nose call polypus. And if they be sodden in vinegar and broken with lupines, they bring away scabby nails. They hele also the bursting that falleth into the rode’s laide to as a plaster. The leaves have the same strength. The leaves broken and laide to in a plaster ioned and draw wounds together; they stop blood and the same if they be mixed with wax and laide to the stomach do strengthen it. Theophrastus write that the Bordes or the door of Dianas temple, endure. iiii. ages, wherefore it is good for to take of the wood of it to put in such hobbles or implements as ye would have to last long time without corruption. Plini also write that the cypress tree nether rotted, nether is any jeopardy of age, and that the leaves of Cipres bruised and laid upon seeds keep them from the worms.

Of the blewbottell.

Blewbottel other wise called blewblew; is named in greke kyanos; in Latin cyanus, or ceruleus; in Duche blaw korenblumen; in Frenche aubsion or blueole, or bluet; sume herbaries call it bapticecula, or baptisecula; because it hutterth sicles, whiche were ones called of olde wryters seculae. Blewbottel growth in the corne, it hath a stalke full of corners, a narrow and longe lefe. In the top of the stalke is a knoppe head where upon growe blew floures, about mydden mer the chylder use to make Garlandes of the floure. It growth much amonge Rye; wherefore I thynke, that good ry, in a evel and unsealerlable yere doth go out of kynde into thys wede.

The properties of the Blewbottell.

Blewbottell is of a could nature, for it sheweth no token of hete in; the later wryters hold that thys herbe is good for the inflammation of the eyes, and other partes, whyche are oute of the temper by the meanes of inflammacion, other properties have I not read that blewbottell should have.

Of the bluebottell. (Centaurea cyanus)

Blewbottel otherwise called blueblew; is named in Greek kyanos; in Latin cyanus or ceruleus; in German blaw korenblumen; in French aubsion or blueole or bluet; some herbarizes call it bapticecula or baptisecula; because it hurth sickles, which were ones called of olde writers seculae. bluebottle growth in the corn, it hath a stale full of corners, a narrow and long leaf. In the top of the stalk is a knop head where upon grow blue flowers, about midden mere, the children use to make Garlands of the flower. It growth much among Rye; wherefore I think that good rye in an evil and unsaleable year doth go out of kind into this weed.

The properties of the bluebottle.

Bluebottle is of a could nature, for it shows no token of hot in; the later writers hold that this herb is good for the inflammation of the eyes and other partes, which are out of the temper by the means of inflammation, other properties have I not read that bluebottle should have.

Of Sowesbrede.

Sowesbred called in Greke ciclaminis is also in latin ciclaminus, rapum terrae umbilicus terrae, panis procinus, of sume tuber terrae, in duche sewbrodt; in Frenche pain de porcian. I have not seen it in Englande; wherefore I knowe no usuall name for it, but least it shulde be nameless if it ether shuld be brought in to England, or be founde in any place in England. I name it soweheede, or rape violet, and the roote is lyke a rape. Dioscorides describeth cyclaminum thus. Cyclamineus hath leves lyke unto yuy, purple and of diverse colores, wher in are up and downe sumthynge whyte spottes, a stalke foure fyngers longe and bare, out of which come purple floures lyke roses, and a blake roote sumthyng brode lyke unto a rape. I have seen cyclaminum both in Itali and also in Germany; but there was great difference between them, for the Italian was thryse as byg as the Duche was, and muche longer, and liker unto yuy. The Duche cyclaminis accordyng to hys name had leves as roundes as Asarum hath, nut muche lesse; and the floures draw nerer the lycknes of a violet, then a rose. There are many deceyved in England whyche abuse tryslynge other herbes for Cyclamine, as er thuttuth, and suche lyke whyche nether agree with cyclamyno in virtue, nether in description.

The vertues of Sowebrede.

The roote of sowbread drunken with Mede mixed with hony, and water, dryveth out bymethe, fleme and water and ether drunken or layde to it, it dryveth downe wymmens natural syknes. It is perillous for wymen with chylde to go over this roote. The same layd unto a woman in a convenient place, helpeth her more spedely to brynge further her byrthe. It is dronken against dedly venom with wyne, and specially against the fishe, whyche is called in Latin lepus marinus, that is to say, the sea hare. It is also a remedy against serpentes, yf it be layd unto the place. If it be put in wyne it maketh a man drunken, it dryveth away the yelowe iaundes, taken in the weight of three drammes with bastarde, or wel watered honied wyne. But he that shal drynke of this must be in a warme house well covered with many clothes, that he maye the better sweate; for the sweate that cummeth furth, is of the color of gall. The iuice is put in the nose with hoop to purge the head. It is put in woll to the fundament to dryve furth the excrementes of the belly. The same layd upon the navel, and the nether parte of the belly unto the hokkelbone, softeneth the belly. The iuice layd to with hony helpeth the perle of haw of the ey, and the dulnes of sight. The iuice layd to the fundament with vynegre restoreth it agin to the natural place, when it is fallen downe. The roote scoureth and purgeth the color of the skyn. It holdeth downe the bursting out of wheles. And it heleth woundes of an emplaster to the mylt it, wyll waste it awaye; it amendeth the evell colores scurffines that is in the face, and fallyng of the hede with the nede scales. It is also convenient that menbres oute of the ioynte and gutte members, the lytle sores of the heade and kydnes be bathed in the broth of thys roote. The roote made hote in olde oyle, heleth up sores, and bryngeth them to a scar, yf that oyle bee layd upon them. The roote made hollowe is fylled with oyle, and set in hote albus, sumtymes a lytle we put into it, that it maye come vetty the thicknes of an ointment, is good for the kybes, or moules. The roote is slysed, and layd by as scilla is. Cyclaminum growth much in shadowy places, and moste under tree.

Of Sowesbrede. (Cyclamen purpurascens and hederifolium

Sowesbred called in Greek ciclaminis is also in Latin ciclaminus, rapum terrae umbilicus terrae, panis porcinus, of sume tuber terrae, in German sewbrodt; in French pain de porcian. I have not seen it in England; wherefore I know no usual name for it, but least it should be nameless if it ether should be brought into England or be found in any place in England. I name it soweheede, or rape violet, and the root is like a rape. Dioscorides described cyclaminum thus. Cyclamineus hath leaves like unto Yui, purple and of diverse colors, wherein are up and down something white spots, a stalk four fingers long and bare, out of which come purple flowers like roses and a black root something brood like unto a rape. I have seen cyclamen both in Itali and also in Germany; but there was great difference between them, for the Italian was thrice as big as the German was and much longer, and liker unto Yui. The German cyclamen’s according to his name had leaves as round as Asarum hath, but much lesser; and the flowers draw nearer the likeness of a violet then a rose. There are many deceived in England which abuse trifling other herbs for Cyclamen, as er tut-tut, and such like which nether agree with cyclamen in virtue, nether in description.

The virtues of Sowbread.

The root of sowbread drunken with Mee mixed with honey and water drive out bainite, flehm and water and ether drunken or laide to it, it drives down women’s natural sickness. It is perilous for women with child to go over this root. The same laid unto a woman in a convenient place, helped her more speedily to bring further her birth. It is drunken against deadly venom with wine, and specially against the fish, which is called in Latin Lepus marinus, that is to say, the sea hare. It is also a remedy against serpents, if it be laid unto the place. If it be put in wine it maketh a man drunken, it drives away the yellow jaundice, taken in the weight of three drachms with bastard or well-watered honied wine. But he that shall drink of this must be in a warm house well covered with many clothes, that he may the better sweat; for the sweat that comet furth is of the color of gall. The juice is put in the nose with hoop to purge the head. It is put in wool to the fundament to drive furth the excrements of the belly. The same laid upon the navel, and the nether part of the belly unto the hucklebone softened the belly. The juice laid to with honey helped the Perl of haw of the eye, and the dullness of sight. The juice laid to the fundament with vinegar restoreth it aging to the natural place, when it is fallen down. The root scoured and purged the color of the skin. It holds down the bursting out of whiles. And it health wounds of a plaster to the milt it will waste it away; it amended the evil colors scurf’s that is in the face and falling of the head with the need scales. It is also convenient that members out of the joints and goutte members, the little sores of the head and kidneys be bathed in the broth of this root. The root made hot in olde oil health up sores and bring them to a scar, if that oil bee laid upon them. The root made hollow is filled with oil and set in hot albus, sometimes a little we put into it that it may come vet the thickness of an ointment is good for the kibbes, or moules. The root is sliced and laid by as scilla is. Cyclamen growth much in shadowy places and most under a tree.

Of Doggis tonge.

Although Dioscorides wryteth but of one kynde of doggis tonge, yet it is evident by Plini that there are three kyndes of doggis tonge. For Dioscorides describeth hys doggis tonge to be without any stalke, which kynde I coulde never see, that I remembre in all my lyfe; and Plini describeth twoo kyndes; which bothe have stalkes, and seed, for he geveth stalkes and sedes unto them in the .xxv. boke and. viiii. Chapter; but the latter kynde that he speaketh of, semeth unto me to be oure common doggis ronge; for he sayeth thus; Est alis similis ei eir que feras lappas minutas; that is. Ther is another lyke it, which beseth also lytle burres. The common Cynoglossum hath long leves, lyke unto a doggis tong and a long stalke, in whose top, are thre roughe things, that cleve unto a mannes clothes ioyned al together to a lytle pryk, which is in the myddes, the form of al together is lyke unto a truelove, or a .iii. leved claver, with a pryke in the myddes. The toote is sume thynge red and longe with al and astringent. This is the same herbe whyche is called in Dioscorides Lycopsis; whose description is thys. Lycopsis hath leves londer them lettes, rougher and broder, and thycke, fallyng downe agayne unto the hede of the roote, a longe stalke, straight and roughe, with many to growers, a cubit long, the floure is lytle, and purple. The roote is red and astringent, it growth in playne groundes.

The vertues of doggis tonge.

The roote layd to with oyle, heleth woundes; with barly mele it heleth saynt Antonies fyer, the same yf a man be annoyed with it and with oyle, provoketh swaete. Fuchsius gyveth these properties unto the common doggis tonge; whyche I recken to be Lycopsis. It heleth the allmoste incurable sores of the mouth and of other places. It is good for the bloody flyx, therefore it toughe to be used against all sores and woundes, and agaynst the Frenche pox, and such lyke disease. Now seyng that the properties that Dioscorides gyveth unto lycopis do very well agree; wee may the more boldly pronounce, that Lycopsis is our common doggis tonge.

Of Doggis tonge. (Cynoglossum officinale, Lycopsis arvensis)

Although Dioscorides write but of one kind of dog’s tong, yet it is evident by Plini that there are three kinds of dog’s tone. For Dioscorides described his dog’s tong to be without any stalk, which kind I could never see that I remember in all my life; and Plini described two kinds; which both have stalks and seed, for he gives stalks and seeds unto them in the. xxv. book and. viiii. chapter; but the latter kind that he speak of seem unto me to be our common dog’s tong; for he sayeth; thus, Est alis similis ei eir que feras lappas minutas; that is; there is another like it, which beset also little burrs. The common Cynoglossum hath long leaves, like unto a dog’s tong and a long stalk, in whose top are three rouge things, that cleave unto a man’ clothes joined al together to a little pricker which is in the middles, the form of all together is like unto a truelove, or a. iii. leaved clover, with a pricker in the middles. The root is something red and long with al and astringent. This is the same herb which is called in Dioscorides Lycopsis; whose description is this. Lycopsis hath leaves longer than lattice rougher and brooder, and thick, falling down again unto the head of the root, a long stalk, straight and rough with many to growers, a cubit long, the flower is little and purple. The root is red and astringent, it growth in plane grounds.

The virtues of dog’s tong.

The root laid to with oil health wounds; with barley mele it health saint Antonis’s fire, the same if a man be annoyed with it and with oil, provoked sweet. Fuchsius gives these properties unto the common dog’s tong, which I reckon to be Lycopsis. It health the almost incurable sores of the mouth and of other places. It is good for the bloody flux; therefore, it tough to be used against all sores and wounds and against the Frenche pox and such like disease. Now seeing that the properties that Dioscorides gives unto Lycopsis do very well agree; we may the more boldly pronounce that Lycopsis is our common dog’s tong.

The eglantine or swete brere.

Eglantine is named in Greke kynorhodos; in Latine rosa canina; in Duche wyld rosen; in frenche rose sauvage or eglentier. The eglentine is much ike the common brere but the leves are swete and pleasant to smel to, as the brere or hey tree leves are not. There is commonly a spongious ball found in the eglantine bushe as Plini writeth.

The vertues of Eglantine.

Plini writeth in the .ccv. booke of hys natural history, that the roote of eglantine is good against the bytynge of a mad dog; and that the spongious ball that growth in the bushe burned into pouder, is good to fylle up that is fallen from the head by the red scal. Eglantine semeth to have been first called in Greke Kynorhodos because; the roote heled them that were bytten of a mad dog.

The eglantine or sweet brere. (Rosa canina)

Eglantine is named in Greek kynorhodos; in Latine Rosa canina; in German wild rosen; in French rose sauvage or eglentier. The eglantine is much like the common briar, but the leaves are sweet and pleasant to smell to, as the briar or hey tree leaves are not. There is commonly a spongious ball found in the eglantine bush as Plini write.

The virtues of Eglantine.

Plini write in the. ccv. book of his natural history that the root of eglantine is good against the biting of a mad dog; and that the spongious ball that growth in the bush burned into powder is good to fill up that is fallen from the head by the red scald. Eglantine seems to have been first called in Greek Kynorhodos because; the root heled them that were bitten of a mad dog.

Of Adders gras.

Cynos orchis is called in latine testiculus canis; in Englyshe adders grasse, or goukis meat, or doggis coddes; in Duche knaben kraut; in Frenche la coil au chien. Testiculus canis hathe leves sprede aboute upon the grounde, whyche grow aboute the stalke and the nether moste parte of thys herbe. Lyke unto the leves of a softe olive tree, but smother, and narrower and longer. The stalke is a span longe, oute of whyche sprynge purple floures. The rootes are rounde and sumthyme longe twoo togyther small as olive, the one is higher up, which is the fuller, and the other, which growth lower and is softer and fuller of brynkles. The other testilucus whyche is called Serapias hath leves lyke a leke sumthynge longe. But broder and thyke, bowynge in the hollow place between the leves and stalke. The stalke is a span longe; the floures somthynge purple, the rootes are lyke unto dyfferyng from them and grow plentuously in the myddowes in every quarter of Englande.

The vertues of Adders gras.

The first kynde of doggis coddes hathe twoo stones wherof the overmoste eten (as is it supposed) of men maketh boyes and the nother more eaten of wymen, maketh wenches. The wymen of Thessalia eat the soft roote with gotis milke to provoke pleasure to venery, and the withered one to swage the same appetite. Galena wryteth also as Dioscorides wryteth; provoketh also the lust of the body. The rootes of thys herbe layde to, after the maner of an emplaster dryveth awaye soft swellynges, scoureth sores, and hyndereth them to sprede any further, and they hele putrefactione and rottyngen, and the olde and all moste incurable sores of the mouthe, yf they be drunken in wyne they stoppe the belly.

Of Adders gras. (Orchis morio, Himantoglossum hircinum)

Cynosorchis is called in Latin testiculus canis; in English adders gras or goukis meat, or doggis pods; in German knaben kraut; in French la coil au chien. Testiculus canis hath leaves spread about upon the ground which grow about the stale and the nether most part of this herb. Like unto the leaves of a soft olive tree, but smother, and narrower and longer. The stalk is a span long, out of which spring purple flowers. The roots are round and sometime long two together small as olive, the one is higher up which is the fuller and the other, which growth lower and is softer and fuller of crinkles. The other testiculus which is called Serapias hath leaves like a leek and something long. But brooder and thick, bowing in the hollow place between the leaves and stalk. The stalk is a span long; the flowers something purple, the root are like unto differing from them and grow plenteously in the meadows in every quarter of England.

The virtues of Adders gras.

The first kind of doggis pods hath two stones whereof the over most eten (as is it supposed) of men maketh boys and the nether more eaten of women maketh wenches. The women of Thessalian eat the soft root with goat’ s milk to provoke pleasure to venery and the withered one to swage the same appetite. Galena writ also as Dioscorides writ; provoked also the lust of the body. The roots of this herb laide to, after the manner of a plaster, drive away soft swellings, scoured sores and hindered them to spread any further and they hele putrefaction and rotting and the olde and all most incurable sores of the mouth, if they be drunken in wine they stop the belly.

Of Englyshe Golangal.

Cipeirus, called als Cyperus; hath leves lyke unto a leke, but longer and smaller; and a stalke a cubit longe, or longer, with cornes in it, lyke unto squinantium; in whose top lytle leves with seed sprynge out. The rootes are sumthynge longe lyke unto an olive or rounde, one clevynge unto an other, blake in colour and swete in savoure, and bytter in taste. Although thys common Galangalll of ours be a kynde of cyperus yet is answereth not in al poyntes unto the description. For although the rootes have in them certain knobbes lyke unto olyves, yet ar they not such as Dioscorides describeth. The true cypirus is now common in Rome wher unto the holde description of Dioscorides agreeth.

The vertus of Cyperus.

This herbe is hote in operation, looseth the mouthes of the urines, and provoketh urine. It is good to be drunken against the stone, the dropse; it is a remedy against the bytinge of a scorpion; it is good for the coldness and stoppyng of the moother if it be bathed with it. It driveth also downe wymens natural siknes, the puoder of this herbe is good fur runnynge sores in the mouth, although they eat, waste the fleshe. The roote of thys herbe whyche is only used in phisik is customably put unto hote softenynge emplasters and the thiknes of oyntmentes. There growth another kynde of Cyperus in Inde, which is supposed of Ruellius to be the common curcuma, and is lyke unto ginger and when it is eaten, it is lyke saffron; in the taste it is bytter, and yf it be layd to any place it hath the power to pull of heres.

Of English Golangal. (Galangal is of Alpinia galangal, here Cyperus longus?)

Cipeirus, called also Cyperus; hath leaves like unto a leek, but longer and smaller; and a stalk a cubit long or longer with corners in it, like unto Cymbopogon schoenanthus, in whose top little leaves with seed spring out. The roots are something long like unto an olive or round, one cleaving unto another, black in color and sweet in savor and bitter in taste. Although this common Galangal of ours be a kind of Cyperus yet is answered not in al points unto the description. For although the roots have in them certain knobs like unto olives yet are they not such as Dioscorides described. The true Cyperus is now common in Rome where unto the hold description of Dioscorides agreed.

The virtues of Cyperus.

This herb is hot in operation, loosed the mouths of the urines and provoked urine. It is good to be drunken against the stone, the dropsy; it is a remedy against the biting of a scorpion; it is good for the coldness and stopping of the mother if it be bathed with it. It drives also down women’s natural sickness, the powder of this herb is good for running sores in the mouth, although they eat, waste the flesh. The root of this herb which is only used in physic is customable put unto hot softening plasters and the thickness of ointments. Their growth another kind of Cyperus in Inde, which is supposed of Ruellius to be the common Curcuma and is like unto ginger and when it is eaten it is like saffron; in the taste it is bitter, and if it be laid to any place it hath the power to pull of hair.

Of the Cytisis tree.

Cytisus as Dioscorides wryteth, is an hole whyte bushe as rhamnus is, spredynge abrode branches longer then the a cubyt. Wher upon growe leves lyke unto the Fenegreke, or three leves lotus, but lesse, the backe of the lefe stykkynge oute, the levs broken savoure lyke rocket, and in taste they resemble a ciche. I never sawe thys bushe any where elles growing naturally, savynge in the moutain Appennine beside Bonony; wher as I sawe greate plenty of it. The bushes were lyke lytle trees, and were as hyghe as a mann; the branches and twyges was whytishe, and had a whyte hore on them, there growe lytle coddes in the branches lyke unto tares; bur shorter as I remembre.

The vertues of Cytisus out of Dioscorides.

The leves do coole; and in the beginning dryve away swellings, yf they be broken, and layd to with brede. The broth of them drunken provoketh urine. Sume do sow them beside behyves because they allure bees to come to them. Varro, Virgil, Plini and Columella wryteth al with one consent, that Cytisus is goo for bees; but Columella wryteth more largely of Cytisus after this maner. It is very expedient to have muche Cytisus in the feldes, because it is wounderfully good for hennes, bees, bullokes and all kyndes of cattell, for by the eating of it, they wex shortly fatt, it maketh to youre cattell, and afterward dry. More over it taketh roote shortly in any felde, but it never so lene. It can not lyghly be hurt with any iniury. If the wymen have skarsenes of milk ye must take the dry Cytisus, stepe it a night in water; take iii. pyntes of the water that is stepet in; and put wyne unto it, then gyve it to drynk. Then shal the nurses be lusty, the childer strong, the tyme of sowing of Cytisus is in autumne, about the .xiii.of October. Plini writeth almost the same sentence after this maner. Cytisus as is a bush or a shrub gretly commende of Aritomachus, atheniane to be sode for shepe; when it is dried, for swyne. It hath the same profit as orobus or bitter fitch hath; but it filleth sooner, the bestes wer fat so little, so the catel had rather have tithen barley, for the leve barley, and take it. Ther cummeth of no other meat greater plenty and better mylke then of Cytisus; nether is ther any better medicine then the same for cattell taken all maner of ways. He commandeth also the same to be sodden in water, when it is dryed, and to gyve the decoct or broth of it with wyne unto nurses, when they want mylke; and he sayeth that there by the chylder grow greater and longer. Paulus Aegineta wryteth that Cytisus is a warme and temperate nature, as the mallow is, and doth lightly dryve away.

Of the Cytisis tree. (Cytisus of Genista, but the leaves are too big for those plants)

Cytisus as Dioscorides write is a hole white bush as Rhamnus is, speeding abroad branches longer then then a cubit. Where upon grow leaves like unto the Fenugreek or three leaved lotus, but lesser, the back of the leaf sticking out, the leaves broken savor like rocket and in taste they resemble a chick. I never saw this bush anywhere ells growing naturally, saving in the mountain Apennine beside Bologna whereas I saw great plenty of it. The bushes were like little trees and were as high as a man; the branches and twigs wash whitish and had a white hair on them, there grow little pods in the branches like unto tares; bur shorter as I remember.

The virtues of Cytisus out of Dioscorides.

The leaves do cool; and in the beginning drive away swellings, if they be broken, and laid to with bread. The broth of them drunken provoked urine. Some do sow them beside beehives because they allure bees to come to them. Varro, Virgil, Plini and Columella write al with one consent that Cytisus is good for bees; but Columella write more largely of Cytisus after this manner. It is very expedient to have much Cytisus in the fields, because it is wonderfully good for hen’s, bees, bullocks and all kinds of Cattell, for by the eating of it, they wax shortly fat, it maketh sheep much have much milk; if they may use it, viii, months green for meat to your Cattell, and afterward dry. Moreover, it taketh root shortly in any field, but it never so lean. It cannot lightly be hurt with any injury. If the women have scarceness of milk ye must take the dry Cytisus, steep it a night in water; take iii. pints of the water that is steeped in; and put wine unto it, then gyve it to drink. Then shall the nurses be lusty, the children strong, the time of sowing of Cytisus is in Autum, about the. xiii. of October. Plini write almost the same sentence after this manner. Cytisus as is a bush or a shrub greatly commended of Aristomachus, Athenian, to be food for sheep; when it is dried, for swine. It hath the same profit as orobus or bitter fitch hath; but it fit sooner, the beasts were fat so little, so the cattle had rather have tithe barley for the leaf barley and take it. There comet of no other meat greater plenty and better milk then of Cytisus; nether is there any better medicine then the same for Cattell taken all manner of ways. He commanded also the same to be sodden in water, when it is dried, and to gyve the decoct or broth of it with wine unto nurses, when they want milk; and he sayeth that there by the children grow greater and longer. Paulus Aegineta write that Cytisus is a warm and temperate nature, as the mallow is, and doth lightly drive away.

Of Lauriel or lowry.

Daphnoides is called of sume Herbaries laureola, in englishe lauriel, or lowry. I never sawe the trwe daphnoides in Germany wherefore I know not his trew Duche name. Daphnoides is a bushe of a cubit hyght and hath many branches, which ar toughe, and bow muche; and in the toppes they ar fulle of leves, the barke that covereth the bowes, is excedyng toughe, harde to break. The leves are like the bay, or a laurel tree; but they ar tougher whiche sette in fyre theyr mouthes that taste of them. The floures are whyte. The bery when it is rype is blak; the rootes ar nothing worth. It groweth in mountaynes, hylly places, hither to Dioscorides.

Sume abuse the beryes of thys bushe for miereon, sume for coccognidium. Thys bushe growth commonly in Englande in heges, as beside Cambrige barkway, at Sion. I have seen it growynge.

The vertues of Lauriel.

Laurielles leves ether grene or drye drunken drawet out by the belly watery fleme; provoketh floures; and maeth a man vomit, the same chewed in the mouthe brynge further fleme that waye, and maketh a man nese .xv. of the berries dronken make a purgation.

Of Lauriel or lowry. (Daphne laureola)

Daphnoides is called of some Herbarizes laureola, in English Lauriel or Lowry. I never saw the true daphnoides in Germany wherefore I know not his true German name. Daphnoides is a bush of a cubit high and hath many branches, which are tough and bow much; and in the tops they are full of leaves, the bark that covered the bows is exceeding tough, hard to break. The leaves are like the bay or a laurel tree; but they are tougher which set in fire their mouths that taste of them. The flowers are white. The berry when it is ripe is black; the roots are nothing worth. It growth in mountains, hilly places, hither to Dioscorides.

Some abuse the berries of this bush for mezereum, some for coccognidium. this bush growth commonly in England in hedges, as beside Cambridge bark way, at Sion. I have seen it growing.

The virtues of Lauriel.

Lauriel’ s leaves ether green or dry drunken draw out by the belly watery flehm; provoked flowers; and maketh a man vomit, the same chewed in the mouth bring further flehm that way and maketh a man Niese xv. of the berries drunken make a purgation.

Of wylde carot.

Daucus in Dioscorides is of three kyndes, in Plini of foure kyndes, but Galene, Paulus Aegineta and Aetius, make but of twoo kyndes. Theophrastus semeth to make .iii. kindes which he differeth onely by the color of the roote, he maketh one kynde grene; an other kynde redishe yellow, and the third kind blak. Symeon Sethy maketh .ii. kyndes, the yelowe, and the blake; and he putteth no other difference between them, saving only by the colour of the roote. Theophrastus and Symeon Sethy seme to me understand under the name of Daucus the kindes of carot, for it is evident that at the lest ether are twoo kyndes of carottes, the yellow and the blak. Gregorius Gyraldus the interpretor of Symeon sethy turneth dauckia in pastinacam into latin which is calles in Englische a carot. Theodorus Gaza the translator of Theophrast turneth daucon in to pastinacm. Galena sayeth that sum cal Daucus, staphilinos; and Paulus foloweth hym. Aetius doth not only say that Daucus is called staphikinos, but also writing of staphilinus is called Daucus, and although al these thre make two diverse chapters of Daucus and pastinaca; yet they give like vertues unto bothe herbes; that is the nature to provoke floures and urine, wherefore although Daucus and staphilino wer .ii. sundry herbes and diverse in forme; yet for as muche as they agre in virtue, the error of them can not be great, which take the one for the other, staphilinosc and daucus. But it is out of dowt that in Theophrastus, symeon, Daucus is our carot; howsoever Dioscorides do seperat staphilinos, Daucus. Daucus creticus hath leves like fenel, but lesse and smaller; a stalke a span long; a white flour bityng, hote seed, that white, roughe and of a pleasant savour, when it is in eating, the roote is a finger thyk, it growth s span long. It growth in stony places, wher as the sun cummeth. There is another of the same kinde, like unto wylde persely, byting, wel smalling, having the smel of spice, hote in taste. The best is in Candy. The third is set furth with leves lyke coriander; with whyte floures; with a hede; and seed lyke dill; with a spoky top lyke carote; with long seed as cumin hath, and that byting. These thre kindes ar thus described of Dioscorides. The second kynde by the description is very lyke unto our wylde carot. I durfte have called the second kynde wylde carot; how be it although he describeth wilde carot in the third boke, and .L. chapter, Daucus in the .lvii. chapter, yet he gyveth lyke vertues unto both, the descriptions of both do not differ one from another much. It were a small faut therfore to use the one for the other, seyng of Symeon sethy and Theophrastus take carot for Daucus, as I have declared befor. Bus lest any man shuld lay unto dioscorides any superfluous rehersing twise of one thing. I wil shew you an other herbe which I reken to be the second kinde of Daucus, is it which is called in Italian saxifraga; in such pimpinel or bibinel. The herbe is much like our saxifrage; but that the leves ar greater and rougher, the roote is hoter, faster then saxifrage roote is. It groweth in dry and sandy medowes, and in sydes of hylies, that are sandy or stony. It maye be called in Englyshe roughe saxifraga. As for the first kynde of Daucus I have not seen it that I Wote ofl and I am not sure of the last kynde, but the herbe, which is called bisacutum semeth unto me metly wel to agree unto the description of the thyrde kynde of Daucus.

The vertues of Daucus out of Dioscorides.

The seed of all the kyndes drunken heateth, provoketh floures and urine, and helpeth to brynge further the byrthe; it heleth gnawing in the belly; it swageth the olde cough; it is good drunken in wyne against the bytynges of a felde spydes, with the layng to it dryveth awaye swellynges. Men use only the seed of other kyndes, but they use the roote also of it of Candy, and that specially in wyne against venomous bestes.

The vertues of Daucus out of Galene.

Daucus the wylde, whome sume call staphilion, that is carot, is lesse convenient to be eaten then the gardine Daucus but in all other thynges stronger, but it of the gardine is more fyt for to be eaten; but it is weaker, and hath the power to heat; and therefore to extenuat and make subtyle. The roote beside the foresayde vertues, hath a wyndy property in it, and provocative to venery. The seed of the gardin Daucus hath a certain propertie also to provoke pleasure. The seed of the wylde Daucus hath no wyndenes in it at all; and therefore it provoketh floures and urine. The seed of Daucus hath a vehement power to hete; so that amonge the chepest, it is able to provoke urine, and wymens flours. It it be layde without, it wyll greatly dryve furth by evaporation. The herbe is selde hath a lyke nature, but weaker then the seed, by the reason of the mixture of a watery mixture, for al that it is hote.

Symeon Sethy of the nature of Daucus.

Carotes whyche be called daukis, are hote in the secunde degre and moyste in the fyrste. These noryshe lesse then rapes; they provoke urine and pleasure of the bodye, and ingendre wynde and are harde of digestion, and that specially yf they be eaten rawe. They move the belly to the stole and bring downe floures; but they ingendre not very good bloode, they make mannes sede thyn; and bete the kydnes. They blake are better then the yellow, wherefor they have a measurable hete and sharpnes to breake, and to cutte insundre grosse humores. The seed maketh menne make much water, and with hony it bryngeth downe wymens syknes. It is goo of a special propertie (as sume men wryte) for the legges, but it hurteth the bladder.

The properties of pimpinell or roughe saxifrage out of the later wryters.

Pimpinellis iuice is good to be drunken agaynste the bytynge of serpentes; and the same drunken in wyne, breketh the stone. It swageth also the stranguary. The water of pimpinelll is good against the darknes ot the eyes. Some do holde that the iuice of pimpinell taketh frekelles and spottes oute the face. The virtue of thys herbe is so greate agaynste all venome and poyson, that the roote only holden in a mannis mouth defendeth him wonderfullye agaynste the poyson of the pestylence, as men of good experience to testyfye. Nowe seyng that pimpinell doth both agre with the sekunde kynde of Daucus in descryptyon, as also in vertues (for bothe Dioscorides and the later wryters do gyve lyke virtue unto thes) my opynyon can not be vayn, which do suppose that pimpinnella is the second kynde of Daucus in Dioscorides.

Of wilde carot. (Daucus carota and wild form)

Daucus in Dioscorides is of three kinds, in Plini of four kinds, but Galene, Paulus Aegineta and Aetius make but of two kinds. Theophrastus seem to make. iii. kinds which he differed only by the color of the root, he maketh one kind green; another kind reddish yellow and the third kind black. Symeon Sethy maketh. ii. kinds, the yellow, and the black; and he putted no other difference between them, saving only by the color of the root. Theophrastus and Symeon Sethy seem to me understand under the name of Daucus the kinds of carrot, for it is evident that at the lest ether are two kinds of carottes, the yellow and the black. Gregorius Giraldus the interpreter of Symeon Sethi turned Daucus in pastinaca into Latin which is called in English a carrot. Theodorus Gaza the translator of Theophrastus turned Daucus into pastinaca. Galena sayeth that sum call Daucus staphilinos; and Paulus followed him. Aetius doth not only say that Daucus is called staphikinos, but also writing of staphilinos is called Daucus, and although all these three make two diverse chapters of Daucus and pastinaca; yet they give like virtues unto both herbs; that is the nature to provoke flowers and urine, wherefore although Daucus and staphilinos were. ii. sundry herbs and diverse in form; yet for as much as they agree in virtue, the error of them cannot be great, which take the one for the other, staphilinos and Daucus. But it is out of doubt that in Theophrastus, Simeon, Daucus is our carrot; howsoever Dioscorides do separate staphilinos, Daucus. Daucus creticus (Athamanta cretensis) hath leaves like fennel, but lesser and smaller; a stalk a span long; a white flour biting, hot seed, that white, rough and of a pleasant savor when it is in eating, the root is a finger thick, it growth s span long. It growth in stony places, where as the sun comet. There is another of the same kind, like unto wild parsley, biting, well smelling, having the smell of spice, hot in taste. The best is in Candy. The third is set furth with leaves like coriander; with white flowers; with a head and seed like dill; with a spooky top like carota; with long seed as cumin hath, and that biting. These three kinds are thus described of Dioscorides. The second kind by the description is very like unto our wild carrot. I der have called the second kind wild carrot; how be it although he described wild carrot in the third boke, and. L. chapter, Daucus in the. lvii. chapter, yet he gives like virtues unto both, the descriptions of both do not differ one from another much. It were a small faut therefore to use the one for the other, seeing of Symeon Sethi and Theophrastus take carrot for Daucus, as I have declared before. Bus lest any man should lay unto Dioscorides any superfluous rehearsing twice of one thing. I will shew you another herb which I recon to be the second kind of Daucus, is it which is called in Italian saxifraga; in such pimpernel or bibinel. The herb is much like our Saxifrage; but that the leaves are greater and rougher, the root is hotter, faster than saxifrage root is. It growth in dry and sandy meadows, and in sides of hills that are sandy or stony. It may be called in English rough saxifraga. As for the first kind of Daucus I have not seen it that I wrote of and I am not sure of the last kind, but the herb, which is called bisacutum seem unto me meetly well to agree unto the description of the third kind of Daucus.

The virtues of Daucus out of Dioscorides.

The seed of all the kinds drunken heath, provoked flowers and urine and helped to bring further the birth; it health gnawing in the belly; it swaged the olde cough; it is good drunken in wine against the biting’s of a field spider with the lying to it drive away swellings. Men use only the seed of other kinds, but they use the root also of it of Candy, and that specially in wine against venomous beasts.

The virtues of Daucus out of Galene.

Daucus the wild whom some call staphilion, that is carrot, is lesser convenient to be eaten then the garden Daucus but in all other things stronger, but it of the garden is more fit for to be eaten; but it is weaker and hath the power to heat; and therefore, to extenuate and make subtle. The root beside the foreside virtues hath a windy property in it, and provocative to venery. The seed of the garden Daucus hath a certain property also to provoke pleasure. The seed of the wild Daucus hath no windiness in it at all; and therefore, it provoked flowers and urine. The seed of Daucus hath a vehement power to hot; so that among the cheapest, it is able to provoke urine, and women’s flours. If it be laide without, it will greatly drive furth by evaporation. The herb itself hath a like nature, but weaker than the seed, by the reason of the mixture of a watery mixture, for all that it is hot.

Symeon Sethy of the nature of Daucus.

Carrots which be called daukis, are hot in the secund degree and moist in the first. These nourished lesser than rapes; they provoke urine and pleasure of the body and engender wind and are hard of digestion and that specially if they be eaten raw. They move the belly to the stole and bring down flowers; but they engender not very good blood, they make man’s seed thin; and biter the kidneys. They black are better than the yellow, wherefor they have a measurable hot and sharpness to break and to cut in sunder grosses humors. The seed maketh men make much water and with honey it brength down women’s sickness. It is goo of a special property (as some men write) for the legs, but it hurt the bladder.

The properties of pimpernel or rough Saxifrage out of the later writers. (Pimpinella saxifraga)

Pimpinella juice is good to be drunken against the biting of serpents; and the same drunken in wine break the stone. It swaged also the strangury. The water of Pimpinella is good against the darkness of the eyes. Some do hold that the juice of Pimpinella taketh freckles and spots out the face. The virtue of this herb is so great against all venom and poison, that the root only holden in a man’s mouth defended him wonderfully against the poison of the pestilence, as men of good experience to testify. Nowe seeing that Pimpinella doth both agree with the second kind of Daucus in description, as also in virtues (for both Dioscorides and the later writers do gyve like virtue unto these) my opinion cannot be vain, which do suppose that Pimpinella is the second kind of Daucus in Dioscorides.

Of dittany of Candy.

Dictamnus is named in greke dictamnos, of sume potecaries diptamus; it is called of Plini dictamnus. I have not sene it growynge in Englande, for it growth no where elles that I knowe of, savynge only in candye; therfore I knowe no englyshe name for it. Dictamnus is an herbe of candy, bytynge fast, smothe, and lyke penyryall. But the leves of I are greater, whyche have a certain thyng down upon them like as gnaphalium, called of sum cudweed. It bryngeth furth nether flour, nor sede. Many have abused fraxinella for thys herbe and sume have taken Lepidium, whyche the common people call dittany, for thys herbe; but theyr error is manyfest.

The vertues of dittany of candy.

Dittany of candy doth all those thynges that pennyryall doth; but muche more myghtelye, not onlye in drynke, but also layde to; ye and also in a perfume with the smoke of it. It casteth further dede chylder oute of the mouther. It is a common saynge, that in candy, when the gotes ar striken with arrows, that by the eating of this herbe they shake oute arrows agayne. The iuice ether layde to, or broken with barley mele, hath the nature to purge. The herbe wil pul furth agayne prikkes of the fete or any ather part of the body if it be layd to. It is good for the payne of the mylte, for it maketh it les. They cut it downe in summer and in autumne. The roote hath an hote taste, it spedeth the deliverance of children, that are in the byrth. The iuice drunken with wyne is a remedy against the bytynges of serpentes. The herbe is of so great virtue that, if the smell of it cum unto venemous bestes, it dryveth them awaye; and it banged about them, it killed them by touching of them. The iuice poured into woundes, ether made with yron ot the bytynge of vemenous bested is a present remedy if it be taken streyghway in drynk. The kynde of dittany called false dittany is lyke this forsayde dittany, but it is not so bytynge hote as the other is. It hathe the same properties that the other hath; but not so mighty. There is brought oute of Candy an other kynde of dittany with the leves of sysimbrium or baume mynt, with greater branches, wherin are floures lyke wylde organ of wylde merierum black and softe. The savoure is between baum mynt and sage. Very pleasant. It is good for the same thynges; but it smiteth not up in the nose. It is mingled with emplasters and medicines, whiche are made against the bytinges of serpentes, and are called triacles.

Of dittany of Candy. (Origanum dictamnus)

Dictamnus is named in Greek dictamnos, of some pothecaries diptamus; it is called of Plini dictamnus. I have not seen it growing in England, for it growth nowhere ells that I know of, saving only in Candy; therefore, I know no English name for it. Dictamnus is an herb of candy, biting fast, smooth and like pennyroyal. But the leaves of I are greater, which have a certain thing down upon them like as Gnaphalium, called of sum cudweed. It brength furth nether flour, nor seed. Many have abused fraxinella for this herb and some have taken Lepidium, which the common people call dittany, for this herb; but their error is manifest.

The virtues of dittany of candy.

Dittany of candy doth all those things that pennyroyal doth; but much more mightily, not only in drink, but also laide to; ye and also in a perfume with the smoke of it. It casted further dead children out of the mouther. It is a common saying that in Candy, when the goats are strike with arrows that by the eating of this herb, they shake out arrows again. The juice ether laide to or broken with barley mele hath the nature to purge. The herb will put furth again prickles of the fete or any other part of the body if it be laid to. It is good for the pain of the milt, for it maketh it les. They cut it down in summer and in autumn. The root hath an hot taste, it speeded the deliverance of children, that are in the birth. The juice drunken with wine is a remedy against the biting’s of serpents. The herb is of so great virtue that, if the smell of it cum unto venomous beast, it drives them away; and it banged about them, it killed them by touching of them. The juice poured into wounds; ether made with iron to the biting of venomous beast is a present remedy if it be taken straightway in drink. The kind of dittany called false dittany is like this foreside dittany, but it is not so biting hot as the other is. It hath the same properties that the other hath; but not so mighty. There is brought out of Candy another kind of dittany (Dictamnus fraxinella) with the leaves of Sisymbrium or balm mint, with greater branches, wherein are flowers like wild organ of wild marjoram black and soft. The savor is between balm mint and sage. Very pleasant. It is good for the same things; but it smites not up in the nose. It is mingled with plasters and medicines, which are made against the biting’s of serpent, and are called treacle.

Of the wylde tasel.

Dipsacos, called in latin labrum veneris; that is venus basin, because it holdeth alwayes water, is called in englyshe wylde tasel; in duche kaerten distel: in Frenche chardon or carder. It is named of the potecaries, and herbaries virga pastoris, wylde tasel is one of the prikky herbes. It hath a hyghe stalk and ful of prykkes and leves lyke lettesse, full of prykkes: two ever toghyter which go about every ioynte : and the leves are sumthyng long and have as it certayne

belles or swellynghes lyke unto the bublynges that ryse in the water.when it rayneth sore in the myddes of the bak, both within and with out, they have an hollow thyng at the crummyng out of the two leves, whyche cum one furthe agaynste an other: wher in is gathered water both of the rayne and also of the dew. And here upon it is called dipsacos, that is thyrsty. Out of the top of the stalk groweth furthe in ever branche a prykky hed, sharp, and sumthyng long: and when it is wythered it appeareth whyte. If ye cleve the hed in the myddes ye shall fynde a wore in it. This description of Dioscorides agreeth also unto our gardyn tasel, whiche the fullers dres theyr cloth with all, the wylde tasel groweth commonly about diches and watery places, in the begynnyng of wynter, the gold finches use mych to haunt this herbe, for the sedes sake, wherof they are very delsyus. the ther groweth in gardines.

The vertues of wylde tasel.

The roote of wylde tasel sodden in wyne, and brused whilse it be as thyk as an emplaſter, layd upon the riftes and fistulas, of the fundament heleth them. This medicine ought to be kept in a box of copper. It is also a good medicine for all kyndes of wartes. Sum hold that the wormes whiche are found in the hede hing ether about the nek, or arme hele the quartane ague. Sum use to lay the water, that is in the leves about the stalk upon wartes. Wylde tasel as Galene writeth dryeth in the second degre, and it hath sum vertue, or pour of scowrynge.

Of the wilde tasel. (Dipsacus fullonum)

Dipsacus is called in Latin labrum veneris; that is Venus’s basin, because it holds always water, is called in English wild teasel; in German kaerten distel: in French chardon or carder. It is named of the pothecaries and herbarizes virga pastoris, wild teasel is one of the prickly herbs. It hath a high stalk and full of prickers and leaves like lettuce, full of prickers: two ever together which go about every joint: and the leaves are something long and have as it certain

belles or swellings like unto the bubbling’s that rise in the water when it rained sore in the middles of the bake, both within and without, they have a hollow thing at the crumbing out of the two leaves, which cum one furth against another: where in is gathered water both of the rain and also of the dew. And here upon it is called Dipsacus, that is thirsty. Out of the top of the stalk growth furth in every branch a prickly head, sharp, and something long: and when it is withered it appeared white. If ye have the leaf the head in the middles ye shall find a worm in it. This description of Dioscorides agreed also unto our garden teasel, which the fullers dress their cloth with all, the wild teasel growth commonly about diches and watery places, in the beginning of winter, the gold finches use much to haunt this herb, for the seed’s sake, whereof they are very desirous there it growth in gardens.

The virtues of wild teasel.

The root of wild teasel sodden in wine and bruised while it be as thick as a plaster, laid upon the rifts and fistulas, of the fundament health them. This medicine ought to be kept in a box of copper. It is also a good medicine for all kinds of warts. Sum holds that the worms which are found in the head hang ether about the nek, or arme hele the quartan ague. Sum uses to lay the water, that is in the leaves about the stalk upon warts. Wild teasel as Galene write dry in the second degree and it hath sum virtue or power of scoring.

Of dragon.

Dioscorides maketh but one kynde of dracunculus, whiche he calleth dragontion: but Plini maketh, ii. kyndes of the same, in thes wordes lib. xxiiii. capitel.16. Id autem quod græci dracontium vocant triplici effigie demonstratum mihi est, folijs betæ, non ſine thyrso. etc. It that grecians cal dracontion was shewed unto me after the diverse lyknesses; one with leves like a bete a not with out a smouthe stalk and a purple floure. This is lyke unto aron: an other shewed me one, with along roote like as it were marked and ful of ioyntes and it had but. iij. lytle stalkes. The thyrde whyche was shewed me had a greater leafe then the cornell tre lefe is, with a roote lyke a rede. And they sayd it had as many ioyntes in the roote, and as many leves, as it was yeares olde. The fyrst kynde that Plini describeth semeth to be our comon dragon, savyng that the leves of our dragon are smaller then the leves of a bete, wherunto Plini compareth the fyrst kynde of dracontion: but Plint sayeth that the fyrst kynde is lyke unto aron, whiche thyng increaseth my opinion, for I have marked that the yonge dragon when it cummeth first furth is so lyke aron that the one cannot be well knowen from the other: Dioscorides also maketh dragon lyke unto aron in the description of aron. Galene also writeth that dragon is lyke aron, both in lefe and roote, wherfor I dout not but that our common dragon is the true dragon. How be it when the stalke is great and redy wythin a short whyle to bryng furth the floure and fruyte, the lefe that is in the top of the stalk goeth away from the fyrst lyknes and hath many leves to gyther, but al ioyned to gyther in one lefe, and not cumming furth of divers stalkes or branches. And moste commonly one of the lefes whiche is the overmoste, and as it were the master lefe, doth sumthing resemble an ivy lefe, Wherfore I reken that it belongeth unto the dracontion Dioscorides, whiche holly agreeth with the description of Dioscorides. I never saye the second kynde of dragon as Plini describeth. But the thyrd kynde is now adayes well knowen, and it groweth in dyverse places of germany, wher as it is called kleyn schlanghen kraut. But I have not sene it in England: and therfor know no common englyshe name of it. How be it, it may be called in englyshe water dragon. Dioscorides describeth his dragon thus. Dragon hath a lefe lyke iuy grete and notable with whyte spottes and a streyght stalk, two cubites long of diverse coloures sprinkled with diverse purple spottes, so that it doth resemble a serpent very nere, it is as thyk as a staf. The fruyte groweth after the maner of a cluster in the top of the stalk fyrst grene and after ward rede, hote in taste and bytyng. The roote is sumthyng rounde and hath a rounde hede lyke unto aron, covered wyth a thyn filme or skyn. It groweth in dark and shadowy hedges.

The vertues of dragon.

Dragon hath a certayne lykenes unto aron, bothe in the lefe and also in the roote, but it is bothe more bytyng and byttered then aron is, and therefore is he hotter and of finer partes. It hath also a certayne lyght astriction, or byndyng, the whyche is because it is ioyned with the other qualites that is sharpe and bytter, it must nedes be a stronge medicine. For the roote purgeth all the inwarde partes makyng thyn and brekyng toughe and gros humores, and it is a spetcially good medicine agaynst the almosſt incurable sore called cocoethe: It purgeth and scoureth awaye myghtely both other thynges that nede scowryng, and allo the frekelles with vinegre. The leves also havyng lyke qualitie and are good for frese woundes, and grene sores, and the les dry, they are the bytter do they ioyne togyther and close up woundes. For those thynges that are dry, are hoter then that they can be convenient, for woundes. Sum ther be of that beleve that they thynk if chese becovered with dragon leves that they preseve it from corruption by the reason of their dry complexion, The fruyte is myghtier then the roote, and the leves. The iuice scoureth away the disease of the eyes.

Of dragon. (Dracunculus vulgaris)

Dioscorides maketh but one kind of dracunculus, which he calleth dragontion: but Plini maketh, ii. kinds of the same, in these words’ lib. xxiiii. capitel.16. Id autem quod græci dracontium vocant triplici effigie demonstratum mihi est, folijs betæ, non sine thyrso. etc. It that Grecians call dracontion was shewed unto me after the diverse likenesses; one with leaves like a beet not without a smooth stalk and a purple flower. This is like unto Arum: another shewed me one, with along root like as it were marked and full of joints and it had but. iij. little stalks. The third which was shewed me had a greater leaf then the cornel tree leaf is, with a root like a reed. And they said it had as many joints in the root and as many leaves as it was years olde. The first kind that Plini described seem to be our common dragon, saving that the leaves of our dragon are smaller then the leaves of a beet where unto Plini compared the first kind of dracontion: but Plint sayeth that the first kind is like unto Arum, which thing increased my opinion, for I have marked that the young dragon when it comes first furth is so like Arum that the one cannot be well known from the other: Dioscorides also maketh dragon like unto Arum in the description of Arum. Galene also write that dragon is like Arum, both in leaf and root, wherefore I doubt not but that our common dragon is the true dragon. How be it when the stalk is great and ready within a short while to bring furth the flower and fruit, the leaf that is in the top of the stalk goth away from the first likens and hath many leaves together, but al joined together in one leaf, and not coming furth of diver’s stalks or branches. And most commonly one of the leaf’s which is the over most and as it were the master leaf doth something resembles an ivy leaf. Wherefore I reckon that it belonged unto the dracontion Dioscorides, which holly agreed with the description of Dioscorides. I never saw the second kind of dragon as Plini described. But the third kind is nowadays well known, and it growth in diverse places of Germany, whereas it is called kleyn schlanghen kraut. (Bistorta officinalis) But I have not seen it in England: and therefore, know no common English name of it. How be it, it may be called in English water dragon. Dioscorides described his dragon thus. Dragon hath a leaf like Yui great and notable with white spots and a straight stalk, two cubits long of diverse colors sprinkled with diverse purple spots, so that it doth resemble a serpent very near, it is as thick as a staff. The fruit growth after the manner of a cluster in the top of the stalk first green and afterward red, hot in taste and biting. The root is something round and hath a round head like unto Arum, covered with a thin film or skin. It growth in dark and shadowy hedges.

The virtues of dragon.

Dragon hath a certain likeness unto Arum, both in the leaf and also in the root but it is both more biting and bittered then Arum is and therefore is he hotter and of finer partes. It hath also a certain light astriction or binding, the which is because it is joined with the other qualities that is sharp and bitter, it must needs be a strong medicine. For the root purged all the inward partes making thin and braking tough and gros humors and it is a especially good medicine against the almost incurable sore called cacoethes: It purged and scoured away mightily both other things that need scoring, and also the freckles with vinegar. The leaves also having like quality and are good for fresh wounds and green sores, and the les dry, they are the bitter do they join together and close up wounds. For those things that are dry, are hotter than that they can be convenient, for wounds. Sum there be of that belief that they think if cheese be covered with dragon leaves that they preserve it from corruption by the reason of their dry complexion, The fruit is mightier than the root and the leaves. The juice scoured away the disease of the eyes.

Of Dryopteris.

Dryopteris hath the name of an oke a ferne, because it is an herbe lyke a ferne, and growth in okes. Dioscorides describeth dryopteris thus: dryopteris groweth in the mosse of olde okes lyke unto a brake, but not so myche cut or jagged in the leves. It hath rootes wounde one with an other, roughe and astringent, and tarte in taste, turnyng sumthyng into swetnes. The herbe whyche ye se here intitled with the name of dryopteris draweth nerest unto the description of dryopteris of any herbe that I nowe: How be it: besyde diverse other thynges that make me thynk that it shuld not be the perfyt dryopteris, one is that it groweth in walles wyth maydens here, and in many bushe rootes and chefely of them that are in dark laynes, and not in the mosse of olde oke trees. The other is that I can not fynde the vertue that Dioscorides speaketh of that to pull of here and to putrefy. Many have used thys herbe for the true adiantum and namely the potecaries of Louan when as I was there. It is proved by experience that this herbe whose fygure ye se drawen, is very good for the stone ether wyth almone mylk, made wyth maydens here.

Of Dryopteris. (Dryopteris filix-mas)

Dryopteris hath the name of an oak fern, because it is an herb like a fern and growth in oaks. Dioscorides described Dryopteris thus: Dryopteris growth in the mosses of olde oaks like unto a brake, but not so much cut or jagged in the leaves. It hath roots wound one with another, rough and astringent and tarte in taste, turning something into sweetness. The herb which ye see here intitled with the name of Dryopteris draweth nearest unto the description of Dryopteris of any herb that I now: How be it: beside diverse other things that make me think that it should not be the perfect Dryopteris, one is that it growth in walls with maidens hair and in many bushes roots and chiefly of them that are in dark lanes and not in the mosses of olde oak trees. The other is that I cannot find the virtue that Dioscorides speak of that to pull of here and to putrefy. Many have used this herb for the true Adiantum and namely the pothecaries of Louan when as I was there. It is proved by experience that this herb whose figure ye see drawn is very good for the stone ether with almond milk, made with maidens’ hair.

Of walwurt.

Walwurt is named in engliyshe also danewurt, in Greke Chameacte, in latin ebulus, in duche attich, in frenche hieble. Walwurt is a great deel lower then elder is and more lyke an herbe, it hath a forsquared stalk and full of ioyntes, the leves are lyke unto the leaved of an almond tre, but longer, and grow (certain spaces goyng between) about every ioynte stretched furth standing out lyke two wynges one against an other, indented and stinking. It hath a spoky or busshy top as cider hath, lyke floures and fruyte. The roote is longe and as great as a finger.Walwurt groweth mych about cambrydg. How be it, I could never se the stalkes in that contri. Notwithstandinge, I know well that it groweth there, the true ebulus or walwurt.

The vertues.

Elder and danwurt have al one strength and one vertu to dry up. They draw water furth of the belly, are evell for the stomache. The leves ar sodden lyke wurtes, to draw out choler and fleme. The tender stalkes sodden in pannes or dysshes bryng the same thyng to pas. The roote boyled in wyne and gyven in meate helpeth the dropsey. After the same maner dronken it is good for the bytynges of vepers. The brothe of it soffeneth the mouther if a woman lit in it: It letteth also the wynde go furth of them, and amendeth the fautes of them. The beries dronken in wyne are of the same effecte, It they be layd to: they make blake here. If the leves beyng as yit tendre and softe be layd to after the maner of a pultes they swage an inflammation and hote burnyng: They are good to be layd unto burned places and to the places that are bytten of dogges. They draw together the wondes, gane and becum a fistula. The leves are good for the gowt if thep be layd to wit bulles tallow or gotes fuete.

Of walwurt. (Sambucus ebulus)

Walewort is named in English also danewort, in Greek Chameacte, in Latin ebulus, in German attich, in French hieble. Walewort is a great deal lower then elder is and more like an herb, it hath for squared stalk and full of joints, the leaves are like unto the leaved of an almond tree, but longer, and grow (certain spaces going between) about every joint stretched furth standing out like two wings one against another, indented and stinking. It hath a spooky or bushy top as cider hath, like flowers and fruit. The root is long and as great as a finger. Walewort growth much about Cambridge. How be it, I could never see the stalks in that country. Notwithstanding, I know well that it growth there, the true ebulus or walewort.

The virtues.

Elder and danewort have al one strength and one vertu to dry up. They draw water furth of the belly, are evil for the stomach. The leaves are sodden like wort’s, to draw out choler and flehm. The tender stalks sodden in pan or dishes bring the same thing to pass. The root boiled in wine and given in meat helped the dropsy. After the same manner drunken it is good for the biting’s of vipers. The broth of it softened the mouther if a woman lit in it: It let also the wind go furth of them and amended the faut of them. The berries drunken in wine are of the same effect, If they be laid to: they make black hair. If the leaves being as yet tender and soft be laid to after the manner of a poulter they swage an inflammation and hot burning: They are good to be laid unto burned places and to the places that are bitten of dogs. They draw together the wounds, green and become a fistula. The leaves are good for the gout if they be laid to wit bull’s tallow or goat’s feet.

Of running buckwheat,

Elatine agreyng in al poyntes with the description of Dioscorides, is very harde to be founde in England, and so harde to bew found in England, and so harde I never saw it as yit. Elatine of Dioscorides hath leves lyke unto with wynde, but les, rounder and hory with lytle bowes of a span lengthe full of leves sish or seven cummyng from the roote. But there is a runnyng herbe which groweth in the corne and wyndeth it selfe about the corne, whiche is in many thynges lyke unto elatine of Dioscorides: savyng that the leaves are sharper at the ende and longer then they shulde be, as it doth apere, and they are not so roughe as the descryptyon requireth, howe be it the leaves are not wythoute all roughenes The floures an sedes, whyche ar thresquare, ar lyke vuto buk wheate, the stalke is lyke unto the stalke of wythwynde, or byndwede, and sumthynge rede. I have seene it plentuouslye bothe in allmanye and in Englande. I have seene it moste in Englande amonge the corne, in Germanye aboute hedges and pales. I have hearde no name of it in Englande as yet therefore I call it runnynge bukwheate, because in thre thynges it resemblethe bukweate.

The vertues of runnynge bukwheate.

Elatine sayeth Galene cooleth and byndeth. It healeth the runnynge and inflammation of the eyes with the leves broken with barley mele, yf they be laydete, the same drunken in a broth is good for the bloody flyxe.

Of running buckwheat. (Elatine hydropiper, that cannot be, maybe Cucubalus or now named Silene baccifera)

Elatine agreeing in al points with the description of Dioscorides, is very hard to be found in England, and so hard to be found in England, and so hard I never saw it as yet. Elatine of Dioscorides hath leaves like unto with wind, but les, rounder and hoary with little bows of a span length full of leaves sesh or seven coming from the root. But there is a running herb which growth in the corn and winded itself about the corn, which is in many things like unto Elatine of Dioscorides: saving that the leaves are sharper at the end and longer than they should be, as it doth appear, and they are not so rough as the description required, howe be it. the leaves are not without all roughness. The flowers and seeds, which are three squares, are like unto buckwheat, the stalk is like unto the stalk of with wind or bindweed and something red. I have seen it plenteously both in Almany and in England. I have seen it most in England among the corn, in Germany about hedges and pales. I have heard no name of it in England as yet therefore I call it running buckwheat, because in three things it resembled buckwheat.

The virtues of running buckwheat.

Elatine sayeth Galene coolth and bind. It health the running and inflammation of the eyes with the leaves broken with barley mele, if they be laid to, the same drunken in a broth is good for the bloody flux.

Of smallage

Eloselinon after the translation of Theophrastus is called in latyn lapud apium, in English smallage or marche, in duche eppich. And the potecaries have longe called thys herbe in latyn apium, but uniuslye for apium is not smallage but persely, whyche thing I have sufficientle proved; where as I have written of perselye. Dioscorides wryteth that elioselinon is greater then apium is, that it growth in moyst places, wherof it hath the name. I have sene it growe oft tymes by brook sydes and in a certayne yland of east Freseland called Nordenye, by the sea syde. The savour of smallage is a greate dele stronger and worse savourynge then perselye is and diverse practyeyoners holde that the herbe hother smelled, eaten is the opardus for them that are in danger of the fallynge syknes, for it maketh them fall streyght waye thah the have smelled or eaten of it, as they reporte.

Dioscorides writeth that peresly and smallage are all of one vertue and strength. Howbeit for the cause above rehersed. I would advise men rather to use persely then smallage. If that pe be desirous to know the hole properties of smallage, rede the properties of persely, and there shall ye fynde the properties of smallage.

Of smallage. (Apium graveolens)

Eloselinon after the translation of Theophrastus is called in Latin apud Apium, in English smallage or marche, in German eppich. And the pothecaries have long called this herb in Latin Apium, but unjustly for Apium is not smallage but parsley, which thing I have sufficiently proved, whereas I have written of parsley. Dioscorides write that elioselinon is greater than Apium is, that it growth in moist places, whereof it hath the name. I have seen it grow oft times by brook sides and in a certain island of east Friesland called Norden by the seaside. The savor of smallage is a great deal stronger and worse savoring then parsley is and diverse practices hold that the herb hotter smelled, eaten is the of pardus for them that are in danger of the falling sickness, for it maketh them fall straightaway that it has smelled or eaten of it, as they report.

Dioscorides write that parsley and smallage are all of one virtue and strength. Howbeit for the cause above rehearsed. I would advise men rather to use parsley then smallage. If that pe be desirous to know the hole properties of smallage, read the properties of parsley and there shall ye find the properties of smallage.

Of orchall otherwise called corck.

Captron called also phacoides as Dioscorides writeth, groweth upon hylles and besyde the see. It hath a saltish tast and the farther that it groweth in, in the lande, the bytterer is it perceved. This is called in London archall and the dyers usee it to dy withall. The Northenmen about blakamore whereas it groweth calleth it cork, it growth ther like a mos upon stones. And it that is brought in to London from beyonde the see is oft tymes founde with lytle stones whereunto it hath growen, The taste of it that I tastede in London was evidently saltyshe,

The vertues of orchall.

Besyde the use that dyers put orchall to, Dioscorides writeth that it purgeth coler and fleme if it be dronken in a brothe or in mede whiche is made of water and hony. Plini whiche sayeth that empetron is called of the latines calcifraga wryteth that empetron groweth in hylles by the see syde, and for the moste parte upon stones. The nerer the it is, the les saltyshe is it. It purgeth water, if it be kept long; it leseth hys strength. When it is freshe it maketh an man pys. The broth of it, or it be brused and put in to water breaketh the stone. They that would have men beleve thys that is promised; hold that stones whiche are made warme in the broth of thys herbe, breake the virtue of thys herbe.

Of orchall otherwise called corck. (Salsola kali)

Captron called also phacoides as Dioscorides write, growth upon hills and beside the see. It hath a saltish taste and the farther that it growth in the land, the bitterer is it perceived. This is called in London archall and the dyers use it to dye withal. The Northen men about Blakemore whereas it growth calleth it cork, it growth there like a moss upon stones. And it that is brought into London from beyond the see is oft times found with little stones whereunto it hath grown. The taste of it that I tasted in London was evidently saltish,

The virtues of orchall.

Besides the use that dyers put orchall to, Dioscorides write that it purged choler and flehm if it be drunken in a broth or in mee which is made of water and honey. Plini which sayeth that empetron is called of the Latines calcifraga write that empetron growth in hills by the seaside, and for the most part upon stones. The nearer their it is, the les saltish is it. It purged water, if it be kept long; it loseth his strength. When it is fresh it maketh a man piss. The broth of it or it be bruised and put into water break the stone. They that would have men belief this that is promised; hold that stones which are made warm in the broth of this herb, break the virtue of this herb.

Of heth.

Erica is called in greke erice, in englyshe heth hather, and lyng, in duche heyde, in frenche bruyer, Erica, sayeth Dioscorides is a bushy tre lyke unto tamarisk but myche lesse, of whose floures bees make noughty hony. Dioscorides calleth ericam a tre whiche is rather so named for the formis sake then of the hyght, for it never ryseth up unto the lengthe and hygnes of a tre, Plini in the .xi booke of hys naturall story, sayeth that the thyrde kynde of erica groweth in woddes which I could yit never se. For our heth groweth in playnes and in wylde groundes, and in moyste places and upon sum wodles hylles, I thynk ether sylva is set for sum other worde or els Plini speaketh of thyn low bushy moyste and watery woddes, where in it is possible : for hethe to grow, The hyelt hethe that ever I saw, groweth in northumberland which is so hyghe that a man may hyde hymself in.

The vertues of Heth.

Both the smal leves floures hele bytynges of serpentes. Galene wryteth that the floures and leves are moste chefely to be used, whiche have pour by ventyng out of transpiration maketh rype and digesteth. I rede Paul Aegineta, among the receptes whiche are made agaynst the diseases of the mylt oft tymes mention of hethe. Wherfore seyng that both Dioscorides setteth next unto tamarisk, heth ( who useth to set herbes of lyke fashion and propertie together) and Paule Aegineta useth it with tamarisk. I iudge better for tamarisk rather to use hethe then quykboume otherwyse called rountre or quikken tre, seyng quikboem hath no suche qualite, in it as are convenient for the diseases of the mylt.

Of heth. (Calluna vulgaris)

Erica is called in Greek erice, in English heath hath and ling, in German heyde, in French bruyer, Erica, sayeth Dioscorides is a bushy tree like unto tamarisk but much lesser, of whose flowers bees make naughty honey. Dioscorides calleth Erica a tree which is rather so named for the form’s sake then of the high, for it never rise up unto the length and height of a tree, Plini in the. xi book of his natural story, sayeth that the third kind of Erica growth in woods which I could yet never see. For our heath growth in plains and in wild grounds and in moist places and upon sum woodless hills, I think ether sylva is set for sum other word or ells Plini speak of thin low bushy moist and watery woods where in it is possible for heath to grow, The held heath that ever I saw, growth in Northumberland which is so high that a man may hide himself in.

The virtues of Heth.

Both the small leaves and flowers hele biting’s of serpents. Galene write that the flowers and leaves are most chiefly to be used, which have power by venting out of transpiration maketh ripe and digested. I read Paul Aegineta, among the receipts which are made against the diseases of the milt oft times mention of heath. Wherefore seeing that both Dioscorides set it next unto tamarisk, heath (who used to set herbs of like fashion and property together) and Paule Aegineta used it with tamarisk. I judge better for tamarisk rather to use heath then quikboum otherwise called Rowan (Sorbus) or quikken tree, seeing quikboem hath no such quality, in it as are convenient for the diseases of the milt.

Of rocket.

Eruca is named in Greke euzomos, in Englyshe rocket, in Duche roket, in Frenche roquette. After Dioscorides and Plini there are two kyndes of rokket. The one is a gardyne rokket and that is myche greater then the other, but lyke both in taste, smell, and fashion of indentynge or cuttynge of the leves unto the comon rocket wyth the yelowe floures. Thys greater rocket hathe whyte floures wyth small blake lyves lyke synewes goynge thorowe them. The seconde kynde is called in Latyne eruca sylvestris, and that is nowe comon in owre gardynes and is used of gardyne rocket. Sume use the great rocket for whyte mustarde but they are deceyved, for whyte mustarde is in all poyntes lyke unto the other mustarde savynge, that it hathe whyte sede, but not all whyte, but sumthynge pale, and yelowishe. The leves of greate rocket are not lyke the leves of mustarde, but unto the leaves of the comon rocket. Ye shall knowe the difference that is betwene gardyne rocket and wylde rocket, by the figures, whyche ye se here lyvely set furth.

The vertues of rocket.

If rocket be eaten rawe in great quantite, it stirreth up the pleasure of the body. The sede is good for the same purpose. Rocket maketh a man pisse, helpeth digestion and is very good for the belly. Sume use the sede for sauce. The which that it may last the longer, thei knede it with milke or vinegre, make it in to litle cakes. Dioscorides wryteth that the wylde rokket is hoter then the other and provoketh water more largely, and that sum use it for mustard sede. Rokket as Plini wryteth, careth nothyng for the colde, for it is of a contrary nature unto lettes, for it styrreth up the lust of the body. Therfore is it ioyned in all meates with lettes that lyk hete mengled with to myche cold, shuld make lyke the qualite of both. The sede of rokket remedieth the poyson of scorpion and the feld mouse called a shrew. It driveth from the body all kyndes of lytle beastes that grow there in. It healeth al the fautes in the face layd to with hony and it taketh away frekles oz fayrntikles with vinegre. It maketh blak scarres of bruses or woundes, whyte, with the gall of an oxe.

Of rocket. (Erica sativa, Diplotaxis tenuifolia)

Eruca is named in Greek euzomos, in English rocket, in German roket, in French roquette. After Dioscorides and Plini there are two kinds of rocket. The one is a garden rocket and that is much greater than the other, but like both in taste, smell, and fashion of indenting or cutting of the leaves unto the common rocket with the yellow flowers. this greater rocket hath white flowers with small black leaves like sinews going thorough them. The second kind is called in Latyne Eruca sylvestris, and that is now common in our gardens and is used of garden rocket. Some use the great rocket for white mustard, but they are deceived, for white mustard is in all points like unto the other mustard saving, that it hath white seed, but not all white, but something pale, and yellowish. The leaves of great rocket are not like the leaves of mustard, but unto the leaves of the common rocket. Ye shall know the difference that is between garden rocket and wild rocket by the figures, which ye see here lively set furth.

The virtues of rocket.

If rocket be eaten raw in great quantity, it stirred up the pleasure of the body. The seed is good for the same purpose. Rocket maketh a man piss, helped digestion and is very good for the belly. Some use the seed for sauce. The which that it may last the longer, they knead it with milk or vinegar, make it into little cakes. Dioscorides write that the wild rocket is hotter than the other and provoked water more largely and that sum use it for mustard seed. Rocket as Plini write, caret nothing for the cold, for it is of a contrary nature unto lettuce, for it stirred up the lust of the body. Therefore, is it joined in all meats with lettuce that like hot mingled with too much cold, should make like the quality of both. The seed of rocket remedied the poison of scorpion, and the field mouse called a shrew. It drives from the body all kinds of little beasts that grow their in. It health al the faults in the face laid to with honey and it taketh away freckles or faints with vinegar. It maketh black scares of bruises or wounds white with the gall of an ox.

Of ervilia mor pease ervyle.

Erviala or ervilia called in Greke okros, is a pulse lyke unto a peace and Theophrastus in the. vi. boke of the history of plantes writeth that ervylles cichelynges an peasen have a stalke fallyng upon the groonde, Plini also in the. xii. boke of his naturall story compareth ervilles and peasen together in lykenes of leaves and sayeth they have longer leves then other pulses. But this difference have I marked betwene this and pease, the cod or shale of an ervill is smaller and rounder then the cod of a pease, and the ervill is rough within, and the sedes have lytle blak spottes in them and they are dunne and rounder and less then gray pease are. I never saw this pulse grow in Englande, but I have sene it: it growyng in germany but there only in gardines. The properties of this herbe agrieth with peasen and as for any qualite that it hath for physike truely I have rede none. But to what soever use that phaselles will serve for, ervilles will serve for the same, as Galene witnesseth in the fyrst book de alimentorum facultatibus where as he sayeth that phaselles and ervilles are in a meane betwene them which make good iuice and bad, and the that are of hard and lyght digestion on them that are wyndy and wyndles, and them that norish miche, and litle.

Of ervilia mor pease ervyle. (Vicia ervilia)

Erviala or ervilia called in Greek okros, is a pulse like unto a pea and Theophrastus in the. vi. boke of the history of plantes write that ervil’ s cichelynges (Lathyrus ochros) and peas have a stalk falling upon the ground, Plini also in the. xii. boke of his natural story compared ervil and pea’s together in likeness of leaves and sayeth they have longer leaves then other pulses. But this difference have I marked between this and pea’s, the cod or shale of an ervil is smaller and rounder then the cod of a pea and the ervil is rough within and the seeds have little black spots in them, and they are thin and rounder and less then gray pea are. I never saw this pulse grow in England, but I have seen it: it is growing in Germany but there only in gardens. The properties of this herb agreed with pea’s and as for any quality that it hath for physic truly I have read none. But to what soever use that Phaseolus will serve for, ervil will serve for the same, as Galene witnesseth in the first book de alimentorum facultatibus where as he sayeth that Phaseolus and ervil are in a mean between them which make good juice and bad, and the that are of hard and light digestion on them that are windy and windless, and them that nourish much and little.

Of bitter fitches.

Ervum is named in greke orobos, it may be called in Enlgyshe bitter fiche of the lyknes that it hath with a fiche. Dioscorides dothe not describe Erum so perfitly as he dothe other herbes, and therefore it is les knowen then many other herbes be. For he useth onely these wordes of ervum. Ervum is a lytle thyn bushe knowen of all mem men, a narrow lefe, and so in coddes, no tokes wherby ervum may be knowen from other pulse. Dioscorides reherseth not. The germans cal pisum which we cal a pease, ein erbs which word semeth to have cummed of orobus, and thoughe pisum is not orobus: it doth apeare that they gave the name of orobus unto a pease because the one is so lyke the other. Galene, Paulus Aegineta and Aetius with one consent, holde that the blak orobus is bitter, Galenis words are thes. Orobus dryveth in the seconde degre and that far. And it is hote in the fyrst degre. As far furtt as it is bitter, so myche doth it cut, scoureth away, and openeth if that is stopped or bounde: Then when as ervum is bitter, the herbe whiche groweth in woddes wyth long narrow leves with floures lyke unto a pease: can not be orobus, Nether is the herbe that Fuchsius taketh for orobus, the true orobus because it hath no bitternes in it. The last tyme that I sawe the true orobus was about seven yeares ago in the citie of Mense, it was lyke a great black tare or fiche, but sumthyng les then a pease and greater then the comon fiche. Sum per adventure wyll say that ervum Fuchsii is the true ervum because it hath narrow leaves, that not withstandyng that Galene gyveth unto orobus the yelowyshe and the pale a bytter qualite: yit he sayeth that the whyte ar not so bitter as the other. Where unto I say, that althoughe Galene wryte that the whyte erva be les medicinable then the yelowishe and the pale, that is les like unto a medicine by the reason of any excedyng and unplesant qualite as bitternes is: yit doth he not take away all bytternes from orobus. Therefore seyng that there is no bitternes at all in the herbe that Fuchsius setteth furthe for ervo: it can not be ervum. I take the puls that Fuchsius taketh for orobus to be cicer culas whiche is called of Galene lathyris.

The vertues of bitter Fiche.

Bitter fiche burdeneth the hede mych, the same eaten troubled the belly. It draweth out bloude by the water. This pulse well sodden, maketh oxen fatt. Ervum helpeth a man to pis well. The same maketh a man have a good color, it dryueth out bloud, with gnawing, bothe out of the belly and out of the bladder, if it be eaten out of mesure, or drunken mote largely than is convenient It scowreth sores with honey: so doeth it lyke wyse scowre away the freckels of the face and other spottes, it scowreth also the hole body. It suffreth not deadly burninges and hard swellinges to go any further, it maketh soft the hardnesse of womens brestes. It scowreth away black, lytle angry sores and byles, it breaketh carbuncles or plage sores. If it be kneden with wyne and layde to, it healeth the bytinges of vipers, dogges and menne. With vinegre it healeth them that can not make water but with greate payne, and the vayne appetite to go to the stole and can do nothynge there, bitter fitches or bitter tares are very fit for them that are in a consumation and fele not their nourishment it they take of the bygnes of a nut with honey, the broth of them is good for kybes or moulde helles, and for itche or yeewk that goeth over the hole body.

Of bitter fitches. (Vicia orobus)

Ervum is named in Greek orobos, it may be called in English bitter fiche of the likeness that it hath with a fiche. Dioscorides do not describe Ervum so perfectly as he does the other herbs and therefore it is less known than many other herbs be. For he used only these words of ervum. Ervum is a little thin bush known of all mem men, a narrow leaf and so in pods, no tokes whereby ervum may be known from other pulse. Dioscorides rehearsed not. The Germans call Pisum which we call a pea, ein erbs which word seem to have comet of orobus, and though pisum is not orobus: it doth appear that they gave the name of orobus unto a pea because the one is so like the other. Galene, Paulus Aegineta and Aetius with one consent, hold that the black orobus is bitter, Galene’ s words are these. Orobus drive in the second degree and that far. And it is hot in the first degree. As far furth as it is bitter, so much doth it cut, scoured away, and opened if that is stopped or bound: Then when as ervum is bitter, the herb which growth in wood’ s with long narrow leaves with flowers like unto a pea: cannot be orobus, Nether is the herb that Fuchsius taketh for orobus, the true orobus because it hath no bitterness in it. The last time that I saw the true orobus was about seven years ago in the city of Metz, it was like a great black tare or fiche, but something less than a pea and greater than the common fiche. Sum per adventure will say that ervum Fuchsii is the true ervum because it hath narrow leaves, that notwithstanding that Galene give unto orobus the yellowish and the pale a bitter quality: yet he says that the white is not so bitter as the other. Where unto I say, that although Galene write that the white ervum be less medicinable then the yellowish and the pale, that is less like unto a medicine by the reason of any exceeding and unpleasant quality as bitterness is: yet doth he does not take away all bitterness from orobus. Therefore, seeing that there is no bitterness at all in the herb that Fuchsius set furth for ervum: it cannot be ervum. I take the pulse that Fuchsius taketh for orobus to be cicer culas which is called of Galene Lathyris.

The virtues of bitter Fiche.

Bitter fiche burdened the head much, the same eaten troubled the belly. It draweth out blood by the water. This pulse well sodden, maketh oxen fat. Ervum helped a man to piss well. The same maketh a man have a good color, it drives out blood with gnawing, both out of the belly and out of the bladder, if it be eaten out of measure, or drunken more largely than is convenient. It scored sores with honey: so doeth it likewise scores away the freckles of the face and other spots, it scored also the whole body. It suffered not deadly burnings and hard swellings to go any further, it maketh soft the hardness of women’s breasts. It scored away black, little angry sores and bile’s, it breaks carbuncles or plage sores. If it be kneed with wine and laide to, it health the biting’s of vipers, dog’s and men. With vinegar it health them that cannot make water but with great pain and the vain appetite to go to the stool and can do nothing there, bitter fitches or bitter tares are very fit for them that are in a consummation and feel not their nourishment it they take of the bigness of a nut with honey, the broth of them is good for kibbes or mold heles and for itch or something that goth over the whole body.

Of sea holly.

Eringium is a common herbe in many places of England by the sea syde. It is called of the common people se hulver or see holly, bycause it hath sharp leves lyke unto an holly, groweth hard by the see syde. Eryngium is of the kynde of herbes and hath brode leves, sharp round about, and they taste lyke unto a certayn kynde of spice. Many crestes of see holys branches when as it is growen up are rede. Int he toppes of the branches cum furthe knoppy heades whiche are compassed about with many sharpe and hard prickes after the fashion of a starre. Whoes color is somtyme grene, somtyme white and somtyme blew. The roote is long and brode, black without, and whyte within an inche thicke and of a pleasant savor. These are the propre tokens or markes of Eringium that Dioscorides writeth of them, when as the herbe whiche Riffius letteth out for Eringium agreeth not wyth thys description it came not be the trew Eryngium of Dioscorides. The leaves of Eringium that Dioscorides describeth are round and brode, have a pleasant taste, but the leaves of Eryngium whiche Riffius setteth out are very narrow and are wythout all pleasant savor. The herbe also whiche Fuchsius setteth forth hath not so brode leaves as Dioscorides requireth of his Eryngium, for the leaves of Fuchsius Eryngium are indented, long, and small and nothyng brode, as the figure set out heare wil testifie, notwithstanding that it can not be Dioscorides Eryngium yet I thynk it is on kynde of Eryngium whiche Plini descrybeth in the. xxij. booke and the. vij. chapiter in these wordes, Erynge (sayeth Plini) is a bushe herbe and hath leaves full of prickes and a stalke of a cubite hyght, and somtyme longer, somtyme whitysh and sumtyme black. It hath a swete savoring roote and is kept also in gardines, howbeit it groweth of his owne kynde, in roughe and stony places, and by the sea bankes. It is harder and blacker, than it that groweth in the gardin. The lefe is lyke unto persly, thus far Plini, therfor seing that the lefe of the herbe whyche Fuchsius setteth out for Eryngium is more like persely, than the Eryngium whyche Dioscorides setteth out and groweth commonly in England by the sea sydes, I take thys Eryngium for Plinies Eringium and not Dioscorides. Fuchsius Eryngium groweth by the Rhene syde and also in places far from both salt and fresh water . As for Eryngium riffij is an il savored prickpe weed and groweth about townes and dyches in suche lyke places as commonly henbane growth. Aetius maketh mention of a kynde of Eryngium whiche he called Eryngium montanum and sayeth that it hath narrowe leves and lytle floures of the colour of golde which in figure are lyke unto an ey. I do not remembre that I have sene any herbe greyng unto thys description, Nevertheles I have set it furthe here that men, if they happen upon it, may by thys description know it. As for Riffis Eringium, there is an herbe in theophrasti called phleum or stoeba whiche in all other thynges all moste is lyke unto Riffis Eryngium savyng that phleum dureth all the hole yeare, groweth in moyst places, and Eryngium Riffij dieth every yeare and groweth in drye places.

The vertues of sea holly.

Sea holly as Dioscorides writeth hath powre to hete: an us Aegineta sayth that sea holly heteth, but not manifestly; Aetius wryteth that sea holly dyffereth from temperate herbes, in hete ether lytle or nothynge at all. But it is very dry

and of subtill and fyne partes as the sume author witnesseth. The roote of sea hulver dronken dryveth further wymens syknes, and water oute of the bladder. It scattereth awaye growynges and wyndes. It is good wyth wyne agaynst the diseases of the lyver, the bytynges of serpentes, and poyson that is drunken. It is dronken wyth a dram of tar of agaynst many evelles. Sume holde that if it be hanged or layd to it, dryveth away wartes or swellynges . if the roote be dronken wyth mede it heleth them that have theyr necke bowynge bakwarde, and them that have the fallynge syknes. The later wryters use the roote of thys herbe, to stirre up the luste of the body, and they use to gyve it bothe to men and wymen that are desyres to have chylder. Nicolaus Alexandrinus in foure medicines, whyche he maketh to stirre up the pleasure of the body, and to make men and wymen fruytfull, useth thys herbe wyth many other of the same nature. Sume in our dayes condite or kepe in sugar the rootes of sea hulver for the same purpose. Howe be it they are not so stronge alone as they are myxed wyth other of lyke nature in the composition called dialasatyrion Nicolai.

Of sea holly. (Eryngium maritimum and campestre)

Eryngium is a common herb in many places of England by the seaside. It is called of the common people se hulver or see holly, because it hath sharp leaves like unto a holly, growth hard by the seaside. Eryngium is of the kind of herbs and hath brood leaves, sharp round about, and they taste like unto a certain kind of spice. Many crests of see holly’s branches when as it is grown up are red. In the tops of the branches cum furth knop head’s which are compassed about with many sharpen and hard prickles after the fashion of a star. Whose color is sometime green, sometime white and sometime blue. The root is long and brood, black without, and white within an inch thick and of a pleasant savor. These are the propre tokens or marks of Eryngium that Dioscorides write of them, when as the herb which Riffius set out for Eryngium agreed not with this description it came not be the true Eryngium of Dioscorides. The leaves of Eryngium that Dioscorides described are round and brood, have a pleasant taste, but the leaves of Eryngium which Riffius set out are very narrow and are without all pleasant savors. The herb also which Fuchsius set forth hath not so brood leaves as Dioscorides required of his Eryngium, for the leaves of Fuchsius Eryngium are indented, long and small and nothing brood, as the figure set out hear will testifies, notwithstanding that it cannot be Dioscorides Eryngium, yet I think it is on kind of Eryngium which Plini described in the. xxij. book and the. vij. chapiter in these words, Eryngium (says Plini) is a bush herb and hath leaves full of prickles and a stalk of a cubit high and sometime longer, sometime whitish and sometime black. It hath a sweet savoring root and is kept also in gardens, howbeit it, it growth of his own kind, in rough and stony places and by the sea banks. It is harder and blacker than it that growth in the garden. The leaf is like unto parsley, thus far Plini, therefore seeing that the leaf of the herb which Fuchsius set out for Eryngium is more like parsley than the Eryngium which Dioscorides set out and growth commonly in England by the sea sides, I take this Eryngium for Plinius Eryngium and not Dioscorides. Fuchsius Eryngium growth by the Rhine side and also in places far from both salt and fresh water. As for Eryngium Riffius is an il savored prickle weed and growth about towns and diches in such like places as commonly henbane growth. Aetius maketh mention of a kind of Eryngium which he called Eryngium montanum and sayeth that it hath narrow leaves and little flowers of the color of gold which in figure are like unto an egg. I do not remember that I have seen any herb agreeing unto this description, Nevertheless I have set it furth here that men, if they happen upon it, may by this description know it. As for Riffius Eryngium, there is an herb in Theophrastus called Phleum or stoeba which in all other things almost is like unto Riffius Eryngium saving that Phleum dureth all the hole year, growth in moist places, and Eryngium Riffius diet every year and growth in dry places.

The virtues of sea holly.

Sea holly as Dioscorides write hath power to hot: an us Aegineta say that sea holly is hot, but not manifestly; Aetius write that sea holly differed from temperate herbs, in hot ether little or nothing at all. But it is very dry

and of subtill and fine partes as some author witnesseth. The root of sea hulver drunken drive further women’s sickness and water out of the bladder. It scattered away growing’s and winds. It is good with wine against the diseases of the liver, the biting’s of serpents and poison that is drunken. It is drunken with a dram of tar of against many evil’ s. Some hold that if it be hanged or laid to it, drive away warts or swellings. If the root be drunken with mee it health them that have their neck bowing backward and them that have the falling sickness. The later writers use the root of this herb to stir up the lust of the body and they use to gyve it both to men and women that are desires to have children. Nicolaus Alexandrinus in four medicines which he maketh to stir up the pleasure of the body and to make men and women fruitful, used this herb with many other of the same nature. Some in our days condition or keep in sugar the root of sea hulver for the same purpose. Howe be it; they are not so strong alone as they are mixed with other of like nature in the composition called dialasatyrion Nicolai.

Of Chokewede.

Cruangina is called in greke Orobanche. I have no comon Englyshe name for thys herbe, nether any Frenche or Duche name. Howe be it, it maye be called in Englishe Chokefich or chokewede: Orobanche hathe the name in greke of stranglynge or choukynge of bytter fytches whyche are called in greke oroboy. Thys herbe is called about Morpeth in Northumberland, newchappell floure: because it grewe in chappel there in a place called bottell bankes, where as the ynlearned people dyd worshyppe the Image of saynt Mary, and reckened that the herbe grewe in that place by the vertue of that Image. Dioscorides describeth orobanche after thys maner, Orobanche is a lytle stalke, somethynge red, aboute twoo spannes longe, sometyme more roughe tendre, without leves: the floure is somewhat whyte, turnyng towarde yellow wythered awaye wyth drynesse, besyd it that Dioscorides wryteth, I have marked my selfe, that thys herbe groweth muche aboute the rootes of broome, whyche it claspeth aboute wyth certayne lytle rootes on every syde lyke a dogge holdyng a bone in hys mouth: notwythstandyng I have not seen any broome choked wyth thys herbe: howe be it I have seen a herbe called thre leved grasse or claver utterly strangled, al the natural iuice drawen oute by thys herbe,

The vertues of Chokewede.

Dioscorides giveth no virtue to this herbe to hele any disease, how be it he sayeth, that it is good to be eten rawe, and also sodden, after the maner of sperage. Galena writeth that it is colde and drye in the fyrste degree. Plinys sayeth, that it is called Cynomorion of the lykenesse that it hathe to a dogges prycke.

Of Chokewede. (Orobanche hederae of lutea)

Cruangina is called in Greek Orobanche. I have no common English name for this herb, nether any Frenche or German name. Howe be it; it may be called in English Chokefich or chokewede: Orobanche hath the name in Greek of strangling or choking of bitter fyiches which are called in Greek oroboy. This herb is called about Morpeth in Northumberland, new Chappell flower: because it grew in the Chappel there in a place called Bottell bankes, whereas the unlearned people did worship the Image of saint Mary and reckoned that the herb grew in that place by the virtue of that Image. Dioscorides described Orobanche after this manner, Orobanche is a little stalk, something red, about two span long, sometime more rough tender, without leaves: the flower is somewhat white, turning toward yellow withered away with dryness, beside it that Dioscorides write, I have marked myself that this herb growth much about the roots of broom which it clasped about with certain little roots on every side like a dog holding a bone in his mouth: notwithstanding I have not seen any broom choked with this herb: howe be it I have seen a herb called three leaved gras or clover utterly strangled, al the natural juice drawn out by this herb,

The virtues of Chokewede.

Dioscorides giveth no virtue to this herb to hele any disease, how be it’ he says that it is good to be eten raw and also sodden, after the manner of asperge. Galena writ that it is cold and dry in the first degree. Plinius say that it is called Cynomorion of the likenesses that it hath to a dog’s prickle.

Of Epimedum.

Epimedum is called of Theophrastus epimetron: of Plini epimenidion. This herbe is srange and yll to fynde: how be it I found a certaine herbe in Germany besyde the Byshop of Colens place: called Popelsdop, by a brokes syde very well agreeyng in all poyntes, savyng in one with the description that Dioscorides maketh of epimedum. In the moneth of July I sawe thys herbe, hvuyng. ix. or.x. leuvs comyng out of an roote, very like to our march violet leves, in all poyntes, savynge that the stalkes that bere the leuvs were thryse as long as violet stalkes be. The roote was blacke, full of ioyntes and of a stronge savour, and at that tyme I coulde fynde in it nother floure nor fruyte. The nexte yere folowyng in the myddes of Marche in the same place, founde the same herbe, wyth leves, stalke and floure, lyke unto wylde valerian, and twoo handbredes from that place I found two otther thre leves lyke unto violettes commyng out of the same roote, so that out of the one end of the roote came leves lyke violets, out of the other ende leuvs, stalke, and floures lyke Valerian. But Dioscorides describeth hys Epimedum thus. It hath a stalke not greate, wyth leves lyke puy .x. or. xi. together, it bereth nother floure nor frute, the roote is blak, smal of a strong savour, wyth an unsavery tast. It groweth in moyst places. It appereth up thys description yf thys be trew epimedium, as I do take it to be that Dioscorides sawe not thys herbe in Marche: but in July or aboute that tyme, but here I wyll gyve no occasion to other more dyligently to seke thys herbe. If they can chance upon it. If thys herbe were the trew epimedum it might be called in Englishe baren violet, of the lykenes that it hath to a violet: and of the propertie it hath to make men and wymen baren.

The vertues of Epimedum.

The leves broken with oyle and layde on after Emplaster wyse, make wymen pappes to grow no bygger. The rootes hyndre conception.

Of Epimedum. (Epimedium alpinum)

Epimedium is called of Theophrastus epimetron: of Plini epimenidion. This herb is strange and ill to find, how be it I found a certain herb in Germany beside the Bishop of Colen’ s place: called Popelsdop, by a brook side very well agreeing in all points, saving in one with the description that Dioscorides maketh of Epimedium. In the month of July, I saw this herb having. ix. or. x. leaves coming out of a root, very like to our march violet leaves, in all points, saving that the stalks that bear the leaves were thrice as long as violet stalks be. The root was black, full of joints and of a strong savor, and at that time I could find in it nether flower nor fruit. The next yere following in the middles of Marche in the same place, found the same herb, with leaves, stalk and flower, like unto wild valerian, and two hand bread from that place I found two other three leaves like unto violets coming out of the same root so that out of the one end of the root came leaves like violets, out of the other end leaves, stalk and flowers like Valerian. But Dioscorides described his Epimedium thus. It hath a stalk not great, with leaves like puy. x. or. xi. together, it bears nether flower nor fruit, the root is black, small of a strong savor, with an unsavory taste. It growth in moist places. It appeared up this description of this be true Epimedium, as I do take it to be that Dioscorides saw not this herb in Marche: but in July or about that time, but here I will gyve no occasion to other more diligently to seek this herb. If they can chance upon it. If this herb were the true Epimedium it might be called in English baren violet, of the likeness that it hath to a violet: and of the property it hath to make men and women baren.

The virtues of Epimedium.

The leaves broken with oil and laide on after plastering wise, make women pappa to grow no bigger. The roots hinder conception.

Of Spyndell tree.

Euonymus is reckened not wythout a cause to be the tree whiche is called of some comon herbaries fusago or fusaria, althoughe I have seen thys tree oft tymes in Englande, and in moste plenty betwene ware and barkwaye: yt for all that I coulde never lerne an englyshe name for it: the Duche men call it in Netherlande spilboome, that is Spindell tree: because they use to make spindels of it in that contrey, and me thynk it maye be so well named in Englyshe, seyng we have no other name. Theophrastus describeth Euonymus after thys maner. The tree named euonymus, groweth bothe in other places, and also in the Ile of Lesus in the orin mountayne called Orinus: it is of the bygnes of pomegranate, wyth a lefe of the same, but greater than is the lefe of perywincle and softe lyke the pomegranate lefe. It begynneth to budd in September and blossemeth in the springe: the floure is like the herbe called viola alba of whiche are many kyndes, but the moste common viola alba is the herbe that we call commonly hart ease: the savour is unpleasant: the fruite with the huske is lyke to the cod of sesam or oyle seed: within it is hole found, not hollow, savyng that is divided into foure squared rowes. Thys vf it be eten kylleth bestes, and the same dothe the lefe, and specially gotes, excepte they be purged. Plini wryteth thus of Euonymus. The tree whiche is called euonymus, is no luckier then ostria. It is not unlike the pomegranate tree, it hath a lefe of the bigness betwene it and a bay tree. The fashion and the softnesse is lyke the pomegranate, but the floure is whyter, and by an by declareth the plage to come. It hath coddes lyke unto sesam, and within a corne foure cornered stick and dedly to bestes. The lefe hath the same might. Somtyme a hasty late is a remedy the poison of thys tree. Thys have I marked beside al that Theophrastus and Plint have writen, that the yong twigges or wandes that growe out of the roote besyde the tree, ar very faire grene, and so well fouresquared as yf it had been done wyth a plane. The vessels, that the sedes are in, are red, and the tree hath muche hart or pith in it. The wood in color is sumthynge yellowyn; not unlyke the color of berbery tree, I knowe no good propertie that thys tree hathe, savynge only it is good to make spyndles and bird of cages.

Of Spyndell tree. (Euonymus europaeus)

Euonymus is reckoned not without a cause to be the tree which is called of some common herbarizes fusago or fusaria, although I have seen this tree oft times in England and in most plenty between Ware and Barkway: yet for all that I could never learn an English name for it: the German men call it in Netherlands spilboome, that is Spindel tree: because they use to make spindles’ of it in that country, and me think it may be so well named in English, seeing we have no other name. Theophrastus described Euonymus after this manner. The tree named euonymus, growth both in other places and also in the Ile of Lesbos in the Orin Mountain called Orinus: it is of the bigness of pomegranate, with a leaf of the same, but greater than is the leaf of periwinkle and soft like the pomegranate leaf. It begin to bud in September and blossomed in the spring: the flower is like the herb called viola alba of which are many kinds, but the most common viola alba is the herb that we call commonly hart ease: the savor is unpleasant: the fruit with the husk is like to the cod of sesame or oil seed: within it is hole found, not hollow, saving that is divided into four squared rows. This if it be eten killed beast and the same do the leaf and specially goats, except they be purged. Plini write thus of Euonymus. The tree which is called Euonymus is no luckier than ostria. It is not unlike the pomegranate tree, it hath a leaf of the bigness between it and a bay tree. The fashion and the softness is like the pomegranate, but the flower is whiter and by an by declared the plage to come. It hath pods like unto sesame and within a corn four cornered stick and deadly to beasts. The leaf hath the same might. Sometime a hasty late is a remedy the poison of this tree. This have I marked beside al that Theophrastus and Plint have written, that the young twigs or wands that grow out of the root beside the tree are very faire green, and so well four squared as if it had been done with a plane. The vessels, that the seeds are in are red and the tree hath much hart or pith in it. The wood in color is something yellowy; not unlike the color of barberry tree, I know no good property that this tree hath, saving only it is good to make spindles and bird cages.

Of Agrimonie.

Eupatorium is named in Greke eupatorion, is called in Englishe Agrimonie: in Duche Agrimonien: in frenche aigremoine. The potecaryes have used for the trewe Eupatorium a wylde herbe wyth leves like hemp, whiche groweth aboute waters sydes and dyches: whyche dyffereth muche in vertue from the herbe named of Dioscorides Eupatorium, as ye shall know in the properties of eupatorium of Dioscorides. Mesues maketh also mention of a kynde of Eupatorium, whyche dothe nothynge agree wyth it of Dioscorides, as ye maye see in Mesues description of that herbe. Ther is no herbe that I knowe, whereunto the description of Mesues Eupatory doth better agree then the herbe that wee call in Englyshe Maudeleyn. Dioscorides describeth his eupatorium after thys maner. Eupatorium is a bushy herbe, bryngyng forth on stalk, like wood, blackish, straight small, roughe, a cubyt longe, and sometyme more. It hath leves lyke five leved grasse: yet more lyker hempe, dvided in fyve partes o more, somethynge blacke, indented aboute the edges lyke a sawe. The seed commeth fourth of the mydle of the stalkes and so groweth up full of downe, and it boweth downe warde. The same when it is drye cleveth upon mennes clothes.

The vertues of Agrimonie.

Eupatorium is an herbe of subtyle and fine partes, and it hath powre to cut insunder, and to scowre away with out any manifest or perceycable hete. Therefore it scoreth awaye the stoppyng of the lyver. There is also in it a certayne byndyng where by it giveth strength onto the lyver. Thus far hath Galene spoken of oure agrimonie. And Dioscorides wryteth thus of the vertues of agrimoni. The leves of thys herbe broken and layd to wyth swynes grese, hele sores that are harde to be cured and covered with a skyn. The herbe or the seed dronken in wyne, delyvereth men from the blody flyxe, from the diseases of the lyver and the byting of serpentes. Agrimony groweth amonge bushes and hedges and in myddowes and woddes, in all cuntries in greate plenty.

Of Agrimonie. (Agrimonia eupatorium)

Eupatorium is named in Greek eupatorion, is called in English Agrimonie: in German Agrimonien: in French aigremoine. The pothecaries have used for the true Eupatorium a wild herb with leaves like hemp, (Eupatorium cannabinum) which growth about waters sides and diches which differed much in virtue from the herb named of Dioscorides Eupatorium, as ye shall know in the properties of Eupatorium of Dioscorides. Mesue maketh also mention of a kind of Eupatorium which do nothing agree with it of Dioscorides, as ye may see in Mesue’ s description of that herb. There is no herb that I know whereunto the description of Mesue’ s Eupatorium doth better agree then the herb that we call in English Maudelein. Dioscorides described his Eupatorium after this manner. Eupatorium is a bushy herb, bringing forth on stalk like wood, blackish, straight small, rough, a cubit long and sometime more. It hath leaves like five leaved grass yet more like hemp, divided in five partes or more, something black, indented about the edges like a saw. The seed comet fourth of the middle of the stalks and so growth up full of down and it bowed downward. The same when it is dry clefted upon men’ s clothes.

The virtues of Agrimonia.

Eupatorium is an herb of subtle and fine partes, and it hath power to cut in sunder and to score away without any manifest or perceivable hot. Therefore, it scored away the stopping of the liver. There is also in it a certain binding whereby it giveth strength unto the liver. Thus far hath Galene spoken of our Agrimonia. And Dioscorides write thus of the virtues of Agrimonia. The leaves of this herb broken and laid to with s wines grease hele sores that are hard to be cured and covered with a skin. The herb or the seed drunken in wine, delivered men from the bloody flux, from the diseases of the liver and the biting of serpents. Agrimony growth among bushes and hedges and in meadows and woods, in all countries in great plenty.

Of the Beane.

Faba is named in Greke kyamos; in Englyshe a beane; in Duche een boen; in Frenche feboy. Thys pulse is so wll knowene in all countries, that it nedeth no description. Therefore the figure of it thys tyme shall be sufficient.

The vertues of Beanes.

Beanes make wynde, and are harde of digestion, and make troblesume dreames. They are good for the coughe: they ingendre fleshe of a meane nature betwen hote and colde. It they be sodden in water and vinegre, and eaten wyth theyr shelles they stop the bloody flyxe, and the common flyxe of the guttes. They are good to be eaten agayntse vomytyng, They are lesse wyndy if the fyrst water whilse they be in sethynge be caste oute and be sodden in freshe water agayne. The grene bene troubleth the stomach more, and is more wyndy than the dry beane, The floure both by it selfe and also layde to wyth barly mele, swageth the burnynges called inflammations, whyche come of a wounde, it maketh the scarres to be of one color wyth the rest of the fleshe about it. It helpeth the pappes that swell wyth clodded mylke: yea thought they be vexed wyth an inflammation or hete. It stoppeth mylke. It dryveth awaye swellynge empostemes: blewe brosed bloude: and swellynges behynde the eares wyth the mele of fenegreke and honey, but wyth roses, frankincense and the whyte of an egge, the eyes that fal out ward: swellynges bot he wyndy and other ar stayed, the sme kneded wyth wyne helpeth the eyes that have a perle, and the stripes of the eyes, The beane eten without any husk, is good to be layed to the forehed, to turne away the humors that fal downe into it. Beanes sodden in wyne hele the swellynges gathered in the stones. Sume use to lay it upon chylders nether partes of their bellyes, to stoppe the commynge furthe of the fyrste here. Heres whyche spryge oute agayne after that the former here is pulled out, if they be anoynted wyth the huskes of beanes, were smal and fyne and receve lesse norisment. The barkes of beanes wyth barley mele, cloven alom, called of sume allom plume, and olde oyle, dryveth away hard kirnelles. Woll is died wyth the barkes of beanes. Beanes the skin taken of, and devided in to those partes where into they are devided by theyr owne nature, use to be layd, to stop blood which is rased by an horse leche, for it stoppeth bloode, yf it be halfe cloven and layde to. Actius wryyteth even as Galene and Paulus wryte also: that it draweth very nere unto the mydle temper betwen hote and colde. The substances of the beane as Golen writeth, hath a litle vertue to scoure away: as the skynne hath the propertye to bynde a lytle, beanes layed without as a medicine do drve wythout hurt. Galen writeth that he hath oft used beanes sodden in water, and layd the to with swines grese upon places, vexed with the goute, He also used leves against the brusing of synewes: and the woundes of the same, and namely the mele of them with hony and vynegre.

Of the Beane. (Vicia faba)

Faba is named in Greek kyamos; in English a bean; in German ein boen; in French feboy. this pulse is so well known in all countries that it needed no description. Therefore, the figure of it this time shall be sufficient.

The virtues of Beanes.

Beanes make wind and are hard of digestion and make troublesome dreams. They are good for the cough: they engender flesh of a mean nature between hot and cold. It they be sodden in water and vinegar and eaten with their shells they stop the bloody flux and the common flux of the gouttes. They are good to be eaten against vomiting. They are lesser windy if the first water while they be in seething be caste out and be sodden in fresh water again. The green bene troubled the stomach more and is windier than the dry bean. The flower both by itself and also laid to with barley mele, swaged the burnings called inflammations, which come of a wound, it maketh the scares to be of one color with the rest of the flesh about it. It helped the pappa that swell with clotted milk: yea thought they be vexed with an inflammation or hot. It stopped milk. It drives away swelling empostemes (pus): blue browsed blood: and swellings behind the ears with the mele of fenugreek and honey, but with roses, frankincense and the white of an egg, the eyes that fall outward: swellings bot windy and other are stayed, the seed kneed with wine helped the eyes that have a pearl and the stripes of the eyes. The bean eten without any husk is good to be laid to the forehead, to turn away the humors that fall down into it. Beanes sodden in wine hele the swellings gathered in the stones. Some use to lay it upon children nether partes of their bellies to stop the coming furt of the first hair. Hair which spring out again after that the former hair is pulled out, if they be anointed with the husks of beans were small and fine and receive lesser nourishment. The barks of beans with barley mele, cloven all om, called of some allom plume, and olde oil drive away hard kernelless. Woll is dyed with the barks of beans. Beanes the skin taken of and divided into those partes where into they are divided by their own nature use to be laid to stop blood which is razed by a horse leche, for it stopped blood if it be half cloven and laid to. Actius write even as Galene and Paulus writ also: that it draweth very near unto the middle temper between hot and cold. The substances of the bean as Galen write hath a little virtue to scour away: as the skin hath the property to bind a little, beans laid without as a medicine do drive without hurt. Galen writ that he hath oft used beans sodden in water and laid the too with swine’s grease upon places vexed with the gout. He also used leaves against the bruising of sinews: and the wounds of the same, and namely the mele of them with honey and vinegar.

The seconde parte of William Turners herbal wherein are conteyned the names of herbes in Greke, Latin, Duche, Frenche and in the Apothecaries Latin, and somtyme in Italiane, wyth the vertues of the same herbes wyth diverse confutationes of no small errours, that men of no small learning have committed in the intreatinge of herbes of late yeares.

Here unto is ioyned also a booke of the bath of Baeth in Englande / and of the vertues of the same wyth diverse other bathes moste holsum and effectuall / both in Almany and Englande / set furth by William Turner Doctor of Physik.

Imprinted at Collen by Arnold Birckman. In the yeare of our Lorde M. D. LX. II.

Cum Gratia & Privilegio Reg. Maiest. Introduction do not write.

The second part of William Turners herbal wherein are contained the names of herbs in Greek, Latin, German, Frenche and in the Apothecaries Latin and sometime in Italiane with the virtues of the same herbs with diverse confutations of no small errors, that men of no small learning have committed in the entreating of herbs of late years.

Here unto is joined also a book of the bath of Bath in England and of the virtues of the same with diverse other bathes most wholesome and effectual, both in Almany and England, set furth by William Turner Doctor of Physic.

Imprinted at Collen by Arnold Birckman. In the year of our Lorde 1562.

Cum Gratia & Privilegio Reg. Majest. Introduction do not write.

Of the bech tree.

Fagus is named in Greke Phegos, in Duch, ein Buchbaum, in Frenche fau. Fagus is thus described of Pliny. The nut of a Beche tree beynge lyke unto kyvels, is enclosed in a three cornered skyn or huske, the leafe is thyn and exedynge lyght, lyke unto an aspe or poplere, it wereth yelowe verye hastely, ofte tymes it bryngeth further in the myddes in the upper parte a lytle grene berry, sharpe in the toppe, the nuttes are verye swete. Thrussis desire greatly to eate of the beche nut, and myse eate gladly of the same. Thus muche dothe Plinye wryte of the description of a beche tree. Virgill in his Egloges maketh beche tree to have a grat and a broade toppe, whiche maketh suche a greate shadowe, that bothe men and bestes maye be defended therbye frome the heate of the sonne: whiche thinge we use to be true by daylye experiente, and specyallye in greate olde Beches.

The propertyes, use, and commodytes of the beche tree.

Dioscorides wryteth that the leaves of the oke a the beche tree and of suche other ye brused and broken are good for softe swellinges and to strengthen those partes that are wee. The leaves of the beche tree are good to be chowed for the dysease of the gummes and the lyppes. The powdre burned of the beche nut is good wythe honye for a skalde or skurfvpe head, when the heare goethe of, if it be layde to. Plinye rekenyth the sede good for the stone. Paladius writith that the beche tree is good tymbre, if it be kepte drye, but that it is useally rotten, if it be in moysture or in weate places, in Virgilles tyme men used muche to meke cuppes of the beche tree as a man maye gather by his Egloges.

Of the bech tree. (Fagus sylvatic)

Fagus is named in Greek Phegos, in German, ein Buchbaum, in French fau. Fagus is thus described of Plini. The nut of a Beech tree being like unto kernels, is enclosed in a three-cornered skin or husk, the leaf is thin and exceeding light, like unto an asp or poplar, it were yellow very hastily, of times it brength further in the middles in the upper part a little green berry, sharp in the top, the nuts are very sweet. Thrushes desire greatly to eat of the beech nut, and mouse eat gladly of the same. Thus, much do Plini write of the description of a beech tree. Virgill in his Egloges maketh beech tree to have a great and a broad top, which maketh such a great shadow that both men and beast may be defended thereby from the heat of the son: which thing we use to be true by daily experience and specially in great olde Beeches.

The properties, use and commodities of the beech tree.

Dioscorides write that the leaves of the oak and the beech tree and of such other bruised and broken are good for soft swellings and to strengthen those partes that are wee. The leaves of the beech tree are good to be chowed for the disease of the gums and the lips. The powder burned of the beech nut is good with honey for a skald or scurfy head, when the hear go of, if it be laide to. Pliny recent the seed good for the stone. Paladius writ that the beech tree is good timbre, if it be kept dry, but that it is usually rotten, if it be in moisture or in waste places, in Virgil’s time men used much to make cups of the beech tree as a man may gather by his Egloges.

Of the herbe Ferula.

Ferula is called in Greke narthex, but howe that it is named in Englishe, as yet I can not tell, for I never sawe it in Englande, but in Germanie in divers places. It maye 1 be named in Englishe herbe ferula, or fenell gyante, because it is lyke fenell but a great deale higher and larger in all partes then fenell is.

Ferula bryngith furthe a stalke of three cubytes longe, and leaves of fenell, but rougher and broder. I fynde no larger description of ferula in Dioscorides, but Theophrastus describeth it thus: Ferula hathe but one stalke, and that full of ioyntes or knees. The leaves and branchis come oute of the ioyntes, one oute of one syde of the ioynte, a another oute of the other syde, as the leaves of the rede do. The leafe is greate, softe and muche devyded or iagged, so that it that is nere unto the grounde, dothe muche resemble here. The floure is yelowe, the sede is darke and lyke dyll sede, but greater it is cloven in the toppe, and is devyded into smale styckes which holde the floures and the sede. The smal branchis want not theyr floures nor sede, but have bothe as dill hath. The stalke lasteth but for one yere. It hath but one single roote, and that goeth depe into the grounde.

The vertues of Ferula out of Dioscorides.

The harte taken oute of the grene ferula, and drunken, is good for the spittinge of blode, for the flixe: it is geven in wyne againste the bytinges of vipers. The same put into ye nosethrilles, stoppith bloode there. The sede dronken is good for the gnawinge of the bellie, if the bodie be anointed therwyth and wyth oyle. it provoketh sweate. The stalkes, if they be eaten, make the head ake, they are saweed in urine.

The vertues of ferula oute of Plinye.

The stalkes of ferula are used to to be eaten, when they are sodden, they are the better taken wyth muste and honie, and so they are good fur the stomake, if a man take manye of them: they brede the heade ake, a dramme of the roote dronken in two unces, and a halfe of wine, is dronken agaynst serpentes, and the roote is layed to it selfe, so is it good for the gnawinge in the bellye: wyth oyle and vinegre, it is good to staye swetinge even in agues. The iuyce of ferula taken in the quantyte of a beane, doth stop the bellye .x. graynes of the seed broken, are good to be dronken in wyne to stop blode. The harte or the pithe of the herbe so taken, is good for the same purpose. The nature of Ferula is the sores enemie that can be to Lampreys, for yf ones touche them, they dye therwyth.

The vertues of Ferula oute of Galen.

The sede of ferula heateth and maketh thyn or subtill, but it that is within, whiche they cal the maryshe, the pythe, and the hatte, hath a byndinge nature in it. By reason wherof it is good for the flix end them that spyt blode.

Of the herb Ferula. (Ferula sorts)

Ferula is called in Greek narthex, but howe that it is named in English, as yet I cannot tell, for I never saw it in England, but in Germanië in divers’ places. It may be named in English herb Ferula or fennel giant, because it is like fennel but a great deal higher and larger in all partes then fennel is.

Ferula brength furth a stalk of three cubits long and leaves of fennel, but rougher and brooder. I find no larger description of Ferula in Dioscorides, but Theophrastus described it thus: Ferula hath but one stalk and that full of joints or knees. The leaves and branches come out of the joints, one out of one side of the joint another out of the other side as the leaves of the reed do. The leaf is great, soft and much divided or jagged, so that it that is near unto the ground, dot much resemble hair. The flower is yellow, the seed is dark and like dill seed, but greater it is cloven in the top and is divided into small sticks which hold the flowers and the seed. The small branches want not their flowers nor seed but have both as dill hath. The stalk lasted but for one year. It hath but one single root and that goth deep into the ground.

The virtues of Ferula out of Dioscorides.

The hart taken out of the green Ferula and drunken is good for the spitting of blood, for the flux: it is given in wine against the biting’s of vipers. The same put into ye nose thrills, stopped blood there. The seed drunken is good for the gnawing of the belly, if the body be anointed therewith and with oil. it provoked sweat. The stalks, if they be eaten, make the headache, they are sawed in urine.

The virtues of Ferula out of Plini.

The stalks of Ferula are used to be eaten when they are sodden, they are the better taken with must and honey and so they are good for the stomach, if a man take many of them: they brede the headache, a drachm of the root drunken in two once’s and a half of wine is drunken against serpents and the root is laid to itself, so is it good for the gnawing in the belly: with oil and vinegar , it is good to stay sweeting even in agues. The juice of Ferula taken in the quantity of a bean doth stop the belly. x. grains of the seed broken are good to be drunken in wine to stop blood. The hart or the pith of the herb so taken is good for the same purpose. The nature of Ferula is the sorest enemies that can be to Lampreys, for if ones touch them, they dye therewith.

The virtues of Ferula out of Galen.

The seed of Ferula heated and maketh thin or subtill, but it that is within, which they call the marie, the pit, and the hat hath a binding nature in it. By reason whereof it is good for the flix end them that spit blood.

Of the Figge tree.

Ficus is called in Greke syke, in Englishe a figge tree, in Duche, Ein feig baum, in Frenche ung figuez. A figge tree is no greate highe tree, so the moste parte, but in some places some are founde as bigge and as high, as a pere tree. The leaves are cut or indented, and everye leafe hath thre partes of the whiche everie one resemblith a finger. Therefore everye figge leafe, semith as though it had thre fingers. The figge tree is so well knowen, that it nedith no farther description.

The vertues of the Figge tree.

Newe figgees that are ripe, as Dioscorides writeth, hurte the stomake, and lose the bellye, but the flixe cometh therof, is sone stopped. They provoke swaet and drawe out wheles and pockes; they quenche thurste and abate heate, when that are drye, theyr nature is hote, they norishe the strengeht; but the they make a man more drie, they are good for the bellye, and are contrarye to the rumes or stowinges of the stomacke, and the bellie. Yet Galen wrytith that the figges both grene and also dryed, loos the bellye. They are verye good for the throte, forthe wynde pipe, for the kidnes, for the bladder, and for them that are evill colored wyth longe sycknes, and for them that are shorte wynded, and for them that have the dropsye, and for them that have the fallinge sycknes. The same made warme, and dronken wyth Ysope, do purge the breste, they are good for the coughe, for the bellye, for the olde diseases of the lunges. The same brused wyth niter, chartan saffron, then eaten, do soften the bellye. The brothe of figges, is good for the swelled kyrnells besyde the trote. If a man gargill ther with, they are good to be put in softenynge implaysters, mixed wythe barlye meale, the same brothe is good to be mixed in womans bathes wyth Fenygreke, and sodden barlye. When they are sodden wyth rue, they are good to be powred in, agaynst the gnawinge of the bellye. Figges sodden and laide to drive awaye hardnessis, they soft swellinges behinde the eares, other angrye swellinges. They make rype wheles, called Pavos, speciallye yf there be put unto them niter aryce, or lime: if rawe figges be beaten wyth these, they are of lyke effecte. Wythe the shell of a pomegarned they purge awaye angvaylles and suche harde swellinges: wythe copperus they heale the runnynge yssues of the legge, whiche are almoste incurable, if they be sodden withe wyne wormwode Romane and barlye meale. They are good to be layed upon them that have the dropsye, burnte figges laide one with a playster of ware, are goode for kybed or mooled heles, and for ytchynges. The mylkye juyce of bothe the wilde and the garden figge: even as runnynge or chese lope, maketh mylke runne together into cruddes, and louseth it that is growen together, as vinegre: it takyth the saynne of from the bodye, it openyth the poores and the bellye. The same broken wyth an almonde and dronken openyth the mother. The same layd to wyth the yolke of an egge ot Tyrrinicall waxe, bringith downe womens sycknesses. It is good to be put into playsters wythe the floure of fenygreke and vinegre for the gowte. It scowryth awaye lepres, frekles, skuruynes and the disease of the face, stables, a runnynge sores in the head, if it be layed to wyth barlye meale: It is good for them that are bytten wyth a scorpion or of anye other venemous beast, or of a mad dogge, if it be dropped into the wounde. The same receaved in wulle and put into the holowe to thethe, is good also for the tothe ake. If it be layde to wyth fatt, it taketh awaye wertes. Drye fygges are hote in the fyrste degree full as Galen wryteth. They are hote in the beginnynge of the seconde degree, and of fyne and ſuill partes. The figge tree as bothe the juyce, the leaves and the tree dothe testiſye, is verye hote, for they do not onlye byte vehementlye scoure awaye, but also do pull of the skynne, and open the mouthes of the vesselles, although figges wyth other frutes have some evyll juyce, yet this good propertye they have, that they go quicklye thorough the bellye, and easelye go thorowe the hole bodye, for they have a notable vertue to scoure awaye, wherfore it chanseth that they that are greved wyth the stone, after that they have eaten figges voyd oute sande in theyr urine: they norishe more then the commen sorte of frutes do, but they make not fast and styffe fleſhe as breade and swynes fleshe do, but somethinge lowse and emptye fleshe as beanes do. Figges are wyndye, but their wyndynes endurith not, if a man eate oute of measure of rype figges, they will fill him excedingliye full of lice. They have vertue to cutt in sondre and to make fyne, by reason wherof they provoke a man to stoole and purge the kydnes.

Of the Figge tree. (Ficus carica)

Ficus is called in Greek syke, in English a fig tree, in German, Ein feig baum, in French ung figuez. A fig tree is not a great high tree, so the most part, but in some places, some are found as big and as high as a pear tree. The leaves are cut or indented and every leaf hath three partes of the which everyone resembled a finger. Therefore, every fig leaf seemed as though it had three fingers. The fig tree is so well known that it needed no farther description.

The virtues of the Figge tree.

New fig’s that are ripe, as Dioscorides write, hurt the stomach and lose the belly, but the flix cometh thereof, is soon stopped. They provoke sweat and draw out whiles and pocks; they quenched thirst and abate heat, when that are dry, their nature is hot, they nourished the strength; but they make a man more dry, they are good for the belly and are contrary to the rums or stowing’s of the stomach and the belly. Yet Galen writes that the figs both green and also dried loos the belly. They are very good for the throat, fort the windpipe, for the kidneys, for the bladder and for them that are evil colored with long sickness, and for them that are short winded and for them that have the dropsy, and for them that have the falling sickness. The same made warm and drunken with hyssop do purge the breast, they are good for the cough, for the belly, for the olde diseases of the lunges. The same bruised with niter, charting saffron, then eaten do soften the belly. The broth of figs is good for the swelled kernels beside the throat. If a man gargle there with, they are good to be put in softening plasters, mixed with barley mele, the same broth is good to be mixed in woman’s bathes with Fenugreek and sodden barley. When they are sodden with rue, they are good to be poured in against the gnawing of the belly. Figs sodden and laide to drive away hardness’s, they soft swellings behind the ears, other angry swellings. They make ripe whiles, called Pavos, especially if there be put unto them niter arise or lime: if raw figs be beaten with these, they are of like effect. With the shell of a pomegranate, they purge away agnails and such hard swellings: withe copperas they heal the running issues of the leg, which are almost incurable, if they be sodden withe wine wormwood Romane and barley meal. They are good to be laid upon them that have the dropsy, burnt figs laide one with a plaster of wax are good for kited or moiled heles, and for itching’s. The milky juice of both the wild and the garden fig even as running or cheese lope, maketh milk run together into crudes and loused it that is grown together as vinegar: it taketh the sane of from the body, it opened the pores and the belly. The same broken with an almond and drunken opened the mother. The same laid to with the yolk of an egg oft Tirrinicall wax brength down women’s sicknesses. It is good to be put into plasters withe the flower of fenugreek and vinegar for the gout. It scored away lepers, freckles, scurvies and the disease of the face, stables, running sores in the head, if it be laid to with barley meal: It is good for them that are bitten with a scorpion or of any other venomous beast or of a mad dog, if it be dropped into the wound. The same received in wool and put into the hollow to teethe, is good also for the teethe ache. If it be laide to with fat it taketh away warts. Dry figs are hot in the first degree full as Galen write. They are hot in the beginning of the second degree, and of fine and full partes. The fig tree as both the juice, the leaves and the tree doth testify is very hot, for they do not only bite vehemently scour away, but also do pull of the skin and open the mouths of the vessels, although figs with other fruits have some evil juice, yet this good property they have that they go quickly thorough the belly and easily go throw the whole body, for they have a notable virtue to scour away wherefore it chanced that they that are grieved with the stone, after that they have eaten figs void out sand in their urine: they nourished more than the common sort of fruits do, but they make not fast and stiff flesh as bread and s wines flesh do, but something lows and empty flesh as beans do. Figs are windy, but their windiness endured not, if a man eat out of measure of ripe figs, they will fill him exceedingly full of lice. They have virtue to cut in sunder and to make fine, by reason whereof they provoke a man to stool and purge the kidneys.

Of the Brake or Ferne.

Filix is called in Greke Pteris, in Englishe Ferne or a Brake, in Duche ein walt farne, in Frenche fauchier. There are two kyndes of brakes, the one kynde is called in Latin Filix mascula, in Greke Pteris, wythoute anye addicion. It groweth commenlye upon stones. It is all full of lytle winges even frome the roote. The seconde kynde is called in Greke Thelypteris, in Latin Filix femina: this is the commen ferne or brake whiche the Norther men call a braken. It hath a thinge lyke a longe bare stalke, and the leaves are onelye on the top of that. Dioscorides wrytith of the Ferne or Brake thus. It hath leaves wythout anye stalke or frute, whiche leaves comme oute of a thinge lyke a stalke, and the same is a cubite highe, the leaves are manye wayes devided and full of branches lyke fethers. The savor of it is somewhat rauhe, the roote of it is black, and that goeth even by the overmoste parte of the grounde. It is also longe, and putteth furth manye branches, the taste if is somewhat byndynge.

It groweth in montaynes and in stonye placyes. The female brake hath leaves lyke unto the male full of branchis, hyer from the grounde, whiche growe not all upon one herbes synnewe as it were, as the other doth, but upon divers and manye lytle synnowes lyke stalkes. This kynde hath manye longe rootes writhen one by an other, whiche beyng somthynge yelow turn toward a black. Some also are founde red. Dioscorides denyeth that the Ferne hath anye frute, and therbye that it hath also no seede, but not onelye the opinion of the commen people is, that the ferne hath sede, but also it is the opinion of a Cristen Phisicion, named Hieronymus Tragus, who doth not onlye saye that Ferne hath sede, but wrytith that he founde upon mydsomer even sede upon Brakes. I have taken oute of his herbal his wordes concernynge that matter, have translated that into Englishe after this maner following. Although that all they that have writen of herbes, have affyrmed and holden, that the Brake hath nether sede, nor frute: yet have I divers tymes proved the contrarye, whiche thinge I will testefye here in this plate, for there sakes that be studentes in the knowledge of herbes. I have foure yeres together one after an other upon the vigill of saynt John the Baptiste (whiche we call in Englishe mydsomer even) soughte for this sede of Brakes upon the nyghte, in dede I fownde it earlye in the mornynge before the daye brake, the sede was small blacke and lyke unto poppye. I gatherid it after this maner: I laide shetes and mollen leaves underneth the brakes whiche receyved the sede, that was by shakynge and beatynge broughte oute of the branches and leaves. Manye brakes in some places had no sede at all, but in other places agayne; a man shall fynde sede in very brake, so that a man many may gather a hundred oute of one brake alone, but I went aboute this busyness, all figures, coniurynges, saunters, charmes, wytchcrafte, for seryes sett a syde, takynge wyth me two or three honest men to bere me companye, when I soughte this seede, all the villages aboute, did shyve with boulpers that the people made there, a sometyme when I soughte the sede, I sownde it, and sometyme I so sownde it not. Somtyme I founde muche and sometyme lytle: but what shoulde be the cause of this diversere or what nature meaneth in this thinge, surelye I can not tel. Thus farre hath Tragus wryten of the brake seede. But as he hath not tolde wherfore the sede is good even so have I no experyence as yet wherfore it is good, savynge hat I do gether by no vayne coniecture, that in healynge of dyvers grefes, it is of greater poure and strengthe then ether the roote or leaves be.

The vertues of the male ferne.

The roote of the male ferne dryveth oute the brode wormes of the bellye, if yowe take it in the quanyte of foure drames of mede, otherwyse called hunyed water, but it will worke more effectuallye if ye take it with xii. graynes of Diagredy or Scamonye, or blacke Hellabor, but they that receyve this medicine, had nede to take garlyke before, and it is good for them that have a swelled mylte. The roote is good to be dronken, and also to be laide to in playstre wyse for the wondes that are made wyth an arrowe of reede, wherof they saye this is the tryall. The ferne will peryshe, if ye sett reedes rounde aboute it in good plentye. And lyke wyse the reede will vanyshe awaye if ye compasse him aboute wyth ferne rounde aboute. The rootes of the femall ferne taken wyth honye after the maner of an electuarye, dryve brode wormes oute of the gutter if they be dronken wyth wyne, in the quantyte of thre drammes, they dryve oute rounde wormes. They are not good to be geven unto women whiche wolde have manye children, nether are they good to go muche over for women that are alredye wyth childe. The powdre of them is good to be sprynkled upon moste soores whiche are harde to be coverid wyth a skynne, and ill to be healid. It is a good remedye for the neckes of suche beastes as are accustomed to the yokes. Somme use to seth the grene leafes of Brakes wyth other wortes or pot herbes, to receave them to soften their bellye wythall. The later wryters do affirme that the juyce whiche is pressyd oute of a Ferne roote, laide to wythe rose water, or wythe other colde water, if ye can gett no rose water, is good for all maner of burnynges and skaldinges, but ye muste two or three tymes streine the water a powdre together, and then it will be slymy, and then it is perfectiye good for the purposes above rehersed, when as no other remedye will helpe as men of experience do testyfe. This is a marvelous nature that the Ferne hath namelye the male, that if a man cut the roote of it in the myddes, it will shewe of eche syde a blacke egle wyth two heades oute of white, Plinye allo wrytith, that if the roote of the Ferne be broken and laide to, pulleth furth the shever of a reede that styckith in the flese, and lykewyse that the roote of the reede laide to, pullyth furth to shevers of a Brake that is in the fleshe.

Of the Brake or Ferne. (Pteris cretica, Thelypteris palustre)

Filix is called in Greek Pteris, in English Ferne or a Brake, in German ein walt farne, in French fauchier. There are two kinds of brakes, the one kind is called in Latin Filix mascula, in Greek Pteris, without any addiction. It growth commonly upon stones. It is all full of little wings even from the root. The second kind is called in Greek Thelypteris, in Latin Filix femina: this is the common fern or brake which the Norther men call a braken. It hath a thing like a long bare stalk, and the leaves are only on the top of that. Dioscorides write of the Ferne or Brake thus. It hath leaves without any stalk or fruit which leaves come out of a thing like a stalk and the same is a cubit high, the leaves are many ways divided and full of branches like feathers. The savor of it is somewhat rough, the root of it is black and that goth even by the over most part of the ground. It is also long and putted furth many branches, the taste is somewhat binding.

It growth in mountains and in stone places. The female brake hath leaves like unto the male full of branches, here from the ground which grow not all upon one herb sinew as it were, as the other doth, but upon divers and many little sinews like stalks. This kind hath many long roots writhen one by another, which being something yellow turn toward a black. Some also are foundered. Dioscorides denied that the Ferne hath any fruit and thereby that it hath also no seed, but not only the opinion of the common people is, that the fern hath seed, but also it is the opinion of a Cristen Physician, named Hieronymus Tragus, who doth not only say that Ferne hath seed, but write that he found upon Midsomer even seed upon Brakes. I have taken out of his herbal his words concerning that matter, have translated that into English after this manner following. Although that all they that have written of herbs, have affirmed and holden that the Brake hath nether seed, nor fruit: yet have I divers times proved the contrary, which thing I will testify here in this plate, for there sakes that be students in the knowledge of herbs. I have four years together one after another upon the vigil of saint John the Baptiste (which we call in English Midsomer even) sought for this seed of Brakes upon the night, indeed I found it early in the morning before the daybreak, the seed was small black and like unto poppy. I gathered it after this manner: I laide sheets and molle leaves underneath the brakes which received the seed, that was by shaking and beating brought out of the branches and leaves. Maney brakes in some places had no seed at all, but in other places again; a man shall find seed in very brake, so that a man many may gather a hundred out of one brake alone, but I went about this busyness, all figures, conjuring’s, saunters, charms, witchcraft, for serves set aside, taking with me two or three honest men to bear me company, when I sought this seed all the villages about, did shive with boulders that the people made there, a sometime when I sought the seed, I found it and sometime I so found it not. Sometimes I found much and sometime little: but what should be the cause of this diverse or what nature meant in this thing, surely, I cannot tel. Thus far hath Tragus written of the brake seed. But as he hath not told wherefore the seed is good even so have I no experience as yet wherefore it is good, saving hat I do gather by no vein conjecture, that in healing of diver’s griefs it is of greater power and strength then ether the root or leaves be.

The virtues of the male fern.

The root of the male fern drives out the brood worms of the belly, if you take it in the quantity of four drachms of mee, otherwise called honeyed water, but it will work more effectually if ye take it with xii. grains of Diagridium or Scammony or black Hellebore, but they that receive this medicine, had need to take garlic before, and it is good for them that have a swelled milt. The root is good to be drunken and also to be laide to in plaster wise for the wounds that are made with an arrow of reed, whereof they say this is the trial. The fern will perish if ye sett reeds round about it in good plenty. And likewise, the reed will vanish away if ye compass him about with fern round about. The roots of the female fern taken with honey after the manner of an electuary, drive brood worms out of the gutter if they be drunken with wine, in the quantity of three drachms, they drive out round worms. They are not good to be given unto women which would have many children, neither are they good to go much over for women that are already with child. The powder of them is good to be sprinkled upon most sores which are hard to be covered with a skin and ill to be healed. It is a good remedy for the necks of such beasts as are accustomed to the yokes. Somme use to set the green leaves of Brakes with other Worts or pot herbs to receive them to soften their belly withal. The later writers do affirm that the juice which is pressed out of a Ferne root, laide to withe rose water or withe other cold water if ye can get no rose water, is good for all manner of burnings and scalding’s, but ye must two or three times strain the water of powder together and then it will be slimy, and then it is perfectly good for the purposes above rehearsed, when as no other remedy will help as men of experience do testify. This is a marvelous nature that the Ferne hath namely the male, that if a man cut the root of it in the middles, it will shew of each side a black eagle with two heads out of white, Plini also write that if the root of the Ferne be broken and laide to pullet furth the shaver of a reed that sticked in the flesh and likewise that the root of the reed laide to pullet furth to shavers of a Brake that is in the flesh.

Of Polypody or Usuall ferne or Oke ferne.

Filicula is called in Greke Polipodium, in Englishe Polipodium or Walle ferne, in Duche Engelsaet, or engelsusz, in Frenche Polipode. It groweth in oke trees and in olde walles. It dryeth whythoute bitinge. Dioscorides sayeth, Polipodium groweth in mossye walles, and in olde bodies or bellys of trees, and speciallye of okes, it is of a span length, and lyke unto a ferne, something roughe, but not so finely divided, the roothe is full of heares wherin are contained certayne longe things lyke the seet or claspers of a fyshe, called Polipus, they are of a thicknes of a mans lytler finger, grene, within and something russet.

The vertues of Polipodium oute of Dioscorides.

Polypodium hath the poure and virtue to purge. It is good to be geven sodden with a henn, or with fishe, or with betes, or mallowes to make a purgation. The pouder of the roote mixed with mede, dothe purge coler and fleme, it is excedinge good to be laide one those members are oute of ioynte, and agaynste the cahppes or rysted that are in the fingers.

The vertues of Polipodium oute of Mesue.

Polipodium is the roote of an heber that growth upon stones and trees, whiche the Grecianes call Dendropterum, it is a tree ferne. It growth upon the stones, is full of superfluous, rawe, and wyndy moisture, whiche overturneth the stomache. It is better that growth upon trees, namely suche as bare acerves or maste, speciallye yf it be great, sownde, freshe and well fastened together, full of knottes wythoute blackyshe redde a grene wythin as fistikes be, and a swete taste, astringent, somethinge bitter and somthinge spicie. It scowreth away grosse and tough humors: it maketh rype and dryeth up. It purgeth ye even from ye iointes, melancholy or grosse towgh fleme. It is good for these causes for all that aryse of melancholi as the quartayne yf it be taken wyth mede, doder of tyme salt Indian. Al maner of wayes it is good for the colike and for hardnes of the mylt. Polypody drieth and lesseth or thinneth the body. To avoyde that, that shall not bringe the stomacke to vomiting, it mut be geven wyth mede or barly water, or the brothe of rasines, or wyth the broth of cockes, or hennes, or sodden wyth whay. It is good to drinck if it mixed wyth well savoringe sede, and other spycye thinges as anise, carya, fenell, ginger, and suche lyke that comforte the lyfe or the naturall power of the stomache. Polypody can byde longe sethinge inough. It maye be geven from ii. drames unto six. Thus far mesue, an unce a an halffe of our Englishe Polypody will scarsely purge, som use to drye the rote, to geve a dramme of the powder at the lest for a purgation, bid the patient after it ij. houres. The stylled water of Pollyodum as Tragus wryteth, is good for the quartayne, for the cowogh, for the short winde, against melancholye, against grevous and hevey dreame, if it be drunken a certaine contynuall dayes together. But I thinke that the wine that the rotes are sodden in, made a lytle swete wyth sugger or hony, shoulde worke muche better, for the above named then the water, whych of what soever herbe it be of hath no suche strengh as juice and broth of the same herbe. Is ther any water better then rose water is and hath more strenght of the rose, and yet ii. unces of the iuice of roses, worketh more in purgynge, then xvi. of water. Wherfore I can not so muche commende the distilled waters of herbes as I do the iuice and brothes, of the same, wherin the herbes are sodden.

Of Polypody or Usual fern or Oak fern. (Polypodium vulgare)

Filicula is called in Greek Polipodium, in English Polypodium or Walle fern, in German Engelsaet or engelsusz, in French Polipode. It growth in oak trees and in olde walls. It dry whiteout biting. Dioscorides sayeth, Polypodium growth in mossy walls and in olde bodies or bellies of trees, and specially of oaks, it is of a span length, and like unto a fern, something rough, but not so finely divided, the root is full of hears wherein are contained certain long things like the seed or claspers of a fish called Polypus, they are of a thickness of a man’s littler finger, green, within and something russet.

The virtues of Polypodium out of Dioscorides.

Polypodium hath the power and virtue to purge. It is good to be given sodden with a hen or with fish or with beets or mallows to make a purgation. The powder of the root mixed with mee, do purge choler and flehm, it is exceeding good to be laide one those members are out of joint and against the chapped or rusted that are in the fingers.

The virtues of Polypodium out of Mesue.

Polypodium is the root of an herb that growth upon stones and trees, which the Grecians call Dendropterum, it is a tree fern. It growth upon the stones, is full of superfluous, raw, and windy moisture, which overturned the stomach. It is better that growth upon trees, namely such as bare acorns or mast, especially if it be great, sound fresh and well fastened together, full of knotters without blackish red, green within as fistic be and a sweet taste, astringent, something bitter and something spicy. It scored away grosses and tough humors: it maketh ripe and dried up. It purged ye even from ye joints, melancholy or grosses tough flehm. It is good for these causes for all that arise of melancholy as the quartan if it be taken with mee, dodder of time, salt Indian. Al manner of ways it is good for the colic and for hardness of the milt. Polypody dried and lest or thinned the body. To avoid that, that shall not bring the stomach to vomiting, it mut be given with mee or barley water, or the broth of raisins or with the broth of cocks or hen’s or sodden with whey. It is good to drink if it mixed with well savoring seed, and other spicy things as anise, Carya, fennel, ginger, and such like that comfort the life or the natural power of the stomach. Polypody can bide long seething enough. It may be given from ii. drachm unto six. Thus far Mesue, a once or an half of our English Polypody will scarcely purge, some use to dry the rote, to give a drachm of the powder at the least for a purgation, bid the patient after it ij. hours. The stilled water of Polypodium as Tragus write, is good for the quartan, for the cough, for the short wind, against melancholy, against grievous and heavy dreams, if it be drunken a certain continual day together. But I think that the wine that the rotes are sodden in, made a little sweet with sugar or honey should work much better, for the above named then the water, which of what soever herb it be of hath no such strength as juice and broth of the same herb. Is there any water better then rose water is and hath more strength of the rose, and yet ii. once’s of the juice of roses, worketh more in purging, then xvi. of water. Wherefore I cannot so much commend the distilled waters of herbs as I do the juice and broths, of the same wherein the herbs are sodden.

Of fenel.

Feniculum is called in Greke Marathon, in Englishe fenel or fenkel, in Duche finchell, in Frenche fenonil. Fenel is a great a longe herbe, somtyme higher then a man, the stalke is great and full of ioyntes, leaves are very longe and small, the flour is yellow, the top is lytle unto the top of dill, the sede groweth thick in the top wythout any covering, it is somtynge croked lyke a horne, the outsyde of it is full of gutters and creste, the rout is longe and white.

The properte of Fenell out of Dioscorides.

Fenell, if the leaves be eaten, or yf the sede be dronken wyth a Ptisane: filleth weomens papes wyth milke, the brothe of the toppes of the leaves is good to lay unto the ake in kidnees, for it dryveth furth water. It is good to be broken in wine against the bytynge of serpentes. It provoketh floures, in an ague dronken wyth colde water, it slaketh the lothshummes, and the heate of the stomacke The rotes of fenel broke, and layde to wyth hony, are good agaynst the bitynge of a dogge. The juice whiche is pressed out of the stalke and leaves, and dryed in the sonne is put unto those medicines that clere and brygthe the eysight. In som places men us to cut the stalke of fenell, and to take out of it a iuice like a gumme whiche is verye good for the eyes.

Out of Macer.

Fenell provoketh men to the proceration of childer, the serpentes chow this herbe, and purge and clere theyr eyes ther with, wherof learned men dyd gather, it shoulde also be good for mans eyes. The iuice of fenell put into a mans eares, killeth the wormes therin; the use of fenell with wyne is good against the swellynge of the dropsye. It is also good both for disease of the liver and the longes. The broth that the rootes of fenell is sodden in, where it of water of wine, is good for the diseases of the bladder. I driveth furth water, if it be layed upon the bellye a little above the privites. The brothe helpeth the ake of the yearde.

Of fennel.

Foeniculum is called in Greek Marathon, in English fennel or fenkel, in German finchell, in French fenonil. Fennel is a great a long herb, sometime higher than a man, the stalk is great and full of joints, leaves are very long and small, the flour is yellow, the top is little unto the top of dill, the seed growth thick in the top without any covering, it is something crooked like a horn, the outside of it is full of gutters and crested, the rout is long and white.

The property of fennel out of Dioscorides.

Fenell, if the leaves be eaten, or if the seed be drunken with a Ptisane: fillet women’s pappas with milk, the broth of the tops of the leaves is good to lay unto the ache in kidneys, for it drive furth water. It is good to be broken in wine against the biting of serpents. It provoked flowers, in an ague drunken with cold water, it slaked the loathsome and the heat of the stomach. The rotes of fennel broke and laide to with honey are good against the biting of a dog. The juice which is pressed out of the stalk and leaves and dried in the son is put unto those medicines that clear and brighten the eyesight. In some places men use to cut the stalk of fennel and to take out of it a juice like a gum which is very good for the eyes.

Out of Macer.

Fenell provoked men to the procreation of children, the serpents chow this herb and purge and clear their eyes there with, whereof learned men did gather, it should also be good for man’s eyes. The juice of fennel put into a man’s ears, killed the worms therein; the use of fennel with wine is good against the swelling of the dropsy. It is also good both for disease of the liver and the lunges. The broth that the root of fennel is sodden in, where it of water of wine is good for the diseases of the bladder. I drive furth water, if it be laid upon the belly a little above the privities. The broth helped the ache of the yarded.

Of Fenegreke.

Fenum grecum is called in Greke Telis, in Englishe Fenegreke, in Duche Bucks horne, in Frenche Fenecreke. It groweth in Italy and Germany. This herbe is also called in Greke keratitis, is horned, aigonkeros, is gotis horne, ad bonkeros, that is cowis horne, it is also called in latin siliqua, filicia a filicula. Fenegreke runneth up wyth small lytle branches, stalkes, whiche are rede. The lefe is lyke unto trifoly thre leaved grasse. The flour is lytle, whyte, the sede is rede, it is conteyned in a long codlyke a horne, the rote is rounde and sumthinge longe

The vertues of Fenegreke out of Dioscorides.

The flour or meale of Fenegreke hath power to soften, to drive away. The same sodden in mede, if it be layed to, is good both against inward and outwarde inflammations or burnynges with salpeter and vinegre, it minisheth the milt: the iuice of the broth is good for womans diseases if they sit in it and be bathed therwith, whether the mother is stopped or is swelled. The broth that it is sodden in, streyned and layde to the head, purgeth the here and scoureth awaye scurf, the runnyngh sores of the heade, it that the naturall place of conception be harde and streyte (by reason wherof sum women bringe furth ther childer with great ieperdy) if ye mixe Fenegreke and gose fat, and put them together in the convenient place, accordynge unto the discretion of an honest midwyff: enlargeth and softeneth it. If it be layde to grene with vinegar, it is good for raw places that have the skynne of. The broth of it is good agaynst the often vaine desyre of goinge to stole, and agayst the stinkinge fylthe of the blody flix. The oyle that is pressed out of it and of myrtilles, scoureth away the scarres of the privitees.

Of Fenegreke. (Trigonella foenum-graecum)

Foenum-graecum is called in Greek Telis, in English Fenugreek, in German Bucks horne, in French Fenecreke. It growth in Italy and Germany. This herb is also called in Greek keratitis, is horned, aigonkeros, is goat’s horn, ad bonkeros, that is cow’s horn it is also called in Latin siliqua, filicia a filicula. Fenegreke rennet up with small little branches, stalks, which are red. The leaf is like unto trefoil three leaved gras. The flour is little, white, the seed is rede, it is contained in a long codalike a horn, the rote is round and something long.

The virtues of Fenugreek out of Dioscorides.

The flour or meal of Fenugreek hath power to soften, to drive away. The same sodden in mee, if it be laid to is good both against inward and outward inflammations or burnings with saltpeter and vinegar, it minished the milt: the juice of the broth is good for woman’s diseases if they sit in it and be bathed therewith whether the mother is stopped or is swelled. The broth that it is sodden in, strained and laide to the head purged the here and scoured away scurf, the running sores of the head, it that the natural place of conception be hard and strife (by reason whereof sum women bring furth their children with great jeopardy) if ye mix Fenugreek and goose fat and put them together in the convenient place, according unto the discretion of an honest midwife: enlarged and softened it. If it be laide to green with vinegar, it is good for raw places that have the skin of. The broth of it is good against the often-vain desire of going to stool and against the stinking filth of the bloody flux. The oil that is pressed out of it and of myrtles scoured away the scares of the privities.

Of Strawberries.

Fragaria is called in Englishe a Strawberye leafe, whose frute is called in Englishe a strawberry, in Latin Fragum, in Duche Erdber, in Frenche Fraisine. The strawbery rynneth upon the grounde, and hath a litle roughe stalke, and in the toppe of it growe whyte floures, after the whych floures be gone, ther growe berries, whiche are grene first, and afterward rede. The leafe is indented, alwayes thre of them grow together, the rote is in som places blake and som place redyshe.

The vertues of Strawberries.

Strawberries leaves taken in meate, helpeth them that are diseased in the milt, and so doth also the iuice dronken wyth hony. The same is good to be geven with peper for them that are short winded. Strawberryes quenche thirst, and are good for a cholerike stomack. Ther is a iuice pressed out of strawberries, whiche by continuance of tyme encreaseth in strength, and that is a present remedy against the sores and wheales of the face, against the blodshotten eyes. The brothe of the rothe swageth the heate of the liver, dronken the morninge and eveninge. Many use this herbe to ioyne together woundes, to stoppe laxes, and ishewes of women, strenghehen the gummes, to take away the sores or wheales of yhemouth, and the stinkinge of the same. The frut semeth to have som warmenes in it, but the leafe is colde.

Of Strawberries. (Fragaria vesca)

Fragaria is called in English a Strawberry leaf, whose fruit is called in English a strawberry, in Latin Fragum, in German Erdber, in French Fraisine. The strawberry rennet upon the ground and hath a little rough stalk and in the top of it grow white flowers, after the which flowers be gone there grow berries, which are green first and afterward red. The leaf is indented, always three of them grow together, the root is in some places black and some place reddish.

The virtues of Strawberries.

Strawberries leaves taken in meat helped them that are diseased in the milt and so doth also the juice drunken with honey. The same is good to be given with pepper for them that are short winded. Strawberries quenched thirst and are good for a choleric stomach. There is a juice pressed out of strawberries, which by continuance of time increased in strength, and that is a present remedy against the sores and wheals of the face, against the bloodshot eyes. The broth of the root swaged the heat of the liver, drunken the morning and evening. Many use this herb to join together wounds, to stop laxus and issues of women, strengthen the gums, to take away the sores or wheals of the mouth and the stinking of the same. The fruit seem to have some warmness in it, but the leaf is cold.

Of the Asehe tree. |

The tre is called in Latin Fraxinus, in Greke melia, is named in Englishe an ashe tree, in Duche ein Esch baum, in Frenche fraisne; as Theophrastus wryteth there are two kyndes of ashes, of whiche the one is verye high, tawlles, the wood of it is whyte, hath as it were grosse vaynes or synewes, it is softer, smouther, and more curled then the other is. The other kinde is lower and groweth not so highe, and more rowoghe, harder, and yelower. The leaves are lyke unto the brodder bay leaves, but they are sharper and indentid roundabout the edges, the hole lytle fot stalk, that all the leaves grow on, is a grene herbishe thinge, and not woodyshe, and upon that the leaves growe, in a distincte order a small space goinge betwene one another, and they grow of eche side of the litle stalke by coples one ryght over agaynst another, after the maner of the sorbe aple tree leaves do grow. The sede of the ashe tre groweth in long thinges like burdes tonges, whych are called of som wryters even for that cauſse, linguae avium, and they are called in Englishe ashe keyes, because they hangh in bunches after the maner of keyes.

The vertues of the ashe tree.

The iuice of the leaves of an ashe tree, ether in ointment, or dronken in wyne, is good against the bitynges of vipers or adders. The ashes that are made of the barke, layed to water, taked awaye lepers. Sum rekenthat the pouder or clippes, or scrapyinges of the wood, will destroye a man.

Out of the later wryters.

He water is distilled out of the barkes of the ashe tree, is a singuler remedy against the stone and agaynth the jaundes: The leaves of the ashe sodden in wyne and drunken, are good forꝛ them that have the disease of the mylte, and of the lyvers, sum do holde that the iuice that is pressed out of the ashen leaves, if it be dronken wyth wyne, is good to make fatte men leane: but of this thynge as yet I have no experiens. There be sum also of that opinion, that they iudge that the continuall drynkinge in an ashen cuppe, lesseth the mylte as the olde Autorys wryte, that the drinkynge in tamariss doth.

Of the Ash tree. (Fraxinus excelsior)

The tree is called in Latin Fraxinus, in Greek melia, is named in English an ash tree, in German ein Esch baum, in French fraisne; as Theophrastus write there are two kinds of ashes, of which the one is very high, tallest, the wood of it is white, hath as it were grosses veins or sinews, it is softer, smoother and more curled then the other is. The other (Sorbus aucuparia) kind is lower and growth not so high and more rough, harder and yellower. The leaves are like unto the brooder bay leaves, but they are sharper and indented roundabout the edges, the hole little foot stalk, that all the leaves grow on, is a green herbs thing and not wood’s, and upon that the leaves grow, in a distinct order a small space going between one another, and they grow of each side of the little stalk by couples one right over against another, after the manner of the sorb apple tree leaves do grow. The seed of the ash tree growth in long things like birds’ tongs which are called of some writers even for that cause linguae avium, and they are called in English ash keys, because they hang in bunches after the manner of keys.

The virtues of the ash tree.

The juice of the leaves of an ash tree, ether in ointment or drunken in wine, is good against the biting’s of vipers or adders. The ashes that are made of the bark laid to water, take away lepers. Sum recon the powder or clippers, or scrapings of the wood will destroy a man.

Out of the later writers.

The water is distilled out of the barks of the ash tree is a singular remedy against the stone and against the jaundice: The leaves of the ash sodden in wine and drunken, are good for them that have the disease of the milt and of the livers, sum do hold that the juice that is pressed out of the ashen leaves, if it be drunken with wine, is good to make fat men lean: but of this thing as yet I have no experience. There be sum also of that opinion, that they judge that the continual drinking in an ashen cup less the milt as the olde Autor’s write that the drinking in Tamarix doth.

Of the herbe called Gallion.

Galion or Gallion is named in Englishe in the norther countrye Maydens heire, in Duche unser lieven frawen betstro, in Frenche, petit muguet. Ther are two kyndes of Gallion, the greater are the lesse, the lesse kynde agreeth better wyth the descriptio as here after ye may se. Galion hath the name of that propertye that it hath in cruddynge of milke, it may occupye the place of chesloye or a runnynge. Gallion hath a branche and a leve very lyke unto clever, or gooshareth, ye ryght up, it hath a small yelow floure in the toppe, thick plentious and well smellynge.

The vertues of Gallion.

The flour is good to laye to burnt place, it stoppeth the gusshinge out of blode, menge this herbe wyth a eyr oyle oyntement made wyth rose oyle and ware, and layed in the sonne untill it ware whyte, and then it will refreshe them that are wery, the rotes provoke men to the naturall office of matrimony.

Of the herb called Gallion. (Galium odoratum, Asperula arvensis)

Galion or Gallion is named in English in the norther country Maidens hair, in German unser lieven frawen betstro, in French, petit muguet. There are two kinds of Gallion, the greater are the lesser, the lesser kind agreed better with the description as here after ye may se. Galion hath the name of that property that it hath in curding of milk, it may occupy the place of cheese loping or a running. Gallion hath a branch and a leaf very like unto clever, or Goosegrass, ye right up, it hath a small yellow flower in the top, thick plenteous and well smelling.

The virtues of Gallion.

The flour is good to lay to burnt place, it stopped the gushing out of blood, meng this herb with an oil ointment made with rose oil and wax and lay it in the son until it were white and then it will refresh them that are wary, the rotes provoke men to the natural office of matrimony.

Of rede Archangel.

Galiopsis sayth Dioscorides hath a leafe and stalkes in all poyntes like unto a nettell but smother, whiche yf he be brused, hath a stronge stinking savor, and it hath a small purpell floure, and it groweth about hedges, and about houses, and of tymes in gardynes amonge other herbes wythout settynge or sowynge.

The vertues of Galeopsis.

The leaves, the stalkes, the sede, and the iuice of rede archangel scatter away harde lumpes and cancres, and drve away, and disperse harde wennes, swellings, called in Latyn Panos, and the inflamed swellynges behynde the eares. Ye must twyse on the day lay the emplaster warme to with vinegre, and bathe the place wyth the brothe of it. It is very good to laye it to rottynge sores, etynge sores, and; to deadly burnynges, called Gangrenes.

Of red Archangel. (Galeopsis tetrahit)

Galeopsis say Dioscorides hath a leaf and stalks in all points like unto a nettle but smother, which if he bruised hath a strong stinking savor, and it hath a small purple flower and it growth about hedges and about houses and often times in gardens among other herbs without settings or sowing.

The virtues of Galeopsis.

The leaves, the stalks, the seed and the juice of red archangel scatter away hard lumps and cancers and drive away, and disperse hard wennes (Ichthyosis?), swellings, called in Latin Panos, and the inflamed swellings behind the ears. Ye must twice on the day lay the plaster warm to with vinegar and bathe the place with the broth of it. It is very good to lay it to rotting sores, eating sores and to deadly burnings, called Gangrenes.

Of Browme.

Genista is called in Englishe Browme, in Duche Genist or Pfrim, in Frenche Dugenet. Many well learned men have iudged the busse we call browme, whiche is called of the Latines Genista, to be Spartion of the Grecianes, and Plinye noble clearke wrytyng of Genista in the xriij. booke, of his naturall stories, in the ix. chapter, dowteth wheter Genista be Spartium of the Grecians or no. But if they of late haven confunded Genista wyth Sparto, and Plini, whiche douted whether Genista were Spartum or no, had sene both our comen broum that groweth in the feldes, and it that groweth only in gardines, whiche because it can from beyounde the Sea, wy cal Frenche browme: they would not have confounded them nether Plinye woulde douted, whether one had bene the other or no. The Frenche browne, which of late yeres cam to us out of Spayn, is much taller, then the comen brome is: the twigges are long, grene, and smothe, resemblyng in all thynges a rishe, savyng that in som there appere litle leaves, so litle that scarsely they deserve to be called leaves. I thynke that because Dioscorides sawe them so little and so few, that he would not call them leaves. The broum which is called in Latin Genista, hath cornered and roughe twigges, even as the Poete Calphurnius in thys verse witnesseth:

Molle sub hirsuta latus exposuere Genista.

They have stretched furth theyr soft syde under the roughe broume.

Then when as our gardin frenche broume is smouth, it can not be Genista whereof Calphurnius maketh mention. The leaves of the brome are of two sortes, that are in the endes, are very small lyke unto them that are in the Spanishe brome. But they that are benethe are somthyng lyke rue leves, the twygges are roughe and fivesquared. Which martkes are so: differyng both from the description of Dioscorides, the lykenes of our Frenche or Spanishe brome.

Of Browme. (Genista tinctoria and sagittalis)

Genista is called in English Browme, in German Genist or Pfrim, in French Dugenet. Many well learned men have judged the bush we call browme which is called of the Latines Genista, to be Spartium of the Grecians and Plini noble clerk writing of Genista in the xriij. book of his natural stories, in the ix. chapter, doubt whether Genista be Spartium of the Grecians or no. But if they of late haven confounded Genista with Spartium and Plini which doubt whether Genista were Spartium or no, had seen both our common broom that growth in the fields and it that growth only in gardens, which because it can from beyond the Sea, we call it Frenche broom: they would not have confounded them nether Plini would doubt, whether one had bene the other or no. The Frenche broom which of late years came to us out of Spain is much taller, then the common brome is, the twigs are long, green, and smooth, resembling in all things a rise, saving that in some there appear little leaves, so little that scarcely they deserve to be called leaves. I think that because Dioscorides saw them so little and so few that he would not call them leaves. The broom, which is called in Latin Genista, hath cornered and rough twigs, even as the Poet Calphurnius in this verse witnesseth:

Molle sub hirsuta latus exposuere Genista.

They have stretched furth their soft side under the rough broom.

Then when as our garden French broom is smooth, it cannot be Genista whereof Calphurnius maketh mention. The leaves of the broom are of two sorts, that are in the ends are very small like unto them that are in the Spanish broom. But they that are beneath are something like rue leaves, the twigs are rough and five squared. Which marks are so: differing both from the description of Dioscorides, the likeness of our Frenche or Spanish broom.

Of Gentian.

Gentian is called in Greke Gentiane, and in Englishe Gentian, in Duche Entian, in Frenche, de la Gentiane. Gentius the kynge of the Illyrians was the first fynder of this herbe, whiche he of his name called Gentian: the leaves whiche growe about the rote, are lyke the leaves of a walnut tree, or the leaves of plantayne, and they are somthinge rede in the part whiche is above the middes of the leve they are somthinge jaged. The stalke is smothe and emptie within, of the thicknes of a mans finger, full of iopntes, at every ioynt come out leaves. It is som yme two cubites high: it hathe a brde lyght sede, in litle vessels, somthinge rowghe or chafye lyke unto the sede of the herbe called Spondilion. The rowte is lyke unto the rowthe of longe Aristolochia, it is thicke and bitter, and it growethe in hyghe toppes of montaynes, in shadowe and waterishe places. I heve sene it in the alpes growinge betwene Italy and German, it groweth also plenteously in many places of highe Germanye as they tolde me that sawe it ther.

The vertues of Gentiane.

The vertue of the roote is hetinge and byndynge together. If it be dronken in the quantite of ij. drames wyth peper rue and wyne, it helpeth the bytinge of serpentes. A drame of the iuice helpeth the syde ake, them that are brused wyth a fall, the places that are bursten and shronke together. It is good for them that have the disease of the liver and stomake, f it be dronken wyth water. If the rote be conveniently layed to the naturall place of conception, it helpethe wemen more easely to brynge fourth ther childer. It is also good for woundes, it is also a remedy against sores eate inwarde and make depe holes. The iuice is good for the same purpose. The same is good or to anoynt sore eyes whych that are inflamed. The rote scowreth away the frekilles and foul spottes. I have sene som make a lee or an asshy water of the rotes of Gentian, wherwyth they toke out spottes very well out of clothes. The roote is muche used in suche compositions as are made against poysones and venomes.

Of Gentian. (Gentiana lutea)

Gentian is called in Greek Gentiane, and in English Gentian, in German Entian, in French, de la Gentiane. Gentius the king of the Illyrians was the first finder of this herb which he of his name called Gentian: the leaves which grow about the root are like the leaves of a walnut tree or the leaves of plantain and they are something red in the part which is above the middles of the leaf they are something jagged. The stalk is smooth and empty within, of the thickness of a man’s finger, full of joints, at every joint come out leaves. It is sometime two cubits high: it hath a brood light seed in little vessels, something rough or chaffy like unto the seed of the herb called Spondylium. The root is like unto the root of long Aristolochia, it is thick and bitter and it growth in high tops of mountains, in shadowed and waterish places. I have seen it in the Alpes growing between Italy and Germany, it growth also plenteously in many places of high Germany as they told me that saw it there.

The virtues of Gentiane.

The virtue of the root is heating and binding together. If it be drunken in the quantity of ij. drachm with pepper, rue and wine, it helped the biting of serpents. A drachm of the juice helped the side ache, them that are bruised with a fall, the places that are bursting and shrunken together. It is good for them that have the disease of the liver and stomach, if it be drunken with water. If the rote be conveniently laid to the natural place of conception, it helps women more easily to bring forth their children. It is also good for wounds; it is also a remedy against sores eat inward and make deep holes. The juice is good for the same purpose. The same is good or to anoint sore eyes which that are inflamed. The rote scored away the freckles and foul spots. I have seen some make a lee or an ashy water of the rotes of Gentian wherewith they toke out spots very well out of clothes. The root is much used in such compositions as are made against poisons and venoms.

Of Pinke nedle and cranes bill.

Geranium after Dioscorides, hath leaves like unto Anemone, but the cuttynge is ferther in and deper, the rowte is somthinge rounde and swete when it is eaten. This kynde is called in Englishe, Pinke nedle or starkis byll. The seconde kynde of Geranium hath a small rowghe stalke a fote and a halfe longer, and it hath leaves lyke unto a Mallowe in a high toppe of the herbe. Lyke Cranes heades, theyr uses are lyke the dogges tethe.

The vertues of Geranion.

A drame of Geranium dronken wyth wyne, driveth away and scattereth the wyndenes of the mother. The later wrytters have founde that these kindes of Geranium are good for woundes and for many other thinges that Dioscorides maketh no mention of, but I do not make mention therof, because I dowt whether they have suche properties or no, as they geve unto them.

Of Pinke needle and cranes bill. (Geranium sanguineum and dissectum)

Geranium after Dioscorides, hath leaves like unto Anemone, but the cutting is farther in and deeper, the root is something round and sweet when it is eaten. This kind is called in English Pinke needle or stork’s bill. The second kind of Geranium hath a small rough stalk a foot and a half longer and it hath leaves like unto a Mallow in a high top of the herb like Cranes heads, their uses are like the dogs teethe.

The virtues of Geranium.

A drachm of Geranium drunken with wine, drive away and scattered the windiness of the mother. The later writers have found that these kinds of Geranium are good for wounds and for many other things that Dioscorides maketh no mention of, but I do not make mention thereof, because I doubt whether they have such properties or no as they give unto them.

Getion is called in English Cyve or a Civet, the Duche men call it Briszelauch of schnitlauch, it is called in Frenche cyces a Civots, it is called in Latyn Cepa Pallacana, Fuchsius hath erreth muche in taking of this herbe for Porrosetivo, and meny others have erred with him, for this herbe is not ao a kynde of lekes, but of the kynde of an union, for it hath hollow round leaves of a leke, but that herbe whiche is called in Latin Porrum sectium, is called in Englishe, Frenche leke, and is well knowen both in Cambridge and in London and in many other places of Englande by that name, and that hath the very leafe of the comen leke, saving it is smaller, and that leke growth not by seede, but by the rote as in the description of the leke I shall more plentuouslye declare. Thus herbe growth not in Englande that I know out of gardens, but in Germany it growth wilde by the Renus syde a little from Bonne, wher as I have sene it in plenty.

(Allium schoenoprasum)

Getion is called in English Cive or a Civet, the German men call it Briszelauch of schnitlauch, it is called in French cyces a Civots, it is called in Latin Cepa Pallacana, Fuchsius hath erred much in taking of this herb for Porrum setile and many others have erred with him, for this herb is not a kind of leeks, but of the kind of an union, for it hath hollow round leaves of a leek, but that herb which is called in Latin Porrum sectium, is called in English, Frenche leek and is well known both in Cambridge and in London and in many other places of England by that name, and that hath the very leaf of the common leek, saving it is smaller and that leek growth not by seed, but by the root as in the description of the leek I shall more plenteously declare. This herb growth not in England that I know out of gardens, but in Germany it growth wild by the Rhine side a little from Bonn whereas I have seen it in plenty.

Geum is called in English Avene, in Duche benedicten kraut, in Frenche salmondes, is is named of the herbaries, Gariophillata, Sana muda, benedicta. Geum sayth Pliny hath lytle smal blacke rotes well savorynghe, more concerning in description. Geum, can I not fynde in any anceyent wryters, the lefe of Avenes is depelye cutt, iagged, and it is rouwh, and blackishe, grene in a maner after the fashion of Agrimony, the stalke is rounde, all herbe rough, the flower is yelowe, and in forme lyke a litle eye, when the flower is gone, ther ryseth in a great knop all full of lytle rounde thinges lyke berryes of a purpell color.

The vertues of the herbe called Geum.

Plini wryteth that Geum doth not onely heale and take away payne of the brest and of the syde, but also taketh awaye rawness with his pleasant tast.

The vertues of Avene out of the later wryters.

The common propertie and use of thys rote is suche, that if men put it in wyne, that it maketh it plesant both in smelling and taste. Many new wryters holde that the wyne wherin the rote of this herbe is steped, reſresseth the harte and maketh it merrie, that it openeth, the stoppinge of the lyver, that it openeth, the stomatche whiche is hurt with colde and grosse humors with wyne wherin the rote of this herbe is sodden clengeth a scowreth woundes, and namely fistulas and cankers, the same scowreth out foule spottes, if the face be washed dayly therwyth.

(Geum urbanum)

Geum is called in English a Avene, in German benedicten kraut, in French salmondes, it is named of the herbarizes Gariophillata, Sana munda, benedicta. Geum say Plini hath little small black roots well savoring, more concerning in description. Geum, can I not find in any ancient writers, the leaf of Avene is deeply cut, jagged, and it is rough and blackish, green in a manner after the fashion of Agrimonia, the stalk is round, all herb rough, the flower is yellow, and in form like a little eye, when the flower is gone, there rise in a great knop all full of little round things like berries of a purple color.

The virtues of the herb called Geum.

Plini write that Geum doth not only heal and take away pain of the breast and of the side, but also taketh away rawness with his pleasant taste.

The virtues of Avene out of the later writers.

The common property and use of this root is such that if men put it in wine, that it maketh it pleasant both in smelling and taste. Many new writers hold that the wine wherein the root of this herb is steeped refresh the heart and maketh it merrie, that it opened the stopping of the liver, that it opened the stomach which is hurt with cold and grosses humors with wine wherein the root of this herb is sodden clinked and scoured wounds and namely fistulas and cankers, the same scored out foule spots, if the face be washed daily therewith.

Of the herbe called Gingidion.

Gingidion is a lytle herbe lyke unto wilde carret, but smaller and bitterer, the roote is smalle, whitishe, and somwhat bdtter, this the fassion of Gingidion, and the description of it after Dioscorides, Rewellins, Fuchsius, and Gesnerus, thre great learned men holde in thery bokes, that Gindion is the herbe which is commenly named of the commen arberies Cerefolium, in Englishe Chevrell, in Duche Kervel oder kerbel kraut, in Frenche Cerfuile. How be it, I dare not geve sentence wyth them, bycause I can not fynde the wittenes and the astriction or byndynge I in oure chervel that Dioscorides and Galene require in theyr Gingidion, how be it, the forme and fassion of the herbe it agreeth well a nough wyth the description of Gingidion. Columella in his x. boke, whiche is de cultu hortorum, that is of the trimynge or dressinge of gardens in this verse, iam breve cherephylum, & torpenti grata palato. Semeth to call that herbe cherefilon: whiche the comen herbaries call cherephyllion, wiche is in Englishe our chervell.

The vertues of Gingidion oute of Dioscorides,

The leaves of Gingidion both raw and sodden, or kept in sucker or sauce is, good for the stomak, and they are good to provoke uryne, the brothe of it droncken wyth wyne is good for the bladder.

The vertues of Charvell, oute of the later Wryters.

The iuice of the herbe and the water whiche is stilled, if it be drunken, dissolveth and breaketh in sounder the blode whiche is runne together, ether by the reason of betinge or by a fall, the leaves of chervel brused and layde to after the maner of an implaſter, dryve awaye all swellynges and bruses that come of

betinge or of falls, even as the herbe called scala caeli doth.

Of the herb called Gingidion. (Ammi visnaga)

Gingidiun is a little herb like unto wild carrot, but smaller and bitterer, the root is small, whitish, and somewhat bitter, this the fashion of Gingidium and the description of it after Dioscorides, Ruellius, Fuchsius and Gesner, three great learned men hold in there bokes, that Gingidium is the herb which is commonly named of the common herbarizes Cerefolium, in English Chervel, in German Kervel oder kerbel kraut, in French Cerfuile. How be it, I dare not give sentence with them because I cannot find the wittiness and the astriction or binding I in our chervil that Dioscorides and Galene require in their Gingidium, how be it, the form and fashion of the herb it agreed well enough with the description of Gingidium. Columella in his x. book which is de cultu hortorum, that is of the trimming or dressing of gardens in this verse, iam breve cherephylum, & torpenti grata palate; seem to call that herb cerefilon: which the common herbarizes call Chaerophyllum which is in English our chervil.

The virtues of Gingidium out of Dioscorides,

The leaves of Gingidium both raw and sodden or kept in sucker or sauce is good for the stomach and they are good to provoke urine, the broth of it drunken with wine is good for the bladder.

The virtues of Chervil, out of the later Writers.

The juice of the herb and the water, which is stilled, if it be drunken, dissolved and break in sounder the blood which is run together, ether by the reason of biting or by a fall, the leaves of chervil bruised and laide to after the manner of a plaster drive away all swellings and bruises that come of

biting or of falls, even as the herb called Polygonatum doth.

Of Nigella Romana.

It otherwyse called Melanthion, and also Melaspermon, is called in Englishe Nigella romana, as the apothecaries call it also, in Duche, Schwartz kummich, in Frenche Nielle. Git hath small branches som tyme excedynge two spannis in lengt hath lytle leaves lyke grounsdell, but muche smaller: in the toppe of the herbe ther groweth a lytle thynne heade lyke unto poppy, but it is somthinge longe, there rynneth thorowgh the heade certayne fylmes or skynnes, wherin is conteyned a blacke seede sharpe and well smelling. All this description of Dioscorides agreeth well unto oure Nigella romana savinge that ther is no suche lyknes betwene it a grownsell, as Dioscorides semeth to make by comparynge of these two together, whiche two herbes nowe in oure tyme are unlyke one to another, that no man will saye ther is any lyknes betwene them at all, wherfore it appereth that ether we have not the same Git that Dioscorides hath sene in his tyme, or elles this worde; Erigerontos is put in Dioscorides Greke texte in the stede of som other worde. How be it the properties of oure Nigella romana doth agree well wythe it Dioscorides describeth, and therfore jow maye be bolde to use it.

The vertues of Git or Nigella Romana.

Nigella Romana layde unto a mans forhead, releaseth the heade ache, it helpeth blodshotten eyes, the disease be not olde, if it be broken and put into the nosethrilles wyth the oyle of flour delice or Ireos. It taketh away lepers, frekelles, hardnes and old swellings, if it be layde to with vinegre. The same layde to with stale pysse will take awaye aguayles that are scotched about after the maner of a circle. The broth of it with vinegre is good for the tothe ache. Anoynt the navell wyth the water that this is sodden in, and it will dryve out the rounde wormes of the belly, heleth them that have the no use, if ye breake it and laye it unto your nose. If it be taken many dayes together wyth wyne, it bryngeth downe floures, and causeth a man make water better, draweth furth mylke into the brestes, and it is good for them that are short wynded. A dram weyght of it dronken wyth water, healeth the bytynges of the felde spyder. The smoke of it, dryveth serpentes away. Take hede that ye take not to muche of this herbe, for it ye go beyond the mesure, it bryngeth deth.

Of Nigella Romana. (Nigella sativa)

It otherwise called Melanthion and also Melaspermon, is called in English Nigella romana, as the apothecaries call it also, in Germany Schwartz kummich, in French Nielle. Git hath small branches sometime exceeding two spans in length hath little leaves like groundsel, but much smaller: in the top of the herb their growth a little thin head like unto poppy, but it is something long, there rennet thorough the head certain films or skins wherein is contained a black seed sharp and well smelling. All this description of Dioscorides agreed well unto our Nigella romana saving that there is no such likeness between it and groundsel as Dioscorides seem to make by comparing of these two together, which two herbs now in our time are unlike one to another, that no man will say there is any likeness between them at all, wherefore it appeared that ether we have not the same Git that Dioscorides hath seen in his time, or ells this word; Erigerontos is put in Dioscorides Greek text in the steed of some other word. How be it, the properties of our Nigella romana doth agree well with-it Dioscorides described and therefore je may be bold to use it.

The virtues of Git or Nigella Romana.

Nigella Romana laide unto a man’s forehead released the headache, it helped bloodshot eyes, the disease be not olde, if it be broken and put into the nose thrills with the oil of flour delice or Iris. It taketh away lepers, freckles, hardness and old swellings, if it be laide to with vinegar. The same laide to with stall piss will take away agnails that are scotched about after the manner of a circle. The broth of it with vinegar is good for the tooth ache. Anoint the navel with the water that this is sodden in and it will drive out the round worms of the belly, health them that have the no use, if ye break it and lay it unto your nose. If it be taken many days together with wine, it brength down woman’s flowers and caused a man make water better, draweth furth milk into the breasts and it is good for them that are short winded. A dram weight of it drunken with water health the biting’s of the field spyder. The smoke of it, drive serpents away. Take head that ye take not too much of this herb, for it ye go beyond the measure, it brength dead.

Of Wadde.

Wadde is called in Latin Glasum, in Greke Isatis, in Duche wayd, or weyt, in Italien Guado, in Frenche Guesde. Ther are two kyndes of wadde, the garden or sowen wadde, and the wilde or unsowen wadde; the ierste occupy the garden wadde, or that kynd of wadde whiche is trimmed wyth mannes labor in dyenge of wull and clothe. And it hath a leafe lyke unto playntayne, but thicker, and blacker: the stalke is more then two cubites longe, the wilde wadde is lyke the sowen wadde, and it hath greater banes lyke unto Lettyte, small stalkes, and muche devyded, some thynge redysh in whose toppes ther hang certayne vesselles, muche lyke unto lytle tonges, wherin the seede is contained, it hath a small yelow floure. This herbe is called in Englande, new ashe of Jerusalem. The former kynde groweth muche in the countrey of Julyke, and in some places of Englande. The wylde kynde groweth not in England that I know, savynge onlye in gardens, but it groweth plenteouslye wythout anye sowynge in high Germany by the Renes syde.

Of the vertues of wadde.

Dioscorides. The leafes layde to after the maner of an emplaster, swage all kyndes of swellinge. They ioyne together grene woundes, and stoppethe runynge out of blod. They heale saynt Antonies fyre, or cholerike inflamationes, consumynge sores, rottynge sores, that runne at large. The wilde wadde both dronke, layd to emplastre wyse, helpeth the milt.

Of Wadde. (Isatis tinctoria and a wild)

Woad is called in Latin Glasum, in Greek Isatis, in German wayd or weyt, in Italian Guado, in French Guesde. There are two kinds of woad, the garden or sown woad and the wild or unsown woad; the first occupy the garden woad or that kind of woad which is trimmed with man’s labor in dying of wool and clothe. And it hath a leaf like unto plantain, but thicker, and blacker: the stalk is more than two cubits long, the wild woad is like the sown woad and it hath greater banes like unto lettuce, small stalks and much divided, something reddish in whose tops there hang certain vessels, much like unto little tongs, wherein the seed is contained, it hath a small yellow flower. This herb is called in England, new Ashe of Jerusalem. The former kind growth much in the country of Julich and in some places of England. The wild kind growth not in England that I know, saving only in gardens, but it growth plenteously without any sowing in high Germany by the Rhine side.

Of the virtues of woad.

Dioscorides. The leaves laid to after the manner of an plaster swage all kinds of swelling. They join together green wounds and stop running out of blood. They heal saint Antonis’s fire, or choleric inflammations, consuming sores, rotting sores, that run at large. The wild woad both drunken laid to plaster wise, helped the milt.

Of Cottonwede.

Dioscorides sayeth that Gnaphalium, hath lytle softe leaves, whiche some use for downe or stuffinge of beddes, and other description of Gnaphalium can I netter fynde in Dioscorides nor in Plinye, but I have sene the herbe ofte in many places of Germany, in some places of Englande: It is a short herbe not a spanne longe, at the first sight it is lyke a branche of rosemary, but that the leaves are broder,w hiter: in toppe is a small yeolowe floure: the leaves, when they are dryed and broken, are almost nothinge els but a certayne downe, wherwyth because men in tymes past did stuffe pillowes and quishions, it was called of the Latines Centunclus and herba Centuncularis. It maye be called in English Downewede, because the leafe dronken, is lyke Downe or cotton.

The vertues of Cotten weede.

It is good to be geven in tarte and bindynge wyne, to them that have the blodye flize, or other commen flixe, and it is good to stoppe the bloddy issue that weomen use some tymes to have. It is good to be put into the fundament agaynste the disease which provoketh a man often tymes to go to the stole, and when he commeth ther can do nothinge. It is also good to be layd upon olde rotten sores. I think that the herbe which is called in Englande Cartifilago is a certayne kynde herbe for theyr properties are lyke, their figures are not muche unlike.

Of Cottonwede. (Antennaria dioica)

Dioscorides sayeth that Gnaphalium, hath little soft leaves which some use for dons or stuffing of bed’s, and other description of Gnaphalium can I netter find in Dioscorides nor in Plini, but I have seen the herb oft in many places of Germany, in some places of England: It is a short herb not a span long, at the first sight it is like a branch of rosemary, but that the leaves are brooder, whiter: in top is a small yellow flower: the leaves, when they are dried and broken are almost nothing ells but a certain down wherewith because men in times past did stuff pillows and cushions, it was called off the Latines Centunclus and herba Centuncularis. It may be called in English Downweed, because the leave drunken is like Down or cotton.

The virtues of Cotten weed.

It is good to be given in tarte and binding wine to them that have the bloody flux or other common flux and it is good to stop the bloody issue that women use sometimes to have. It is good to be put into the fundament against the disease which provoked a man often times to go to the stool and when he comet there can do nothing. It is also good to be laid upon olde rotten sores. I think that the herb which is called in England Cartifilago is a certain kind herb for their properties are like, their figures are not much unlike.

Of Sea tryfoly.

Glaux, other wyse called Engalacton,/because it maketh good plentye of mylke in those weomen that take it, groweth by the seaside, and in the leaves it is lyke to the tree tryfolye, called in Latin Cytisus, and to lentylles, whiche leaves in the over part are grene, and in the nether part white. There commeth fourth from the grounde five or six small branches a spanne high, and they come out of the earth from the rote: the floures are purple and lyke unto a kynde of stoke gelavore floures, but they are lesser. I never sawe it in Englande, savinge onlye in maister Falkonners boke, and that had he browght out of Italy, except my memory do fayle me, I sawe it ones in Flaunders by the sea syde about tine myles beyonde Dunkyrke, ther is an herbe in Englande, which some call Fenum grecum sylvestre, whiche answereth in many thinges unto the description of Glaux in Dioscorides, howbeit I thinke it is not the trew Glaux that Dioscorides wrote of.

The vertues of Sea trifoly called Glaux.

This herbe sodden with Barley meale, salt oyle in a suppinge, is good to bringe milke agayne to them that have lost the plenty of it.

Of Sea tryfoly. (Glaux maritima)

Glaux, otherwise called Eugalacton, because it maketh good plenty of milk in those women that take it, growth by the seaside and in the leaves, it is like to the tree trefoil called in Latin Cytisus, and to lentils which leaves in the over part are green and in the nether part white. There comet fourth from the ground five or six small branches a span high, and they come out of the earth from the rote: the flowers are purple and like unto a kind of stock gillyflower flowers, but they are lesser. I never saw it in England, saving only in master Falkonner’ s book and that had he brought out of Italy, except my memory do failed me, I saw it ones in Flanders by the sea side about tine miles beyond Dunkirk, there is an herb in England, which some call Fenum grecum sylvestre, which answered in many things unto the description of Glaux in Dioscorides, howbeit, I think it is not the true Glaux that Dioscorides wrote of.

The virtues of Sea trefoil called Glaux.

This herb sodden with Barley meal, salt, oil in a supping is good to bring milk again to them that have lost the plenty of it.

Of Lycores.

Glycirhiza is called in Latin Radix dulcis, in Englishe Lycores, in Duche Suesz holtz, of licoris, or clarisg, in Frenche Erculisse or Rigolisse. It groweth in the rockes of Germanye, wythout any settinge or sowinge. I never saw it growe in England, savynge onely in gardens. Licoress groweth very thicke and bushy, and hath branches rysinge two cubittes highe, the leaves are lyke unto Mastycke tree leaves, thicke and fatt, and full of gomme, when they are touched. The floure is lyke unto the floure of Hyacinthus, the frute is of the bignes of the pilles of the playne tree, but rowogher, and it hath lytle rede coddes lyke unto Lentylles. The rotes are longe as Gentians be, of the color of boxe, a lytle tart swete.

The vertues of Lycores.

The iuice of Lycores is good for the harishens or rowghnes of the throte, but it must holden under a mans tonge, until it be moulten, it is good for the heate of the stomacke, brest, and liver, dryncke it with malvesy, and it will heale the scabbes of the bladder, and the payne of the kidnes, the same moulten quencheth thirst, it is good to heale woundes, if it be layde to, health the mouth if it be chowed in it, the brothe of the grene roote is good for the same purposes, the pouder of it is good to cast upon anguales.

Of Lycores. (Glycyrrhiza glabra)

Glycyrrhiza is called in Latin Radix dulcis, in English Licorice, in German Suesz holtz of licoris or clarisg, in French Erculisse or Rigolisse. It growth in the rocks of Germany without any setting or sowing. I never saw it grow in England, saving only in gardens. Licorice growth very thick and bushy and hath branches rising two cubits high, the leaves are like unto Mastlike tree leaves, thick and fat and full of gum when they are touched. The flower is like unto the flower of Hyacinthus, the fruit is of the bigness of the pills of the plane tree, but rougher, and it hath little rede pods like unto Lentils. The roots are long as Gentians be, of the color of Buxus, a little tart sweet.

The virtues of Licorice.

The juice of Licorice is good for the harshens or roughness of the throat, but it must holden under a man’s tong until it be molten, it is good for the heat of the stomach, breast and liver, drink it with malvasia and it will heal the scabbles of the bladder, and the pain of the kidneys, the same molten quenched thirst, it is good to heal wounds if it be laide to, health the mouth if it be chow in it, the broth of the green root is good for the same purposes, the powder of it is good to cast upon angulates.

Of Cotton.

Cotton is called in Greke Xylon, in Latin Gossipium, in Duch Baumwoll, in Frenche du Cotton: in barbarus Latin Cottonum, and bombar bombacium, and cottum. Cotton is a small busshy herbe wyth a lefe lyke a winde, but lesse. It hath yelowe floures, whiche are some thinge purple in the myddes, the fruite is lyke a berde, all full of Downe. I never say it, savinge onelye in the universite of Bonony. It groweth as I rede in good autours in great plenty in Egypte, in in Candi, in Appulia, and in the yland Maltha.

The vertues of herbe Cotton.

The iuice of Cotton leaves, is good for the lax of yonge chyldren, and for the gnawynge or (as some call it) the grindinge of the belly. The sede is good for the cough and the diseases of the brest. The oyle that is made of the sede of cotton, is good to take awaye frekelles and spottes out of the face. The sede also used in meate as the Phisicianes of Arabi do testifye multiplieth and increaseth the sede of man.

Of Cotton. (Gossypium herbaceum)

Cotton is called in Greek Xylon, in Latin Gossypium, in Duch Baumwoll, in French du Cotton: in barbarous Latin Cottonum and bombax bombacium and cottum. Cotton is a small bushy herb with a leaf like a wind, but lesser. It hath yellow flowers which are something purple in the middles, the fruit is like a beard all full of Down. I never say it, saving only in the university of Bologna. It growth as I read in good auteurs in great plenty in Egypt and in Candi, in Apulia, and in the island Maltha.

The virtues of herb Cotton.

The juice of Cotton leaves is good for the lax of young children and for the gnawing or (as some call it) the grinding of the belly. The seed is good for the cough and the diseases of the breast. The oil that is made of the seed of cotton, is good to take away freckles and spots out of the face. The seed also used in meat as the Physicians of Arabi do testify multiplied and increased the seed of man.

Of Grasse.

Grasse is named in Greke Agristis, inb Latin Gramen, in Duche grasse, in Frenche Dent de chien. Grasse crepeth with no ylke branches, they come from swete rootes, of full ioyntes, the leaves are harde, as the lytle riedes leaves are, also brode, but they are sharpe towarde the ende. The leaves of grasse sede as Dioscorides sayth, both horse and oxen, and all suche lyke beastes as are called in Latin boves and iumenta. Then when as the herbe that we call in Englishe stychewort growth only in sides a in woddes and shadowy places, that very thin, so that xi. acres of the wodde or of any other places wher as it growth. most plentuously wolde not sede one power calffe iiii.dayes. I can not thinke, that stiche wort is the grasse that Dioscorides speaketh of. He presupposeth it tol be in suche plenty, that it were able to sede great nombers of beast and cattell in a smal space of grounde.

The vertues of the right Grasse.

The roote of the right Grasse brused and layde to, byndeth woundes together an closeth them uppe, the broth of grasse drunken, healeth gnawinges in the belly, provoketh urine and breaketh the stony matter of the bladder.

Of Grasse. (Agrostis canina or Elytrigia repens)

Grasse is named in Greek Agristis, in Latin Gramen, in German grasse, in Frenche Dent de chien. Grasse crept with no like branches, they come from sweet roots, full joints, the leaves are hard as the little reed leaves are, also brood, but they are sharper toward the end. The leaves of gras seed as Dioscorides say, both horse and oxen and all such like beasts as are called in Latin bovis and iumenta. Then when as the herb that we call in English stitchwort growth only in sides a in woods and shadowy places, that very thin, so that xi. acres of the wood or of any other places whereas it growth most plenteously would not feed one power calf. iiii. days. I cannot think that stitchwort (Stellaria holostea) is the gras that Dioscorides speak of. He presupposed it to be in such plenty, that it was able to feed great numbers of beast and Cattell in a small space of ground.

The virtues of the right Grasse.

The root of the right Grasse bruised and laide to bind wounds together an closet them up, the broth of gras drunken health gnawing’s in the belly, provoked urine and break the stony matter of the bladder.

Of Scorpiones tayle.

Heliotropium the greater hath a flower lyke the Scorpiones tayle, by reason wherof he is called scorpions. that is to saye, scorpiones tayle, and because it turneth the leaves about wyth the sonne, it is called Heliotropion, that is, turned wyth the sonne, or sonne flower. It hath leaves lyke unto basil, but rowogher and whiter, and greater. There come thre branches out of one roote, some tymes foure, some tymes five, it hath a white flower in the topp, or some thinge redishe that turneth in agayne lyke a scorpiones tayle. The roote is small and good for nothinge: it groweth in rowghe places. I never sawe it growynge in Englande, nether in Germany, saving only in my garden in Collen, in my garden at wellis in Englande. In Italy I have sene it in greate plenty in the feldes about Bonony/ they are far deceyved, have deceyved many other, whiche have wryten that our Englishe Marigolde is Helitropion, for the description of Helitropion, whiche a lytle before I have taken out of Dioscorides and translated unto yow, is nothinge agreinge wyth our Marigolde. Wherfore trust nomore the unlerned selfe made Phisicianes, whiche teache you to call a Marigolde Helitropion.

The vertue of Heliotropium.

An handfull of this herbe drunken, dryeth fleme an choler by the belly. It is good both dronken wyth wyne, and also layde to emplaster wise, for the bytinge of a scorpion. Some write chat iiii. granes of the sede taken an howr before the fit, endeth a quartayne, and that iii. granes heale a tertiane. The sede layd to emplasters wise, dryveth way hanging wartes, fleshy swellingen lyke toppes of tyme, and lytle running sores, the leaves are very good to be layde to, for the distillation of children, whiche is called the siriasis, it is good also for the gowte. And for places that are out of ioynte, it is good to bringe downe womens flowers, if the leaves be broken and layd to, they are good to dryve furth the birth of a woman.

Of Scorpiones tayle. (Heliotropium europaeum and supinum)

Heliotropium the greater hath a flower like the Scorpions tale, by reason whereof he is called scorpions, that is to say scorpion’s tale, and because it turned the leaves about with the son, it is called Heliotropium, that is turned with the son or son flower. It hath leaves like unto basil, but rougher and whiter and greater. There come three branches out of one root, sometimes four, sometimes five, it hath a white flower in the top or something reddish that turned in again like a scorpion’s tale. The root is small and good for nothing: it growth in roughed places. I never saw it growing in England, nether in Germany, saving only in my garden in Collen, in my garden at Wellis in England. In Italy I have seen it in great plenty in the fields about Bologna, they are far deceived, have deceived many others which have written that our English Marigolde is Heliotropium, for the description of Heliotropium which a little before I have taken out of Dioscorides and translated unto yow, is nothing agreeing with our Marigolde. Wherefore trust no more the unlearned self-made Physicians which teach you to call a Marigolde Heliotropium.

The virtue of Heliotropium.

A handful of this herb drunken drive flehm and choler by the belly. It is good both drunken with wine and also laide to plaster wise for the biting of a scorpion. Some write chat iiii. grains of the seed taken an hour before the fit, ended a quartan and that iii. grains healed a tertian. The seed laid to plasters wis, drive away hanging warts, fleshy swelling like tops of time and little running sores, the leaves are very good to be laid to for the distillation of children, which is called the siriasis, it is good also for the gout. And for places that are out of joint, it is good to bring down women’s flowers, if the leaves be broken and laid to, they are good to drive furth the birth of a woman.

Parietori of Pillitore of the wall.

Helxine or Pardition is called in Englishe Parietorie, or Pilletorie of the wall, in Duche saint Peters kraut, or tag und nacht, in Frenche du parietaire. The herbaries call it Parietaria. It growth on wallees, about the rootes of hedges, it hath leaves lyke Mercuri, but rowghe; it hath lytle stalkes some thinge redishe, and about them are as were rowge sedes which cleve unto mens clothes.

The properties of Parietori or Pillitore of the wall.

The leaves haue powr to coole and to make thick, by reason wherof by laynge of it to, it healeth hote inflammations, called saynt Antontes fyre, burnt places, harde lumpes, in the fundament wheles, called Panos, when they are in the beginning, wellinges and hote burnynges, called inflammations.

The iuice of it wyth white leade, is good for choleryke flammationes, and for spredinges or running sores. It is also good for the gowte to be layd to with gotis sewett, or with the ointmens made of waxe and oyle of privet. The same drunken, in the quantite of an unce and a halfe, is good for the old cough. It is good both to be gargled, and also to be layde unto for the inflammation and heate of the the kirnelles under the iawes. If it be poureth into the eare, it slaketh the ache therof, so that rose oyle be mixed therwith

Parietori of Pillitore of the wall. (Parietaria officinalis)

Helxine or Pardition is called in English Parietaria or Pellitory of the wall, in German saint Peters kraut, or tag und nacht, in French du parietaire. The herbarizes call it Parietaria. It growth on walls, about the roots of hedges, it hath leaves like Mercuri, but rough; it hath little stalks something reddish, and about them are as were rough seeds which cleave unto men’s clothes.

The properties of Parietaria or Pellitory of the wall.

The leaves have power to cool and to make thick, by reason whereof by laying of it-to-it health hot inflammations, called saint Antonis’s fire, burnt places, hard lumps, in the fundament whiles, called Panos, when they are in the beginning, swellings and hot burnings, called inflammations.

The juice of it with white lead, is good for choleric inflammations, and for speeding’s or running sores. It is also good for the gout to be laid to with goat’s fat or with the ointments made of wax and oil of privet. The same drunken, in the quantity of a once and a half is good for the old cough. It is good both to be gargled and also to be laide unto for the inflammation and heat of the kernelless under the yaws. If it be poured into the ear, it slaked the ache thereof, so that rose oil be mixed therewith.

Of Hawke wede.

Hieracium is of two kindes, the one is called in Latin Hieracium magnum. It may be called in Englishe greate hawkweed, or yealow succory. The greate hawke wede putteh furth a rowgh stalke som thinge redyshe, full of prickes, the leaves are indented, but every cutte is a greate waye from another, after the maner of sowthistell: it hath heades, and in them yealow flowres. I have sene this in greate plenty bothe in Englande and in Germany in the feldes about Bonnem in Englande in the medowe a lytle from Shene, the lesse hawkewede hath leaves standing a good way from another, iagged in the edges: it hath small lytle stalkes whiche are grene, and in the top of them growe rownde yealowe flowers. This herbe have I sene both in Germany and in Englande great plenty. I can not gesse why this herbe should have the name of a hawt, seinge other herbes have the same properties that thus hath; except it be for this cause that the downe that growth in the toppe of this herbe after the flowers be gone, be good to be taken of the hawke to make him cast his gorge with

The vertues of Hawke wede.

The nature of Hawke wede is to roule and partly to binde, wherfore it is good to be layd unto the the stomacke that is very hote. The iuice if it be drunken, swageth the bytinge or the gnawinge of the stomacke. The herbe layde to wyth the roote, health the stingginge of a scorpion.

Of Hawke wede. (Hieracium pilosella and murorum)

Hieracium is of two kinds, the one is called in Latin Hieracium magnum. It may be called in English great hawkweed or yellow succory. The great hawkweed putted furth a rough stalk something reddish, full of prickers, the leaves are indented, but every cut is a great way from another, after the manner of sow thistle: it hath heads, and in them yellow flowers. I have seen this in great plenty both in England and in Germany in the fields about Bonn and in England in the meadow a little from Shene, the lesser hawkweed hath leaves standing a good way from another, jagged in the edges: it hath small little stalks which are green, and in the top of them grow round yellowed flowers. This herb have I seen both in Germany and in England great plenty. I cannot guess why this herb should have the name of a hawk, seeing other herbs have the same properties that thus hath; except it be for this cause that the down that growth in the top of this herb after the flowers be gone, be good to be taken of the hawk to make him cast his gorge with.

The virtues of Hawkweed.

The nature of Hawkweed is to roil and partly to bind, wherefore it is good to be laid unto the stomach that is very hot. The juice if it be drunken swaged the biting or the gnawing of the stomach. The herb laide to with the root health the stinging of a scorpion.

Of Horse tonge or double tonge.

Hippoglosson is called of some poticaries and herbaries Uvularia Boniacia, the bushe Hippoglossen hath leaves in figure like unto the leaves of knee holme, otherwise called prickel boxe; the toppes of the leaves are sharpe and about the bigheste lytle leaves lyke unto tonge: this bushe is very lyke unto it that is called Laurus Alexandrina, but this hath tonges and sede in the leaves, and the other only the fruite amonge the leaves, not lytle tonges, wherfor thys semeth to be some difference betwene them. I have sene Hippoglosson many tymes beyond the see in high Germany, and in Italy, but I never sawe it growinghe in England.

The vertues of Uvularia of horse tonge. Garland made of the leaves of horse tong, set next on unto the bare heade as Dioscorides writeth, is good for ache. The rote and the iuice into softinge playsters. It hath sene founde by the experience of Phisicianes of late years, that a spounful of the leaves of horstong beaten into pouder, are good against the stranglinge of the mother, and also against burstinge of chylder in the quantite of a dram and a half.

Of Horse tonge or double tonge. (Ruscus hypoglossum)

Hypoglossum is called of some pothecaries and herbarizes Uvularia Boniacia, the bush Hypoglossum hath leaves in figure like unto the leaves of knee holm, otherwise called prickle box; the tops of the leaves are sharp and about the biggest little leaves like unto tong: this bush is very like unto it that is called Laurus Alexandrina, but this hath tongs and seed in the leaves and the other only the fruit among the leaves, not little tongs, wherefore this seem to be some difference between them. I have seen Hypoglossum many times beyond the see in high Germany and in Italy, but I never saw it growing in England.

The virtues of Uvularia of horse tong. Garland made of the leaves of horse tong, set next on unto the bare head as Dioscorides write, is good for ache. The rote and the juice into softening plasters. It hath seen found by the experience of Physicians of late years that a spoonful of the leaves of horse tong beaten into powder are good against the strangling of the mother, and also against bursting of children in the quantity of a dram and a half.

Of Selendine.

Selendyne is named in Latin Hirundinaria, in Greke Chelidonion, in Duche Schelwurtz, in Frenche Chelidoine or Esclere. The greate Selendine hath a small stalke a cubite hye, or hygher wyth many to growing leaves, the leaves are lyke crowfote leaves, but softer and blewish gray in color. The flowre is lyke the flowre of wall gelavore, other wise called hartes ease, whiche cometh out about the settinge on of every leafe. The iuice that is in it, is lyke saffrone, bitinges sharpe, and som thinge bitter, stinkinge. The roote in the overmoste part is single, but beneth it hath many yelowe ridges or berdes lyke heres. It hath a small codde lyke unto horned popye, long, but it is ever smaller and smaller from the roote, tyll it come at the toppe, in it is conteineth a sede greater then popye sede. Ther is an other kinde of Hirundinaria called in Greke Chelidion minus, whose description in my iudgement agreeth well in all poyntes unto the herbe whiche we call in Englishe figgwurt, savynge that it wanteth the heate whiche Dioscorides and Galen require in their lesse Cheliddonio. Dioscorides describeth it thus. It is a lytle herbe hanginge upon lytle twigges, whiche come out of the roote. It hath no stalke, the leaves are lyke yvi, but rounder, lesse, and tendre and som thinge fat, it hath many rootes that come fourth of one harde lompe, litle and growinge lyke wheate cornes, wherof iii. or iiii. growe longe. It groweth beside waters, lakes. It hath a bytinge pour even as Anemone hath, in so muche that it will pull of the skinne, if it be layde to.

This herbe of ours called figwurt hath all these properties, savinge that it is nothinge hote at all that ever I could finde, wherfore as this herbe by the lyknes may teche us to finde out the true Chelidonium minus so I counsell no man to use it for the lesse Celendine, though he use it for other purposes whiche the later wryters have wryten that it is good for.

The properties of Selendine.

The iuice of Selendine sodden in a copper vessel, wyth hony, maketh the eysight clere. In the beginninge of sommer ther is a iuice taken out of the leaves, stalke, and roote, and the same dried in the sonne is made up into lytle cakes. The roote dronken wyth white wine, and anise sede, healeth the guelsought or iaundes, a runninge sores. The same chowed or layde to, swageth the tothe ache.

Of Selendine. (Chelidonium majus)

Celandine is named in Latin Hirundinaria, in Greek Chelidonion, in German Schelwurtz, in French Chelidoine or Esclere. The great celandine hath a small stalk a cubit high or higher with many to growing leaves, the leaves are like crowfoot leaves, but softer and blueish gray in color. The flower is like the flower of wall gilliver, otherwise called harts ease, which cometh out about the setting on of every leaf. The juice that is in it is like saffron, biting’s sharp, and something bitter, stinking. The root in the over most part is single, but beneath it hath many yellow ridges or beard like hair. It hath a small cod like unto horned poppy, long, but it is ever smaller and smaller from the root till it come at the top, in it is contained a seed greater than poppy seed. There is another kind of Hirundinaria called in Greek Chelidion minus, (Ficaria verna) whose description in my judgment agreed well in all points unto the herb which we call in English figwort, saving that it wanted the heat which Dioscorides and Galen require in their lesser Chelidonium. Dioscorides described it thus. It is a little herb hanging upon little twigs which come out of the root. It hath no stalk, the leaves are like Yui, but rounder, lesser and tender and something fat, it hath many roots that come fourth of one hard lump, little and growing like wheat corn whereof iii. or iiii. grow long. It growth beside waters, lakes. It hath a biting power even as Anemone hath, in so much that it will pull of the skin, if it be laide to.

This herb of ours called figwort hath all these properties, saving that it is nothing hot at all that ever I could find, wherefore as this herb by the likeness may teach us to find out the true Chelidonium minus so I counsel no man to use it for the lesser Celandine, though he use it for other purposes which the later writers have written that it is good for.

The properties of Celandine.

The juice of Celandine sodden in a copper vessel with honey, maketh the eyesight clear. In the beginning of summer there is a juice taken out of the leaves, stalk and root and the same dried in the son is made up into little cakes. The root drunken with white wine and anise seed, health the Geels sought or jaundice, running sores. The same chowed or laide to, swaged the tooth ache.

Of Barley.

Hordeum is called in Greke Crithe, in Englishe Barley, in Duche Gerst, in Frenche Orge, it is of divers kindes. The first kinde is called in Latin hordeum distichum, in Englishe Barley. The second kinde is called in Latin hordeum tetrastichum, in Englishe bigge barley, or bigge, alone. This kind groweth muche in the North country. The thirde kinde is called in latin hordeum hexastichum, I have not sene this kinde in Englande, savinge at Wellis in my garden, but ofte tymes in highe Germanye, wherfore it maye be called in Englishe, Duche Barley. The fourth kinde is called of Galene in the greke tonge Gimnochrithon, in Latin hordeum nudum, of other some hordeum mundum, it may be called in Englishe, wheate barley, because it hath no more huskes on it, then wheat hath. It groweth in Italye and also in certayne gardines in Englande. Theophrast writeth thus of Barley and wheat in comparinge them together. Amongst the kindes of corne, wheat hath a narrower leufe then Barley hath, and smother strawe and tougher. Wheate is covered wych many cotes, but Barley is naked and bare, and of all kindes of corne, it is moste destitute of a covering. Barley will som tyme change into darnell, and som time into wheate.

The vertues of Barley.

The best barly is whyte and cleane, but that norishet lesse then wheate: but for all that the ptisane by the reason of the moyst iuice that cometh to it: in the sethinge, norissheth more then the perched barley. It is good for the sharpnes and harrisnes of the throte and against raw places. If it be sodden wyth fenell and stupped up, it maketh milke encrease largely. Barley scowreth, dryveth fourth water, maketh winde, it is evel for the stomack, it maketh ripe swellinges. It is good to set barley mete wyth a fig in mede to scatter and dryve away hote burninges and suche gateringes together or risinges. It ripeth all hardnes wyth rosen and donedonge. Stancheth the side ache, laide to wyth Melilote and the cuppes of poppy. It is good against the windenes of guttes, wyth lint sede, fenegreke and rue. Barley wyth tarr, wax, oile, and water of a yonge boy, bringeth wennes and harde swellings to a ripenes with myrtilles, or wine, pommgranet pilles, or wilde tarte peares, or wyth the bramble, stoppeth the runninge of the belly with quinces or vinegre, it is good for burning heates or inflammationes of the gowt. The same dressed after the maner of an emplaster and laide warme to, healeth lepres. The iuice drawen out of barley mele, sodden wyth water piche and oyle, is good to ripe and make quickly matter, or corruption. The same knodden wyth vinegre and piche, is good against flowinge of humores downe in to the ioyntes.

Out of Galene.

This sede of barley is muche used amonge men, but it hath not the same propertie that wheat hath for wheat ividently hote, but barley not only heateth not, but howsoever ye use it, whether ye make breade of it, or make a Ptisane of it, ye make perched barley of it alwayes it coleth, but accoridinge unto the maner of dressing, it moisteth for polenta, which is made of fried or perched barley, is tried to be dry, as de ptisane is knowen to moiste.

Of wall barley or way bent out of Dioscorides.

Phenix hath the leves of barly, but shorter and streiter, with an eare like unto darnell. The stalkes are six fingers longe, it hath seven or eight eares. It groweth in feldes, in howses lately coverid. This herbe whych is called of Dioscorides Phenic is named of Pliny, Phenicea, he saith that it is called of the latines Hordeum murinum, that is wall barley. I marke Dioscorides maketh his Phenix like unto barley, only in the lefe, in the earee like unto darnell, that his phenix groweth both in feldes, also upon howses lately covered. I marke that pliny calleth his Phenicea Hordeum murinum, wher upon I gather that Plinies Phenicea in the eare is like barley, for it hath not the name of the leafe alone, whiche diſſereth not barly from other cornes, but of the eare. But the barley eare and the darnell eare are not like, the one is without aunes, and the other hath longe aunes, therfore it appereth; Phenix in Dioscorides, and Phenicca in Pliny are not al one. If ther be any difference betwene the (as ther semeth to be that Phenix Dioscorides is called in Englishe Way bent, and Phenicea Pliny is called wall barley, howse barley. The way bet hath a leafe like grasse, groweth plentuouslye in Cambridgeshire about highe wayes, the eare is like darnell, it were like the commen barley, hath but two orders, if it had awnes as barley hath. The wall barley is muche like to be barley whiche is called hordeum testrastichon, and it groweth commenly upon mud walles that are lately made. I mervel that Matthiolus redeth in his Pliny lolium murinum, when as mi Plini corrected by Erasmus and prynted by Frobemus, hath hordeum murinum, and not lolium murinum.

The vertues of waybent.

Wal barley dronken wyth tart wine, stoppeth the flix of the belly, runninge of the mother, and the burstinge out of man or womans water. Some do write that this herbe bound to, and hanged up in a cremesin flece, stoppeth blode.

Of Barley. (Hordeum vulgare, distichon, tetrastichum, nudum, murinum)

Hordeum is called in Greek Crithe, in English Barley, in German Gerst, in French Orge, it is of diver’s kinds. The first kind is called in Latin hordeum distichum, in English Barley. The second kind is called in Latin hordeum tetrastichum, in English big barley or big alone. This kind growth much in the North country. The third kind is called in Latin hordeum hexastichon, I have not seen this kind in England, saving at Wellis in my garden, but often times in high Germany, wherefore it may be called in English, German Barley. The fourth kind is called of Galene in the Greek tong Gimnochrithon, in Latin hordeum nudum, of other some hordeum mundum, it may be called in English, wheat barley, because it hath no more husks on it, then wheat hath. It growth in Italie and also in certain gardens in England. Theophrastus write thus of Barley and wheat in comparing them together. Amongst the kinds of corn, wheat hath a narrower leaf then Barley hath and smother straw and tougher. Wheat is covered which many cotes, but Barley is naked and bare and of all kinds of corn, it is most destitute of a covering. Barley will sometime change into darnel and sometime into wheat.

The virtues of Barley.

The best barley is white and clean, but that nourished lesser than wheat: but for all that the Ptisane by the reason of the moist juice that cometh to it: in the seething nourished more than the perched barley. It is good for the sharpness and harasses of the throat and against raw places. If it be sodden with fennel and stupp up, it maketh milk increase largely. Barley scored, drive fourth water, maketh wind, it is evil for the stomach, it maketh ripe swellings. It is good to set barley mete with a fig in mee to scatter and drive away hot burnings and such gatherings together or risings. It ripens all hardness with Rosen and dimedone. Stanched the side ache, laide to with Melilote and the cups of poppy. It is good against the windiness of gouttes, with lint seed, fenugreek and rue. Barley with tar, wax, oil and water of a young boy bringeth wennes (Ichthyosis?) and hard swellings to a ripeness with myrtles or wine, pomegranate pills or wild tarte pears or with the bramble, stopped the running of the belly with quinces or vinegar, it is good for burning heats or inflammations of the gout. The same dressed after the manner of a plaster and laide warm to, health lepers. The juice drawn out of barley mele, sodden with water pit and oil, is good to ripe and make quickly matter or corruption. The same knotted with vinegar and perch is good against flowing of humors down into the joints.

Out of Galene.

This seed of barley is much used among men, but it hath not the same property that wheat hath for wheat evidently hot, but barley not only heath not, but howsoever ye use it, whether ye make bread of it or make a Ptisane of it, ye make perched barley of it always it cooled, but according unto the manner of dressing, it moistest for polenta, which is made of fried or perched barley, is tried to be dry, as de Ptisane is known to moist.

Of wall barley or way bent out of Dioscorides.

Phenix hath the leaves of barley, but shorter and strainer, with an ear like unto darnel. The stalks are six fingers long, it hath seven or eight ears. It growth in fields, in houses lately covered. This herb which is called of Dioscorides Phenic is named of Plini, Phenicea, he saith that it is called of the Latines Hordeum murinum, that is wall barley. I mark Dioscorides maketh his Phenix like unto barley, only in the leaf, in the ear like unto darnel, that his phenix growth in fields, also upon houses lately covered. I mark that Plini calleth his Phenicea Hordeum murinum, where upon I gather that Plinius Phenicea in the ear is like barley, for it hath not the name of the leaf alone, which differed not barley from other corns, but of the ear. But the barley ear and the darnel ear are not like, the one is without aunes, and the other hath long aunes, therefore it appeared; Phenix in Dioscorides and Phenicea in Plini are not al one. If there be any difference between them as there seem to be that Phenix Dioscorides is called in English Way bent and Phenicea Plini is called wall barley, how it be barley. The way bet hath a leaf like gras, growth plenteously in Cambridgeshire about highways, the ear is like darnel, it were like the common barley, hath but two orders, if it had awns as barley hath. The wall barley is much like to be barley which is called hordeum testrastichon and it growth commonly upon mud walls that are lately made. I marvel that Matthiolus read in his Plini Lolium murinum, when as mi Plini corrected by Erasmus and printed by Frobemus hath Hordeum murinum and not Lolium murinum.

The virtues of way bent.

Veal barley drunken with tart wine stopped the flix of the belly, running of the mother, and the bursting out of man or woman’s water. Some do write that this herb bound to and hanged up in a crimson fleece stopped blood.

Of Hiacinthus.

Hyacinthus hath leaves like unto herbe called bulbus, it hath a stalke a span long, smaller then a mans little finger, of grene color, the toppe of the herbe hangeth downe, full of purple floures, the roote is like unto the rownd hede of a Bulbus. The best kinde of Hyacinthus ever I sawe, was it that Lucas Gynus the reader of Dioscorides in Bonony shewed me aboute xiiii. yeares agoo, harde by the mount Apennine. Hiacinthus is also common in Englande, though it be not of the best, and it is called crowtowes, crowfote and crowtese.

The vertues of Hiacinthus.

The rote of this herbe dronken, stoppeth the belly and driveth furth water, it is a remedy againste the bytinges of a felde spider. The sede is more bindinge and desired for triacles, wyth wine if it be drunken, it healeth the iawndes. The boyes in Northumberlande scrape the roote of the herbe and glew theyr arrowes and bokes wyth that slyme that they scrape of.

Of Hiacinthus. (Hyacinthus orientalis, Hyacinthoides non-scriptus)

Hyacinthus hath leaves like unto herb called bulbus, it hath a stalk a span long, smaller than a man’s little finger of green color, the top of the herb hanged down, full of purple flowers, the root is like unto the round head of a Bulbus. The best kind of Hyacinthus ever I saw was it that Lucas Gynus the reader of Dioscorides in Bologna shewed me about xiiii. years ago, hard by the mount Apennine. Hyacinthus is also common in England, though it be not of the best, and it is called crowtowes, crowfoot and crowtese.

The virtues of Hyacinthus.

The rote of this herb drunken, stopped the belly and drive furth water, it is a remedy against the biting’s of a field spider. The seed is more binding and desired for treacle’s, with wine if it be drunken, it health the jaundice. The boys in Northumberland scrape the root of the herb and Glew their arrows and bokes with that slime that they scrape off.

Of Hiosyris.

Hyosiris is like unto succory, but it is lesse and rowgher, the herbe that I take for Hyosiris,hath a rowghe leafe, growinge harde by the grounde indented, after the maner of succory or dandelion, but the teth are not so sharpe, the atalkes, flowers, downe are like unto them that are in Dandelion, savinge that they are roughe in this herbe, and smothe in Dandelion. Therefore I name it roughe Dandelion. It groweth in sandy baron groundes, and about casten diches that have muche sand in them.

The vertues of Hyosiris.

Pliny writeth, if the leaves of Hyosiris de brused and laide to woundes, it healeth them wounderfull well. It doth awaye by the taste of this herbe, and certayne qualities that I finde in it that it shoulde serve for the same purpose that succory and Endice serve for.

Of Hiosyris. (Hypochaeris radicata?)

Hyosiris is like unto succory, but it is lesser and rougher, the herb that I take for Hyosiris, hath a rough leaf growing hard by the ground indented, after the manner of succory or dandelion, but the teethe are not so sharp, the stalks, flowers, down are like unto them that are in Dandelion, saving that they are rough in this herb and smooth in Dandelion. Therefore, I name it rough Dandelion. It growth in sandy baron grounds and about caste diches that have much sand in them.

The virtues of Hyosiris.

Pliny write, if the leaves of Hyosiris de bruised and laide to wounds, it health them wounder full well. It doth away by the taste of this herb, and certain qualities that I find in it that it should serve for the same purpose that succory and Endive serve for.

Of saint Iohans grasse.

The herbe whiche is called in Greke Hypericon, in Englishe saint Johans grasse, or saint Johans wurt, in Duche saint Johans kraut, of some herbaries fuga demonum, growth commonly in woddes and in hedges, in som gardines without any settinge. Dioscorides writeth thys of Hypericon. Hypericon is named of some Androsemon, of other Corion, of other Grounde pine, because the sede of it hath the smalle of rosin, it hath a lefe like rue, a yellow floure like unto wall gelover. Whiche if it be brused with a mans finger, putteth furth a blody iuice, wherfor som have called it mans blode. It hath a cod that is roughe and round of the bignes of barley. The sede is blacke and of the smell of rosin. This herbe is called of some of the later wryters perforata, that is throw holed, bycause if ye set the leafe betwene yow and the sonne, ther shall appere an infinite nombre of holes in the leaves.

The vertues of saint Iohans grasse.

Saint Johans grasse driveth furth waterif it be laide to, it bringeth downe from tertian and quartan agues if it be dronken wyth wine. The sede dronken the apace of xl. dayes, healeth the sciatica. The leaves laide to emplaſter wise wyth the sede, heale burninges.

Of saint Iohans grasse. (Hypericum perforatum)

The herb, which is called in Greek Hypericon, in English saint Johans gras or saint Johans wort, in German saint Johans kraut, of some herbaries fuga demonum, growth commonly in woods and in hedges, in some gardens without any setting. Dioscorides write this of Hypericon. Hypericon is named of some Androsaemum of other Corion, of other Ground pine, because the seed of it hath the small of rosin, it hath a leaf like rue, a yellow flower like unto wall gilliver. Which if it be bruised with a man’s finger, putted furth a bloody juice, wherefore some have called it man’s blood. It hath a cod that is rough and round of the bigness of barley. The seed is black and of the smell of rosin. This herb is called of some of the later writers perforata, that is throw holed, because if ye set the leaf between you and the son there shall appear an infinite number of holes in the leaves.

The virtues of saint Johans gras.

Saint Johans gras drive furth water it be laide to, it bringeth down from tertian and quartan agues if it be drunken with wine. The seed drunken the space of xl. days health the sciatica. The leaves laide to plaster wise with the seed, heal burnings.

Of Hysop.

Dioscorides leveth Hisop undescribed, velike it was so well knowen in his dayes that he thought it needed not to be described but by that meane it is now comme to passe that we dowt whether this Hysop that we have, be the true Hysop of the ancient writers or no. Dioscorides in the description of Ograne, compareth organe in likenes unto the hyssop, but no organ that ever I saw, whether it came out of Candi or out of Spaine, or grew here in England, like unto oure Hysop, for their it is brode leaved, and our hysop hath longe leaves, wherfore ether we have not the true hyssop, or els we never saw the true organ. The Hysop that Mesua also describeth, is not agreinge wyth this oure Hysop as ye may perceyve by this his description that foloweth here. Hysop is of two sortes, ther is one mountaine Hysop, and an other gardin Hysop. The gardin Hysop is a halfe a cubit hyghe, hath fewer stalkes and branches then time hath. It hath leves like unto leaves of time. Ye se here that Mesue maketh hys hysopes leaves like unto the leaves of time, but we have no suche hyssop and time that agre ether in figure or bignes together wherfore it is to be suspect that ther is som better Hysop, then this that we have. Howbe it. I thinke in vertue and propertie that it differeth nothinge from the hysop of the olde writers. We have in Sumershetshire beside common Hysop that groweth in all other places of Englande, a kinde of Hysop that is al roughe and hory, it is greater muche and stronger then the commen Hyop is, som call it rough Hysop.

The properties of Hysop.

Hysop hath the vertue to make fine and to hete. The brothe ot Hysop made with figges, water, hony, and rue, drunken helpeth the inflammation of the longes, the olde coughe, the short winded, rheumes or poses and them that can not well take theyr breth. It killeth wormes. It hath the same power if it be licked in wyth hony. The brothe of it dronken wyth a drinke made of hony and vinegre, called oximell, draweth out grosse humores thorow the belly, and it is good to be eaten wyth grene figges to make yow go to the stole, but it worketh better if Aris be put therto or Cardamome or Ireo. It kepeth and maketh the color of the body continewe still. Wyth a fyg and nitre, it is good for the mylt and for the dropse. It is used to be layde unto burninge heates or inflammationes wyth wine. It dryveth and scattereth awaye the blue markes of brusinges. It is good to be gargled wyth the brothe of figges against the quinsey. The broth of Hysop wyth vinegre swageth the toth ache the mouth be washed ther wyth. The brethe or vapor of Hisop driveth away the winde that is in the eares if they be holden over it.

Of Hysop. (Hyssopus officinalis, Teucrium pseudo-hyssopus)

Dioscorides leaved Hyssop undescribed, possible it was so well known in his days that he thought it needed not to be described but by that mean is now com to passe that we doubt whether this Hyssop that we have, be the true Hyssop of the ancient writers or no. Dioscorides in the description of Origan compared origan in likeness unto the hyssop, but no organ that ever I saw, whether it came out of Candi or out of Spaine or grew here in England, like unto our Hyssop, for their it is brood leaved, and our hyssop hath long leaves, wherefore ether we have not the true hyssop, or ells we never saw the true organ. The Hyssop that Mesue also described, is not agreeing with this our Hyssop as ye may perceive by this his description that followed here. Hyssop is of two sorts, there is one mountain Hyssop and another garden Hyssop. The garden Hyssop is a half a cubit high, hath fewer stalks and branches then time hath. It hath leaves like unto leaves of time. Ye see here that Mesue maketh his hyssops leave like unto the leaves of time, but we have no such hyssop and time that agree ether in figure or bigness together wherefore it is to be suspect that there is some better Hyssop then this that we have. Howbe it. I think in virtue and property that it differed nothing from the hyssop of the olde writers. We have in Somersetshire beside common Hyssop that growth in all other places of England a kind of Hyssop that is al rough and hoary, it is greater much and stronger than the common Hyssop is, some call it rough Hyssop.

The properties of Hyssop.

Hyssop hath the virtue to make fine and to hot. The broth of Hyssop made with figs, water, honey and rue drunken helped the inflammation of the lunges, the olde cough, the short winded, rheum or poses and them that cannot well take their breath. It killed worms. It hath the same power if it be licked in with honey. The broth of it drunken with a drink made of honey and vinegar, called oxymel, draweth out grosses humors thorough the belly, and it is good to be eaten with green figs to make yow go to the stole, but it worketh better if Aris be put thereto or Cardamom or Iris. It kept and maketh the color of the body continues still. With a fig and niter, it is good for the milt and for the dropsy. It is used to be laide unto burning heats or inflammations with wine. It drives and scatters away the blue marks of brushings. It is good to be gargled with the broth of figs against the quinsy. The broth of Hyssop with vinegar swaged the toothache. the mouth be washed there with. The breath or vapor of Hyssop drive away the wind that is in the ears if they be holden over it.

Of Gethsamine or Iesemin.

Iesemin or Gethsamine, as I suppose is called in Greke iasme, and it is the flower, wher of the oyle called in Dioscorides oleum iasminum is made. But I finde nether any description of iasme in Dioscorides nor in Plini nor in any other olde writer, savinge that Dioscorides maketh a litle mention of it, also the Arabians do. I think that the Arabianes, call this bushe Jesemin, setchinge that name corruptly out of Dioscorides Jasminon, for the same vertues that Dioscorides assigneth unto the oyle of Jasme, the Arabianes geve unto their Jesemin. But that ye may iudge y mater more plainely: I will reherse unto you what Dioscorides writeth of his oyle called iasminum, what the Arabiane write of ther Jesemine.

Out of Dioscorides.

There is an oile made amongest the Perseanes, whiche is called Jasminum, of the whyte flowers of a violet, wherof two unces are put into a quart of oile sesanime, and the violettes must be oft changed as we have tolde before in the makinge of lily oyle. It is muche used in the land of the Persianes, when men be at meat to make a good smell: for it agreeth well wyth all the hole body, then specially when a man goeth into a bath: but it is best for suche bodies as had nede to be made hote, and to be loused and set more at large, for it smelleth strongly, for is smelleth so strongly that som can not abide it. Thus muche hath Dioscorides written of Jasme. Som do holde that Dioscorides writeth here of the oyle that is made of the herbe called Leucoion in Greke, and in Englishe white stock gelover. But I am of the contrary opinion, for Dioscorides speaketh not in my iudgement here of that kynde of Leucoion with the whyte flour: for that kinde of Leucoion with the flowre hath nether any suche smell as Dioscorides gyveth unto Jasme, ne ther any suche heat. Dioscorides speaketh of: for Serapio writyng of the kyndes Leucoium sayeth these wordes. Et oleum quod ex eo fit, est temperatum subtile, & proprie illud quod fit ex eo, cum oleo amygdalarum dulcium, & coeleste, est debilis caliditatis, & album est debilius propter æquitatem quæ in illo est. Wherfore if the autorite of Serapio be to be received and allowed. Matthiolus erreth, whiche writeth Jasminum to one oyle made of Lencoio wyth whyte floures. If any man reply that our commen iesemine is no violet. In answer that I thinke that Dioscorides called that flowre of Jesamin a violet floure, of the likenes that it hath wyth the flour of a violet, as he calleth of times the pricky toppis of great the stelles echinos, that is urchens. of the likenes that they have wyth an urchen.

Out of the Arabianes.

Jesemin otherwise called rambach is of two sortes, the one hath a yealow flower, and the other hath a white floure. The yealow is not so hote nor so myghtye in operation as the white is. The flowre is also founde in som place blewishe gray. Jesemin is hote in the beginninge of the seconde degre, and it is good for moystenes and so salt leme, and for olde men of a cold complexion, it is good for aches that com of a clamy or towgh humores, when as the very and right natural, iesemin ether dried or grene if it be broken and laide upon any tetter or foule spottes, it will drive them away and will resolve all colde superfluites. It is good for the pose, but it maketh and engendreth the heade ache in them that are of an hote complexion, and the oyle of it is very good in wynter, but it is to be ferde, if that any man of a very hote complexion smell of it, lest it make him blede at his nose. Compare these properties wyth the that Dioscorides geve unto iasmino, ye shall fynde that in propertes, as not doth agree very well wyth the iesemine of the Arabians.

Of Gethsamine or Iesemin. (Jasminum sambac and officinale)

Iesemin or Gethsamine, as I suppose is called in Greek iasme, and it is the flower, whereof the oil called in Dioscorides oleum Jasminum is made. But I find nether any description of jasmine in Dioscorides nor in Plini nor in any other olde writer, saving that Dioscorides maketh a little mention of it, also the Arabians do. I think that the Arabians, call this bush Jesmin, set that name corruptly out of Dioscorides Jasminon, for the same virtues that Dioscorides assigned unto the oil of Jasmine, the Arabians give unto their Jesemin. But that ye may judge y mater more plainly: I will rehearse unto you what Dioscorides write of his oil called Jasminum, what the Arabian write of their Jesemine.

Out of Dioscorides.

Ther is an oil made amongst the Persians which is called Jasminum of the white flowers of a violet, whereof two once’s are put into a quart of oil sesame and the violets must be oft changed as we have told before in the making of lily oil. It is much used in the land of the Persians when men be at meat to make a good smell: for it agreed well with all the whole body, then specially when a man go into a bath: but it is best for such bodies as had need to be made hot and to be loused and set more at large, for it smelled strongly, for is smelled so strongly that some cannot abide it. Thus, much hath Dioscorides written of Jasmine. Som do hold that Dioscorides write here of the oil that is made of the herb called Leucoion in Greek and in English white stock glover. But I am of the contrary opinion, for Dioscorides speak not in my judgment here of that kind of Leucojum with the white flour: for that kind of Leucojum with the flower hath nether any such smell as Dioscorides gives unto Jasmine, ne there any such heat. Dioscorides speak of, for Serapio writing of the kinds Leucojum sayeth these words. Et oleum quod ex eo fit, est temperatum subtile, & proprie illud quod fit ex eo, cum oleo amygdalarum dulcium, & coeleste, est debilis caliditatis, & album est debilius propter æquitatem quæ in illo est. Wherefore if the authority of Serapio be to be received and allowed. Matthiolus erred, which write Jasminum to one oil made of Leucojum with white flowers. If any man replies that our common jessamine is no violet. In answer that I think that Dioscorides called that flower of Jesamine a violet flower, of the likeness that it hath with the flour of a violet, as he calleth of times the pricky topes if great the stelt echinos, that is urchins. of the likeness that they have with an urchin.

Out of the Arabians.

Jesamine otherwise called sambach is of two sorts, the one hath a yellow flower, and the other hath a white flower. The yellow is not so hot nor so mighty in operation as the white is. The flower is also found in some place blueish gray. Jesamine is hot in the beginning of the second degree and it is good for moistens and so salt lime and for olde men of a cold complexion, it is good for aches that com of a clammy or tough humors, when as the very and right natural, jessamine ether dried or green if it be broken and laide upon any tetter or foule spots, it will drive them away and will resolve all cold superfluities. It is good for the pose, but it maketh and engendered the headache in them that are of a hot complexion, and the oil of it is very good in winter, but it is to be fer if that any man of a very hot complexion smell of it, lest it make him bleed at his nose. Compare these properties with the that Dioscorides give unto jasmine, ye shall find that in properties, as not doth agree very well with the jessamine of the Arabians.

Of Sciatica cresse or wilde cresse.

Because Dioscorides describeth this herbe Iberis, in suche place as no herbes but trees are described and it is contrary unto his custome to mixe yintreatinge of herbes wyth trees: som holde that this herbe is not Iberis Dioscorides. And som gather for this cause this herbe that I intreate of, is not Iberis, because ther is another herbe called of ancient writers, namely, of Paul and others Iberis, and it is cleave contrary in ppopotion and likenes unto the herbe that Paulus setteth furth for Iberis: to who Iberis I answere, although it were no Iberis Dioscoridis. Yet it foloweth not, but that it may be som other learned mas Iberis though it be nether Iberis Paulin or Aetii. This herbe out of dout is Iberis of Democrates, wher of Galene maketh manifest mention in the .x. boke De compositione medicamenorum secundum locos, and ther he bringeth it in Democrates describing after this maner. This herbe saieth Democrates, groweth muche every wher, beside graves and olde walles, and about highe wayes whiche are not commenly plowed. It is alwayes grene wyth a lefe like gardin cresses, and this leafe is lesse then cresses lefe, and it commeth furth in the springe time. The stalkes are a cubite longe and som time longer, and som time shorter. The leaves grow on the stalke all sommer even unto the depe winter, whiche wyth the frost wasteth the leaves awaye, and bringeth the hole herbe unto the likenes of a twig or busshy rod. Yet it groweth unto the roote, other buddes, whiche make anew herbe againe in the next springe. It hath a small white flower, the sede is so small that a man can scarsse se it. The roote hath a very hote and sharpe smell muche like unto gardin cresses. Thus far hath Democrates described his Iberis. Now let us se how that Dioscorides or som other in his name describeth his Iberis. Iberis, otherwise called Cardamantica, hath the leaves of cresses, but in the springe grener. The stalke is a cubit highe and somtyme lesse, it groweth in unplowed grownde. In sommer it hath a whyte floure, at what time it hath most vertu, it hath two rootes like unto cresses, heatinge and burninge. Ye may se how that in the description of Iberis both these autoures do agre. Wherefore this herbe must not therfore be spoiled of the name of Iberis, because other autours have in their workes an other kinde of Iberis. This is the herbe as I suppose that Fuchsius describeth for Thalspi minori: it is called in Duche besem kraut. I have sene the herbe in all pointes agreinge wyth the desriptiones above shewed beside the walles of Bon in Germany and in ease Fresland in the sea bankes. But I have not sene it in Englande that I remember of. It may be called in Englishe waycresses, wilde cresses, or sciatica cresses, because the herbe is good for the sciatica.

The vertues of wilde cresses.

Gather in somer good plentye of this roote, for then it hath most virtue, and bete it harde, for it requireth muche betinge, and mix it wyth swines gresse, and bete them in a morter well, till they be both come into one body, then if any man or woman have any paine in the hauche or hucklebone, binde this oyntment upon the place that aketh: if it be in a woman, for the space of two houres: if it be in a man, for the space of iii. hours, nether shall ye mixe or put any oile to it, but it alone provoke the patient to sete a little, and then let him go into a bath, and bid him abide patiently there the bitinge of the ointment continewe a while therein, and when he is well bathed, then let hym out, and after that he be becomed fourth, let hym put a good deale of oile to a litle wine and anoynte the diseased place withal, and after warde that the place is made clene and the fat is scoured awaye, cover the diseased place wyth warme woole, and if any grudge of the same disease chance to rise againe, let hym use the fore saide medicin againe after the same maner: many have bene brought in by other men into the bath, beinge lame, by the sciatica, whiche after they have used this ointment and bath have commed out by them selves stronge and lustye.

The minde of Galene in this matter.

Democrates used the same medicine after the same maner against the all olde and longe heade ache, and against all olde diseases of the body, and against palsies and against suche diseases as can not be healed wyth out blystringe, mustarde plasters, he saith, that he healed therwyth all that were sicke in that disease, whiche he toke in hade. Archigenes saith allo in his seconde boke of medicines after the kinde, that Iberis whiche he calleth Lepidium, is good for them that are sicke in the milt, or greved wyth the sciatica. Hipparcus also wryteth that Iberis is good for sciatica and for extreme colde. After this maner gather up herbe Iberis, whiche some call Lepidium or wilde cresses, and stampe it wyth swynes gresse after the maner of an emplaster, laye it to the akinge place for the space of iij. Howres, and then let the patient go into a bath afterwards, and this will lye him, ye may use the same remedy against the olde heade ache, as Democrates the Phisciane in his verses doth testify,

The vertues of Iberis out of Dioscorides.

The rootes of Iberis are burninge hote, they are good against the scatica, wyth salted swines grece, laide to the place after the maner of an emplaster, for the apace of iiti. howres, but the. patient must afterwarde go into a bath, and after that he must anoynt the place and cover it with woll. This herbe is hote and drye in the seconde degre at the last.

Of Sciatica cresse or wilde cresse. (Iberis umbellata)

Because Dioscorides described this herb Iberis in such place as no herbs, but trees are described, and it is contrary unto his custom to mix intreating of herbs with trees: some hold that this herb is not Iberis Dioscorides. And some gather for this cause this herb that I intreat of is not Iberis, because there is another herb called of ancient writers, namely, of Paul and others Iberis, and it is leave contrary in proportion and likeness unto the herb that Paulus set furth for Iberis: to who Iberis I answer, although it was no Iberis Dioscoridis. Yet it followed not, but that it may be some other learned mas Iberis though it be nether Iberis Paulin or Aetius. This herb out of doubt is Iberis of Democrates, whereof Galene maketh manifest mention in the. x. book De compositione medicamenorum secundum locos, and there he bringeth it in Democrates describing after this manner. This herb says Democrates, growth much everywhere, beside graves and olde walls, and about highways which are not commonly plowed. It is always green with a leaf like garden cresses and this leaf is lesser than cresses leaf and it comet furth in the springtime. The stalks are a cubit long and sometime longer and sometime shorter. The leaves grow on the stalk all summer even unto the deep winter, which with the frost wasted the leaves away and bringeth the hole herb unto the likeness of a twig or bushy rod. Yet it growth unto the root other buds which make anew herb again in the next spring. It hath a small white flower, the seed is so small that a man can scarce see it. The root hath a very hot and sharp smell much like unto garden cresses. Thus far hath Democrates described his Iberis. Now let us see how that Dioscorides or some other in his name described his Iberis. Iberis, otherwise called Cardamantica, hath the leaves of cresses, but in the spring greener. The stalk is a cubit high and sometime lesser, it growth in unplowed ground. In summer it hath a white flower, at what time it hath most vertu, it hath two roots like unto cresses, heating and burning. Ye may see how that in the description of Iberis both these auteurs do agree. Wherefore this herb must not therefore be spoiled of the name of Iberis, because other auteurs have in their works another kind of Iberis. This is the herb as I suppose that Fuchsius described for Thlaspi minor: it is called in German besem kraut. (Lepidium rurale) I have seen the herb in all pointes agreeing with the descriptions above shewed beside the walls of Bon in Deutsche and in ease Friesland in the sea banks. But I have not seen it in England that I remember of. It may be called in English waycresses, wild cresses, or sciatica cresses, because the herb is good for the sciatica.

The virtues of wild cresses.

Gather in summer good plenty of this root for then it hath most virtue and beat it hard for it required much beating and mix it with swine’s grease and beat them in a mortar well, till they be both come into one body, then if any man or woman have any pain in the haunches or hucklebone, bind this ointment upon the place that ached: if it be in a woman for the space of two hours: if it be in a man, for the space of iii. hours, nether shall ye mix or put any oil to it, but it alone provoke the patient to seat a little, and then let him go into a bath, and bid him abide patiently there the biting of the ointment continue a while therein, and when he is well bathed, then let him out and after that he be become fourth let him put a good deal of oil to a little wine and anointed the diseased place withal, and afterward that the place is made clean and the fat is scoured away, cover the diseased place with warm wool and if any grudge of the same disease chance to rise again let him use the foresaid medicine again after the same manner: many have bene brought in by other men into the bath, being lame by the sciatica which after they have used this ointment and bath have come out by themselves strong and lusty.

The mind of Galene in this matter.

Democrates used the same medicine after the same manner against all olde and long headache and against all olde diseases of the body and against palsies and against such diseases as cannot be healed without blistering, mustard plasters, he saith, that he healed therewith all that were sick in that disease which he tokes in head. Archigenes saith also in his second book of medicines after the kind that Iberis which he calleth Lepidium, is good for them that are sick in the milt or grieved with the sciatica. Hipparcus also write that Iberis is good for sciatica and for extreme cold. After this manner gather up herb Iberis, which some call Lepidium or wild cresses and stamp it with swine’s grease after the manner of a plaster, lay it to the aching place for the space of iij. hours and then let the patient go into a bath afterwards, and this will lye him, ye may use the same remedy against the olde headache, as Democrates the Physician in his verses doth testify.

The virtues of Iberis out of Dioscorides.

The roots of Iberis are burning hot, they are good against the sciatica with salted swine’s grease laid to the place after the manner of a plaster, for the apace of iiti. hours, but the. patient must afterward go into a bath, and after that he must anoint the place and cover it with wool. This herb is hot and dry in the second degree at the last.

Of Cicorie and Endivie.

Intubus whiche is calles In Greke, seres, is of two sortes, the one is called Intubus hortensis, and the other is called intubus sylvestris. Intubus hortensis also of two sortes, the one is called Endive or white Endive, and the other is called garden succory. Intubus sylvestris is of two sortes, the one is called in Latin Cichorium, and in Englishe succory or hardewes, and the other is called of Theophrastus Aphaca, of Plinie Hedipnois, in Englishe Dandelion or priestes crowne, in Duche pfaffenblat. Seris is of two kindes, the one is wilde as Dioscorides wryteth, and it is called picris and Cichorium, and the other kinde is of the gardin, and it hath broder leaves, the wilde is better for the stomacke then the garden is. the garden endive is als of two kindes, the one hath brode leaves lyke unto lettis and the other hath narrower leves, which hath a bitter taste.

The vertues of Cycory and Endive.

Both Endive and Cycory coul and binde together, and are very good for the stomacke. The herbe sodden and taken with vinegre, stoppeth the belly. The wilde is better for the stomache, so if it be eaten, it swageth the burninge stomacke that is feble. It is good to lay the herbes ether by them selfe or wyth polenta perched barley to the place convenient for the disease called Cardiaca passio. They are good for the gout and the inflammationes of the eies if they be laide to: The herbes laide to emplasterwise wyth the roote, are good against the stinginge of a scorpion wyth perched barley, the herbe is good against the cholerike inflammationes called of som saint Antonies fier. The iuice of these herbes wyth whyte leade and vinegre, are good to be laide unto suche places to have nede of coolynge.

Of Cicorie and Endivie. (Cichorium intybus and endivia, Taraxacum officinale)

Intybus which is called in Greek seris is of two sorts, the one is called Intybus hortensis, and the other is called intybus sylvestris. Intybus hortensis also of two sorts, the one is called Endive or white Endive, and the other is called garden succory. Intybus sylvestris is of two sorts, the one is called in Latin Cichorium, and in English succory or hardewes, and the other is called of Theophrastus Aphaca, of Plini Hedipnois, in English Dandelion or priests crown, in German pfaffenblat. Seris is of two kinds, the one is wild as Dioscorides write, and it is called Picris (Picris hieracioides) and Cichorium, and the other kind is of the garden and it hath brooder leaves, the wild is better for the stomach then the garden is. The garden endive is also of two kinds, the one hath brood leaves like unto lettuce and the other hath narrower leaves, which hath a bitter taste.

The virtues of Chicory and Endive.

Both Endive and Chicory cool and bind together and are very good for the stomach. The herb sodden and taken with vinegar, stopped the belly. The wild is better for the stomach, so if it be eaten, it swaged the burning stomach that is feeble. It is good to lay the herbs ether by them self or with polenta perched barley to the place convenient for the disease called Cardiaca passio. They are good for the gout and the inflammations of the eyes if they be laide to: The herbs laide to plaster wise with the root are good against the stinging of a scorpion with perched barley, the herb is good against the choleric inflammations called of some saint Antonis fire. The juice of these herbs with white lead and vinegar are good to be laide unto such places to have need of cooling.

Of Elecampane.

Inula is called in Greke Helenion, in Englishe Elecampane or Alecampane, in duche Alantzwurtz, in Frenche and in the poticaries shoppis Enula campana. Elecampane hath leaves like unto mullen, but muche narrower, sharper and longer. In some places, it putteth furth no stalke, it hath a roote runde, som thinge whyte, and som thinge redishe, and it hath a good savor, it is som thinge bytinge, well growen, and of a great bignes out of the whiche come certaine buddinge knoppes, whiche may be sowen after the maner of lylye or aron.

The vertues of Elecampane.

The broth of the rote dronken driveth furth urine and flowers. Elecampane taken in an Electuary wyth hony is good for the cough, for shortnes of breth for places bursten and shronken to gether, for windenes and for the bytinge of serpentes. The leaves, if they be sodden in wine, are good to be laide unto the sciatica. Elecampane seasoned and layde up in malvasey, is good for the stomacke, the succor makers and saucemakers, take the roote and drye it a lytle first, and then seth it, and after warde stepe it in colde water, and laye it up in sodden wine for diverse uses. The roote broken and drunken, is very good against the spittinge of blode.

Of Elecampane. (Inula helenium)

Inula is called in Greek Helenion, in English Elecampane or Alecampane, in German Alantzwurtz, in French and in the pothecaries shop’s Enula campana. Elecampane hath leaves like unto mullein, but much narrower, sharper and longer. In some places, it putted furth no stalk, it hath a root round, something white and something reddish and it hath a good savor, it is something biting, well grown, and of a great bigness out of the which come certain budding knops which may be sown after the manner of lily or Arum.

The virtues of Elecampane.

The broth of the rote drunken drive furth urine and flowers. Elecampane taken in an Electuary with honey is good for the cough, for shortness of breath for places bursting and shrunken together, for windiness and for the biting of serpents. The leaves, if they be sodden in wine are good to be laide unto the sciatica. Elecampane seasoned and laide up in malvasia is good for the stomach, the succor makers and sauce makers, take the root and dry it a little first and then seethe it and afterward steep it in cold water and lay it up in sodden wine for diverse uses. The root broken and drunken is very good against the spitting of blood.

Of the herbe called in Latin Irio.

Diverse learned men have diverse opiniones of the herbe that is called in Latin Irio, and in Greke Erysimon. Fuchsius rekeneth the herbe whiche we call in Englishe Carloke or charloke, or wild cole, to be Ireo Dioscorides. Ruellius the herbe whiche we call in Englishe female vervine, is Irio. Gerardus Delwike rekeneth that the herbe is called in Duche winter cresses, or whiche we may call in Englishe bank cresse, because they grow alwayes about the bankes of ryvers, to be the right Irio. But let us first se the description of Dioscorides, then we shall be able to iudge whole herbe agreeth best unto the description of Dioscorides.

The description of Irio.

Irio groweth beside cyties and amongest olde rubbishe and remnates of olde walles and in gardines, it hath leaves lyke wilde rocket, the stalkes are after the maner of a bay tre, bowinge torwogh, it hath a yealow flowre: it hath small coddes, in the toppe horned after the maner of fenegreke, it hath a small sede lyke vnto gardin cresses, it hath a burning tast. The herbe that Ruellius taketh for Irione, draweth nerest of all other unto the description of Dioscoride, savinge that the coddes are not horned very lyke unto the coddes of Fenegreke, it that Fuchsius setteth furth, doth merely well agre savinge the twigges are not so tough and bowinge as Dioscorides describeth- his Iriones stalkes to be. It Gerardus taketh for Irione, agreeth also well wyth the description, savinge that it growth not in places about cyties, in wast places wher howses heve bene, but only of his owne nature about water sides. All theyr iij. Iriones do so well agre in vertues wyth Irion Dioscoridis, that a man may use any of them for it of Dioscorides. I saw ones in Germany about Andernake an herbe in my iudgement in all pointes, agreinge wyth the description of Dioscorides: but because I lost the stalke that I gathered a consde learne no Duche name of it, I coulde not set furth the figure of it here at this time. The herbe that Matthiolus setteth furth for Irio, hath not hornes like fenegreke, wherefore nether can not it be the ryght Irio.

The vertues of Irio,

Irio is good against the flowinges or issues, that fall out of the heade in to longes, and against that disease, when as men coughe out foule mater, it is good for the iaundes and for the sciatica, it is good to be taken in honye against poyson, it is good to be layde to with water or hony unto blinde cankers, swellings behind the eares, hardnes of the papes, and the inflammation of the stones, generally it maketh fine and heateth.

Of the herb called in Latin Irio. (Sisymbrium irio)

Diverse learned men have diverse opinions of the herb that is called in Latin Irio, and in Greek Erysimum. Fuchsius reknit the herb which we call in English Carloke or charloke, or wild Cole to be Ireo Dioscorides. Ruellius the herb which we call in English female vervain is Irio. Gerardus Delwike reknit that the herb is called in German winter cresses, or which we may call in English bank cresses, because they grow always about the banks of rivers, to be the right Irio. But let us first se the description of Dioscorides, then we shall be able to judge whole herb agreed best unto the description of Dioscorides.

The description of Irio.

Irio growth beside cities and amongst olde rubbish and remnants of olde walls and in gardens, it hath leaves like wild rocket, the stalks are after the manner of a bay tree, bowing thorough, it hath a yellow flower: it hath small pods, in the top horned after the manner of fenugreek, it hath a small seed like unto garden cresses, it hath a burning taste. The herb that Ruellius taketh for Irio draweth nearest of all other unto the description of Dioscorides, saving that the pods are not horned very like unto the pods of Fenugreek, it that Fuchsius set furth doth merely well agree saving the twigs are not so tough and bowing as Dioscorides described his Irio stalks to be it. Gerardus taketh for Irio agreed also well with the description, saving that it growth not in places about cities, in waste places where houses have been, but only of his own nature about water sides. All their iij. Irio’ s does so well agree in virtues with Irio of Dioscoridis that a man may use any of them for it of Dioscorides. I saw ones in Deutsche about Andernake an herb in my judgment in all pointes, agreeing with the description of Dioscorides: but because I lost the stalk that I gathered con not learn no German name of it, I could not set furth the figure of it here at this time. The herb that Matthiolus sett furth for Irio, hath not horns like fenugreek, wherefore nether cannot it be the right Irio.

The virtues of Irio,

Irio is good against the flowing’s or issues, that fall out of the head in to lunges and against that disease, when as men cough out foule mater it is good for the jaundice and for the sciatica, it is good to be taken in honey against poison, it is good to be laide to with water or honey unto blind cankers, swellings behind the ears, hardness of the papas and the inflammation of the stones, generally it maketh fine and heath.

Of flour Delyce or flour Deluce

This is knowen both of the Grecianes, Latines by that name, it is called in Duche blaw Liligen, and blaw Gilgen, in Frenche du la glaien, and dela flambe, in Englishe flour de lyce or flour de luce, the poticaries and barbarus wryters call it Irios in the genitive case.

The description of Irios.

Iris hath his name of the likenes that it hath of a rainbow. It hath leaves like unto the herbe called Gladiolus, that is to saye, the gladdon or swerdlynge, but greater, broder and fatter. Floures of diverse colores stand in like space one from an other, and come out of the of the stalke, for the floures are sene whyte, pale, purple, or blew, by the diversite of the whiche colors it resembleth a raynbow. The rootes run in the grounde full of idinite, harde well smelling, whyche are cut in litle shives or cakes, and are dried in the shadow, and then are put upon a threde and so kept. The best floure de Lyce or Aris in Slavonia or in Macedonia ther that is best, that is the leste, that we may call the ware flour de luce, and comenly hath a roote, hard to breake of a some thinge rede color, of a bitter tast, and of a very pleasant savore, so that it smelleth nothinge of mouldnes, the same whilse it is in stampinge or beating, it maketh the beters neets. The next praysee is to be geven to the Iris or flour de lyce of Barbaria, whiche is some thing white and bitter in tast. The rootes when they are olde use to be worme eaten, and then use they to smell best. The floure de lice that groweth here in Englande although it be not so good as it that groweth in Illyrico, and in Slavonia, and Macedonia, and in Barbaria, because this oure countree is colder and moystier then the other countries be, in the whiche the flour de luce is singularly good: yet Aris is not to be despiced for it hath many good and excellent qualites. I have sene a litle flour delice growyng wylde in Dorset shyre, but hole cattes full in Germany besyde Wormis in the middowes not far from the Rhene.

The vertues of Aris or flour de Lyce.

All kyndes of floure delice have the propertie to heate, and to make subtill. Iris is good for the coughe. It maketh ripe gross humors whithe are harde to be cast outwarde, vii, drammes of Aris pouder drunken, with mede, purge color and grosse fleme. It provoketh slepe and bringeth out teares, it is good for the gnawinges in the belly. The same dronken wyth vinegre is good against the strikinge of serpentes, for them that have the disease of the milt, for the crampe, for them that have take a thorow colde, for quiveringe or shaking, and for them that suffer the issuee of sede. If Aris be dronken with wine, it bringeth downe weomen their siknes. The broth of Ireos is good for to bathe a womans mother with, to soften it, and to louse the breth holes of the veynes of it. It is good to be poured into a clister for the sciatica. It filleth up fistulaes and holow corners with fleshe. The roote of flour delice dressed wyth hony, and made after the maner of a suppository, and put in the convenient place, helpe to downe furth the birth in tym of labor. Also the rootes layde to often harde wennes and harde lumpes. The dry pouder filleth sores, and with hony it scowreth them. It filleth the naked bones wyth a fleshy body. It is very good to be layde unto the heade, for the head ache wyth vinegre and rose oyle. If it be layde to wyth white hellebor and ij. partes of hony, it will scour out frekles, spottes and suche other foulenes in the face, that come by son burninge. Matthiolus redeth απινονν where as my Greke Dioscorides hath … My text meaneth that the floures grow upon the stalke: But hys word ….. as he expoundeth it will; the floures shall only grow in the overmost parte of every stalk: whiche interpretation semeth to me contrary unto the mynde of Dioscorides and to our dayly experience, and to hys owne figures whiche he setteth furth. Caulis that is to saye, a stalk, is that parte of the herbe, wherby the norishement is caried, ryseth up from the grounde alone. If thys be true, then shoulde there be but one floure upon every stalk of the floure Delice, or all should stand together in the top, and none shoulde by equall distance as Dioscorides meaneth stand one beneth an other. Matthiolus setteth out ij. figures of Iris. the olye is of the wilde, therein are vj. foures, in the tame are iiii. floures, and in bothe the figures are but ii, caules or stalkes, except he take pediculos, called in Greke ….to be all one with caule, which is contrari to all learning, therefore the floures grow not allwayes in the top of every stalk alone, but som above in the topp, som beneth, com out of the stalk and stand super petiolos or pediculos snos, that is upon theyr stiles of foot stalkes. Therfore hys annotation is nothyng worth.

Of flour Delyce or flour Deluce. (Iris x germanica)

This is known both of the Grecians, Latines by that name, it is called in German blaw Liligen, and blaw Gilgen, in French du la glaien, and dela flambe, in English flour de lice or flour de luce, the pothecaries and barbarous writers call it Irios in the genitive case.

The description of Iris.

Iris hath his name of the likeness that it hath of a rainbow. It hath leaves like unto the herb called Gladiolus, that is to say the gladdon or swerdling, but greater, brooder and fatter. Flowers of diverse colors stand in like space one from another and come out of the of the stalk, for the flowers are seen white, pale, purple, or blue, by the diversity of the which colors it resembled a rainbow. The roots run in the ground full of odinite, hard well smelling, which are cut in little shives or cakes and are dried in the shadow and then are put upon a thread and so kept. The best flower de Luce or Aris in Slavonia or in Macedonia there that is best, that is the lest that we may call the ware flour de luce, and commonly hath a root, hard to break of a something red color, of a bitter taste. and of a very pleasant savor so that it smelled nothing of Moulden, the same while it is in stamping or beating, it maketh the better needs. The next praise is to be given to the Iris or flour de luce of Barbaria, which is something white and bitter in taste. (Var. florentina) The roots when they are old use to be worm eaten and then use, they to smell best. The flower de luce that growth here in England although it be not so good as it that growth in Illyricum and in Slavonia and Macedonia and in Barbaria, because this our country is cold and moister then the other countries be, in the which the flour de luce is singularly good: yet Aris is not to be despised for it hath many good and excellent qualities. I have seen a little flour de luce growing wild in Dorsetshire, but hole catties full in Germany beside Worms in the meadows not far from the Rhine.

The virtues of Aris or flour de Luce.

All kinds of flower del luce have the property to heat and to make subtill. Iris is good for the cough. It maketh ripe gross humors which are hard to be cast outward, vii, drachms of Aris powder drunken with mee, purge color and grosses flehm. It provoked sleep and bringeth out tears, it is good for the gnawing’s in the belly. The same drunken with vinegar is good against the striking of serpents, for them that have the disease of the milt, for the cramp for them that have taken a thorough cold, for quivering or shaking, and for them that suffer the issue of seed. If Aris be drunken with wine, it bringeth down women their sickness. The broth of Iris is good for to bathe a woman’s mother with, to soften it, and to louse the breath holes of the veins of it. It is good to be poured into a clyster for the sciatica. It fillets up fistulas and hollow corners with flesh. The root of flour de luce dressed in honey, and made after the manner of a suppository, and put in the convenient place help to down furth the birth in time of labor. Also, the roots laide to often hare wennes (Ichthyosis?) and hard lumps. The dry powder filled sores and with honey it scored them. It filled the naked bones with a fleshy body. It is very good to be laide unto the head for the headache with vinegar and rose oil. If it be laide to with white hellebore and ij. partes of honey, it will scour out freckles, spots and such other foulness in the face, that come by son burning. Matthiolus read απινονν whereas my Greek Dioscorides hath … My text meant that the flowers grow upon the stalk: But his word ….. as he expounded it will; the flowers shall only grow in the over most part of every stalk: which interpretation seem to me contrary unto the mind of Dioscorides and to our daily experience and to his own figures which he set furth. Caulis that is to say, a stalk, is that part of the herb whereby the nourishment is caried, rise up from the ground alone. If this be true, then should there be but one flower upon every stalk of the flower Delice, or all should stand together in the top and none should by equal distance as Dioscorides meant stand one beneath another. Matthiolus set out ij. figures of Iris. the only is of the wild, therein are vj. fours, in the tame are iiii. flowers, and in both the figures are but ii, caules or stalks, except he take pediculos, called in Greek ….to be all one with caul, which is contrary to all learning, therefore the flowers grow not always in the top of every stalk alone, but some above in the top, some beneath, com out of the stalk and stand super petiolos or pediculos snos, that is upon their stiles of footstalks. Therefore, his annotation is nothing worth.

Of the walnut and the walnut tree.

Nux without any father addition is called a Walnut or a walnut tree. It is called also Juglans, nux persica, glans jovis, nux basilica, nux regia, in Greke Carya basilica, in Duche Ein nuß baum, oder ein welshnusz, in Frenche Ung noier. The walnut and the walnut trees are so well knowen in all countries that I nede not to describe, wherfore I entende to leave the description and to go to the properties of it.

The vertues of Walnut.

Walnuttes are harde of digestion, not good for the stomake, and ingendre choler, and the make heade ache. They are evell for them that have the coughe. They are fit to be taken fasting of them that woulde vomite. It they be taken afore ane with rue and figges, and also after meat by they, they wythstande poison. They do not lesse, if they be eaten after that man hath drunken poison. It they be eaten in greate plenty they drive out brode wormes. It is good to lay them to, with little hony and rue fur the burning heate of inflammation of the paper, for impostemes, and places out of ioynt. If they be layde to with an onion, salt and hony, they are good for the bytingen both of men and dogges. If they be burnt with theyr utter huskes and laide unto the navel, they stoppe the

gnawinge of the belly. The shell burnt and broken in oyle and wine, is good to anoynt childers heades wythall to make the here grow, the same is also good to fill up the bare places of scalled heades. The kernels burned, if they be broken and laide to wyth wine, they will stay the blody yssew that som tyme wemen have. The same are good to laye to olde carbuncles and crepinge sores, tetters and impostemes that are in the corners of the eye. The same chowed and laide upon the heade, are a present remedy for the fallyng of the heare. A man may make oyle of the kirnels of walnuttes, if he will presse them, specially when they are olde: they that are grene, are not so ill for the stomake as the olde nuttes be, because they are sweter. Yf they be mixed with garleke, they take away the sharpnes. And they do if they be layde to emplasterwise, drive awaye the blew markes that come of stripes. The walnut tree both in his leaves and buddes hath a certayne bindinge, but the bindinge is most evidently perceyved in the utter huskes, both moyst and drye, and therfor fullers dorse them. But I sayeth Galen, presse out the iuice of the huskes as I do out of the Mulberies, bambleberes, and set it wyth sodden hony, and useſit in the steade of a mouth healinge medicine, as I use the forsaide iuice of mulberes and bramble beres. The kirnell of the nut, when it is withered, is of subtill partes and dyinge medicine with out any bytynge.

The Cretians have named the walnut of that, that it bringeth the heade ache, for the strengthe of the trees and the leaves perche into the brayne, if the nuttes be taken a for hand, they breake and quenche the myght of poyson. They are to be laide to the squnesie wyth rue oyle. Cneius pompeius when he had overcomed the myghty kinge Mythrydites, he founde in his most secret treserhous in a lytle boke by it selffe wrytten wyth his owne hande wyth this preservative, the composition wherof is this. Take two drye Walnuttes, and ij. figges and xxl. leaves of rue, breake them together and put a corne of salt tho them, and if yow eate this medicine fasting, ther shall no poyson hurt yow that daye: the kirnels of the nuttes if they be chowed, of a man fasting, is a present remedy if they be layde unto the bytinges of a mad dogge. Som use to make succat wyth hony or sugar of the yonge nuttes, whiche are palled of the tree about midsomer. Tragus wryteth that the water whiche is destilled out of the grene nuttes gathered at mitsomer, is good for the inflammation of the pappes, impostumes, and for places out of ioynt, the oyle that is pressed out of the walnuttes, saieth Tragus, is good for the purposes above rehersed.

Of the walnut and the walnut tree. (Juglans regia)

Nux without any father addition is called a Walnut or a walnut tree. It is called also Juglans, nux persica, glans jovis, nux basilica, nux regia, in Greek Carya basilica, in German Ein nuß baum oder ein welshnusz, in French Ung noier. The walnut and the walnut trees are so well known in all countries that I need not to describe, wherefore I intended to leave the description and to go to the properties of it.

The virtues of Walnut.

Walnuts are hard of digestion, not good for the stomach and engender choler, and the make headache. They are evil for them that have the cough. They are fit to be taken fasting of them that would vomit. It they be taken afore and with rue and figs, and also after meat by them they withstand poison. They do not lesser if they be eaten after that man hath drunken poison. It they be eaten in great plenty they drive out brood worms. It is good to lay them to, with little honey and rue fur the burning heat of inflammation of the paper, for impostemes (pus), and places out of joint. If they be laide to with an onion, salt and honey, they are good for the biting both of men and dogs. If they be burnt with their utter husks and laide unto the navel, they stop the

gnawing of the belly. The shell burnt and broken in oil and wine is good to anoint children heads withal to make the hair grow, the same is also good to fill up the bare places of scaled heads. The kernels burned, if they be broken and laide to with wine, they will stay the bloody issue that sometime women have. The same are good to lay to olde carbuncles and creping sores, tetters and impostemes (pus) that are in the corners of the eye. The same chowed and laide upon the head are a present remedy for the falling of the hair. A man may make oil of the kernels of walnuts, if he will press them, especially when they are olde: they that are green, are not so ill for the stomach as the olde nuts be, because they are sweeter. If they be mixed with garlic, they take away the sharpness. And they do if they be laide to plaster wise drive away the blue marks that come of stripes. The walnut tree both in his leaves and buds hath a certain binding, but the binding is most evidently perceived in the utter husks, both moist and dry, and therefore fullers dorse them. But I sayeth Galen, press out the juice of the husks as I do out of the Mulberries, bramble berries and set it with sodden honey, and use it in the stead of a mouth healing medicine, as I use the foresaid juice of mulberries and bramble berries. The kernel of the nut, when it is withered, is of subtill partes and dying medicine without any biting.

The Cretans have named the walnut of that that it bringeth the headache, for the strength of the trees and the leaves perch into the brain, if the nuts be taken a for hand, they break and quenched the might of poison. They are to be laide to the squinty with rue oil. Cneius Pompeius when he had overcome the mighty king Mithridates, he found in his most secret treasure house in a little boke by itself written with his own hand with this preservative, the composition whereof is this. Take two dry Walnuts, and ij. figs and xxl. leaves of rue, break them together and put a corn of salt though them, and if you eat this medicine fasting there shall no poison hurt yow that day: the kernels of the nuts if they be chowed of a man fasting, is a present remedy if they be laide unto the biting’s of a mad dog. Som uses to make sucker with honey or sugar of the young nuts, which are palled of the tree about Midsomer. Tragus write that the water which is distilled out of the green nuts gathered at Midsomer is good for the inflammation of the pappa, impostumes, (pus) and for places out of joint, the oil that is pressed out of the walnuts, says Tragus, is good for the purposes above rehearsed.

Of the Juniper tree.

Juniperus is called in Greke Arkenthos, in Englishe Juniper or Jeneper, in Duch wachhold, in Frenche du genefure.

The Description.

Dioscorides maketh ij. kindes of Juniper, the greater kinde and the lesse, whiche only differ in bignes. Juniper both the greate and the lesse is alwayes grene, hath in the stede of leaves prickes rather then right leaves, and every auche leafe or pricke is very like unto the ende of the tonge, of an hueholl or woodspike, but it is greno, the wod is redish, whiche if it be put into the fyer, maketh a very good smell, The berries are first grenes and afterwarde black. Some holde the berries are ij. yeare in ripinge upon the tree. This tree groweth commenly in great wast, wilde mores, baron groundes, but somtyme it groweth in metly good groundes. In England it groweth most plenttouslye in Kent. It growth also in bysshopryche of Durram, in Northumberlande. It groweth in Germany in many places in greate plenty, but in no place in greater then a lytle from Bon, wher as at the tyme of yeare the feldefares sede only of Junipers berries, the people eate the feldefares undrawen wyth guttes and all, because they are full of the berries of Juniper.

The vertues of Juniper.

Ther are ii. kindes of Juniper, the greater, the lesse, they are bothe hote, stir men to make water, if they be sette a fier, they dryve awaye serpentes. The berries do measerablely hete, binde, are good for the stomacke. They are good to be dronken against the diseases of the beest, agaynst the cough, agaynst winde, gnawinges, bytinge of serpentes. They dryve fourth urine, they are good for places bust of shronken together and for the stranglinge of the mother. The leaves are bytinge sharpe. Therfore both they, also the iuice of them are good to be dronken wine or to be laide to against the bytinge of a veper.

Of the Juniper tree. (Juniperus communis and excelsa)

Juniperus is called in Greek Arkenthos, in English Juniper or Jeneper, in Duch wachhold, in French du genefure.

The Description.

Dioscorides maketh ij. kinds of Juniper, the greater kind and the lesser, which only differ in bigness. Juniper both the great and the lesser is always green, hath in the steed of leaves prickers rather than right leaves, and every anche leaf or prick is very like unto the end of the tong of an hue hole or wood spike, but it is green, the wood is reddish, which if it be put into the fir maketh a very good smell, The berries are first greens and afterward black. Some hold the berries are ij. year in ripe upon the tree. This tree growth commonly in great waste, wild mores, baron grounds, but sometime it growth in meetly good grounds. In England it growth most plenteously in Kent. It growth also in bishopric of Duram, in Northumberland. It growth in Germany in many places in great plenty, but in no place in greater than a little from Bon, whereas at the time of year the fieldfares seed only of Junipers berries, the people eat the fieldfares undrawn with gutters and all, because they are full of the berries of Juniper.

The virtues of Juniper.

Ther are ii. kinds of Juniper, the greater, the lesser, they are both hot, stir men to make water, if they be set afire, they drive away serpents. The berries do measurably hot, bind, are good for the stomach. They are good to be drunken against the diseases of the breast, against the cough, against wind, gnawing’s, biting of serpents. They drive fourth urine; they are good for places burst of shrunken together and for the strangling of the mother. The leaves are biting sharp. Therefore, both they, also the juice of them are good to be drunken wine or to be laide to against the biting of a viper.

Of Labrusca.

Labrusca, whiche is called in Greke Ampelos agria, or Oniphar is of ij. sortes, the one kinde is so wilde it hath only floures, and goeth no ferther, this floure is called Enanthe. The other hath floures and also lytle grapes. I have sene of both sortes plentuously in Italy in divers places by the floude Padus, and in highe Almany also. It may be called in Englishe a wilde vine. All thinges both leaves, floures and grepes, are leſsse in this kinde then in the gardin winde, or els in figure and fashion they are all one.

The nature of the wilde grape.

The leaves of the wilde grape, and the stalkes, and claspers have the same vertue that the other hath. The floures of the wilde grape, have a stoppinge or bindinge power, wherfore in drinke they are good for the stomacke, and to dryve fourth urine, They stoppe the belly, the castinge out of bloude, if they be dryed and laide to, they are good for the lothsomnes of the stomacke and sournes of the same. They are good to be layde upon the heade, ether grene or dryed with vinegre and rose oyle. A plaster made of them, healeth bloudy woundes, the impostemes in the corners of the eyes when they are in beginnynge, the sores of the mouth, the fretinge sores of privities. If they be broken with hony, saffron and myrr and rose oyle, they save from inflammation. They are good to put in pessaries to stanche blode. They are good to be layde to with wine a the mele of perched barley against, wateringe of the eyes, burninge of the stomake. The asshes of them, burned in a vessell with hote coles are good for medicines for the eyes, and wyth hony it healeth whit flawes, aguayles, goomes bledinge, vexed with impostemes.

Of Labrusca. (Vitis vinifera subsp. Sylvestris and Ampelopsis?)

Labrusca, which is called in Greek Ampelos agria or Oniphar is of ij. sorts, the one kind is so wild it hath only flowers, and goth no further, this flower is called Oenanthe. The other hath flowers and also little grapes. I have seen of both sorts plenteously in Italy in divers’ places by the flood Padus and in high Almany also. It may be called in English a wild vine. All things both leaves, flowers and grapes are lesser in this kind then in the garden wind or ells in figure and fashion they are all one.

The nature of the wild grape.

The leaves of the wild grape and the stalks and claspers have the same virtue that the other hath. The flowers of the wild grape, have a stopping or binding power, wherefore in drink they are good for the stomach and to drive fourth urine. They stop the belly, the casting out of blood if they be dried and laide to, they are good for the loathsomeness of the stomach and sourness of the same. They are good to be laide upon the head, ether green or dried with vinegar and rose oil. A plaster made of them, health bloody wounds, the impostemes (pus) in the corners of the eyes when they are in beginning, the sores of the mouth, the fretting sores of privities. If they be broken with honey, saffron and myrrh and rose oil, they save from inflammation. They are good to put in pessaries to stanch blood. They are good to be laide to with wine a the mele of perched barley against, watering of the eyes, burning of the stomach. The ash of them, burned in a vessel with hot Coles are good for medicines for the eyes and with honey it health whit flaws, agnails, goes bleeding, vexed with impostemes. (pus)

Of Lettes.

Lactuca is called in Greke Thridax, in Englishe Lettes or Lettuce, in duche Lattich, in Frenche, ung Lactue. Lettis is of diverse kindes, one kinde is called Lactuca hortensis, and in English gardin Lettis. The other kinde is called lactuca sylvestris, whiche is called in Englishse grene endive, this is the herbe that the Israelites eat wyth ther passover lambe. Ther are divers sortes of gardin lettes, for one is called Lactuca capitata, that is cabbage lettes, because it goeth all into one heade, as cabbage cole doth, an other kinde is the comon lettes, som kindes of lettis have white sede, other kindes have black sede.

The description of Lettice.

The commen gardin lettice hath brode leaves like unto whyte endive, and the stalke ryseth streight up, about the top are diuverse branches, whych have yellow floures. The wilde lettes is like the other after Dioscorides, but the roote is shorter, the stalke is longer, the leaves are whiter, smaller and sharper and bitter in taste, and when as they persit, they are full of prickel.

The properties of Lettis.

The gardin lettes, which is of a cooling nature, is taken to be good for the stomache, it bringeth slepe, softeneth the belly, called fourth mylke; but when it is sodden, is norishet more. But they that have an evell stomacke, were best take it unwashed. The sede were good to be drunken of them that are combred with uncleane dreames; it is good against the rage of venery. Muche use of lettes, hurteth the eyesight; it is good against inflammations and hote burnynges. It is layde upon of som, and seasoned and sauced in brine.

Of Lettes. (Lactuca sativa and serriola)

Lactuca is called in Greek Thridax, in English Lettes or Lettuce, in German Lattich, in French, ung Lactue. Lettis is of diverse kinds; one kind is called Lactuca hortensis and in English garden Lettis. The other kind is called Lactuca sylvestris, which is called in English’s green endive, this is the herb that the Israelites eat with their Passover lamb. There are divers sorts of garden lettuce, for one is called Lactuca capitata, that is cabbage lettuce, the common lettuce, some kinds of lettuce have white seed, other kinds have black seed.

The description of Lettice.

The common garden lettuce hath brood leaves like unto white endive and the stalk rist straight up, about the top are diverse branches which have yellow flowers. The Wilde lettuce is like the other after Dioscorides, but the root is shorter, the stalk is longer, the leaves are whiter, smaller and sharper and bitter in taste, and when as they persist, they are full of prickle.

The properties of Lettis.

The garden lettuce, which is of a cooling nature, is taken to be good for the stomach, it bringeth sleep, softened the belly, called fourth milk; but when it is sodden is nourished more. But they that have an evil stomach were best take it unwashed. The seed were good to be drunken of them that are cumbered with unclean dreams; it is good against the rage of venery. Muche use of lettuce hurt the eyesight; it is good against inflammations and hot burnings. It is laide upon of some and seasoned and sauced in brine.

Of Haris foot.

Lagopus maye be called in Englishe Haris foot, or rough claver, the Duch call it Katzen kle, the Frenche call it Pede de leure.

Dioscorides sheweth no mark wherby Lagopus differeth from other herbes, savvnge that it growwth among the corne. Whiche place is comen to many other herbes. Wherefore we can not gather by that one worde, what herbe in our feldes is Lagopus in Dioscorides. But because it hath the name of an Haris foote, and no other herbe growyng in the corne, is so like an Haris foot as thys herbe is that set furth, I thinke not without a cause that Fuchsius (of whome I learned thys herbe as I have learned certayn other) iudged it well to be Lagopus, and chefely because it agreeth in vertue wyth it that Dioscorides speaketh of. The herbe which I take for Lagopus, hath a round stalke, and roughe leaves of the form and fashion of a claver, or a thre leved grass. The sede is very bindyng, and it growethe in roughe a horye knoppes, or hedes, whyche are not unlyke unto a Haris foot. Amatus Lusitanus accusyng Otho Brunfelsius for makyng trinitariam to be a kynde of hepatica. Mattheum Sylvaticum for iudgyng avenes to be Lagopus, falleth in to as great an error as any of them both did, whillis he maketh trinitariam montanam, to be the ryght Lagopus. For the herbe called trinitaria of the herbaries in Italy, and edel leberkraut or gulden kle in Duche, is not the ryght Lagopus. Whych thyng may very easely be proved by Dioscorides whych sayth that Lagopus groweth in the corne, when as trinitat is is never found in the corne, but in hyghe mountaynes

and such wilde and untilled places, where as not corne at any tyme hath growen.

The vertue of Lagopus.

The herbe Lagopus dronken in wyne stoppeth the belly, but if a man have an ague, he must drynk it for the same purpose in water. The same is good to be layd unto the share, when it is inflammed or brought into a great heat. Lagopus as Galene sayeth, hath so drying a power, that it can drye up well the flix of the belly.

Of Haris foot. (Trifolium arvense)

Lagopus may be called in English Haris foot, or rough clover, the Duch call it Katzen kle, the Frenche call it Pede de leure.

Dioscorides shew no mark whereby Lagopus differed from other herbs, saving that it growth among the corn. Which place is common to many other herbs. Wherefore we cannot gather by that one word what herb in our fields is Lagopus in Dioscorides. But because it hath the name of an Haris foot and no other herb growing in the corn, is so like an Haris foot as this herb is that set furth, I think not without a cause that Fuchsius (of whom I learned this herb as I have learned certain other) judged it well to be Lagopus and chiefly because it agreed in virtue with it that Dioscorides speak of. The herb which I take for Lagopus hath a round stalk and rough leaves of the form and fashion of a clover or a three leaved grass. The seed is very binding and it growth in rough a hoary knops or heads which are not unlike unto a Haris foot. Amatus Lusitanus accusing Otho Brunfels for making trinitariam to be a kind of Hepatica. Mattheus Sylvaticum for judging Avene to be Lagopus, falleth in to as great an error as any of them both did, whiles he maketh trinitariam montanam to be the right Lagopus. For the herb called trinitaria of the herbarizes in Italy and edel leberkraut or gulden kle in German, (Hepatica) is not the right Lagopus. Which thing may very easily be proved by Dioscorides which say that Lagopus growth in the corn, when as trinitat is never found in the corn, but in high mountains

and such wild and untilled places whereas not corn at any time hath grown.

The virtue of Lagopus.

The herb Lagopus drunken in wine stopped the belly, but if a man has an ague he must drink it for the same purpose in water. The same is good to be laid unto the share, when it is inflamed or brought into a great heat. Lagopus as Galene sayeth, hath so drying a power, that it can dry up well the flix of the belly.

Of the herbe called Lamium or dede Nettel.

Lamium is called also urtica iners, or mortua, urtica alba, and of som Archangelica, in Englishe Ded nettle, in Duch tod Nessel, in Frenche, orti morti.

The description of dede Nettel.

Lamium hath leaves like unto a Nettel, but lesse indented about, and whyter. The downy thynges that are in it litle pryckes byte not, the stalk is four⸗ square, the floures are whyte, have a stonge savor, and are very like unto litle coules, or hoodes that stand over bare heades. The sede is blak and groweth about the stalk, certayn places goyng between, as we se in hore hound.

The vertues of ded Nettel out of Pliny.

That kynde of Nettel also som which among other I named Lamium, beyng moste gentle of all other, and havyng leaves that byte not, wyth a corne of salt, healeth such places as are brused, or beten, or burnt, and wennes, and swellynges, goutes and woundes. It hath a whyte thyng in the myddes of the leafe, which is a good remedy agayst saint Antonies fyer or hote burnynges. The later writers holde that the dede Nettel is good to stop blood, if it be layde ether unto the lowest partes of the neck, or to the shoulder blades: They saye also it is a good remedy agaynst foule sores and fistulaes or false woundes.

Of the herb called Lamium or dede Nettel. (Lamium album)

Lamium is called also Urtica iners or mortua, Urtica alba and of some Archangelica, in English Dead nettle, in Duch tod Nessel, in French, orti morti.

The description of dead Nettel.

Lamium hath leaves like unto a Nettel, but lesser indented about and whiter. The downy things that are in it little prickers byte not, the stalk is four- square, the flowers are white, have a strong savor and are very like unto little coulis or hoods that stand over bare heads. The seed is black and growth about the stalk, certain places going between as we see in horehound.

The virtues of dead Nettel out of Plini.

That kind of Nettel also some which among other I named Lamium, being most gentle of all other and having leaves that byte not with a corn of salt, health such places as are bruised or beaten or burnt, and wennes (Ichthyosis?), and swellings, gouts and wounds. It hath a white thing in the middles of the leaf which is a good remedy against saint Antonis’s fire or hot burnings. The later writers hold that the dead Nettel is good to stop blood, if it be laide ether unto the lowest partes of the neck or to the shoulder blades: They say also it is a good remedy against foule sores and fistulas or false wounds.

Of the herbe called Lampsana.

Lampsana, as Dioscorides writhe is a wylde wote or eatable herbe, and more largely doth not he describe Lampsanam. But Pliny describeth hys Lampsanam thus. Amongest the wylde koles is also Lampsana a foot hyghe, with roughe leaves like unto napo or a yelow rape: but the flour of Lampsana is whiter. Wehen I was in Bonony, Lucas Ghinus the reder of Dioscorides there, shewed me the ryght Lampsnam, which afterwarde I have sene in many places of Germany in the corne felde, much lower then carlok, but in taste and in fashion of lefe much like it. But it hath a floure wyth a very litle purple in it, in som places as I remember, yet moste commenly it is all clere white.

The vertues of Lampsana.

Dioscorides maketh no other mention of any virtue, that Lampsana hath, saving that he maketh it good for the pott, sayeth that it norisheth more then the dock doth, and is better for the stomacke. Galene sayeth that Lampsana eaten, ingendrerth evel iuice, if it be layd to wyth out, that it hath som pour to scour away, and to digest or make rype.

Of the herb called Lampsana. (Lapsana communis)

Lapsana, as Dioscorides writhe is a wild wort or eatable herb and more largely doth not he describes Lapsana. But Plini described his Lapsana thus. Amongst the wild cool is also Lapsana a foot high with rough leaves like unto napus or a yellow rape: but the flour of Lapsana is whiter. When I was in Bologna Lucas Ghinus the reader of Dioscorides there shewed me the right Lapsana which afterward I have seen in many places of Germany in the corn field much lower than Carlock, but in taste and in fashion of leaf much like it. But it hath a flower with a very little purple in it, in some places as I remember, yet most commonly it is all clear white.

The virtues of Lapsana.

Dioscorides maketh no other mention of any virtue that Lapsana hath, saving that he maketh it good for the pot, sayeth that it nourished more than the dock doth and is better for the stomach. Galene sayeth that Lapsana eaten, engenders evil juice, if it be laid to without, that it hath some power to scour away and to digest or make ripe.

Of the tre called Larix.

Dioscorides describeth not the tree which is called of the Latines Larix, and of the Duche ein Larch baum. But Pliny described it and maketh mention of it, but not allwayes accordyng to the truthe as men of great experience and of no lesse learning, not beyng encumbred wyth such besines as Pliny wag have of late founde out. Pliny writeth that the leves of the larche tre, never decay nor fall of, whiche thyng both Matthiolus and Bellonius have found by experience to be untrue. For they wryte both that the larche tree fal of in wynter. But herin I can beare no wytnes, for although in summer I have sene infinite larche trees, yet I was never in wynter where the grew. But I trust them which haue sene them both in summer and wynter. And out of these mens wrytinges I have thys description of Larix following.

The larche tree commenly is lower then the fyrre tree, but in som places it is founde as hyghe as a firre tree is the lowest part of the boli or body of the larche tree, next unto the grounde hath a barke very harde, and it is full of rysses gapynges, whiche lyke certayn depe furrowes. If ye hew it, and cut it, with an hatchet, ye shall fynde it very rede, and untill ye come unto the bunghes it is toughe, but after ye come to the place where the bowes grow, then it is smother in color, is out of an asshy white. The bunghes are lesse the any other kynde convenutberyng tree, hath and they are tougher and more bowing. and theyr color is of yelow redishe, and of a very plesant savor. The leaves are blunt, soft and so long, a litle brode, of þ bygnes of fenel leaves. About thyrty grow together about one knop, after the maner of a beame. In taste they are not so byndyng as other leaves of trees of lyke kynde be. In smell they resemble leaves of a pyne tre. The larche is very like unto the cypres nut is, in the fruite or nutt. For the larche nut is as great as a Cypres nut is, and something longer, and hath a shorte stele of foot stalk, wherby the fruite is ioyned unto the tree. The nutt is compassed about wyth thin huskes one over an other, after maner of scales ol a fishe, and wythin are the bygnes of a Cypres kyrnell. Thys tree groweth largely in the mountayes in the land of Cour, and in the alpes that are betwene Itali and the countre called Rhetia, where of one parte is in the diocese of Cour.

The nature and verteus of thys tree.

I fynde a great diversite of opiniones and debat betwene the olde writers and the new, concernyng the nature of this tree. For the newe witers hold that the wod of this tre, wil burn as well as the wod of other trees. Whych thing this day is perfitly knowen in many places by dayly experience. But the old writers hold that he larche tree will take no flame / and that it will no more burn the, a stone, Amonges many old wryters that hold opinion that the larche tree will take no flame, and that it will no more burn than an stone. Amonges many old wryters that hold opinion, I will bryng furth but two to beare witnes of the mater. The one is Palladius which writeth thus in hys boke of husbanndrye of the Larche tre. Larix sayeth he, is very profitable to make bordes of, to lay them under the tyles, in the utter parte of the house. If thou do so, thou has made a sure defence against al burning: For those bordes will nether receyve any flame, nether will they make any cole. The other olde writer is named Vitruvius, who in hys second booke of bylding wryteth these wordes of the larche tree. The larche treesm saieth he, are touching the leaves, like unto the pyne tree leaves. The tymbge is long as tractable for any inwarde werck as Sapin is. And it hath moyste or liquide rosin of the color of the hony of Athenes. And it is good for the that have the tisick in theyr lunges. The Larche tre whiche is not knowen, but only unto the proper inhabitants, that ether dwel about the banck of Padus flood, and about the see shores of the Venetiane see, not only is not hurted with rottyng or muldring, or wyth wormes, by the meanes of the great bitternes that it hath, but also it will receyve no flame of the fire. Nether can it burn any other wyse then a atone doth in a lyme kyll. Net by other wed it burneth. And yet not even then doth it receyve the flame, nether gyveth any cole, but in a long tyme it is slowly burnt. And thys is the cause, there is in it a small temperature of the principales of the ayer and fyre. For the wod beynge thick and hard saſtened together, with an earthly moisture, and not havyng voyd spaces for holes, by the whyche the fyre may enter in: it putteth back the pour of the fyre, and suffereth not it selfe to be hurt of the reason of hevynes it is not holds up of water, but when it is born ether in shyppes, or is set above the fyrr raft: How that this tymbre was founde, there is a cause to know it. The renowmed and noble Cesar, when he had an hoste about the alpes, he commanded the inhabitantes there that were under hym to finde vitales. But there was a fast oun, named Laringum, and the men of the town trustyng to theyr naturall defence, would not obey the commandement of Cesar. Therfore the chefe capitayne commanded the garisones to besedge it. But there was before the gate of the towne, a tour made of thys tymbre, made of diverse beames, one goyng crosse over an other. And it was very high, and in fasshion after the making of a broche or a steple, that is great beneth and small above, so that a man myght put back agyn them that came up, both wyth stones and clubbes. But when it was perceved that they had no other wepenes but stones and clubbes, and they could not cast far from the wall, by the reasone of the hevynes, the commandment was geven, faggoters made of small brusshe, shuld be set a fyre, and layd to the holde. The souldyers dyd that spedely. But as soun as the flame had taken holde of the faggottes, besyde the tymbre, and went up in to the ayre a loft, it made all menn thynck that all the hole heap shuld fall by and by. But when the flame went out of it self, and so was quenched, and the tour appered untouched, Cesar woundering greatly, commanded they should be compassed round about, with out the castyng of dartes. But when the townes men compelled by fere, had geven up and yelded them selves, it was demanded of them from whence the wodde came, which woulde not be hurt with fyre. And then they shewed the those trees where of was great plenty in the place. Thus far hath Vitruvius writen of larche tre. Ye may se now ether the olde writers have erred sore in tellyng of properties of larche tre, or elles new writers know not the ryght larche tre. But I thynck of lyghtly there is no tre better knowen unto moste parte of new writers of plantes thys day, then the tre called larix is. The hyghe duche call thys tre ein lorchbaam or ein lerchbaum. They dwell about Trident call the rosin of it larga, there is a place as Bellonius the Frenchman wryteth is called at this tyme vallarix. Wiche thyng may be taken for Larix tre, is not gone out of knowledge nether in Itali, nor in France, nor in Germany: wherefore it is rather to be thought by olde wryters markyng not so diligently as they ought to have done one example have fallen into a false beleve, out of whiche as of a great tre many branches of errores have sprong out afterwarde. Beside the tymmer of the larche tre which is very good beutuus a profitable for bildyng: it gyveth also ij. exceding holsom, profitable medicines, where of one is come turpentine, the other is a famus medicine called Agarick. Matthiolus writeth, where as he hath bene, the men gather moyst rosei of the larch tre, use to bore a hole wyth a long perser even unto the harte of the tre, and under; hole to set a vessel made of the barck of the piche tre, to receive the rosin that cometh furth there in. But in Rhetia where as I have sene the maner of gathering or common turpentine, is thys: They cut an hole depely douwn warde in the larche tre, an hatched a chisel, so will holde a great deal of rosin, now the hole is full, they take it out with ladles a spownes, ad put it into vesselles. Antonius Traversus a ryght Gentleman of the countre of Rhetia when as he lay in hys howse, restyng me after my great labours. I had taken in se king ok herbes in the alpes, tolde me for a suertie, if carpeters of that countre knowyng the holsomnes of the rosin, when they chance upon any plenty of it, whilse they cut the larche trees, drinck largely there of, and becom as dronken them, if they had dronken a great deale of strong wyne. Dioscorides writeth that the rosine of larche tre receyved in, by lycking, is good for the olde cough. Many use it now, wyth profit for the stone and the diseases of the kydnes in the stede of the ryght turpentine. Aetius writeth thus of all rosines. All kyndes of rosin, hete, dryve away, soften, draw furth and open, and heal woundes and bynd them together, muche more then waxe doth. And Galene in hys booke de medicamentis writeth thus of rosines. All rosines do heate, make drye. But they differ one from other. The rosine of lentiske tree called mastick, deserveth worthely be chese prasyse amongst them all. Among other rosynes, it of the turpentinetre is best. It hath an open manifest byndyng, but not so muche as mastick hath, but it hath ioyned w it a certayn bitternes, whereby it rypeth more then mastick doth. And by meanes of the same qualite, it scour so it can heale sores an scabbes, it draweth more the other rosines, because it is also of finer partes. And the same Galen in the thyrd boke de medicamentis secundum gunam writeth thys sentence. Of these kindes of rosin is, is which called rosin of the larche tre which is moyster, or more liquid, but of the substance of moyst rosin of pichtre, which grossers sell for turpentine then know not, one from other. But rosyn both in smel a tast, working is sharper, quicker then turpentine is. There fore the rosin of the larche tre hath alike vertue with thys and with the turpentine, but it hath a greater poure in driving away a more subtile, or fyner substance.

Of the tree called Larix. (Larix decidua)

Dioscorides described not the tree, which is called of the Latines Larix and of the German ein Larch baum. But Plini described it and maketh mention of it, but not always according to the truth as men of great experience and of no lesser learning not being encumbered with such business as Plini wag have of late found out. Plini write that the leaves of the larch tree never decay nor fall of which thing both Matthiolus and Bellonius have found by experience to be untrue. For they write both that the larch tree falls of in winter. But herein I can bear no witness for although in summer I have seen infinite larch trees, yet I was never in winter where the grew. But I trust them which have seen them both in summer and winter. And out of these men’s writings I have this description of Larix following.

The larch tree commonly is lower than the fire tree, but in some places, it is found as high as a fire tree is the lowest part of the bolus or body of the larch tree, next unto the ground hath a bare very hard and it is full of rises gaping’s, which like certain deep furrows. If ye hew it and cut it with a hatchet ye shall find it very red and until ye come unto the bunches it is tough, but after ye come to the place where the bows grow, then it is smoother in color, is out of an ashy white. The bunches are lesser the any other kind convent baring tree, hath and they are tougher and more bowing, and their color is of yellow reddish and of a very pleasant savor. The leaves are blunt, soft and so long, a little brood, of the bigness of fennel leaves. About thirty grow together about one knop, after the manner of a beam. In taste they are not so binding as other leaves of trees of like kind be. In smell they resemble leaves of a pine tree. The larch is very like unto the cypress nut is in the fruit or nut. For the larch nut is as great as a cypress nut is, and something longer and hath a short stele of foot stalk, whereby the fruit is joined unto the tree. The nut is compassed about with thin husks one over another after manner of scales of a fish and within are the bigness of a cypress kernel. This tree growth largely in the mountains in the land of Cour and in the Alpes that are between Itali, and the country called Rhaetia where of one part is in the diocese of Cour.

The nature and virtues of this tree.

I find a great diversity of opinions and debate between the olde writers and the new concerning the nature of this tree. For the new writers hold that the wood of this tree will burn as well as the wood of other trees. Which thing this day is per fitly known in many places by daily experience. But the old writers hold that the larch tree will take no flame and that it will no more burn the stone. Amongst many old writers that hold opinion that the larch tree will take no flame and that it will no more burn than a stone. Amongst many old writers that hold opinion I will bring furth but two to bear witness of the mater. The one is Palladius which write thus in his book of husbandry of the Larch tree. Larix sayeth he, is very profitable to make Bordes of, to lay them under the tyles in the utter part of the house. If thou do so, thou have made a sure defense against al burning: For those Bordes will nether receive any flame, nether will they make any Cole. The other olde writer is named Vitruvius who in his second book of building write these words of the larch tree. The larch tree, says he, are touching the leaves like unto the pine tree leaves. The timbre is long as tractable for any inward work as Sapin is. And it hath moist or liquid rosin of the color of the honey of Athens. And it is good for the that have the phthisic in their lunges. The Larche tree, which is not known, but only unto the proper inhabitants that ether dwell about the bank of Padus flood and about the see shores of the Venetian see, not only is not hurt with rotting or moldering or with worms by the means of the great bitterness that it hath, but also it will receive no flame of the fire. Neither can it burn any other wise then a atone doth in a lime kill. Net by other wed it burned. And yet not even then doth it receives the flame, nether give it any Cole, but in a long time it is slowly burnt. And this is the cause, there is in it a small temperature of the principals of the air and fire. For the wood being thick and hard softened together with an earthly moisture, and not having void spaces for holes by the which the fire may enter in: it putted back the pour of the fire and suffered not itself to be hurt of the reason of heaviness it is not holds up of water, but when it is born ether in ships or is set above the fir raft: How that this timbre was found there is a cause to know it. The renowned and noble Cesar, when he had a host about the Alpes, he commanded the inhabitants there that were under him to find vitals. But there was a fast one, named Laringum, and the men of the town trusting to their natural defense would not obey the commandment of Cesar. Therefore, the chef capitaine commanded the garrisons to be sedge it. But there was before the gate of the town a tower made of this timbre, made of diverse beams, one going crosse over another. And it was very high and in fashion after the making of a broch or a steeple that is great beneath and small above, so that a man might put back aging them that came up, both with stones and clubbers. But when it was perceived that they had no other weapons, but stones and clubbers and they could not cast far from the wall, by the reason of the heaviness, the commandment was given, faggots made of small brushes should be set afire and laid to the hold. The soldiers did that speedily. But as soon as the flame had taken hold of the faggots, beside the timbre, and went up into the ayre a loft, it made all men think that all the hole heaps should fall by and by. But when the flame went out of itself and so was quenched and the tower appeared untouched, Cesar wondering greatly, commanded they should be compassed round about, without the casting of darters. But when the towns men compelled by fere had given up and yielded themselves, it was demanded of them from whence the wood came, which would not be hurt with fire. And then they shewed them those trees where of was great plenty in the place. Thus far hath Vitruvius written of larch tree. Ye may see now ether the olde writers have erred sore in telling of properties of larch tree or ells new writers know not the right larch tree. But I think of lightly there is no tree better known unto most part of new writers of plantes this day then the tree called Larix is. The high Germany call this tree ein lorchbaum or ein lerchbaum. They dwell about Trident call the rosin of it larga, there is a place as Bellonius the Frenchman write is called at this time vallarix. Wiche thing may be taken for Larix tree, is not gone out of knowledge nether in Itali, nor in France, nor in Germany: wherefore it is rather to be thought by olde writers marking not so diligently as they ought to have done one example have fallen into a false believe out of which as of a great tree many branches of errors have sprung out afterward. Beside the timber of the larch tree which is very good bevues profitable for building: it gives also ij. exceeding wholesome, profitable medicines where of one comes turpentine, the other is a famous medicine called Agaric. Matthiolus write, where as he hath bene, the men gather moist rosin of the larch tree, use to bore a hole with a long parser even unto the heart of the tree and under; hole to set a vessel made of the bark of the Pich tree to receive the rosin that cometh furth there in. But in Rhaetia whereas I have seen the manner of gathering or common turpentine, is this: They cut a hole deeply downward in the larch tree, a hatched a chisel, so will hold a great deal of rosin, now the hole is full, they take it out with ladles a spoon and put it into vessels. Antonius Traversus a right Gentleman of the country of Rhaetia when as he lay in his house, resting me after my great labors. I had taken in seeking of herbs in the Alpes told me for a surety, if carpenters of that country knowing the wholesomeness of the rosin, when they chance upon any plenty of it, while they cut the larch trees, drink largely thereof and become as drunken them, if they had drunken a great deal of strong wine. Dioscorides write that the rosin of larch tree received in by licking is good for the olde cough. Many use it now, with profit for the stone and the diseases of the kidneys in the steed of the right turpentine. Aetius write thus of all rosins. All kinds of rosin, hot, drive away, soften, draw furth and open and heal wounds and bind them together, much more then wax doth. And Galene in his book de medicamentis write thus of rosins. All rosins do heat, make dry. But they differ one from other. The rosin of lentiscus tree called mastic deserved worthily be chosen and praises amongst them all. Among other rosins it of the turpentine tree is best. It hath an open manifest binding, but not so much as mastic hath, but it hath joined w it a certain bitterness whereby it ripest more than mastic doth. And by means of the same quality it scours so it can heal sores and scabbles, it draweth more the other rosins because it is also of finer partes. And the same Galen in the third boke de medicamentis secundum gunam, write this sentence. Of these kinds of rosin is, is which called rosin of the larch tree, which is moister or more liquid, but of the substance of moist rosin of Pich tree, which grossers sell for turpentine then know not, one from other. But rosin both in smell and taste working is sharper, quicker than turpentine is. Therefore, the rosin of the larch tree hath alike virtue with this and with the turpentine, but it hath a greater power in driving away a more subtill or finer substance.

Of agarik.

Bellonius woundereth that any man dare holde the Agarik doth grow in other trees then in the larche tre, but hys mervelyng is again to be merveled at seying good autores wryte, it map be found also in other rosin bringing trees. But thys do I thincke, that the best Agarick that is this day, is found in the Larche tre. Agarik is solde very dere bothe in Itali, France, Germany and England. Wherfore they that would take the paynes to sayle to Norway (whiche is nerer unto England then is ether Rome or Compostela) they myght bryng many thinges from thence more ppofitable for the realme of England, then that which some bring from the above named places. For besyde many diverse kyndes of herbes and rootes which grow there in great plenty, and may be gotten wyth a small coste, the values of the simples well esteemed, there may a man have not only most excellent turpentine of the comen fort, but also the moste precious Agarick. If no other men will take the paynes to bring this commodite unto theyr contre, will advise the falconers that go to Northway, that both for ther own profit and for theyr countreyes, that they learne to know the Larch tree, that they myght bryng into England not only good comen turpentine, but also costly and precious agarick. If any man will take the payn to gather Agarick, let him first learne wel by the forewriten descriptio to know the Larch tre, and then marke it that I sall tech hym in these wordes immediatly folowyng. Agarike is the same, in a larche tre that brueche as the Northern Englishmen call it, as other call it, a todstole, is in a birche or a walnut tre, where of som make tunder bothe in England and Germany for their gunnes. Agarick as it is very precious, so is it not very commen nor good to finde, for som tyme a man shall se in som places a thousand trees, ere vynde one that hath Agarick growyng upon it. It groweth moste commenly in olde trees and in suche, as are growing in hyghest cliffs, rockes and toppes of mountaynes of al other. It groweth never in of the tree, but upon the bole or body of the tre, som tyme higher and som tyme lower, as other thynges lyke mushrummes, todestooles or bruches do. The only tyme of gatheryng of Agarick is in the end of harvest, when as it is dry and full rype. It that is gathered in the summer and in the spryng, except it be of the last yearis grouth, is both unholsom for mans body and the same can not be gathered without the great leperdy of the gatherer, so for then it is full of water, which when it cometh furth, with a perillus vapor that it hath, I smiteth in to the heade and maketh hym very syke. And as the waterish unrype Agaricke is unholsom, so it that is passed two yeares olde, is of no pryce no value.

Of Agarick out of Dioscorides.

There are two kindes of Agarick, the one is the male, the other is the female. The female whiche is better, hath right or streygth orders, or lynes, of veynes, goyng within it. The male is rounde and faster saſtened together. Bothe kindes have a swete taste at the first tastyng, but afterward, it turneth into a bitter taste. The nature of Agarick is to bynde together and to heate. It is good for the gnawinges in the belly, so rawnes for bursten places, for they are brusen and hurt with falling. The use is to geve a scruple in honied wyne, to them that have no ague, and with mede to them that have a fever. It is also good for them that have the blody flix to them that have the guelsought or iaundesse, to them that are shot wynded, and to them that are diseased in the lyver and the kydnes. We used to gyve a dram when a mans water is stopped, if the mother be strangled, or if a man be ill colored. It is eaten with malvesei when a man hath consumption or tisyck and with oxymel or honied vinegre, if a man is cumbred with the disease of the milt. If the stomack be so flashe and louse that it can hold no meat, then is it beste to be taken alone, without any moysture. After the same maner is it gyven to them that belche out a soure breth. If it be taken in the quantite ot two scruples and an half, with water, is stoppeth vomityng of bloode. If it be taken with honied vinegre, in lyke weight, it is good for the sciatica and the payn in ioyntes and the fallyng siknes. It bryngeth also doun to wemen ther syknes. In the same quantite it is good to be taken againste the wyndenes of the mother. If it de taken before the shakyng of an ague, before the fit come, it taketh the shaking away. The same taken in the quantite of a dram or two with mede, purgeth the belly. It is a good remedy against poyson and som taken about the quantite of a dram with a drinck well dilayed with water. It is a speciall remedy against the styngyng of serpentes and for the biting of the same, if it be dronken in the quantite of one scruple and a half with wine. Galene writeth also that if Agaricke be layd unto with out, that it is good for the bytyng and stynging of a serpent. Mesue writeth that Agarick is hote in the firste degree, dry in the seconde. It is gyven in pouder syaeth Mesue, from one dram to two, but in broth from ij. drammes to five.

Of agarik. (Fomus fomentarius)

Bellonius wondered that any man dares hold the Agaric doth grow in other trees then in the larch tree, but his marveling is again to be marveled at seeing good authors write, it may be found also in other rosin bringing trees. But this do I think that the best Agaric that is this day is found in the Larche tree. Agaric is sold very dear both in Itali, France, Germany and England. Wherefore they that would take the pains to sail to Norway (which is nearer unto England then is ether Rome or Compostela) they might bring many things from thence more profitable for the realm of England then that which some bring from the above-named places. For beside many diverse kinds of herbs and roots which grow there in great plenty and may be gotten with a small cost the values of the simples well esteemed, there may a man have not only most excellent turpentine of the com fort, but also the most precious Agaric. If no other men will take the pains to bring this commodity unto their country will advise the falconers that go to Northway, that both for their own profit and for their countries that they learn to know the Larch tree, that they might bring into England not only good common turpentine, but also costly and precious agaric. If any man will take the pain to gather Agaric, let him first learn well by the for written description to know the Larch tree and then mark it that I shall tech him in these words immediately following. Agaric is the same in a larch tree that brueche as the Northern Englishmen call it, as other call it a toadstool, is in a birch or a walnut tree, where of some make thunders both in England and Germany for their guns. Agaric as it is very precious, so is it not very common nor good to find, for some time a man shall see in some places a thousand trees, ere find one that hath Agaric growing upon it. It growth most commonly in olde trees and in such as are growing in highest cliffs, rocks and tops of mountains of al other. It growth never in of the tree, but upon the hole or body of the tree, sometime higher and sometime lower, as other things like mushrooms, toadstools or brooches do. The only time of gathering of Agaric is in the end of harvest when as it is dry and full ripe. It that is gathered in the summer and in the spring, except it be of the last year’s growth, is both unwholesome for man’s body and the same cannot be gathered without the great danger of the gatherer, so for then it is full of water, which when it cometh furth, with a perilous vapor that it hath, I smites in to the head and maketh hi very sick. And as the waterish unripe Agaric is unwholesome, so it that is passed two years olde is of no price no value.

Of Agaric out of Dioscorides.

There are two kinds of Agaric, the one is the male, the other is the female. The female which is better hath right or straight orders or lines of veins, going within it. The male is round and faster softened together. Bothe kinds have a sweet taste at the first tasting, but afterward, it turned into a bitter taste. The nature of Agaric is to bind together and to heat. It is good for the gnawing’s in the belly, so rawness for bursting places, for they are bruised and hurt with falling. The use is to give a scruple in honied wine to them that have no ague, and with mee to them that have a geel sought. It is also good for them that have the bloody flux to them that have the geel sought or jaundices, to them that are short winded and to them that are diseased in the liver and the kidneys. We used to gyve a dram when a man’s water is stopped, if the mother be strangled, or if a man be ill colored. It is eaten with malvasia when a man hath consumption or phthisic and with oxymel or honied vinegar, if a man is cumbered with the disease of the milt. If the stomach be so flashed and louse that it can hold no meat, then is it best to be taken alone, without any moisture. After the same manner is it given to them that belch out a sour breath. If it be taken in the quantity of two scruples and a half with water, is stopped vomiting of blood. If it be taken with honied vinegar, in like weight, it is good for the sciatica and the pain in joints and the falling sickness. It brength also down to women their sickness. In the same quantity it is good to be taken against the windiness of the mother. If it de taken before the shaking of an ague, before the fit come, it taketh the shaking away. The same taken in the quantity of a dram or two with mee purged the belly. It is a good remedy against poison, and some taken about the quantity of a dram with a drink well delayed with water. It is a special remedy against the stinging of serpents and for the biting of the same, if it be drunken in the quantity of one scruple and a half with wine. Galene write also that if Agaric be laid unto without, that it is good for the biting and stinging of a serpent. Mesue write that Agaric is hot in the first degree, dry in the second. It is given in powder says Mesue, from one dram to two, but in broth from ij. drachms to five.

Of the herbe called Laserpitium.

I have nether spoken with any man, nor rede in any writer of this in our time, that durst say that he had sene the ryght Laserpitium, wherof Theophrast and Dioscorides make mention of. But Ruellius iudgeth that the vertuous herbe called Angelica is Laserpitium gallicum. It there be any Laserpitium ether in France or Germany, I would rather take Pillitori of Spayn called of the Duche meister wurtz, to be Laserpitium then angelica, because it hath leves more like the Angelica hath. If any man travayl in to farre countres, woulde learne to know the ryght Laserpitium let hym well marke these descriptiones which I shall now translate out of Dioscorides and Theophrast, he shall the soner come by the true know ledge of it. Laserpitium groweth in Syria, Armenia, Media, and Lybia, with a stalck lyke a ferula or fenelgyant, which stalck they call Maspetum, it hath leaves lyke Persely, and a brode sede. The iuice that cometh out of the stalck is roote is called Laser. The stalcke is called Silphion, the roote Magudaris, and of som call the leafe also Maspetum. Theophrast descriveth Laserpitium thus. The roote of Laserpitium is manifolde thicke. It hath a stalck as ferula hath, a leafe whiche they call Maspetum lyke unto Persely. The sede

is brode, it is a fashion of a lefe such as which is called the lefe. The stalck perished every yeare as the stalck of ferula doth. The rote is covered with

a black skinne. I can fynd no more in these two ancient writers concerning the description of Laserpitium, but these few wordes wiche I hav now rehersed yow. By these wordes of Dioscorides and Theophrast, Matthiolus and al other that hold Benzoin is swete Laser of Cyrene, are repproved and founde fauty in a great error. For Dioscorides, Theophrast make Laserpitium an herbe, and suche one as dieth every yeare concerning the stalkes and top at the leste, and Laser to be dryed iuice of an herbe, when as we know by the stickes, peces of wod that we finde oft in Benzoin or Belzoin by the experience of Lodovicus Romanus (whome also Matthiolus allegeth, gyvyng therby other men wepens to feight against hym selfe, that Belzoin or Benzoin is the rosin of a tree, and not the iuice of any herbe. But as for assa fetida, I wil not deny, but it is Laser medicum or Syriacium as Matthiolus and other writers have taught in theyr writings.

The properties of Laser and Laserpitio.

The roote heateth, and in meates is hard of digestion, and noysum to the blader, if it be layd one wyth oyle, it is good for brused places and wyth a cerote or treat made of waxe: it is good for hard lumpes and wennes, with oyle of Ireos it is good foxrthe sciatica, or with the cerot of pritved floures. If it be sodden in vinegre and laid to with a pomgranat pill, it is good to take those thynges away that grow to muche about the ſundament. If it be dronken, it withstandeth poyson, it maketh the mouth smell well if it be menged with salt or with meat. The best Laser is rede throw shynyng lyke unto myrr, not grene, myghty in smell, of a pleasant taste, and when it is steped, it wareth easely white. The iuice dryed and hardened it is beste. The leves deserve the second prayse, and the thyrde the satck. For it hath a sharpe poure, it maketh wyndenes, it healeth a scald heade, if the place be anoynted with it, and peper wyne and vinegre. It sharpeneth the eysyght, and if it be layd to with hony, it healeth the cataract of the ey, or the haw in the eye when it is in the begynnyng. It is good to be put into the holes of the tethe, so the tuthe ache, or to be bound about in a cloth with Olibano or Frankincense. It is also good to washe the mouth with it and hyssop sodden with fygges in water and vinegre. It is good to be put into the wound of them, that are bitten of any wod or mad beastes. It is myghtely good against the poyson of arrowes or dartes, and against all beastes, that cast out venem ether dronken or layd to with out. If it dabbed about the stynginges of scorpions, with oyle well menged, do tempered. It is layde unto deadely burninges, if it they be a litle holde and constreyned together before, and with rue nitre and hony, or by it self, it is also layd to carbuncles. If ye cut a circle round about or any hard lumpes and make this medicines loft with the broth of figges or menge it with a cerot, it will pull them away. With vinegre it healeth the foul sckurf of the skinne. It healeth also outwarynges or to growinges in the fleshe and the swellyng fleshe about the nose thrilles which is called polypus. if that it be layd to a certayn dayes with coperus or verdgrese. It helpeth old roughe scurfenes of the iawes. If it be taken dilaped with water, it healeth quicly horsenes of the voice. If it be layde to with hony, it healeth the Uvula. It is good to be gargled against the quinsey with mede. They that use to eat of it loke much more freshly, then they had won to do, and with a better color. It may be gyven with great profit agaynst the coughe, in a soft eg, and againste the pleuresi in suppinges, and against the iaundes and dropsc with dried figges. The same dronken with wine peper and olibane or ryght frankincense dryeth away the trymlyngh and shaking of agues. It is gyven in half a scruple weyght to them whose heade standeth back warde. If any horsleches or lougheleches cleve to a mans wesand, thys, if it be dronken, will drive them doun, if a man will make a gargle with it, and with vinegre. It is good to be dronken for milck that is clodded and run together in lumpes. It is good for the fallyng sicknes, dronken with oxymel or honied vinegre. If it be dronken with peper, myr, it bryngeth downe floures. If it be taken with the kyrnelles of grapes, it stoppeth the belly. If it be gyven with lieghe, it is good for places that are sodenly shronken together and bursten. It is resolved or melted with bitter almonds, or with rue, or hoote beede for to make drinkes of it. The iuice of the leves will do the same, but not so effectually. It is good to be chowed with oximell or with hony and vinegre to help the those, when as the voice is horse or dulle. It is sayde that there is an other Magudaris in Lybia, and that the root is lyke Laserpitio, but that it is not so thyck. sharp and spongous, out of whiche no iuice floweth furth, it hath like vertu with Laserpitio. If a man will compare those vertues with them that the later writers gyve to maister wurt or pillitori of Spayn, he shal fynde that there is as great agrement betwene theyr properties, as is betwene ther sores and descriptiones. But of thys mater I intende God willyng to speake more largely an other time.

Of the herb called Laserpitium. (Laserpitium gallicum or latifolium)

I have nether spoken with any man, nor rede in any writer of this in our time, that durst say that he had seen the right Laserpitium whereof Theophrastus and Dioscorides make mention of. But Ruellius judged that the virtuous herb called Angelica is Laserpitium gallicum. It there be any Laserpitium ether in France or Deutsche, I would rather take Pellitory of Spain called of the German meister wurtz, to be Laserpitium then angelica, because it hath leaves more like the Angelica hath. If any man travail in to fare countries would learn to know the right Laserpitium let him well mark these descriptions which I shall now translate out of Dioscorides and Theophrastus, he shall the sooner come by the true know ledge of it. Laserpitium growth in Syria, Armenia, Media, and Libya with a stalk like a Ferula or fennel giant, which stalk they call Maspetum, it hath leaves like Parsley and a brood seed. The juice that cometh out of the stalks root is called Laser. The stalk is called Silphium, the root Magudaris and of some call the leaf also Maspetum. Theophrastus described Laserpitium thus. The root of Laserpitium is manifolded thick. It hath a stalk as Ferula hath, a leaf which they call Maspetum like unto Parsley. The seed

is brood, it is a fashion of a leaf such as which is called the leaf. The stalk perished every year as the stalk of Ferula doth. The root is covered with

a black skin. I can find no more in these two ancient writers concerning the description of Laserpitium, but these few words which I have now rehearsed yow. By these words of Dioscorides and Theophrastus, Matthiolus and al other that hold Benzoin is sweet Laser of Cyrene are reproved and found faulty in a great error. For Dioscorides, Theophrastus make Laserpitium an herb and such one as diet every year concerning the stalks and top at the lest and Laser to be dried juice of an herb when as we know by the sticks, pieces of wood that we find oft in Benzoin or Belzoin by the experience of Lodovicus Romanus (whom also Matthiolus alleged giving thereby other men weapons to fight against himself that Belzoin or Benzoin is the rosin of a tree and not the juice of any herb. But as for (Ferula) asa-foetida, I will not deny, but it is Laser medicum or Syriacium as Matthiolus and other writers have taught in their writings.

The properties of Laser and Laserpitium.

The root heath and in meats is hard of digestion, and noisome to the blader, if it be laid one with oil, it is good for bruised places and with a cerotum or treat made of wax: it is good for hard lumps and wennes (Ichthyosis?), with oil of Iris it is good for the sciatica, or with the cerotum of privet flowers. If it be sodden in vinegar and laid to with a pomegranate pill, it is good to take those things away that grow too much about the fundament. If it be drunken, it withstands poison, it maketh the mouth smell well if it be menged with salt or with meat. The best Laser is red throw shining like unto myrrh, not green, mighty in smell, of a pleasant taste and when it is steeped it ware easily white. The juice dried and hardened it is best. The leaves deserve the second praise, and the third the stalk. For it hath a sharper power, it maketh windiness, it health a scald head, if the place be anointed with it, and pepper wine and vinegar. It sharpened the eyesight and if it be laid to with honey it health the cataract of the eye or the haw in the eye when it is in the beginning. It is good to be put into the holes of the teeth, so the toothache or to be bound about in a cloth with Olibanum or Frankincense. It is also good to wash the mouth with it and hyssop sodden with Figgs in water and vinegar. It is good to be put into the wound of them that are bitten of any wild or mad beasts. It is mightily good against the poison of arrows or darts and against all beasts that cast out venom ether drunken or laid to without. If it dabbed about the stinging’s of scorpions, with oil well menged, do tempered. It is laide unto deadly burnings, if it they be a little hold and constrained together before and with rue niter and honey or by itself, it is also laid to carbuncles. If ye cut a circle round about or any hard lumps and make this medicines loft with the broth of figs or meng it with a cerotum (kind of plaster), it will pull them away. With vinegar it health the foul scurf of the skin. It health also outwardness or to growing’s in the flesh and the swelling flesh about the nose thrills which is called polypus. if that it be laid to a certain day with coper verdigrises. It helped old rough scurf’s of the yaws. If it be taken delayed with water, it health quickly hoarseness of the voice. If it be laide to with honey, it health the Uvula. It is good to be gargled against the quinsy with mee. They that use to eat of it loke much more freshly, then they had won to do, and with a better color. It may be given with great profit against the cough, in a soft egg, and against the pleurisy in supping’s and against the jaundice and dropsy with dried figs. The same drunken with wine pepper and olibanum or right frankincense dry away the trembling and shaking of agues. It is given in half a scruple weight to them whose head stand backward. If any horseleeches or Lough leeches cleave to a man’s weasand, this if it be drunken, will drive them down, if a man will make a gargle with it, and with vinegar. It is good to be drunken for milk that is clotted and run together in lumps. It is good for the falling sickness, drunken with oxymel or honied vinegar. If it be drunken with pepper, myrrh, it brength down flowers. If it be taken with the kernelless of grapes it stopped the belly. If it be given with liege, it is good for places that are soddenly shrunken together and bursting. It is resolved or melted with bitter almonds or with rue or hooted bread for to make drinks of it. The juice of the leaves will do the same, but not so effectually. It is good to be chowed with oxymel or with honey and vinegar to help the those, when as the voice is horse or dull. It is said that there is another Magudaris in Libya and that the root is like Laserpitium, but that it is not so thick. sharp and sponge’s, out of which no juice flowed furth, it hath like vertu with Laserpitium. If a man will compare those virtues with them that the later writers gyve to master wort or pellitory of Spain he shall find that there is as great agreement between their properties, as is between there sores and descriptions. But of this mater I intend God willing to speak more largely another time.

Of the herbe called Lathyris.

Lathyris putteth furth a stalck of the length of a cubit, and a fingre thyck, and holow within. There grow in the top thinges lyke wynges, and there grow out of the stalcke, longe leaves lyke almondes leaves, but broder and smother. They thar are in the hyghest toppes, are found less, in the licknes of Arestolochia or of long Juy lefe. It bringeth furth fruite in the top in the hyghest branches, whyche is notable by the reason of iii. cases or vesseles that the the sede is in. The fruite is round as capers, where in are conteyned rounde cornes divided one from an other, by thee filmes that rynne betwene. The sedes are bigger then greate bitter tares called erva rounde. Und when the barck is taken from them, they are whyte and swete in taste. All the hole bushe is full of milck, as the herbe called Tithymalus is. Thys description agreeth well with the herbe whiche is called in Englishe spurge, in Duch springkraut, in Frenche spurge, of the apothetaries catapucia minor, not bycause it is little, but because it is lesse then ricinus, whiche is called catapucia maior. But the figure whiche that Matthiolus setteth for Lathyri, agreeth not with this description. For the leaves are not very lyke almonde leves, nether broder then they be: But per aventure hys karver hath begyled hym as karvers and paynters have begyled other men before this tyme.

The vertues of spurge out of Dioscorides.

Syxe or seven granes of spurge taken in pilles with figges or dates purge the belly. But he that hath taken them, must after warde drinck cold water. They draw down choler, fleme and water. The iuice taken out, as the iuice of Tithymal: is taken furth, and dressed hath the same workyng. The levess are sodden with a cock for the same purpose.

Out of Actuarius.

Spurge purgeth thynne fleme vehemently. Fiftene of the greater cornes, are geven at ones, and xx. of the lesse cornes. They that wolde be effectually purged, let them chow them. Let them that desyre not to be so gretely purged, swalow them hole over, specially, if he that taketh them have a weke stomacke. Aetius hath the same wordes and sentence of Lathyris that Actuarius hath. Wherefore it appereth that Actuarius a later writer then Aetius, took it that he wote out of Aeetius.

Of the herb called Lathyris. (Euphorbia lathyris)

Lathyris putted furth a stalk of the length of a cubit and a finger thick and hollow within. There grow in the top things like wings and there grow out of the stalk long leaves like almonds leaves, but brooder and smother. They that are in the highest tops are found less, in the likeness of Aristolochia or of long Jui leaf. It bringeth furth fruit in the top in the highest branches which is notable by the reason of iii. cases or vessels that the seed is in. The fruit is round as capers where in are contained round corns divided one from another, by thee films that ran between. The seeds are bigger than great bitter tares called ervum round. Und when the bark is taken from them, they are white and sweet in taste. All the hole bush is full of milk as the herb called Tithymalus is. this description agreed well with the herb, which is called in English spurge, in Duch springkraut, in French spurge, of the apothecaries catapucia minor, not because it is little, but because it is lesser then Ricinus, which is called catapucia major. But the figure which that Matthiolus set for Lathyrus agreed not with this description. For the leaves are not very like almond leaves, nether brooder then they be: But per adventure his carver hath beguiled him as carvers and painters have beguiled other men before this time.

The virtues of spurge out of Dioscorides.

Six or seven grains of spurge taken in pills with figs or dates purge the belly. But he that hath taken them, must afterward drink cold water. They draw down choler, flehm and water. The juice taken out, as the juice of Tithymalus is taken furth, and dressed hath the same working. The leaves are sodden with a cock for the same purpose.

Out of Actuarius.

Spurge purged thin flehm vehemently. Fifteen of the greater corns are given at ones, and xx. of the lesser corns. They that would be effectually purged, let them chow them. Let them that desire not to be so greatly purged, swallow them hole over, specially, if he that taketh them have a week stomach. Aetius hath the same words and sentence of Lathyris that Actuarius hath. Wherefore it appeared that Actuarius a later writer then Aetius, took it that he writes out of Aetius.

Of the herbe called Laver or Sion.

Sion otherwise called laver, found in waters, with a fat bushe ryght up with brode leves, lyke unto the herbe called Hipposelino, but lese, well smellyng. The herbe called in som place of England belragges, agreeth in al poyntes with this description. But do doth not the herbe called in Englishe brooklime, in Duche bauch pung, for when as Sion is described to be a ryght up growyng herbe with leves lyke hyposelino: broock lyme crepeth moste commeny by the grounde and hath a lefe nothynge lyke unto hyposelino. Wherfore Amatus gvueth an unryght duche name unto Sion, when he calleth it bauchbungen or pungen, as the Duche men also did before hym of whome he learned to call Sion bauchbungen. I mervell that Matthiolus maketh Syon with sedes in litle coddes, when all the Syon that ever I could ether se, in England, Germany, or Itali, had ever sede in the maner of Persely, with out any coddes. Wherefore I reken that his Syon is not the ryght Sion. Syon is not only so lyke a kynde of Selinomon called hipposelinon of olus atrum in the leves as Dioscorides writeth, but also lyke Selino or Apio in the stalck and top, and sede, that som have taken it for Elioselino, and have named it waterpersely. Whiche name were good to be receyved in England that the herbe myght be better ther by be knowen, then bi the name of belragges.

The vertues of water Persely.

The leves of Syon ether raw or sodden, if they be taken in, they breake the atone and drvve it furth. They move men to make water. They are good to help women to theyr syknes. They are also good for to help the byrth to come furth.

It they be taken in mete, they are also good for the blody flix.

Of the herb called Laver or Sion. (Sium sisarum)

Sion otherwise called laver, found in waters with a fat bush right up with brood leaves, like unto the herb called Hipposelinum, but lesser, well smelling. The herb called in some place of England belragges, agreed in al points with this description. But do doth not the herb called in English brooklime, (Veronica beccabunga) in German bauch pung, for when as Sion is described to be a right up growing herb with leaves like Hipposelinum: brooklime creped most commonly by the ground and hath a leaf nothing like unto Hipposelinum. Wherefore Amatus give an on right German name unto Sion, when he calleth it bauchbungen or pungen, as the German men also did before him of whom he learned to call Sion bauchbungen. I marvel that Matthiolus maketh Sion with seeds in little pods, when all the Sion that ever I could ether see in England, Germany or Itali had ever seed in the manner of Parsley, without any pods. Wherefore I reckon that his Sion is not the right Sion. Sion is not only so like a kind of Selinum called Hipposelinum of olus atrum (Smyrnium) in the leaves as Dioscorides write, but also like Selino or Apium in the stalk and top and seed that some have taken it for Elioselinum and have named it water parsley. Which name were good to be received in England that the herb might be better thereby be known then bi the name of belragges.

The virtues of water Parsley.

The leaves of Sion ether raw or sodden, if they be taken in, they break the stone and drive it furth. They move men to make water. They are good to help women to their sickness. They are also good for to help the birth to come furth.

It they be taken in mete; they are also good for the bloody flux.

The Laurel or Bay tre.

Laurus is named in Greke …., in Englishe a Bay tre of a Laurel tre, in Duche ein lorben baum, in Frenche ung laurier. The leaves of the Bay tre are alwayes grene, and in figure and fashion they are lyke unto scala celi, and to periwinkle. The are long and brodes in the middest of the lefe. They are blackshe/grene, namely when the are olde. They are curled out the edges, they smell well. And when the are casten unto the fyre, they crake wonderfully. The tre in England is no great tre, but is dryveth tijere many partes better and is lustier then in Germany. The berries are allmoste round, but not all together. The kirnell is covered with a thick black barke, which may well be parted from the kirnell.

The vertues of the bay tre, and it that growet, out of it.

The bay leaves have the vertue and strengthe to hete, and to soften, wherefore the broth of them is good to sit in, for the diseases of the mother and of the blader. The grene leves of the bay tree binde som thyng. And if they be layd to when they are broken, they hele the styngyng of bees, and waspes. The same layd to with perched barley and brede, swage al inflammationes or hoote burninges, but if they be drunken,they make all that is in the stomack go furt, and move a man to vomit. Bay berries hete more then the leves: therefore if they be brused and put into an electuary mayd with hony, and sodden with Malvasei, they are good for a consumption, and for them that are short wynded, and for all reumes that fall into the lounges and breste. They are good to be dronken in wyne, agaynst the bytyng ol scorpiones. They weish out frekles. The iuice of the berries with old wyne and rose oyle, is to be poured into the eares agaynst the ache of them, and the hardnes of hearyng. Men use to put them into medicines which refreshe them that are wery, or tyrede, and unto oyntmentes that scatter or drive abrode. The barke of the roote, breaketh the stone, and it is perillous for weomen with chylde. It helpeth them that are sycke in the lever in the quantite of a scruple and an halfe if it be dronken in wine. Besyde these vertues that Dioscorides gyveth unto bay berries. Avicenna writeth that the oyle of bay is good for the heade ache, for the Morpheu, for the syngyng in the eare. The oyle also maketh men vomit. It is good for the shakyng of an ague: the bay berry is also a remedy against all poyson. Dioscorides wryteth of the oyl of bay or Lauriell oyl thus. The bay oyl is better that is fresher, and hath a greater color, and that is moste bitter and sharp. The pour of it is to heale and tho soften. It openeth the breth holes of the veynes. It driveth away werynes. There is no better remedy agaynst al the diseases of the synewes, coldes, fallinge down of humores, the ach in the eares, the diseases of the kydnes or nerves, that come of cooled, then this oyle is if it be layde to. But if it be dronken it stirreth a man to vomit. Mesue writeth of bay oyle thus. The oyle of Barberries is good for the ache of the lyver, and for the migram or ach of the one syde of the brayn, when as they come of could cause. It is also good agaynst the payn of the great gut, of the mother and of the milt. The later writers holde that it is good against scalles and skurfe, and wormes, scabbes, scalles and wheles, and ploukes.

The Laurel or Bay tree. (Laurus nobilis)

Laurus is named in Greek …., in English a Bay tree of a Laurel tree, in German ein lorben baum, in French ung laurier. The leaves of the Bay tree are always green and in figure and fashion they are like unto Polygonatum and to periwinkle. The are long and broods in the middles of the leaf. They are blackish/ green, namely when they are olde. They are curled out the edges, they smell well. And when they are cast unto the fire, they crake wonderfully. The tree in England is no great tree but is drive there many partes better and is lustier then in Germany. The berries are almost round, but not all together. The kernel is covered with a thick black bark which may well be parted from the kernel.

The virtues of the bay tree and it that growth out of it.

The bay leaves have the virtue and strength to hot and to soften wherefore the broth of them is good to sit in for the diseases of the mother and of the blader. The green leaves of the bay tree bind something. And if they be laid to when they are broken, they hele the stinging of bees and wasps. The same laid to with perched barley and brede, swage al inflammations or hot burnings, but if they be drunken, they make all that is in the stomach go furth and move a man to vomit. Bay berries hot more than the leaves: therefore, if they be bruised and put into an electuary maid with honey and sodden with Malvasia, they are good for a consumption and for them that are short winded and for all rheum that fall into the lounges and breast. They are good to be drunken in wine against the biting of scorpions. They wish out freckles. The juice of the berries with old wine and rose oil is to be poured into the ears against the ache of them and the hardness of hearing. Men use to put them into medicines which refresh them that are wary or tired and unto ointments that scatter or drive abroad. The bark of the root breaks the stone, and it is perilous for women with child. It helped them that are sick in the lever in the quantity of a scruple and a half if it be drunken in wine. Besides these virtues that Dioscorides give unto bay berries. Avicenna write that the oil of bay is good for the headache, for the Morpheme, for the singing in the ear. The oil also maketh men vomit. It is good for the shaking of an ague: the bay berry is also a remedy against all poison. Dioscorides write of the oil of bay or Laurell oil thus. The bay oil is better that is fresh and hath a greater color and that is moist bitter and sharp. The pour of it is to heal and to soften. It opened the breath holes of the veins. It drives away weariness. There is no better remedy against al the diseases of the sinews, colds, falling down of humors, the ach in the ears, the diseases of the kidneys or nerves, that come of cooled, then this oil is if it be laide to. But if it be drunken, it stirred a man to vomit. Mesue write of bay oil thus. The oil of Barberries is good for the ache of the liver, and for the migraine or ach of the one side of the brain when as they come of could cause. It is also good against the pain of the great gut, of the mother and of the milt. The later writers hold that it is good against scales and scurf and worms, scabbles, scales and whiles, and pokes.

Of Lentilles.

Lens is called in Greke Phacos, in Englishe a Lentil or Lentilles, in Duch, Linsen, in Frenche Lentille. Lentil is a bushy and thick pulse with leves lyke unto a fitch or a tare, but lesse. The floures are purple in white. It hath little coddes somthyng flatt, wherein are conteyned in every one, about iii. or .iiii.. granes in figure flat, lyke an halfpenny, but som rysyng in bignes toward the middes, as a litle cake or Bannock is, which is hastely baked upon harth, the sede is redish. They are far deceived, which have used the great gardin or Spanishe lentilles, wherof some are whyte, for a whyte Orobo for they want bothe figure also the vertues of Orobus. Lentilles grow in great plenty in Cambridge shyre, all throw Germany where as they are husked and used for a meat.

The vertues of Lentilles,

Them often use of Lentilles in meate, maketh dull the eye sight. They are of harde digestion, an vexe the tsomack, fill it with winde. If they be sodden with theyr shilles untaken of, they stoppe the belly. They are best to be eaten, are moste easely digeste, and when the are steped make the water nothing black. They have a property. To bynde together, by reason wherof they stop the belly, if the be taken away before, and they be throwly sodden, the first water be castet away (for the former brothe louseth the belly.) They make a man dreame troublesm dreames. They are evel for the heade, for the synewes and the longes. They will worke better in the stopping oft he belly, if ye put unto them vinegre, Endive or porcellayn or rede betes or myrtilles, or the shell of pomgranates, or dried roses, or medlers, or services, or byndyng peres, or quinces, or succory, or plantain, and hole galles, or berries of Sumach. And all these thynges must be casten away after the sethyng. But the vinegre must be very sore sodden ther with, or elles it will trouble the belly. Thyrtye granes of Lentilles shelled, are good against the overcastyng of the stomack. If they be sodden with perched barley mele and be layde to, they swage the ache of gout, a glueth together corners, hollow places of woundes layde to with hony. They bust up crusts and scour sores. If they be sodden with vinegre, they drive away wenes and hard swellynges. Mith a quince of Melilote, they helpe the inflammationes of the eyes and fundament, so that rose oyle be put thereto with few water they are good for wheles, and for rynnyng and freting sores, and for the wylde fire and for the kybes. They are also good for the pappes or brestes that have clodded or clustered milck in them, and for to much plenty that rynneth out, if they be sodden in water of the see, and layd to. Avicenna writeth that Lentilles make grosse bloode and thick, and that muche using and eatyng of them bryngeth the lepre.

Out of Galene.

No man maketh brede of Lentilles, for they are drye and brittle, and have a byndyng huske or skinne, the wyhiche is as it were theyr fleshe. And it hath a grosse erthly iuice, and a small tarte qualite. But the iuice that is within the Lentilles, is contrary unto bynding. Wherefore if any man set them in water and season, the water with salt fishe bryne, or oyle, and take that water, the same will make a man louse in the belly. Twyse sodden lentilles stoppe the belly, and strengthen the guttes, and the hole body. Wherefore they are good both for the comen and the blody flix. But the shales of husked Lentilles as the have theyr strength in byndyng and suche things as follow there upon, so do they norishe more then they that have theyr huskes upon them. But theu make a grosse and evel iuice, and they go thorow slowly.

Of Lentilles. (Lens culinaris)

Lens is called in Greek Phacos, in English a Lentil or Lens, in German Linsen, in French Lentille. Lentil is a bushy and thick pulse with leaves like unto a fitch or a tare, but lesser. The flowers are purple in white. It hath little pods something flat wherein are contained in everyone, about iii. or. iiii. grains in figure flat, like a halfpenny, but some rising in bigness toward the middles as a little cake or Bannock is, which is hastily baked upon hearth, the seed is reddish. They are far deceived which have used the great garden or Spanish lens, whereof some are white, for a white Orobus for they want both figures also the virtues of Orobus. Lens grow in great plenty in Cambridge shire, all throw Germany whereas they are husked and used for a meat.

The virtues of Lens,

Them often use of Lens in meat maketh dull the eyesight. They are of hard digestion and vex the stomach, fill it with wind. If they be sodden with their shells untaken of the stop the belly. They are best to be eaten, are most easily digest and when they are steeped make the water nothing black. They have a property. To bind together by reason whereof they stop the belly, if the be taken away before and they be thoroughly sodden, the first water be cast away (for the former broth loused the belly.) They make a man dream troublesome dreams. They are evil for the head, for the sinews and the lunges. They will work better in the stopping of the belly, if ye put unto them vinegar, Endive or porcelain or red beets or myrtles or the shell of pomegranates or dried roses or medlars or services or binding pears or quinces or succory or plantain and hole gall or berries of Sumach. And all these things must be caste away after the seething. But the vinegar must be very sore sodden there with, or ells it will trouble the belly. Thirty grains of Lens shelled are good against the overcasting of the stomach. If they be sodden with perched barley mele and be laide to, they swage the ache of gout, a glut together corners, hollow places of wounds laide to with honey. They bust up crusts and scour sores. If they be sodden with vinegar, they drive away wends and hard swellings. Mith a quince of Melilote, they help the inflammations of the eyes and fundament, so that rose oil be put thereto with few waters they are good for whiles and for running and fretting sores and for the wildfire and for the kibbes. They are also good for the pappa or breasts that have clotted or clustered milk in them, and for too much plenty that rennet out, if they be sodden in water of the see and laid to. Avicenna write that Lens make grosses blood and thick and that much using and eating of them brength the leper.

Out of Galene.

No man maketh bread of Lens for they are dry and brittle and have a binding husk or skin the which is as it were their flesh. And it hath a grosses earthly juice, and a small tarte quality. But the juice that is within the Lens is contrary unto binding. Wherefore if any man set them in water and season the water with salt fish brine or oil and take that water, the same will make a man louse in the belly. Twice sodden lens stops the belly and strengthen the gutters and the whole body. Wherefore they are good both for the common and the bloody flux. But the shales of husked Lens as the have their strength in binding and such things as follow there upon so do they nourished more then they that have their husks upon them. But they make a grosses and evil juice, and they go thorough slowly.

Of duckes meate.

Lens palustris is called in greke phakos epitan telmaton, in Englishe duckes meate, in Duche mer linsen. Lens palustris, as Dioscorides sayeth, is found in waters that rynne not, but stand still, and that it is a certayn mosse like unto a Lentill. Thys wede is well knowen in England, and specially of them that have pondes, for in the later end of sommer, if men take not great paine, all the pondes will be covered over with duckes meat.

The vertues of duckes meat.

Duckis meate hath a coolyng nature, wherefore it is good to be layd to empostemes and gatheringes of humores that ryn to one place, to the wylde fyre or greate burninges, to the gouty both membres alone and also with the mele of perched barley. It gleweth or bindeth or maketh fast the bowelles of yong childer. Galene writeth that duckis meat is of a coulde and a moyste temperature, and in a maner is both could and moyst in the second degre.

Of duckes meate. (Lemna minor)

Lens palustris is called in Greek phakos epitan telmaton, in English ducks’ meat, in German mer linsen. Lens palustris, as Dioscorides sayeth, is found in waters that ran not, but stand still and that it is certain mosses like unto a Lens. This weed is well known in England and specially of them that have ponds, for in the later end of summer if men take not great pain all the ponds will be covered over with ducks’ meat.

The virtues of duck’s meat.

Duck’s meat hath a cooling nature, wherefore it is good to be laid to empostemes (pus) and gatherings of humors that ran to one place, to the wildfire or great burnings, to the gouty both members alone and also with the mele of perched barley. It Glew or bind or maketh fast the bowels of young children. Galene write that duck’s meat is of a cold and a moist temperature and in a manner is both could and moist in the second degree.

Of the Lentisk or Mastic tree.

The Lentisk tre is not described of Dioscorides, nor of Theophrast that I have sene as yet nether of Pliny, Therfore I will describe it as well as I can, accordyng to the syght that had of it where as I saw it growyng in Bonony. The tre that I saw, there was but a low tre, the leaves of it stand in such ordre as the ash tre leuvs do, that is every one all moste ryght over in order agaynst an other, savyng that one standeth a litle beneth it, that standeth on the other syde. With theyr maner of standyng every payr representeth a cople of byrdes wynges stretched furth redy to flie, and rhelesy then, when as they are pressed furth upon a booke. The proportion and color of the lefe is not unto the lefe of periwinkle, savyng that it is muche lesse. Pliny in the x vii booke of hys naturall History and in the xxv. Chapter, alledgeth these ii. verses of Citero, where by a man may know som properties of the Lentisk tre.

Lim trero semper viridis sempero; gravatd,

Lentiscus triplici ſolita est grandescere foeta

Ter fruges fundens, trix tempora monstrrat arandi.

The meaning of these verses is thys. The lentisk tre which is allwayes grene, and burdened, and hath used to were greate with a threfold fruite, whille it bryngeth furth frute tiny it teacheth or sheweth thre tymes of plowyng. Matthiolus the Italian describeth the lentisk tre thus. The lentisk tre is thyck both in bowes and leaves, and the twygges are in the top, bow downwarde agayn to warde the erth. The leaves are lyke unto the leaves of the fistik tre, of a grevous smell, fat and brucle and blackishe grene. But about the edges they are rede as it were wyth litle veynes. It is allwayes grene. The bark is somthyng redishe, bowyng and toughe. It bringeth furth after the maner of the turpentine tre, besyde the berries, litle coddes withen inward after the fashion of an horne where in is inclosed a clere moisture, which in continuance of tyme is turned into litle beastes, lyke unto them that come out of the coddes of the elm and turpentine tre. All the hole tre hath an ill savor.

The hole Lentiksk tre hath a byndyng poure, for the leaves, the boughes, the sede, the bark and the rootes are all like in propertie. The sodden iuice of it may be made thus. The leaves, the barke, and the roote are sodden in water, when they are sufficiently sodden, and couled alterwardes, the leaves are casten away, the water is sodden agayn untill it be as thyck as honye. The mastik tre wyth hys bindyng property is good agaynst castyng out of blode, agaynst the come laxe, and agaynst the blody flix, if it be dronken. It is good for the rynnyng out of blood from the mother and so the fallyng down of the mother, and of the fundament. In all thynges it may be take in the stede of Acacia or Hypocistis. The iuice of the broken leaves doth the same. The broth by layng it to in bathing, filleth up hol low places, and safteneth together the broken bones, It stoppeth fretyng sores, it driveth furth water. Is fasteneth the louse tethe, if they be washed wyth it. The grene twigges are good to piketh wyth all in the stede of stickes and strawes and other tooth pickes. There is an oyle made of the sede, whiche is good to be used when any thyng had nede of stoppyng or bindynge. The mastick tre bringeth furth a rosin which is called Lenticina or masticke, of the commen sort Mastix, or mastic. Mastik is good to be dronken of them that spit blood, for an old host or coughe. It helpeth the stomack, but it maketh a man belche. Ik it be eaten, it maketh a mans brethe savor well, it byndeth well together the goumes that are to louse. The best and the greatest plenty of it, groweth in Chio or Sio as it is now called. The beste is it that is clere, and shyneth, and is whyte as virgin wax is, britle,/ well smelling, and crackyng: the grene is not so good. Som use to conterfit mastick wyth frankincense and wyth the mixtur of the rosin of a pinaple. Galene writeth thus of mastick. That whiche is whyte and comen is called Chio or of Sio, is made allmost of ij. contrary qualities, that is to wet, of a byndyng and a softenyng property. And there for it is good fox the inflammationes of the stomack, guttes, and liver, as a thyng that is hote and drye in the second degre.

Of the Lentisk or Mastic tree. (Pistacia lentiscus)

The Lentiscus tree is not described of Dioscorides, nor of Theophrastus that I have seen as yet nether of Plini. Therefore, I will describe it as well as I can, according to the sight that I had of it whereas I saw it growing in Bologna. The tree that I saw, there was but a low tree, the leaves of it stand in such order as the ash tree leaves do, that is everyone all most right over in order against another, saving that one stands a little beneath it that stand on the other side. With their manner of standing every pair represented a couple of birds wings stretched furth reedy to fly and relays then when as they are pressed furth upon a book. The proportion and color of the leaf is not unto the leaf of periwinkle, saving that it is much lesser. Plini in the x vii book of his natural History and in the xxv. chapter alleged these ii. verses of Cicero, whereby a man may know some properties of the Lentiscus tree.

Lim trero semper viridis sempero; gravatd,

Lentiscus triplici ſolita est grandescere foeta

Ter fruges fundens, trix tempora monstrrat arandi.

The meaning of these verses is this. The lentiscus tree, which is always green, and burdened and hath used to were great with a threefold fruit while it brength furth fruit tiny it teaches or shew three times of plowing. Matthiolus the Italian described the lentiscus tree thus. The lentiscus tree is thick both in bows and leaves and the twigs are in the top, bow downward again toward the earth. The leaves are like unto the leaves of the fistic tree, of a grievous smell, fat and brickle and blackish green. But about the edges they are red as it were with little veins. It is always green. The bark is something reddish, bowing and tough. It bringeth furth after the manner of the turpentine tree, beside the berries, little pods within inward after the fashion of an horn where in is enclosed a clear moisture which in continuance of time is turned into little beasts, like unto them that come out of the pods of the elm and turpentine tree. All the hole tree hath an ill savor.

The hole Lentiscus tree hath a binding power, for the leaves, the boughs, the seed, the bark and the roots are all like in property. The sodden juice of it may be made thus. The leaves, the bark and the root are sodden in water, when they are sufficiently sodden and cooled afterwards, the leaves are caste away, the water is soddened again until it be as thick as honey. The mastic tree with his binding property is good against casting out of blood, against the come flux, and against the bloody flux, if it be drunken. It is good for the running out of blood from the mother and so the falling down of the mother and of the fundament. In all things it may be take in the steed of Acacia or Hypocistus. The juice of the broken leaves doth the same. The broth by laying it to in bathing fillet up hollow places and softened together the broken bones. It stopped fretting sores, it drives furth water. Is fastened the louse teeth, if they be washed with it. The green twigs are good to picket with all in the steed of sticks and straws and other toothpicks. There is an oil made of the seed, which is good to be used when anything had need of stopping or binding. The mastic tree bringeth furth a rosin which is called Lenticina or mastic, of the common sort Mastix or mastic. Mastic is good to be drunken of them that spit blood, for an old host or cough. It helped the stomach, but it maketh a man belch. If it be eaten it maketh a man’s breath savor well, it binds well together the gums that are to louse. The best and the greatest plenty of it growth in Chio or Sio as it is now called. The best is it that is clear and shins and is white as virgin wax is, brittle, well smelling and cracking: the green is not so good. Som uses to counterfeit mastic with frankincense and with the mixture of the rosin of a pineapple. Galene write thus of mastic. That which is white and common is called Chio or of Sio, is made almost of ij. contrary qualities, that is to wet of a binding and a softening property. And there for it is good for the inflammations of the stomach, gutters, and liver, as a thing that is hot and dry in the second degree.

Of the herbe called Lepidium or Dittani.

Lepidium is called in Englishe Dittani, but foulishe and unlearnedly, in Duche Pfefferkraut. That is peperwurt, because it is so excedynge hote, whiche name were more fitten in Englishe for thys herbe then the name of Dittani, that the name of Dittany might abyde proper unto the right Dittano, whiche begynneth now to be set and sowen in England. Dioscorides levyng out of the description of Lepidium, sayeth these wordes, gnorinion batinion est, that is to say, it is a well knowen herbelynge, which worde herbelyng semeth to prively warne uw that the herbe that Dioscorides meaneth of here, is rather Hiberis Democratis, then Lepidium. Pliny describeth his Lepidium thus. Exit in bicutalem altitudinem, foliijs laurinis, sed mollibus, Usus eius est, non sine lacte. Lepidium goeth up into the length of ii. cubites, hath leaves lyke bay leaves but softer. It must not be used without milk.

Thys description agreeth very well unto our Dittany. Paulus Aegineta calleth the herbe Hiberis, whiche Pliny calleth Lepidium as hys wordes here folowyng will bere witnes, 1n rotum hos (sayeth he) sanitati restituit, Iberidis herbe usus, quam lepidium, alij agrio Cardamum appellant. Quæ vero apud nos fruticosa nascitur, similibus lauri folijs & multo amplioribus, respondere, multa experimenta testantur. That is, the use of the herbe Iberis restoreth these men perfitly to theyr helth again, thys is called of som Lepidium of other agrio cardamum. But many experimentes or profes bere witnes that the bushy one that groweth with us, wich leues lyke bay leves but greater, answereth not only in the sciatica, but also in other diseases. Thys Lepidium that Pliny and Paul describe, groweth plentuously about the watersyde that rynneth thorow Morpeth in Northumberland, in suche places as great heapes of stones are casten together wyth the myght of a great spat or floode.

The vertues of Lepidium.

I nede not to write any more of the vertues of Lepidium that I have done before, seyngy Pliny and Paul gyve the same vertues to Lepidium that Democrates, Galene and Archigenes gyve unto Iberis. Therfore they that will know more of the vertues of Lepidium let them rede the chapter of Hiberis. The Germanes in som places take the iuice| te of thys herbe and menge it with vinegre and salt, and make a sauce there of for rosted fleshe as in Freseland, som make a sauce of redco for sodden eat.

Of the herb called Lepidium or Dittani. (Lepidium latifolium)

Lepidium is called in English Dittani, but foolish and unlearnedly, in German Pfefferkraut. That is pepperwort, because it is so exceeding hot, which name were more fit in English for this herb then the name of Dittani, that the name of Dittany might abide proper unto the right Dictamnus, which begins now to be set and sown in England. Dioscorides levying out of the description of Lepidium, sayeth these words, gnorinion batinion est, that is to say, it is a well-known herblyng, which word herblyng seem to privily warn you that the herb that Dioscorides meant of here, is rather Iberis Democratis, then Lepidium. Plini described his Lepidium thus. Exit in bicutalem altitudinem, foliijs laurinis, sed mollibus, Usus eius est, non sine lacte. Lepidium go up into the length of ii. cubits, hath leaves like bay leaves but softer. It must not be used without milk.

This description agreed very well unto our Dittany. Paulus Aegineta calleth the herb Iberis which Plini calleth Lepidium as his words here following will bear witness; in rotum hos (sayeth he) sanitati restituit, Iberidis herb usus, quam lepidium, alij agrio Cardamum appellant. Quæ vero apud nos fruticosa nascitur, similibus lauri folijs & multo amplioribus, respondere, multa experimenta testantur. That is, the use of the herb Iberis restoreth these men perfectly to their health again, this is called of some Lepidium of other agrio cardamum. But many experiments or profess beer witness that the bushy one that growth with us, which leaves like bay leaves but greater, answered not only in the sciatica, but also in other diseases. this Lepidium that Plini and Paul describe, growth plenteously about the waterside that rennet thorough Morpeth in Northumberland, in such places as great heaps of stones are caste together with the might of a great spat or flood.

The virtues of Lepidium.

I need not to write any more of the virtues of Lepidium that I have done before, seeing Plini and Paul gyve the same virtues to Lepidium that Democrates, Galene and Archigenes give unto Iberis. Therefore, they that will know more of the virtues of Lepidium let them rede the chapter of Iberis. The Germans in some places take the juice| of this herb and meng it with vinegar and salt and make a sauce thereof for roosted flesh as in Friesland, some make a sauce of Redco for sodden eat.

Of Rosmary.

Libanotis stephana matike, called in Latine Rosmarinus, is named in English Rosemari. Rosemari (as Dioscorides sayeth) putteth furth smal branches, and about them small leves, thyck, long, whyte in under, and grene above, with a strong savor.

Rosmary hath anyetyng nature. Rosmary heateth iaundes, if the broth or water that it is sodden, in, be dronken before a man exercyse hym self, and after that he hath exercised hym self, entre into a bath, and drynke unwatered wyne after. Men use to put Rosmari in medicines that drive werisummes away, and into the oyntment called Glencinum. The Arabianes as Serapio witnesseth, gyve these properties unto Rosmari. Rosmari is hote and drye in the thyrde degre, it is good for the colde reum that falleth from the brayn, it heateth and maketh fyne or subtil. It dryveth wynde away, stirreth a man to make water, and brynge down weomens floures, it openeth the stoppynges of the liver, of the milt and the bowelles. Tragus the Germany writeth that Rosemary is spice in the kitchines of Germany, and not without a cause, The wyne (sayeth he) of Rosmari taken of a woman, if she will fast iii. or iiii. hours after, is good for the payn in the mother, and agaynst the white floures if they come of any inwarde imposteme. It openeth the lung pipes, and it is good for them that are short wynded. It helpeth digestion, and withstandeth poyson. It stancheth the gnawyng ot the belly, it scoureth the blode, and if a man will go into a warm bed after that he hath dronken of it, it will make a man swete. If that Rosemary leves be sodden in wyne, they will do the same. The conserve made of the floures of Rosmari, is good for them that swoun, are week harted. The water of Rosemary as thes same Tragus wryteth, is good for them for horsenes have loste theyr speche. Rosemari is also good to withstand trymblyng of the members of dusines of the heade.

Of Rosmary. (Rosmarinus officinalis)

Libanotis stephana matike, called in Latine Rosmarinus, is named in English Rosemari. Rosemari (as Dioscorides sayeth) putted furth small branches and about them small leaves, thick, long, white in under and green above, with a strong savor.

Rosmary hath anything nature. Rosmary health jaundice, if the broth or water that it is sodden, in, be drunken before a man exercise himself and after that he hath exercised himself entre into a bath, and drink onwatered wine after. Men use to put Rosmari in medicines that drive worrisome away, and into the ointment called Glencinum. The Arabians as Serapio witnesseth, gyve these properties unto Rosmari. Rosmari is hot and dry in the third degree, it is good for the cold rheum that falleth from the brain, it heath and maketh fine or subtill. It drives wind away, stirred a man to make water and bring down women’s flowers, it opened the stoppings of the liver, of the milt and the bowels. Tragus the German write that Rosemary is spice in the kitchens of Germany and not without a cause. The wine (sayeth he) of Rosmari taken of a woman, if she will fast iii. or iiii. hours after, is good for the pain in the mother and against the white flowers if they come of any inward imposteme (pus). It opened the lung pipes, and it is good for them that are short winded. It helped digestion and withstood poison. It stanched the gnawing of the belly, it scoured the blood and if a man will go into a warm bed after that he hath drunken of it, it will make a man sweet. If that Rosemary leaves be sodden in wine, they will do the same. The conserve made of the flowers of Rosmari, is good for them that swoon, are week hearted. The water of Rosemary as the same Tragus write is good for them for hoarseness have lost their speech. Rosemari is also good to withstand trembling of the members of dustiness of the head.

Of the herbe called Ligusticum.

Ligusticum which some call Panaceam, and other Panaces, groweth muche in Liguria in the mount Apennine nere unto the alpes, where upon it hath the name. The inhabitantes there about call it not without a cause Panaces, because both in the roote and stalck, it is lyke Panaci heracleotic, hath the same vertues that it hath. It groweth in hygh and shad yor rough mountaynes, in shaddowy places, and specially about river, or as other textes have, about diches. It hath a small stalk full of ioyntes, lyke unto dill, and leves in the goyng about lyke unto Melilote, but softer, well smelling, smaller about the top, and much divided. In the top there is a bushy or a poky top, where in hengeth black sede found and somthyng long lyke unto fenel, sharpe in taste, in smellyng lyke ſpyce. The roote is white, and well smellyng like unto the roote of Panacis heracleotici. Thys herbe dyd I never se in England, nether in Germany, but it that I saw in Italy, was not lyke it, that Matthiolus setteth furth. For it that I saw, had leves thrise as byg as it that Matthiolus sheweth. There grew in it that I saw, all moste in every place thre leves together, which were lyke unto a kynd of lotus, or a claver, or a trifoly. As far as I can mark as yet, the herbe that I saw, agreeth better wyth the description, ten it that Matthiolus hath caused to be paynted, but let other that have sene the ryght Melilote, where of I mervel that Matthiolus hath not set out the figure as he doth of other herbes, which he granteth that he knoweth, be which of our two herbes is lyker unto Melilote, and let that be the ryghter herbe that hath the lyker leaves unto Melilote.

The vertues of Ligusticum.

The nature of the sede is to hete and to make rype. It is good for inward aches and swellynges, and for inflammationes/, specially of suche as have theyr stomack swellyng up. It remedieth styngyng of serpentes. In drynk it draweth down weomens sicknes, stirreth a man to make water. The root layd to, hath the same effect. It is very good for the mouth, wherefor the inhabiter there, where it growth, use it in the stede of peper, put it in meates.

Of the herb called Ligusticum. (Ligusticum mutellina)

Ligusticum which some call Panaceam, and other Panaces, growth much in Liguria in the mount Apennine near unto the Alpes, where upon it hath the name. The inhabitants there about call it not without a cause Panaces, because both in the root and stalk it is like Panaci Herakleotic, hath the same virtues that it hath. It growth in high and shadow rough mountains, in shadowy places and specially about river, or as other texts have, about diches. It hath a small stalk full of joints, like unto dill, and leaves in the going about like unto Melilote, but softer, well smelling, smaller about the top, and much divided. In the top there is a bushy or a poky top, where in hang black seed found and something long like unto fennel, sharp in taste, in smelling like spice. The root is white and well smelling like unto the root of Panacis Herakleotic. This herb did I never see in England, nether in Germany, but it that I saw in Italy, was not like it, that Matthiolus set furth. For it that I saw had leaves thrice as big as it that Matthiolus shew. There grew in it that I saw, almost in every place three leaves together, which were like unto a kind of lotus, or a clover, or a trifolia. As far as I can mark as yet, the herb that I saw agreed better with the description it that Matthiolus hath caused to be painted, but let other that have seen the right Melilote, where of I marvel that Matthiolus hath not set out the figure as he doth of other herbs, which he granted that he know it be which of our two herbs is liker unto Melilote, and let that be the righter herb that hath the liker leaves unto Melilote.

The virtues of Ligusticum.

The nature of the seed is too hot and to make ripe. It is good for inward aches and swellings and for inflammations, specially of such as have their stomach swelling up. It remedied stinging of serpents. In drink it draweth down women’s sickness, stirred a man to make water. The root laid to hath the same effect. It is very good for the mouth, wherefor the inhabited there, where it growth, use it in the steed of pepper, put it in meats.

Of Lyver wurt.

Lichen, which which comenly groweth upon stones, is also called bryon, it cleveth unto watery stones, or such as at the leste are somtyme sprinkled wyth water as a mosse. The colour is for the moste parte grene, but somtyme yelowishe grene, namely if the place be dryed where it groweth. To thys description agreeth well the herbe which is called in Englishe Liverwurte, in Duch Stein leberrkraut or Brunleberkraut, in frenche Hepatique, of the apothecaries hepatica. If ny man can not know thys Liverworth by thys shorte description, let hym know it also by these markes. It rynneth lyke a grene lefe not only upon stones, but also upon a moyst ground, wyth certayn bellishe sellynges, above the rest of the lefe. There groweth out of it a certayn litle twig, lyke as it were a stalke, in the top where of are litle thynges like sterres. At the first sight the hole herbe loketh lyke unto a lefe of the crympled lettuce.

The vertues of Liverwurt.

If Liverwurt be laid to, it stoppeth or holdeth back inflammations or burnynge where with the places begyn to swell. It is good remedy against the foul skurfe of the skin. If it be layd to with hony it heleth the iandes, and it stoppeth the flowynges of humores that vexe the tong and the mouthe. Tragus writeth that liverwurt sodden in wine is good for the diseases of the liver and longes, and that the pouder of it taken wyth sugar, is good for the same, and it is muche better then the come people thynketh, agaynst great hetes and burnynges.

Of liver wurt. (Marchantia polymorpha)

Lichen, which commonly growth upon stones is also called Bryon, it cleft unto watery stones or such as at the lest are sometime sprinkled with water as a moss. The color is for the most part green, but sometime yellowish green, namely if the place be dried where it growth. To this description agreed well the herb, which is called in English Liverwurte, in Duch Stein leberrkraut or Brunleberkraut, in French Hepatique, of the apothecary’s hepatica. If any man cannot know this Liverwort by this short description, let him know it also by these marks. It rennet like a green leaf not only upon stones, but also upon a moist ground, with certain bellish swellings, above the rest of the leaf. Their growth out of it a certain little twig, like as it were a stalk, in the top where of are little things like star’s. At the first sight the hole herb looked like unto a leaf of the crimpled lettuce.

The virtues of Liverwort.

If Liverwort be laid to, it stopped or hold back inflammations or burning where with the places begin to swell. It is good remedy against the foul scurf of the skin. If it be laid to with honey it health the jaundice and it stopped the flowing’s of humors that vex the tong and the mouth. Tragus write that liverwort sodden in wine is good for the diseases of the liver and lunges and that the powder of it taken with sugar is good for the same and it is much better than the common people think against great hots and burnings.

Of the litle tre called Ligustrum or Cypros.

Cypros (as Dioscorides sayeth) is a tre wyth leves, about the bowes, lyke unto the leaves of an olive tre, but broder, softer and grener. It hath white floures, mossy, or as som bookes have growyng thyck tgether lyke clusters. The fruite is black lyke older berries. The leaves have a certayn byndyng them. Thys description as I think and iudge wyth the herbe, which is called in Latine Ligustrum, in Englishe prynt or pryvet, in Duche Beinholtzlin, in Frenche troesne. But the Massarinus Venetus in hys boke that he writeth of fishes, denieth styffy, tht Cypros is Ligustrum. But hys reasons that he bryngeth to prove hys purpose with al; are not so stronge, but that the may be confused. Hys first argument is thys. Both Dioscorides and Pliny make Cyprum a strange tree, and assigne to it far and strange countress to grow in, as in Canope, in Ascalone, and in Egypt. But Ligustrum groweth euvry where, therefore Ligustrum is not Cypros. First Massarius sayeth not truely in sayng that Dioscorides and Pliny make Cyros a strange tre. If he meane by sayng so that they meant, that it grew not in theyr countrees. For allthough Dioscorides sayeth that the best Cypros groweth in Canope, and in Ascalone: yet it foloweth not, that Dioscorides denyeth that there is any Cypros growyng in Grecia or in Italy. The same Dioscorides wryteth that the best Iris groweth in Illyrico and in Macedonia: doth it folow therefore that he sayeth that Iris groweth nowhere els but in Illyrico and in Macedonia. Thys first argument therefore as ye se, is of no effect. And where as he sayeth, that Pliny maketh Cyprum a strange or foren tre, which groweth not in Italy: he reporteth not truely of Pliny, for Plinies wordes of Cypros are these: Ligustrum eadem arbor est quæ in oriente Cypros. Ligustrum is the same tre that Cypros is in the East.H ow shal a man then — that Pliny sayeth, that there is no Cypros in Italy, when as he hearde that Ligustrum is the same tre that Cypros is in the Easte, then if Ligustrum and Cypros be all one as he sayeth: then, when as Ligustrum groweth in Italy, then groweth also there Cypros. But Massarius expoundeth these wordes: Ligustrum is the same tre that is Cyprus in the Easte, after thys maner: Ye must understand that where Pliny sayeth the same: that thys worde the same, is as muche to say as the same in lyknes. For if he would that Cypros should have bene Ligustrum, he would not have sayde in the xii. booke, Cypros is a tre in Egypt wyth leaves of jujuba, when as Ligustrum groweth every where in Italy. Nether doth he hold in that place, that Cypros is Ligustrum, where he sayeth: Quidam dicunt Cyprum esse arborem, quæ in Italia Ligustrum vocatur. Some sap that Cyprus is the tre whiche is called in Italy Ligustrum. These be hy argumentes where

with he would have proved that Cypros and Ligustrum were not all one. But to answer unto to hys reasons, I aske ot fym or any other that holdeth hys opinion, where or in what place Theophraste, Dioscorides or Pliny, or any other good writers of herbes, used any such phrase or maner of speakyng as thys. The lefe of Betony is an oke lefe of the lefe of veruyn is an oke lefe, because the oke leaves are lyke unto the leaves of veruyn and betony. Who dyd ever say that an ape was a man, because he is lyke unto a man? surely that I remember, I have not red any suche phrase in Pliny nether in any other good autor. But what if thys where a ryfe phrase in Pliny, yet for all that, it should not folow in this place that eadem should betoken lyke. And that shall I prove by thys reasone. Ye grant that Ligustrum is very lyke Cypros, and so lyke that the one may be named wyth the others names, because they be so lyke. Then if Ligustrum have also the properties of Cypros as it hath. The perfit likewise, where in differeth the one from the other, when as they agre in all poyntes both in lyknes and in vertues. But Pliny gyveth the same vertues unto Ligustro that Dioscorides gyveth unto Cypro: rede the places in the forsayde autores, and ye shal fynde that I say true. Wherefore syng that Ligustrum is Cypros both in lyknes and in vertues, the interpretation of Massarins is not to be alowed. And as for the meanyng of these wordes of Pliny, Ligustrum is the same tre that Cypros is in the Easte, it hath hys properties, uses and commodites in Europa etc. Me thynke, that thys is the ryght understandyng of them. The tre that is called in the Easte Cypros, is called Ligustrum in Italy. But allthough Cypros in the East be much stronger in operation, yet our Ligustrum is not alltogether without vertue in it hath these vertues folowyngs, whiche in dede Dioscoides as I sayd before geveth unto Cypro. But yet I must answer to an other reason that Massarius maketh, which is thys: If Pliny had meant that Cypros had bene Ligustrum, then wold he not have sayde in the xy. booke, Cypros is a tre in Egypt, when as Ligustrum groweth every where in Italy. Tho whome I answere, by thys question, in what book writeth Pliny that Ligustrum is Cypros? writeth he not so in the xxiv. booke? Thys ones grannted that Cypros is Ligustrum, and that Ligustrum groweth in Italy, I trow when as Pliny holdeth both these sentences, that he gathereth not truely of Pliny that he should mean that Cypros were not to be found in Italy.

Pliny in the same place where he sayeth that Cypros is a tre in Egypt, he

sayeth also: Quidam hanc esse dicunt arborem quæ in Italia Ligustrum vocetur.

Some say that thys is the tre which is called in Italy Ligustrum. Then when as to saye that Cypros is in Egypt, is not to deny that it is in Italy and to alledge that som men say that Cyros is the tre which is called in Italy Ligustrum is much lesse to deny that Ligustrum is in Italy: thys reasone of Massarius is found to be as weke as hys former argumentes be. If that any aske of me how chanceth that Pliny semeth to dout in the xij, booke wheter Cypros be Ligustrum or no, and that in the xxiii.. he pronunceth and gyveth sentence of it that he semeth to dout of before. I answer that Pliny when as he wrote the xij. Booke, douted wheter Cypros was Ligustrum or no, ether because he had heard it so to be ether of som uncertayn reporte, or had red it in som autor, whose autorite deserved not full credit, an when he wrote a good season after warde the xxiif. Booke, he had in the mean tyme learned of credible and learned men, or red in credit worthy autores, that Cypros was Ligustrum. Betwene the twelft booke and the xxiij, ten bookes are conteyned, and some one booke conteyned in printe ix. large shetes of papyr: hat tyme will a resonable man give unto Pliny for the studying settyng in order, and wrytyng of these x. bookes? If ye grant hym a moneth for every booke to it, as ye can grant hym no lesse; seyng that he was the admirall or chefe rueler of the Emperoures Navi, and so cumbred with many besinesses which belonged unto hys office ye must grant that in the pace of x. monethes Pliny myght not only have learned the certayne of Cyros but of many other thynges where of he was uncertain before thys ought to trouble no man that Pliny in hys later booke dath hold boldly, it where of in hys former booke, he was doutfull. The other reasones of Massarius I passe over as so weik that even the yong studentes of Phisick are able inoughe to confus by them selves. These reasones I thought that it was mete, that I should answere to lest any mi by redyng of Massarius Venetus, who writeth learnedly of fihhes, should by his argumentes rꝛing hym from the truth, which Ruellius. Fuchsius, and Matthiolus defend, in holding that Cypros is Ligustrum. Pryvet growth very plentuously, in Cambrich in the shyre in the hedges, and almoste in every gardin in London.

The vertues of Privet.

The leaves have a byndyng nature, wherefore they are good to be chowed in the mouth to hele the sores of it. It they be layd to emplaster wyse are good against greate burnynges or inflammationes and carbuncles. Whatsoever thing is burned with the fire, may be healed with the broth of Privet leves. The flour of Privet layd unto the forheade, swageth the ache therof. The oyle of Privet, heateth and softeneth the synewes if it be menged with those thynges that are of an hote nature.

Of the little tree called Ligustrum or Cypros. (Ligustrum vulgare)

Cypros (as Dioscorides sayeth) is a tree with leaves, about the bows,

like unto the leaves of an olive tree, but brooder, softer and greener. It hath white flowers, mossy, or as some books have growing thick together like clusters. The fruit is black like older berries. The leaves have a certain binding them. This description as I think and judge with the herb, which is called in Latine Ligustrum, in English print or privet, in German Beinholtzlin, in French troesne. But the Massarinus Venetus in his book that he writes of fishes denied stuffy that Cypros (is Lawsonia inermis) is Ligustrum. But his reasons that he brength to prove his purpose with al; are not so strong, but that they may be confused. His first argument is this. Both Dioscorides and Plini make Cypros a strange tree and assigned to it far and strange countries to grow in, as in Canope, in Ascalon, and in Egypt. But Ligustrum growth everywhere, therefore Ligustrum is not Cypros. First Massarius sayeth not truly in saying that Dioscorides and Plini make Cy pros a strange tree. If he means by saying so that they meant, that it grew not in their countries. For although Dioscorides sayeth that the best Cypros growth in Canope, and in Ascalon: yet it followed not that Dioscorides denied that there is any Cypros growing in Grecia or in Italy. The same Dioscorides write that the best Iris growth in Illyricum and in Macedonia: doth it follows therefore that he sayeth that Iris growth nowhere ells but in Illyricum and in Macedonia. this first argument therefore as ye see, is of no effect. And where as he sayeth, that Plini maketh Cypros a strange or foreign tree which growth not in Italy: he reported not truly of Plini, for Plinius words of Cypros are these: Ligustrum eadem arbor est quæ in oriente Cypros. Ligustrum is the same tree that Cypros is in the East. How shall a man then that Plini sayeth that there is no Cypros in Italy, when as he heard that Ligustrum is the same tree that Cypros is in the East, then if Ligustrum and Cypros be all one as he sayeth: then, when as Ligustrum growth in Italy, then growth also there Cypros. But Massarius expounded these words: Ligustrum is the same tree that is Cypros in the East, after this manner: Ye must understand that where Plini sayeth the same: that this word the same is as much to say as the same in likeness. For if he would that Cypros should have bene Ligustrum, he would not have said in the xii. book Cypros is a tree in Egypt with leaves of jujuba, when as Ligustrum growth everywhere in Italy. Nether doth he holds in that place, that Cypros is Ligustrum, where he sayeth: Quidam dicunt Cyprum esse arborem, quæ in Italia Ligustrum vocatur. Some say that Cypros is the tree which is called in Italy Ligustrum. These be he arguments wherewith he would have proved that Cypros and Ligustrum were not all one. But to answer unto to his reasons, I ask of him or any other that hold his opinion, where or in what place Theophrastus, Dioscorides or Plini or any other good writers of herbs used any such phrase or manner of speaking as this. The leaf of Betony is an oak leaf of the leaf of vervain is an oak leaf, because the oak leaves are like unto the leaves of vervain and betony. Who did ever say that an ape was a man, because he is like unto a man? surely that I remember, I have not read any such phrase in Plini nether in any other good author. But what if this where a rife phrase in Plini, yet for all that, it should not follow in this place that eadem should betoken like. And that shall I prove by this reason. Ye grant that Ligustrum is very like Cypros, and so like that the one may be named with the other names because they be so like. Then if Ligustrum have also the properties of Cypros as it hath. The perfect likewise where in differed the one from the other when as they agree in all points both in likeness and in virtues. But Plini give the same virtues unto Ligustrum that Dioscorides gives unto Cypros: read the places in the forayed authors and ye shall find that I say true. Wherefore seeing that Ligustrum is Cypros both in likeness and in virtues, the interpretation of Massarins is not to be allowed. And as for the meaning of these words of Plini, Ligustrum is the same tree that Cypros is in the East, it hath his properties, uses and commodities in Europa etc. Me think, that this is the right understanding of them. The tree that is called in the East Cypros is called Ligustrum in Italy. But although Cypros in the East be much stronger in operation, yet our Ligustrum is not altogether without virtue in it hath these virtues followings, which indeed Dioscorides as I said before give unto Cypros. But yet I must answer to another reason that Massarius maketh, which is this: If Plini had meant that Cypros had been Ligustrum, then would he not have said in the xy. book Cypros is a tree in Egypt, when as Ligustrum growth everywhere in Italy. Tho whom I answer by this question, in what book write Plini that Ligustrum is Cypros? write he not so in the xxiv. book? this one granted that Cypros is Ligustrum, and that Ligustrum growth in Italy, I true when as Plini held both these sentences, that he gathered not truly of Plini that he should mean that Cypros were not to be found in Italy.

Pliny in the same place where he sayeth that Cypros is a tree in Egypt, he

sayeth also: Quidam hanc esse dicunt arborem quæ in Italia Ligustrum vocetur.

Some say that this is the tree which is called in Italy Ligustrum. Then when as to say that Cypros is in Egypt, is not to deny that it is in Italy and to allege that some men say that Cyros is the tree which is called in Italy Ligustrum is much lesser to deny that Ligustrum is in Italy: this reason of Massarius is found to be as week as his former arguments be. If that any ask of me how chanced that Plini seem to doubt in the xij, book whether Cypros be Ligustrum or no, and that in the xxiii. he pronounced and gave sentence of it that he seems to doubt of before. I answer that Plini when as he wrote the xij. book doubted whether Cypros was Ligustrum or no, ether because he had heard it so to be ether of some uncertain report or had read it in some author, whose authority deserved not full credit, and when he wrote a good season afterward the xxiii. book he had in the meantime learned of credible and learned men or read in credit worthy authors that Cypros was Ligustrum. Between the twelfth book and the xxiij, ten books are contained and someone book contained in print ix. large sheets of paper: hat time will a reasonable man give unto Plini for the studying setting in order and writing of these x. books? If ye grant him a month for every book to it, as ye can grant him no lesser; seeing that he was the admiral or chef ruler of the Emperors Navi and so cumbered with many businesses which belonged unto his office ye must grant that in the pace of x. months Plini might not only have learned the certain of Cypros but of many other things where of he was uncertain before this ought to trouble no man that Plini in his later book doth hold boldly, it where off in his former book, he was doubtful. The other reasons of Massarius I passe over as so weak that even the young students of Physic are able enough to confuse by themselves. These reasons I thought that it was mete, that I should answer to lest any mi by reading of Massarius Venetus who write learnedly of fishes, should by his arguments rising him from the truth, which Ruellius. Fuchsius and Matthiolus defend, in holding that Cypros is Ligustrum. Privet growth very plenteously, in Cambridge shire in the hedges and almost in every garden in London.

The virtues of Privet.

The leaves have a binding nature, wherefore they are good to be chowen in the mouth to hele the sores of it. It they be laid to plaster wise are good against great burnings or inflammations and carbuncles. Whatsoever thing is burned with the fire may be healed with the broth of Privet leaves. The flour of Privet laid unto the forehead swaged the ache thereof. The oil of Privet heath and softened the sinews if it be menged with those things that are of a hot nature.

Of the Lily.

Lilium is called in Greke Krinon or Lirion, in Englishe a Lily, in Duche wysz Lilgen or Gilgen, in Frenche du Lis. The Lily hath a longe stalk and seldom more then one, how be it it hath somtyme ii. It is ii. or ii. cubites hyghe. It hath longe leves and somthyng of the fashion of the great satyrion. The flour is excedyng white, and it hath the forme or fasshion of a long quiver, that is to say thatl at the one end, and byg at the other. The leves of the floures are full of crestes. The overmost endes of the leves bowe a litle back warde, and from the lowest parte within, come furth small yellow thynges lyke thredes, of an other smell then the floures are of. The roote is round, and one pece groweth hard to an other allmoste after the maner of the roote of Garleke, but that the clowes in the Lily are broder. There is also a redish purple colored Lily besyde the white, where of Dioscorides also maketh mention.

The vertues and properties of the Lily.

The oyntment made of Lilies softeneth the synewes and also very well the hardnes of the mother. The leves of the herbe layd to, are good agaynst the stynging of serpentes. The same made hote, are good for places that burned. If they be layd up, and seasoned in vinegre, they heale woundes. The iuice sodden with hony or vinegre in a brasen vessel, is a good medicine for olde sores and for grene woundes. The roote rosted and broken wyth rose oyle, healeth places burned wyth the fyre. It softeneth the mother. It bringeth weomen theyr despred sicknes. It covereth woundes of the skin. If it be broken and brused with hony, it healeth out synewes, places out of ioynte. It healeth scurfynes, sctales, scabbes and Lepres, it scoureth away the rynning sores in the heade. It scoureth the face and taketh away the wrynkles. It is good to be brayed wyth the leves of henbayn, whete mele, in vinegre to swage the inflammation or burnyng heat of the stones. The sede dronken is a remedy agaynst the bytynge of serpentes. The leves and the sede are good to be layde unto the cholerik inflammation called Erysipelas.

Of the Lily. (Lilium candidum)

Lilium is called in Greek Krinon or Lirion, in English a Lily, in German wysz Lilgen or Gilgen, in French du Lis. The Lily hath a long stalk and seldom more than one, how be it, it hath sometime ii. It is ii. or ii. cubits high. It hath long leaves and something of the fashion of the great Satyrium. The flour is exceeding white and it hath the form or fashion of a long quiver, that is to say that at the one end and big at the other. The leaves of the flowers are full of crests. The over most ends of the leaves bow a little backward and from the lowest part within come furth small yellow things like threads of another smell then the flowers are of. The root is round and one-piece growth hard to another almost after the manner of the root of garlic, but that the cloves in the Lily are brooder. There is also a reddish-purple colored Lily beside the white, where of Dioscorides also maketh mention.

The virtues and properties of the Lily.

The ointment made of Lilies softened the sinews and also very well the hardness of the mother. The leaves of the herb laid to, are good against the stinging of serpents. The same made hot, are good for places that burned. If they be laid up, and seasoned in vinegar, they heal wounds. The juice sodden with honey or vinegar in a brazen vessel is a good medicine for olde sores and for green wounds. The root roosted and broken with rose oil; health places burned with the fire. It softened the mother. It bringeth women their despised sickness. It covered wounds of the skin. If it be broken and bruised with honey, it health out sinews, places out of joint. It health scurf, scales, scabbles and Lepers, it scoured away the running sores in the head. It scoured the face and taketh away the wrinkles. It is good to be brayed with the leaves of henbane, white mele, in vinegar to swage the inflammation or burning heat of the stones. The seed drunken is a remedy against the biting of serpents. The leaves and the seed are good to be laide unto the choleric inflammation called Erysipelas.

Of the herbe called Limonium.

Limonium hath leves like unto a bete, but thyneber and longer, ten in number, and oft tymes, more then a thyme stalck, and streyght lyke unto a lily. It is full of red byndyng sede. Some learned men hold that the herbe called pyrola, or the lyknes that it hath wyth a pere tre lefe, and in Duche Wintergruene, is the ryght Limonium. But pyrola hath not leves longer then a bete, nether x. or more together. Other holde, that bistorta is Limonium, but nether the leves are like betes leves, nether hath it such a stalck, as can ryghtly be compared unto a lilies stalck. But he shoulde use ether of both these for Limonio, he shuld not do amise. For all though they differ from Limonio in lyknes, yet they agre well it in properties. Matthiolus setteth furth ij. figures of Limonium, but the former hath not a stalck lyke a lily, wherfore it can not be Limonium. And as for the second, allthough it agreeth merely well wyth the description, I can not tell whether it be Limonium or no, because he telleth not whether the sede be byndyng or no. If he wold have taught the Italiane name of it, perchance som of us that here after shall go into Italy, myght spere it out and fynd it by that name. But now have we nothyng to help us wyth al, savyng only the figure wherefore we shal come more handly by the knowledge of hys Limonium.

The vertues of Limonium.

The sede of Limonium broken and dronken in wyne, in the mesure of ij. unces or thereabout, is good agaynst all kyndes of flyxes, both blody flixes or other. And the same is good for the blody isshue that weomen are som tyme vexed wyth all.

Of the herb called Limonium. (Limonium sinuatum?)

Limonium hath leaves like unto a beet, but thinner and longer, ten in number, and oft times more than a tine stalk and straight like unto a lily. It is full of red binding seed. Some learned men hold that the herb called Pyrola of the likeness that it hath with a pear tree leaf, and in German Wintergruene, is the right Limonium. But Pyrola hath not leaves longer than a beet, nether x. or more together. Other hold that bistorta is Limonium, but neither the leaves are like beets leaves, nether hath it such a stalk, as can rightly be compared unto a lilies stalk. But he should use ether of both these for Limonium, he should not do mis. For all though they differ from Limonium in likeness, yet they agree well it in properties. Matthiolus set furth ij. figures of Limonium, but the former hath not a stalk like a lily, wherefore it cannot be Limonium. And as for the second, although it agreed merely well with the description, I cannot tell whether it be Limonium or no, because he tells not whether the seed be binding or no. If he would have taught the Italiane name of it, perchance some of us that here after shall go into Italy, might spere it out and find it by that name. But now have we nothing to help us with al, saving only the figure wherefore we shall come more handy by the knowledge of his Limonium.

The virtues of Limonium.

The seed of Limonium broken and drunken in wine, in the measure of ij. once’s or thereabout, is good against all kinds of fluxes, both bloody fluxes or other. And the same is good for the bloody issue that women are sometime vexed with all.

Of the herbe called Flax or line:

Flax is an herbe wyth a small stalk, where upon grow many smal leves, somthyng long and sharpe at the ende. It de hath blue floures in the top of the stalk, and after that they be gone, ther come furth round knop, that ther is in the end a sharp thyng lyke a prick growyng out. These knoppes or heades are called in Northumberland bowles, and wythin these heades are long flat leves in color redishe, and elche sede is conteyned in hys proper ceil divyded from the rest. The roote is very smal. Flax which is called of the Northen men lynt, in Duche Flachs, in Frenche Du lyne, in Greke Linon, and in Latin Linum, growth very plentuously in the North parte of England, and should grow as plentuousli also in the South parte, if men regarded not more theyr privat lucre then the kynges Lawes and the comen profit of the hole realm, I have sene flax or lynt growyng wilde in Sommerset shyre wythin a myle of Welles, but it hath fewer bowles in the top then the sowen flax hath, and a greate dele a longer s,alk. Whiche thynges are a sure token that flax would grow there if men would take the payn to sow it.

The vertues of Lint sede.

Lint sede hath the same vertue that Fenegrek hath. It scattereth abrode or dryveth away. It softeneth any thyng that is inflammed or very hote, hath any hardnes, whether it be with in, or without, if it be sodden wyth hony-oyl, and a litle water, on if it be put into sodden hony. When it is raw, it taketh away the defautes of the face and frekle, and litle swellynges there, if it be layd to emplaſter wyse wyth nitre or salpeter and asshes of a fygtre. It dryveth away swellynges behinde the eares, hardnes and rynnyng sores. And if it be sodden wyth wyne it scoureth away rynnynge sores, whose matter is lyke hony. It pulleth away roughe nayles with a like portione of cresses and hony. It draweth furth the diseases of the breste, if it be taken with hony in the maner of an electuari, it swageth the coughe. If it be taken in a cake plentuously with peper, it will stirr men to generation of chylder. The broth of lynt sede is good to be poured in, agaynst the gnawynges, and goyng of the skin both of the guttes and also of the mother. It bryngeth alsoo furth the ordur or dung of the belly. It is good for weomen to sit in water where in lynt sede is sodden against the inlammationes and hete of the mother I have red in a practictoner, that vj. unces of lynt sede oyle a good remedy against the pestilence if it be dronken all at one tyme. In other practicioners I rede that the oyle of lint sede is good for to be dronken about the mesure of two or ij. unces with barley water agaynst the pleuresi. But let the oyle be freshe in anywise, for if it be old, it is unwholsom, and not to be take within the body.

Of the herb called Flax or line. (Linum usitatissimum)

Flax is an herb with a small stalk where upon grow many small leaves, something long and sharp at the end. It hath blue flowers in the top of the stalk and after that they be gone there come furth round knop, that there is in the end a sharp thing like a prick growing out. These knops or heads are called in Northumberland bowles, and within these heads are long flat leaves in color radish, and each seed is contained in his proper ceil divided from the rest. The root is very small. Flax which is called of the Northen men lynt, in German Flachs, in French Du lyne, in Greek Linon, and in Latin Linum, growth very plenteously in the North part of England and should grow as plenteously also in the South part if men regarded not more their private lucre then the kings Lawes and the conmen profit of the hole realm, I have seen flax or lint growing wild in Sommerset shire within a mile of Welles, but it hath fewer bowls in the top then the sown flax hath, and a great deal a longer stalk. Which things are a sure token that flax would grow there if men would take the pain to sow it.

The virtues of Lint seed.

Lint seed hath the same virtue that Fenugreek hath. It scattered abroad or drive away. It softened anything that is inflamed or very hot, hath any hardness, whether it be within, or without, if it be sodden with honey, oil and a little water, on if it be put into sodden honey. When it is raw, it taketh away the defaults of the face and freckles and little swellings there, if it be laid to plaster wise with niter or saltpeter and ashes of a fig tree. It drives away swellings behind the ears, hardness and running sores. And if it be sodden with wine, it scoured away running sores, whose matter is like honey. It pulled away rough nails with a like portion of cresses and honey. It draweth furth the diseases of the breast if it be taken with honey in the manner of an electuarië, it swaged the cough. If it be taken in a cake plenteously with pepper, it will stir men to generation of children. The broth of lint seed is good to be poured in against the gnawing’s and going of the skin both of the gutters and also of the mother. It brength also furth the ordure or dung of the belly. It is good for women to sit in water where in lint seed is sodden against the inflammations and hot of the mother. I have red in a practitioner, that vj. once’s of lint seed oil a good remedy against the pestilence if it be drunken all at one time. In other practitioners I read that the oil of lint seed is good for to be drunken about the measure of two or ij. once’s with barley water against the pleurisy. But let the oil be fresh in anywise, for if it be old, it is unwholesome and not to be taken within the body.

Of Grummel or gray mile.

Lithospermon is called of the commen herbaries and apothecaries milium solis, in Duch steinsamen, in Frenche gremil, and it should be called in English gray mile and not as it is now called grummell, it is called milium of the herbaries, and in Freche mil, and also in Englishe, because in forme and fashion is like the yelow sede, which is called in Latin milium and it is called gray mil of the ble wish gray color: that it hath, to put a difference betwene it, and the other mile or millet. The Duche men gyve the name of the hardnes of the sede which is lyke unto a stone hardnes.

The description of Lithospermon out of Dioscorides.

Lithospermon hath leves lyke unto an Olive, but longer and broder and softer, namely they that come furth of the roote and lye upon the grounde. The branches are streyght, small, strong and of the bygnes of a sharp rishe and woddishe. And in the top of them is ther a double furthgrowyng, or a double thing, growing out, and ech of the is lyke a stalck with long leves, and by them is there a stony sede, litle and rounde of the bygnes of Orobus. It groweth in rough and hygh places. Matthiolus supposeth that Fuchsius doth not know the ryght Lithospermon of Dioscorides, because he setteth out, as he sayeth the lesse milium solis for Lithospermo. As for my parte I grant that there groweth a better kynde of Lithospermon vii. myles above Bone in Germany in a wild countre called Kaltland, then thys commen Lithospermon called commenly milium solis is. But it had ben Matthiolus denity to have proved by the description of Dioscorides or by some parte of it, at the lesse, that milium solis that Fuchsius setteth furth, is not the true Lithospermon, and then myght he have layd ignorance unto Euchsiusses charge the better. But in my iudgment Matthiolus is more ignorant of the true Lithospermy, then Fuchsius is: for it that he setteth furth, doth nether agre with the description of Dioscoridis, nor yet of Pliny. The herbe that Matthiolus setteth out he myght have set out the best Lithospermon, and the hole perfit her be with all his partes, seyng that he maketh Lithospermon so commenly knowen unto all men in Italy, hath but two small stalkes where upon the leves ansdsedes grow, and they are set out, not streyght but crooked, and bowyng diverse wayes. Lithospermon of Dioscorides hath diverse branches that are ryght or streyght. The two furth growynges that Dioscorides sayeth, are in the toppes of the branches, can not be sene in it that Matthiolus setteth furth. The leves of Lithospermon that Dioscorides describeth are longer and broder then an Olive tre leves, namely they that are next unto grounde. But the leves of it that Matthiolu ssetteth furt, semeth a lyke long and brode in all places of the stalck or twyg they grow on, resemble very litle an Olive lefe as any may knoweth an olive lefe can bere witnes. The Lithospermon of Dioscorides hath sede in the top, fur Dioscorides saieth. In ramulorum cacumine duplex est exortus cauliculo similis, folijs longis, inter quæ parvum semen, &c. But the Lithospermo that Matthiolus paynteth hath the sedes even from the root allmoste unto the overmost top of all. Where fore Matthiolus accusyng Fuchsius of an error, erreth in Lithospermo much more hys selfe. If he say, he setteth furth Lithospermon, Pliny, then he granteth by sayng so, that he knoweth no more the ryght Lithospermon Dioscorides, then Fuchsius lately checked for ignorance doth: for it is evident that the Lithospermo of Dioscorides and Pliny are two diverse herbes. But the lithospermon that Matthiolus paynteth, doth not agre with it that Pliny describeth, for it that Pliny describeth, hath leves twyſe as byg as rue leves and diverse twyggy branches, and certayn thinges lyke litle berdes, in whose toppes it hath litle stones, of the bignes of ciches. Then when as it that Matthiolus paynteth, hath leves six tymes as byg as rue leves and no twyggy branches, nether any thinges lyke litle berdes in whose/ toppes litle stones do grow of the bignes of a ciche, (for the appere to be many partes lesse) he herb that Matthiolus setteth furth, is not Lithospermon Pliny. We have in England growyng among the corne an herbe in all poyntes lyke unto it, that Matthiolus setteth furthe. But that kynd doth no man that I have sene, take for the ryght Lithospermo, but for a bastard kynde of it.

The vertues of Lithospermon or gray mill.

The sede of Lithospermy hath this property, that if it be dronken with whyt wine, it breaketh the stone and driveth furth water. Autores wryte that it breketh chefely the stone in the blader if it be broken small and dronken with wyne,

Of Grummel or gray mile. (Lithospermum officinale, Lithospermum arvense or now Buglossoides arvensis)

Lithospermum is called of the common herbarizes and apothecaries milium solis, in Duch steinsamen, in French gremil, and it should be called in English gray mile and not as it is now called grummell, it is called milium of the herbarizes and in Frenche mil and also in English, because in form and fashion is like the yellow seed, which is called in Latin milium and it is called gray mil of the blueish gray color: that it hath, to put a difference between it and the other mile or millet. The German men give the name of the hardness of the seed which is like unto a stone hardness.

The description of Lithospermum out of Dioscorides.

Lithospermum hath leaves like unto an Olive, but longer and brooder and softer, namely they that come furth of the root and lye upon the ground. The branches are straight, small, strong and of the bigness of a sharp rise and woods. And in the top of them is there a double furth growing or a double thing growing out and each of the is like a stalk with long leaves, and by them is there a stony seed, little and round of the bigness of Orobus. It growth in rough and high places. Matthiolus supposed that Fuchsius doth not know the right Lithospermum of Dioscorides, because he set out, as he sayeth the lesser milium solis for Lithospermum. As for my part I grant that their growth a better kind of Lithospermum vii. miles above Bonn in Germany in a wild country called Kaltland, then this common Lithospermum called commonly milium solis. But it had ben Matthiolus deny to have proved by the description of Dioscorides or by some part of it at the lesser that milium solis that Fuchsius set furth is not the true Lithospermum and then might he have laid ignorance unto Fuchsius charge the better. But in my judgment Matthiolus is more ignorant of the true Lithospermum then Fuchsius is: for it that he set furth doth nether agree with the description of Dioscoridis, nor yet of Plini. The herb that Matthiolus set out he might have set out the best Lithospermum and the hole perfect her be with all his partes, seeing that he maketh Lithospermum so commonly known unto all men in Italy, hath but two small stalks where upon the leaves and seeds grow and they are set out, not straight but crooked, and bowing diverse ways. Lithospermum of Dioscorides hath diverse branches that are right or straight. The two furth growing’s that Dioscorides sayeth are in the tops of the branches cannot be seen in it that Matthiolus set furth. The leaves of Lithospermum that Dioscorides described are longer and brooder then an Olive tree leaves, namely they that are next unto the ground. But the leaves of it that Matthiolus set furth seem a like long and brood in all places of the stalk or twig they grow on, resemble very little an Olive leaf as any may know an olive leaf can beer witness. The Lithospermum of Dioscorides hath seed in the top, fur Dioscorides sayd. In ramulorum cacumine duplex est exortus cauliculo similis, folijs longis, inter quæ parvum semen, &c. But the Lithospermum that Matthiolus painted hath the seeds even from the root almost unto the over most top of all. Where fore Matthiolus accusing Fuchsius of an error, erred in Lithospermum much more himself. If he says, he set furth Lithospermum, Plini, then he granted by saying so that he knows no more the right Lithospermum Dioscorides then Fuchsius lately checked for ignorance doth: for it is evident that the Lithospermum of Dioscorides and Plini are two diverse herbs. But the Lithospermum that Matthiolus painted doth not agree with it that Plini described, for it that Plini described, hath leaves twice as big as rue leaves and diverse twiggy branches and certain things like little beards, in whose tops it hath little stones of the bigness of chicks. Then when as it that Matthiolus painted hath leaves six times as big as rue leaves and no twiggy branches, nether any things like little beards in whose tops little stones do grow of the bigness of a chick, (for the appear to be many partes lesser) the herb that Matthiolus set furth is not Lithospermum Plini. We have in England growing among the corn an herb in all points like unto it, that Matthiolus set furth. But that kind doth no man that I have seen take for the right Lithospermum, but for a bastard kind of it.

The virtues of Lithospermum or gray mill.

The seed of Lithospermum hath this property that if it be drunken with wine, it breaks the stone and drive furth water. Authors write that it breaks chiefly the stone in the blader if it be broken small and drunken with wine.

Of Darnel.

Dioscorides describeth not lolium, which thyng hath bene the cause that many have erred in Lolio, and taken other wedes for it. For som have take tares for Lolio, and other cocle. But the wordes that Dioscorides in other places and Theophrast wryte of Lolio, will not suffer that tares or cocle shal be Lolium. Dioscorides in the description of Phenic hath an eare lyke unto lolium. But nether tares nor cocle have any eares at all wherefore nether of them both can be lolium. Theophrast in the first chapter of hys fourth boke de historia plantarum comparyng Lolium and ryse together, sayeth. Quod orizam vocant (id semini nuncupato simile est) pistumque tanquam alica, redditur concoctu perfacile, asectu lolijs simile &c. But nether cocle nor tares are in any poynt lyke uto ryse, wherfore nether of them can be Lolium Theophrasti. Saynt Hierome wrytyng upon these wordes of saynte Matthe his gospel, sayeth; inter triticum & zizaniam, quod Lolium appellamus, quàm diu herba est, nec dum culmus venit ad spicam, grandis similitudo est, & in discernendo aut difficilis aut nulla dissantia. There is great lyknes betwene whete and zizaniam, which we call lolium, as long as it is an herbe, and the stalke is not yet crommed to the ere, ether it is not possible to discern the one from the other or elles very harde. But when as cocle and tares come first furth, they may be easely discerned from wheat. Therfore nether cocle no tares can be the Lolium of saynt Hieromes tyme, where upon it foloweth that cocle and tares are nether the lolium of Dioscorides, nor of Theophrast, nor yet zizania in scripture. But all these markes above rehersed agre well unto the wede, we cal in English darnel, whyche the Duch men call lulch, and the Frenche iura, therfore our Darnell is the ryght Lolium.

The properties of Darnel.

Darnel hath the vertu to scour away round about, freting sores, rotten sores, and deadly burnynge sores,if it be beten into pouder and layd to. With radices and salt layed to implaſter wyse, it healeth wild scurffes, and with unburned brimstone and vinegre lepres. The same sodden in wyne with lint sede, and doves dung, resolveth hard lumpes and wennes, and breketh such places as are harde to be made rype. If it be sodden with mede, it is good to lay upon the place diseased with the sciatica.if there be made of it a pefkume, with perched barley mele, and myr of safrone, it helpeth conception. It is hoote in the begynninge of the thyrd degre and dry in the end of the second degree.

Of Darnel. (Lolium temulentum)

Dioscorides described not Lolium, which thing hath bene the cause that many have erred in Lolium and taken other weeds for it. For some have taken tares for Lolium and of other cockle. But the words that Dioscorides in other places and Theophrastus write of Lolium will not suffer that tares or cockle shall be Lolium. Dioscorides in the description of Phenic hath an ear like unto Lolium. But nether tares nor cockle have any ears at all wherefore nether of them both can be Lolium. Theophrastus in the first chapter of his fourth boke de historia plantarum comparing Lolium and rice together sayeth. Quod orizam vocant (id semini nuncupato simile est) pistumque tanquam alica, redditur concoctu perfacile, asectu lolijs simile &c. But nether cockle nor tares are in any point like unto rice, wherefore nether of them can be Lolium Theophrasti. Saint Hierome writing upon these words of saint Matthe his gospel sayeth; inter triticum & zizaniam, quod Lolium appellamus, quàm diu herba est, nec dum culmus venit ad spicam, grandis similitudo est, & in discernendo aut difficilis aut nulla dissantia. There is great likeness between wheat and zizania which we call Lolium, as long as it is an herb, and the stalk is not yet crumpet to the ear, ether it is not possible to discern the one from the other or ells very hard. But when as cockle and tares come first furth they may be easily discerned from wheat. Therefore, nether cockle no tares can be the Lolium of saint Hierome’ s time, where upon it followed that cockle and tares are nether the Lolium of Dioscorides, nor of Theophrastus, nor yet zizania in scripture. But all these marks above rehearsed agree well unto the weed we call in English darnel, which the Duch men call lulch and the Frenche iura, therefore our Darnel is the right Lolium.

The properties of Darnel.

Darnel hath the vertu to scour away round about, fretting sores, rotten sores, and deadly burning sores, if it be beaten into powder and laid to. With radices and salt lay to plaster wise it health wild scurf and with unburned brimstone and vinegar lepers. The same sodden in wine with lint seed and doves’ dung, resolved hard lumps and wennes (Ichthyosis?), and break such places as are hard to be made ripe. If it be sodden with mee it is good to lay upon the place diseased with the sciatica, if there be made of it a perfume with perched barley mele and myrrh of saffron, it helped conception. It is hot in the beginning of the third degree and dry in the end of the second degree.

Of the herbe called Lonchitis altera

Lonchitis altera, as Dioscorides writeth, hath leves lyke unto ceterache, which is called Asplenum, but greater, rougher, and much more divided or cut in. And no more doth he write of the description of Lonchitis. I have sene the herbe oft both in Germany, and in diverse places of Sommerset shyre, Dorset shyre. It is muche longer then ceterach, and the gappes that go betwene thep teth, if a man may call them so, are muche wyder then the cuttes that are in ceterach. And the teth are muche longer and sharper. I know no English name that it hath. But of the lyknes that it hath unto a combe and a ferne, it may be called combe ferne. Hieronymus Tragus calleth it Asplenum sylvestre, and in Duche walt asplenom. It groweth muche in darck laynes, about bushe rootes, and out of the shaddow oft tymes alone.

The vertues of the second Lonchitis.

The herbe which I name combe ferne, is mervelous good for woundes, for if it be layd unto woundes, it is a good defensive for them, for it will defend the woundes from burning, or inflammations. If the herbe be dried and drunken in wyne, it will minishe the swellyng of the milt.

Of the herb called Lonchitis altera. (Asplenium adiantum-nigrum)

Lonchitis altera, as Dioscorides write, hath leaves like unto Ceterach, which is called Asplenium, but greater, rougher and much more divided or cut in. And no more doth he writes of the description of Lonchitis. I have seen the herb oft both in Germany and in diverse places of Sommerset shire, Dorset shire. It is much longer then Ceterach and the gapes that go between the teethe, if a man may call them so, are much wider than the cutters that are in Ceterach. And the teethe are much longer and sharper. I know no English name that it hath. But of the likeness that it hath unto a comb and a fern it may be called comb fern. Hieronymus Tragus calleth it Asplenium sylvestre and in German walt asplenom. It growth much in drack lanes, about bushes roots and out of the shadow of times alone.

The virtues of the second Lonchitis.

The herb which I name comb fern is marvelous, good for wounds, for if it be laid unto wounds, it is a good defensive for them, for it will defend the wounds from burning or inflammations. If the herb be dried and drunken in wine, it will minish the swelling of the milt.

Of the herbe called Lotus urbana.

Dioscorides writeth no more of lotus urbana, but that som men do call it trifoli, or claver, and that it groweth in gardines. Wherfore it is very hard by these few wordes to gather among so many thre leved herbes as we have, which of them is the ryght Lotus urbana. Matthiolus thynketh that the commen Melilote, is Lotus urbana, and Amatus Lusitanus holdeth that alleluya or wodsore is Lotus urbana. But the learned men of Ferraria, when I was there, shewed me an other herbe, diſferyng from both these, and sayd that it was the ryght Lotus urbana. The herbe at the first syght is very lyke unto the herbe called in Englishse wodsorel, or alleluya. But in these, it and the wodsore differ. The wodsore groweth only in woddes, and in wild places, but thys herbe groweth only in gardines and in townes as far as I could hether to learn. The wodsorel, hath no resemblyng a stalck, for the floures grow from the roote upon a long small pediculo, that is a footlyng ot footstalcke such as chyries grow on, and the floures are whyte and iii. partes bygger the the floures of thys herbe are, which I set furth for Loto urbana. But thys herbe hath a litle stalck and in the top of it grow ii. or. iij. yellow floures or more som tyme fewer. It hath a sour taste as wod sorrel hath. This herbe do I iudge rather to be the ryght Lotus urbana then ether wod sorell, or melilote. For as melilote, is not fit to be eaten and is a wilde herbe, not therfore to be norissed in gardines, so the wodsorel all though it were mete to be in gardines, and is very good to make sallettes of: Net it groweth not commely in gardines as the other doth, wherefore it appeareth that this herbe whych is found as far as I know nowhere, but in gardines should rather be lotus urbana the any of the other ij. herbes. I never saw thys herbe, but twyse in all my lyfe, ones in Ferraria, ones in Clavena. Wherfore I know no Englishe name for it, hew be it, it may be named in English gardin claver or sour claver or salat claver.

The vertue of gardin claver.

If that ye will take the iuice of thys herbe and put hon unto it, if ye lay it to the eyes, it will dryve away the whyte sores in the eyes called argemata, the cloudes of the eyes or other darknes.

Of the herb called Lotus urbana. (Trigonella caerulea)

Dioscorides write no more of lotus urbana, but that some men do call it trifoli, or clover and that it growth in gardens. Wherefore it is very hard by these few words to gather among so many three leaved herbs as we have, which of them is the right Lotus urbana. Matthiolus thinks that the common Melilote is Lotus urbana, and Amatus Lusitanus hold that alleluia or wood sore (Oxalis) is Lotus urbana. But the learned men of Ferrari, when I was there shewed me another herb, differing from both these and said that it was the right Lotus urbana. The herb at the first sight is very like unto the herb called in English’s wood sorel, or alleluia. But in these, it and the wood sore differ. The wood sore growth only in woods and in wild places, but this herb growth only in gardens and in towns as far as I could hither to learn. The wood sorel hath no resembling a stalk, for the flowers grow from the root upon a long, small pediculi, that is a footlyng of footstalk such as cherries grow on, and the flowers are white and iii. partes bigger the flowers of this herb are, which I set furth for Lotus urbana. But this herb hath a little stalk and in the top of it grow ii. or. iij. yellow flowers or more sometime fewer. It hath a sour taste as wood sorrel hath. This herb do I judge rather to be the right Lotus urbana then ether wood sorel or melilote. For as melilote, is not fit to be eaten and is a wild herb, not therefore to be nourished in gardens, so the wood sorel all though it were mete to be in gardens and is very good to make salads of: Nether it growth not comely in gardens as the other doth, wherefore it appeared that this herb which is found as far as I know nowhere, but in gardens should rather be lotus urbana the any of the other ij. herbs. I never saw this herb, but twice in all my life, ones in Farraria, ones in Clavena. Wherefore I know no English name for it, hew be it, it may be named in English garden clover or sour clover or salat clover.

The virtue of garden clover.

If that ye will take the juice of this herb and put hon unto it, if ye lay it to the eyes, it will drive away the white sores in the eyes called argemata, the clouds of the eyes or other darkness.

Of the herbe called Lotus sylvestris.

Lotus sylvestris that is called wylde lotus, which som call unless trifoli, groweth in Libia. It hath a stalck two cubites hyghe and somtyme it hath leves lyke medow claver or trifoly, a sede lyke fenegreke, but much lesse with a certayne taste lyke a medicine, Theophrast in the vi. booke de historia plantatum in the xriit. chapter semeth to make a greate sorte more of wild lotus then Dioscorides maketh. For he writeth thus of the kyndes of lotus. Certayn kyndes of herbes have many formes and fashions, and but one name, as lotus. For there are many kyndes of lotus which are differed, and differ one from an other, in lefe, stalck, flower, and fruite. Take it that is called mel frugum, for an example, which differeth from all the other in vertue and in maner of meate that it hath. But Theophrast describeth never one of the kindes of lotus, where of he maketh so many kyndes: wherefore a man can not lerne of him the difference betwene one lotus and an other. He semeth to give som great difference to it that groweth in the corne, which he calleth mel frugum. But yet a man cannot gather ther by that it is the lotus sylvestris that Dioscorides describeth. But because I have sene oure common melilote both with a yellow and also with a whyte floure, growing amongest the corne both beside Bon, besyde Soundes, and besyde Wormes in hyghe Germany and no other kynde of lotus so growyng: I take it to be the kynde of lotus which he called mel frugum. And because the herbe whiche is called in hyghe Duchland stundkraut, in Netherland wit nardus, is a long herbe of two cubites hyght, and hath a certayn physick taste in the sede by reason where of it is called whyte nardus in Freslant, and hath leaves lyke unto the medow claver or trifoly. I take it to be the lotus sylvestris, where of Dioscorides writeth: let other men iudge as they lyst, It groweth not wilde nether in England nor in Germany, and I have not sene it wylde in the feldes in Italy, for it that groweth in Italy hath a yelow flour, when as thys that I take to be lotus sylvestris, hath a pale blewish floure.

The vertues of Lotus Sylvestris.

Wilde lotus heateth and byndeth a lytle, it scoureth away the deformities and spottes in the face, if it be anoyntd therewitg and with hony. The herbe broken with it self or with mollowis sede, and drunken with Malvasy or any other wyne, is good against the payn of the blader.

Of the herb called Lotus sylvestris. (Lotus corniculatus)

Lotus sylvestris that is called wild lotus, which some call unless trifold, growth in Libia. It hath a stalk two cubits high and sometimes it hath leaves like meadow clover or trifolia, a seed like fenugreek, but much lesser with a certain taste like a medicine, Theophrastus in the vi. book de historia plantarum in the xriii. chapter seem to make a great sort more of wild lotus then Dioscorides maketh. For he writes thus of the kinds of lotus. Certain kinds of herbs have many forms and fashions and but one name as lotus. For there are many kinds of lotus which are differed and differ one from another, in leaf, stalk, flower, and fruit. Take it that is called mel frugum for an example, which differed from all the other in virtue and in manner of meat that it hath. But Theophrastus described never one of the kinds of lotus, where of he maketh so many kinds: wherefore a man cannot learn of him the difference between one lotus and another. He seems to give some great difference to it that growth in the corn which he calleth mel frugum. But yet a man cannot gather there by that it is the lotus sylvestris that Dioscorides described. But because I have seen our common melilote both with a yellow and also with a white flower, growing amongst the corn both beside Bon, beside Sounds and beside Worms in high Germany and no other kind of lotus so growing: I take it to be the kind of lotus which he called mel frugum. And because the herb, which is called in high Germany stundkraut, in Netherland wit Nardus, is a long herb of two cubits high and hath a certain physick taste in the seed by reason where of it is called white Nardus in Friesland, and hath leaves like unto the meadow clover or trifold. I take it to be the lotus sylvestris, where of Dioscorides write, let other men judge as they lust. It growth not wild nether in England nor in Germany, and I have not seen it wild in the fields in Italy, for it that growth in Italy hath a yellow flour when as this that I take to be lotus sylvestris hath a pale blueish flower.

The virtues of Lotus Sylvestris.

Wilde lotus heath and bind a little, it scoured away the deformities and spots in the face, if it be anointed therewith and with honey. The herb broken with itself or with mallows seed and drunken with Malvasia or any other wine is good against the pain of the blader.

Of Hoppes.

I can fynd no mention of hoppes in any olde autor, saving only in Pliny. But he doth not descrybe it. Joanes Mesue a yonger wryter maketh our hoppes the fourthe kinde of volubilis, he describeth it thus: The furth kynde of volubilis hath leves like a citrul but sharp, and the floures are full of leves one growing over an other, after the maner of scales and this kynde is called lupulus. It is colde in the begonnyng of the first degre. All these tokens agre well with our hoppes, savyng that where he sayeth that the fourthe winde is colde, for aftert he lernyng of Galene because the rype floures are bitter and bite a tong not a little, they are hote at the leste in the beginning in the second degre. Let any learned man that will taste of it that groweth both in Italy and Germany, and he shall fynde that I say true. Therefore it is playn that ether the fourth wynde of Mesue is not our hopes, whiche I will not hold, or elles Mesue meaned not of the rype floures when he sayd that hoppes were cold, but of the yong tendre knoppes, whiche when they come first furth lyke sperages, are temperate or rather colde, as other buddes and unripe fruites of other hote plantes be many, as all learned men can tell. I never saw better hoppes then I saw growyng wylde a litle from the wall that goeth from Cherrosa to Pavia, by a litle rivers syde. They grow also wylde in many places both of England and of Germany. The hop bushe is called of the later Grecianes bryon, of Pliny lupus salictarius, of Barbarus writers Humulus, of the later learneder writer lupulus, in Duche hopfen.

The vertues of Hoppes.

Hoppes purge or scour the blood mesurably of yelow choler, and clengeth it, and tempereth it well, whille they quenche the heat of it. And thys do they moste chefely when as they are infused, or seeped in whay. The syrop made of Hoppes is, good against the guesſucht oor iaundes, and for agues that come of| the heat of the blood or of choler. The hop with hys iuice and perched barle is good for the burnyng headache and for the great heat of stomack, and lyver. Wherefore seyng that it is so holsom a medicine, I mervel that the Physicianes of thys tyme, use it no more in medicine. Thus muche hath Mesue wryten of hoppes.

Out of other and later writers.

Hopes purge furth both choler and melancholy, they dryve away impostemes, and swellynges. They drive out by the stole the water of the dropse. The iuice of Hoppes dronken raw, purgeth the belly more then otherwise taken. But then it openeth not so muche. When it is sodden, it openeth more but then it purgeth lesse. The iuice poured into the eares, saveth them from corruption and saveth them from synkyng. The rootes open stoppynges, and specially of the milt and lyver.

Of Hoppes. (Humulus lupulus)

I can find no mention of hop in any olde author, saving only in Plini. But he doth not describe it. Joanes Mesue a younger writer maketh our hop the fourth kind of volubilis, he described it thus: The furth kind of volubilis hath leaves like a Citrullus but sharp, and the flowers are full of leaves one growing over another after the manner of scales and this kind is called lupulus. It is cold in the beginning of the first degree. All these tokens agree well with our hop, saving that where he sayeth that the fourth wind is cold, for after the learning of Galene because the ripe flowers are bitter and bite a tong not a little, they are hot at the lest in the beginning in the second degree. Let any learned man that will taste of it that growth both in Italy and Germany and he shall find that I say true. Therefore it is plain that ether the fourth wind of Mesue is not our hop which I will not hold or ells Mesue mean not of the ripe flowers when he said that hop were cold, but of the young tender knops which when they come first furth like asperges are temperate or rather cold, as other buds and unripe fruits of other hot plantes be many, as all learned men can tell. I never saw better hop then I saw growing wild a little from the wall that goth from Cherrosa to Pavia, by a little rivers side. They grow also wild in many places both of England and of Germany. The hop bush is called of the later Grecians bryon of Plini lupus salictarius, of Barbarous writers Humulus, of the later learned writer lupulus, in German hopfen.

The virtues of Hoppes.

Hoppes purge or scour the blood measurably of yellow choler and cling it, and tempered it well, while they quenched the heat of it. And this do they most chiefly when as they are infused or steeped in whey. The syrup made of Hoppes is, good against the geel sought or jaundice and for agues that come of| the heat of the blood or of choler. The hop with his juice and perched barley is good for the burning headache and for the great heat of stomach and liver. Wherefore seeing that it is so wholesome a medicine, I marvel that the Physicians of this time use it no more in medicine. Thus, much hath Mesue written of hop.

Out of other and later writers.

Hopes purge furth both choler and melancholy, they drive away impostemes (pus), and swellings. They drive out by the stole the water of the dropsy. The juice of Hoppes drunken raw purged the belly more than otherwise taken. But then it opened not so much. When it is sodden it opened more but then it purged lesser. The juice poured into the ears saved them from corruption and saved them from sinking. The roots open stoppings and specially of the milt and liver.

Of the pulse called Lupines.

Lupinus is named in Greke thermos, in Duche feigbon, in Frenche lupin, and so may it be called in Englishe, or if a man will folow the Duche, he may call it a fyg bene. Lupine hath one long stalke, and a lefe with v. or seven iaggers, which altogether, when as they are growen out, have the lykenes of a ruel of a spot of a sterr. The floure is whyte, in whose place, when it is gone, commeth after a long cod, wher in are v. or seven sedes in color whyte and without, somtyme a little redishe, in fashion flat lyke a cake: it hath a short roote in color redise. The leves of lupines turne with the son, as Pliny wryteth and experience teached.

The vertues of Lupine.

The mele of lupines, licked up with hony, or if it be taken with drinke, dryveth wormes out of the belly. The lupines selves steped, and eate with theyr bitternes, are good for the same purpose. The broth of them hath lyke virtue, dronken with rue and pepper, and so is it good for them that have the disease of the milt. With the same it is good to bathe and washe wild sores, gangrenes, and the scab, when it beginneth first to come burstinges of it of wheles, rynnyng sorꝛes of the hede, frekles and spottes. Lupines put into the body after the maner of a suppository, with hony and myrr, all beyng wrapped in woll, draweth both down weomens flour; and also thyr burden, if she goeth with if it be rype. The flour of mele of lupines with lynt sede, amende thy skinne and blew markes: with perched barley a and water it swageth inflamationes, and burnynges. It easeth swellynges, and it is good for the sciatica layd on with vinegre. If it be layd to with vinegre where in it is sodden, it heleth wennes and bursteth carbuncles. Lupines sodden in rayn water, untill they were towgh into a thick broth, scour and make clene the face. Lupines are also good for the scabbor maugenes of cattell with the roote of black chameleon, so that they be wasshed with the warm broth that they are soddden in. The rootes sodden in water, provoke or stir a man to make water. Lupines broken, after that by sepyng they wer swete, if they be dronken in vinegre take away the lothsomnes of the stomake and ingendreth an appetit and lust to eat. The smoke of lupines burned, dryve gnattes and mydges away as Pliny wryteth.

Of the pulse called Lupines. (Lupinus albus)

Lupinus is named in Greek thermos, in German feigbon, in French lupin and so may it be called in English or if a man will follow the German, he may call it a fig bene. Lupine hath one long stalk and a leaf with v. or seven jaggers which altogether when as they are grown out have the likeness of a rule of a spot of a ster. The flower is white, in whose place, when it is gone, comet after a long cod, wherein are v. or seven seeds in color white and without, sometime a little reddish, in fashion flat like a cake: it hath a short root in color reddish. The leaves of lupines turn with the son, as Plini write, and experience reached.

The virtues of Lupine.

The mele of lupines, licked up with honey, or if it be taken with drink drive worms out of the belly. The lupines selves steeped, and eat with their bitterness are good for the same purpose. The broth of them hath like virtue, drunken with rue and pepper, and so is it good for them that have the disease of the milt. With the same it is good to bathe and wash wild sores, gangrenes, and the scab, when it begins first to come bursting’s of it of whiles, running sores of the head, freckles and spots. Lupines put into the body after the manner of a suppository, with honey and myrrh, all being wrapped in wool draweth both down women’s flower; and also their burden, if she goes with if it be ripe. The flour of mele of lupines with lint seed, amend thy skin and blue marks: with perched barley and water it swaged inflammations and burnings. It eased swellings and it is good for the sciatica laid on with vinegar. If it be laid to with vinegar where in it is sodden, it health wennes (Ichthyosis?) and burst carbuncles. Lupines sodden in rainwater until they were tough into a thick broth, scour and make clean the face. Lupines are also good for the scabbed mauveines of Cattell with the root of black chameleon, so that they be washed with the warm broth that they are sodden in. The roots sodden in water, provoke or stir a man to make water. Lupines broken, after that by seeping they were sweet, if they be drunken in vinegar take away the loathsomeness of the stomach and engendered an appetite and lust to eat. The smoke of lupines burned drive gnats and midges away as Plini write.

Of Lysimachia.

Lysimachia putteth furth stalkes of the lenght of a cubit or som tyme longer, busshy, small, the leves com out at the knees or knottes, or ioyntes of the herbe. They are thinne and in fashionlyke wylow leves and in taste byndyng. The flour is darck rede or of the color of golde. It groweth in watery and in marrishe, fennish groundes. Thys is a very comen herbe in Germany and England; I never that Matthiole could not fynd it in Italy until it was sent hym from Rome by Vincent Canton to Goritia. But although it be found in mani places of England, yet I coulde never learne any Englishe name of it. It may be well called after the etimologi or the worde, and also of vertue that it hath louse strife or it may be called herbe willow. The Duche men call it weyderich.

The vertues of Loussrife.

The iuice of the leves, by ther byndyng poure stoppeth the castyng out of blood. It is ether to be poured into be taken inward for the blody flyx. If it be put in a mother suppository, it will stop the exercive rynnyng or isshue of the mother. If ye stop your nose with thys herbe, it will stop the rynnyng out of blood of it. It stayeth also the excessive rynnyng out of blood out of woundes.

It dryveth away serpentes and killeth flies with hys smoke, for it is wonders sharpe in smell. There is an other Lysinachia besyd it that I have spoken of with a redish purple floure, that groweth much about water sydes with an heade like an eare: But I red of no other properti that it shoulde have then it which hath the yelow or golden floures.

Of Lysimachia. (Lysimachia vulgaris)

Lysimachia putted furth stalks of the length of a cubit or sometime longer, bushy, small, the leaves come out at the knees or knots or joints of the herb. They are thin and in fashion like willow leaves and in taste binding. The flour is dark rede or of the color of gold. It growth in watery and in marris, fen grounds. this is a very conmen herb in Germany and England; I marvel that Matthiola could not find it in Italy until it was sent him from Rome by Vincent Canton to Gorizia. But although it be found in many places of England, yet I could never learn any English name of it. It may be well called after the etymology or the word and also of virtue that it hath louse strife or it may be called herb willow. The German men call it weyderich.

The virtues of Louse strife.

The juice of the leaves, by their binding power stop the casting out of blood. It is ether to be poured into be taken inward for the bloody flux. If it be put in a mother suppository it will stop the excessive running or issue of the mother. If ye stop your nose with this herb, it will stop the running out of blood of it. It stayed also the excessive running out of blood out of wounds.

It drives away serpents and killed flies with his smoke, for it is wonders sharp in smell. There is another Lysimachia beside it that I have spoken of with a reddish-purple flower, that growth much about water sides with a head like an ear: (Lythrum salicaria) But I read of no other property that it should have then it which hath the yellow or golden flowers.

Of the Mallow or Maw.

Malva is named in Greke Malachi, in English a Mallow, in Duch pappel, in Frenche maulve. Ther are two kyndes of Mallowes, the one is the gardin mallow, and the other is the wilde mallow. And eche of these as Pliny writeth, is divided into diuverse kindes. Of those mallowes that are sowen, the Grecianes call the greater, maloyen. Me thynck that the other is called malache, because it softeneth the belly. Amonges the wilde mallowes it that hath the greate lefe and the whyte rote, is called althea, and of the excellent workyng that it hath, it is called of som Aritalthea. The former kynde is now called in Englishe, frenche mallow: it may be called tre mallow of the great bygnes that it groweth to. And it that is called Malache of the Grecianes, and is after Pliny the lesse kinde of gardin mallowes, is so called in Englishe holy ok, in Duche Winter rose. The former kinde of wild mallow, whith as Pliny sayet, is called Althea and Aristalthea, is also called of Latin writers Hibiscus, in Englishe marsh mallow, in Duche Ibishe, of Galene Inadendron, of Aetius Dendronmalache, of the apothecaries maluabis malva and malvaniscus. The other kynde of wilde mallow is it that groweth wilde about townes and hygh ways, and is of commenly called in Englishse a mallow. Theophrast in the nynthe booke de historia plantarum writeth that certayne thynges by dressyng and trymmyng departe from they kynde and olde nature, as the mallow doth sayeth he, whiche when as it is by nature but an herbe, yet groweth up into the greatenes of a tre. He sayeth that the gardin mallow within ix or seven monethes groweth so high that the stalke of it will server for stalkes of mallowes so staves. The leves of mallowes are knowen of all men to be round, the sede is in a litle round forme lyke a chese, som mallow floures are rede, som blew, som whyte, and if they had the lyke smell in beauty, myght well be compared with the rose floures. The roote is very long and depe in the ground and somthyng shyny.

The vertues of mallowe or mawes.

The gardin mallow is better to be eaten, then the wylde mallow is. Bet is it ill for the stomack and good for the belly. But the stalkes are muche better. It is good for the in ward partes, and for the blader. The leves chowed raw, and layd to with a litle salt, and hony, hele the impostemes in the corner of the eyes, but when they begin to hele, the salt must be taken awaye. Mallowes are good to be layde to, agaynst the stynginges of waspes and bees, for he that is anoynted with raw mallowes and oyl shall be fre from the styngyng of bees and waspes. With pisse it healeth the rynnyng sores, and scales, or scurfe of the heade. The leuves broken and layd to with oyle are good fot the wilde fyre, burned places. If weomen will sit in the broth of mallowes, it wil soften the hardnes of the mother. It is good for the grawyng and of goyng of the skin, of the blader, mother and fundament, if it be put in with a clyſter. The broth of the mallow leves sodden with the roote, is a good remedy agaynst al poysones, if it be dronken by and by after, and be vomited out agayn. It is a good help agaynst the bytyng ol a felde spyder. The sede of mallowes dronken in wyne with the sede of wilde lotus swageth the smerting of the blader. Galen and the Arabianes agre not in the complexion of the mallow, for Galene gyveth a warm qualite unto mallowes, as these wordes folowyng do playnly declare. There is a certayn tough and shyny iuice in mallowes, which manifestly differeth from coldness, which thyng ye may perceive even before ye eat of the mallow, for if ye lay it to a fyrie inflammation after that ye have layd lettice unto it, ye shall fynde, that lyke wyse as the lettice hath cooled, that even so the mallowes warme the place that they are layd to. But Abel Mesua, and Serapione sayeth these wordes folowyng of the vertues of mallowes. The mallow is colde and moyste in the first degre, and specially the gardin mallow, and it is evel for the stomack. And whilse it is moyste, it is good for the blader, but pet the sede is muche better there to, and it is good for the roughenes oꝛ payn that commeth by going of, of the skin/,and of the blader. It is good for the roughnes of the lunges and breste. It is good to make a plaster of it with rose oyle, and to lay it to the impostemes of the kydnes and blader.

Of the Mallow or Maw. (Malva sylvestris, Malva neglecta and crispa)

Malva is named in Greek Malachi, in English a Mallow, in German pappel, in French maulve. there are two kinds of Malva, the one is the garden mallow, and the other is the wild mallow. And each of these as Plini write is divided into diverse kinds. Of those mallows that are sown, the Grecians call the greater maloyen. Me think that the other is called malache, because it softened the belly. Amongst the wild mallows it that hath the great leaf and the white root is called Althea (officinalis) and of the excellent working that it hath it is called of some Arisalthea. The former kind is now called in English, French mallow: it may be called tree mallow of the great bigness that it growth to. And it that is called Malache of the Grecians and is after Plini the lesser kind of garden mallows, is so called in English holy ok, in German Winter rose. (Alcea rosea) The former kind of wild mallow, with as Plini say, is called Althea and Aristalthea, is also called of Latin writers Hibiscus, in English marshmallow, in German Ibishe, of Galene Inadendron, of Aetius Dendronmalache, of the apothecaries maluabis malva and malvaviscus. The other kind of wild mallow is it that growth wild about towns and highways is of commonly called in English’s a mallow. Theophrastus in the ninth book de historia plantarum write that certain things by dressing and trimming depart from the kind and olde nature, as the mallow doth sayeth he, which when as it is by nature but an herb, yet growth up into the greatness of a tree. (Althaea cannabina) He sayeth that the garden mallow within ix- or seven-months growth so high that the stalk of it will server for stalks of mallows so staves. The leaves of mallows are known of all men to be round; the seed is in a little round form like a cheese, some mallow flowers are red, some blue, some white, and if they had the like smell in beauty, might well be compared with the rose flowers. The root is very long and deep in the ground and something shiny.

The virtues of mallow or maws.

The garden mallow is better to be eaten then the wild mallow is. Yet is it ill for the stomach and good for the belly. But the stalks are much better. It is good for the inward partes and for the blader. The leaves chowed raw and laid to with a little salt and honey hele the impostemes (pus) in the corner of the eyes, but when they begin to hele, the salt must be taken away. Mallows are good to be laide to against the stinging’s of wasps and bees, for he that is anointed with raw mallows and oil shall be free from the stinging of bees and wasps. With piss it health the running sores and scales or scurf of the head. The leaves broken and laid to with oil are good for the wildfire, burned places. If women will sit in the broth of mallows it will soften the hardness of the mother. It is good for the gnawing and of going of the skin, of the blader, mother and fundament, if it be put in with a clyster. The broth of the mallow leaves sodden with the root is a good remedy against al poisons, if it be drunken by and by after and be vomited out again. It is a good help against the biting of a field spider. The seed of mallows drunken in wine with the seed of wild lotus swaged the smarting of the blader. Galen and the Arabians agree not in the complexion of the mallow, for Galene give it a warm quality unto mallows, as these words following do plainly declare. There is a certain tough and shiny juice in mallows which manifestly differ from coldness, which thing ye may perceive even before ye eat of the mallow, for if ye lay it to a fire inflammation after that ye have laid lettuce unto it, ye shall find that likewise as the lettuce hath cooled, that even so the mallows warm the place that they are laid to. But Abel Mesua, and Serapion sayeth these words following of the virtues of mallows. The mallow is cold and moist in the first degree and specially the garden mallow and it is evil for the stomach. And while it is moist it is good for the blader, but yet the seed is much better there to, and it is good for the roughness or pain that comet by going of the skin and of the blader. It is good for the roughness of the lunges and breast. It is good to make a plaster of it with rose oil and to lay it to the impostemes (pus) of the kidneys and blader.

Of the Mandragore.

There are two kindes of Mandrag, the blac which is the female, wich is called the letticer, with lesse leves and narrower then lettice, whiche have a strong savor, and are spred upon the grounde. And this kinde bereth apples lyke unto sorb apples, pale in coloure and well smelling, wherein is conteyned sede lyke unto the kirnelles of peres. It hath rootes of a goood bignes ij. or iij. one foldyng it self within an other. They are black with out, and whyte within, and a they are covered with a thick barke. And thys kynde hath no stalke. The other kynde is the white Mandrag, and it is called the male. The leves of this are byg, white, brode and smouth as the bete lefe is. The apples of thys are twyſe as byg as the apples of the other be, with a color turnyng toward saffron. They smell pleasantly, ioyned unto a certayn grevousnes. This kinde of Mandrage I have oft tymes sene in England, it is a herb that we call comenly Mandrag. The rootes whiche are conterfited a made like litle puppettes, mammettes, which come to be sold in England in boxes, with heir, of such forme as a man hath, are nothyng elles but folishe feined trifles, not naturall. For they are so trymmed of crafty theves to mocke the poore people with all, to rob them both of theyr wit and theyr money. I have in my tyme at diverse tymes take up the rootes of Mandrag out of the grounde, but I never saw any such thyng upon or in them, as are in and upon the pedlers rootes that are comenly to be solde in boxes. The Mandrag is named in Latin Mandragoras, in Duch, alraun. It groweth only in gardines in England and in Germamy, but it is more comen in England then it is there. But it groweth not under gallosses as a certayn dotyng doctor of Colon in hys physck lecture dyd tech hys auditores, nether doth it ryse of the sede of man, that falleth from hym that is hanged, nether is it called Mandragoras, because it came of mans sede as the for sayd Doctor dremed.

The vertues of Mandrage.

The iuice of Mandrag, dronken in the quantite of a scruple in honied wyne, draweth furth Melancoly and fleme by vomitynge, after the maner of Helleborus. But if a man take to muche of it, it will kill hym. It is good to be menged with the medicines and sawhe as suege ach. Men use to take the barkes of the freshe rootes and to stamp them and to presse the iuice and to set it in the son untill it be growen hard, and then to put it up into erthen vesselles, or to be used when nede shall requyre. They use also to take of the bark of the roote and to put a threde throw it, and so to hang it up, and afterwardes to use them. There is a iuice also taken out of the apples, but that is not so quick in operation as the other iuice is. Som take the rootes and set them in wine untill the thyrde parte be sodden away, and when the broth is purified, kepe it, and gyve one cyat or an unce and an half of it, to them that can not slepe, and to them that are in great payn, to such as must be burned or cut in som place, that they should not fele the burning or cuttyng. It is good to be put into the mother to soften it. If it be put into the fundament after the maner of a suppository, it will make a man slepe. Som wryte that the roote hath the vertue to softene every, if it be sodden six houres with it, and that it will make it fit to receve easely any figure or form that a man will grave in it. The grene leves are good to be layd to the inflammationes of the eyes, and to gatherynges, stirred up by sores with perched barley mele. It resolveth scattereth away wennes, swellynges and hardnes. The same dothe away scarres or markes of woundes without ieperdi of fretyng of the skin, if they be rubbed mesurably therfor the space of vi. or seven dayes. The lenes are kept in bryne for the same purpose. The roote broken and layd to with vinegre is good for cholerik burnynges or inflammmationes. If it be menged with hony or oyle, it is good agaynst the styngyng of serpentes, with water it dryveth away, resolveth hard swellynges, with perched barley mele, it taketh the payne of the ioyntes. Wyne may be made of the roote of Mandrag without any sethyng, after thys maner. Thre poundes of the rootes must be put into a small firkin of swete wyne, they must lye so long together untill the vertue of the rootes is gone into the wyne. Ye may gyve iii. cyates of thys wyne, to them that must be cut, burned or sered. If they drynk thys drynke, they shall fele no payne, but they shal fall into a forgetfull and a slepishe drowsines. The apples, if a man smell of them, will make hym slepe, and also if they be eaten. And so doth the iuice that is streyned out of them. But they that smell to muche of the apples, becom dum. The side of the apples dronken scoureth the mother, and so it doth it also, if it be layd to with quick brymstone. It stoppeth the rede issue of weomen. if ye will have the iuice, ye must scotche and pryck the rootes in many places, and then set vesseles under it, and lave it. The iuice that is pressed out, is better then that which droppeth furth after cuttyng or scotchyng. But that commeth not furth in every countre as experiense teacheth us. Because thys herbe diverse wayes taken, is very iepardus for a man, that a may kill hym if he eat it, or drynk it out of measure, and have no remedy for it: will shew yow also remedy agaynst the poyson of it. If Mandrag be taken out of measure, by and by slepe in sueth, and a great lousyng of the streyngthe with a forgetfulnes. But before that cometh, it were wisdome to vomite with mede, and afterwarde to take nitre and wormwod with swete wine or Malvasey: ye must also poure vinegre and rose oyle upon the patientes heade. It is good to stirr the body and to smell of Agrimoni, peper, mustarde, costorium, and rue, brused in vinegre. It is also good to smell of tarr, or of the styngkyng that commeth from a candle that is put out. But if the patient cannot be easely waked again, it is mete to use such other comen remedies. Avicenna wold that they that are hurt with thys herbe, should vomit with hony and butter. Where as Dioscorides wolde that a mans heade should have rose oile and vinegre poured upon it, when a man hath taken to muche of Mandrag. Matthiolus sayeth that it is agaynst reason that it shuld be layd to the heade which is colde, when as the cause of the diseases are colde, and to take to bores in one wod, he catcheth, Galene and accuseth hym for a lyke faute, that is for conselyng men to pour rose oyl and vinegre upon them that have the drawsy or forgetfull evel. And to confute Galene, he alledgeth Aetius, Paulus, and Trallianus, which do not admit oyl and vinegre alone, but woulde hoter medicines as erthpyne wilde tyme, penin ail, castoreum, and suche lyke to be put ther to. As for Galene I leve hym undelended at thys tyme until I shall have more leasure, but for Dioscorides I answer that if it, iii. later writers then Galene, were enough to confute hym: as many myght by good reason be sufficient Dioscorides from that faut that Matthiolus sapeth unto Dioscorides charge. But ij. of the witnesses that he allegeth to confute Galene with all, that is Aetius and Paulus, with them a learned later wryter of the Grecianes Actuarius, counsel that rose ople with vinegre sould be poured upon the hedes of them that have eaten or dronken to much of Mandrag. But Matthiolus a lytle after in the same chapter forgettyng what he had accused Dioscorides, and Galene of before, wryteth these wordes folowynge: Tametsi Mandragoræ poma matura, &c. Allthoughe the rype apples of Mandrag the sedes taken out, be eaten diverse tymes with out any grefe at all: Yet the unrype apples eaten with theyr sede, bryng dedelp withfalles. There rypeth after unsufferable heate, which burneth all the outer the skinne. The toung and the mouthe withere and waret drye, wherefo they that are so vexed, are sene allwayes gayping with theyr mouthem and drawyng in colde ayre. Thus farr Matthiolus. Now that he confsseth openly here that men are in suche heat as have eaten of the unrype apples which are muche colder then the rype apples be: how iustiy was Dioscorides accused a litle befor for counsellyng rose oyle and vinegre, because they were colde, to be poured upon the heades of them that had taken to muche Mandrag! And how well doth thys hys sayng of the hote with alles that came of the eatyng of the unrype Mandrag apples agree with it, whiche he sayd immediatly before the rehersall of the hete, that aryseth of the eatyng of the row apples in these wordes. Ab assumpta Mandragora (nisi fal lar) caput nullo afficitur calore. The head is not vexed with any hete (except I bedecepuvd) after the takyng of Mandrage. Now whether that such a fortgetfull man as thys is ought so boldely to anciant autores or no as he doth at diverse tymes, let wyse men lerned be iudges. But if he answer that he geveth only hete unto the fruite, and not to the roote, besyde that it may be sayd unto hym, that so much he accuseth Dioscordes unworthily, as the hote with falles come to, that come of the unrype apples experience, is agaynst hys accusyng of Dioscorides and the autorite of hym that had the same experience also. For in the booke that Serapio wrote of simples, Rasis sayeth these wordes: Dixerunt mihi quidam ex antiquis Babyloniæ, quòd puella quædam &c. Certayn of the ancientes of old men of Babylon, have tolde me that a certayn mayde eat fine Mandrag apples, and that she fell in a swowne, and that she becam all rede, and that a man commyng by at that tyme, poured snow water so long upon her heade untill se rose agayn. And I have sene men my selfe whiche did eat of the roote of Mandrag to make them selves fat ther with, and it chanced unto them, as it chanceth unto men that go out of the bath and drynke muche wyne after theyr outgoyng. For their faces was excedingly rede and swelled. These wordes doth Rasis write in the place above alledged. By which a man may learne that not only the unrype appels of Mandragora driveth a man into a great heate out wardly, but also the rootes, so that it is evidently now perceyved both by autorite and experience, that Matthiolus was deceyved when he sayd that no mans head was vexed with hete after the eatyng of Mandragora. These have writen som thyng at large to cause them that are to bold to old and worthy autores, to be advised before they do so unadyised adventure to do the same agayn. Serapio and Avicenna wryte that the sede of Mandrag taken in drynk, clengeth the mother, and so wrote Dioscorides of the same sayde many yeares before them, whereby it that Rachel knowyng the nature of the fruyte of Mandrag, before all these writers, for thys intent, desyred to have the fruite of Mandrag, that se myght clenge her mother ther with, and thereby myght be made the fitter to conceyve chylde her selfe as well as Lia her syster, and Silfa her mayd dyd. Mandrag as Paulus wryteth cooleth in the thyrde degre. The apples of it, seme to have som heat and moisture, by reason where of they may beyng a man into an hevy slepe. But the bark of the root, is strongest of al, and cooleth not alone but also dryeth. The inner parte is weyker.

Of the Mandragore. (Mandragora officinalis and autumnalis)

There are two kinds of Mandragora, the black, which is the female, which is called the lettuce with lesser leaves and narrower than lettuce, which have a strong savor and are spread upon the ground. And this kind bear apples like unto sorb apples, pale in color and well smelling, wherein is contained seed like unto the kernelless of pears. It hath roots of a good bigness ij. or iij. one folding itself within another. They are black with out and white within, and they are covered with a thick bark. And this kind hath no stalk. The other kind is the white Mandragora, and it is called the male. The leaves of this are big, white, brood and smooth as the beet leaf is. The apples of this are twice as big as the apples of the other be, with a color turning toward saffron. They smell pleasantly, joined unto a certain grievousness. This kind of Mandragora I have oft times seen in England, it is a herb that we call commonly Mandrag. The roots which are counterfeited and made like little puppets, mammets which come to be sold in England in boxes, with hair of such form as a man hath, are nothing ells but foolish feyned trifles, not natural. For they are so trimmed of crafty thieves to mock the poor people with all, to rob them both of their wit and their money. I have in my time at diverse times take up the roots of Mandragora out of the ground, but I never saw any such thing upon or in them, as are in and upon the peddlers’ roots that are commonly to be sold in boxes. The Mandrag is named in Latin Mandragoras, in German alraun. It growth only in gardens in England and in Germany, but it is more common in England then it is there. But it growth not under gallows as a certain doting doctor of Colon in his physic lecture did tech his auditors, nether doth it rise of the seed of man, that falleth from him that is hanged, neither is it called Mandragoras, because it came of mans seed as the for said Doctor dreamed.

The virtues of Mandragora.

The juice of Mandragora drunken in the quantity of a scruple in honied wine, draweth furth Melancholy and flehm by vomiting, after the manner of Helleborus. But if a man takes too much of it, it will kill him. It is good to be menged with the medicines and saw he as such ach. Men use to take the barks of the fresh roots and to stamp them and to press the juice and to set it in the son until it be grown hard and then to put it up into earthen vessels or to be used when need shall require. They use also to take of the bark of the root and to put a thread throw it and so to hang it up and afterward to use them. There is a juice also taken out of the apples, but that is not so quick in operation as the other juice is. Some take the roots and set them in wine until the third part be sodden away, and when the broth is purified, keep it, and gyve one kyat or an once and an half of it, to them that cannot sleep and to them that are in great pain, to such as must be burned or cut in some place that they should not feel the burning or cutting. It is good to be put into the mother to soften it. If it be put into the fundament after the manner of a suppository, it will make a man sleep. Som writes that the root hath the virtue to soften every, if it be sodden six hours with it, and that it will make it fit to receive easily any figure or form that a man will grave in it. The green leaves are good to be laid to the inflammations of the eyes and to gatherings stirred up by sores with perched barley mele. It resolved scattered away wennes (Ichthyosis?), swellings and hardness. The same do the away scares or marks of wounds without problem of fretting of the skin, if they be rubbed measurably therefore the space of vi. or seven days. The leaves are kept in brine for the same purpose. The root broken and laid to with vinegar is good for choleric burnings or inflammations. If it be menged with honey or oil it is good against the stinging of serpents, with water it drives away, resolved hard swellings, with perched barley mele, it taketh the pain of the joints. Wine may be made of the root of Mandragora without any seething after this manner. Three pounds of the roots must be put into a small firkin of sweet wine, they must lye so long together until the virtue of the roots is gone into the wine. Ye may gyve iii. kyats of this wine, to them that must be cut, burned or sored. If they drink this drink they shall feel no pain, but they shall fall into a forgetful and a sleeps drowsiness. The apples, if a man smell of them, will make him sleep and also if they be eaten. And so doth the juice that is strained out of them. But they that smell to much of the apples become dump. The side of the apples drunken scoured the mother and so it doth it also if it be laid to with quick brimstone. It stops the rede issue of women. if ye will have the juice, ye must scotch and prick the roots in many places and then set vessels under it and lave it. The juice that is pressed out is better than that which dropped furth after cutting or scotching. But that comet not furth in every country as experience teaches us. Because this herb diverse ways taken, is very leprous for a man, that a may kill him if he eats it or drink it out of measure and have no remedy for it: will shew yow also remedy against the poison of it. If Mandragora be taken out of measure, by and by sleep in suet, and a great loosing of the strength with a forgetfulness. But before that cometh, it was wisdom to vomit with mee and afterward to take niter and wormwood with sweet wine or Malvasia: ye must also power vinegar and rose oil upon the patient’s head. It is good to stir the body and to smell of Agrimonia, pepper, mustard, castoreum and rue, bruised in vinegar. It is also good to smell of Tarr, or of the stinking that comet from a candle that is put out. But if the patient cannot be easily waked again, it is meted to use such other common remedies. Avicenna would that they that are hurt with this herb, should vomit with honey and butter. Whereas Dioscorides would that a man’s head should have rose oil and vinegar poured upon it when a man hath taken to much of Mandragora. Matthiolus sayeth that it is against reason that it should be laid to the head which is cold, when as the cause of the diseases are cold, and to take to bores in one wood, he cachets, Galene and accused him for a like faute, that is for counseling men to pour rose oil and vinegar upon them that have the drowsy or forgetful evil. And to confute Galene, he alleged Aetius, Paulus and Trallianus, which do not admit oil and vinegar alone, but would hot medicines as earth pine, wild time, pennyroyal, castoreum and such like to be put there to. As for Galene I leaf him undefended at this time until I shall have more leisure, but for Dioscorides I answer that if it, iii. later writers then Galene, were enough to confute him: as many might by good reason be sufficient Dioscorides from that faut that Matthiolus say unto Dioscorides charge. But ij. of the witnesses that he alleged to confute Galene with all, that is Aetius and Paulus, with them a learned later writer of the Grecians Actuarius counsel that rose oil with vinegar should be poured upon the heads of them that have eaten or drunken to much of Mandragora. But Matthiolus a little after in the same chapter forgetting what he had accused Dioscorides and Galene of before, write these words following: Tametsi Mandragoræ poma matura, &c. Although the ripe apples of Mandragora the seeds taken out, be eaten diverse times without any grief at all: Yet the unripe apples eaten with their seed, bring deadly withal. The ripe after unsufferable heat which burnet all the outer the skin. The tong and the mouth withered and ware dry, whereof they that are so vexed, are seen always gaping with their mouth and drawing in cold air. Thusfarr Matthiolus. Now that he confessed openly hire that men are in such heat as have eaten of the unripe apples which are much colder than the ripe apples be: how justify was Dioscorides accused a little before for counselling rose oil and vinegar, because they were cold, to be poured upon the heads of them that had taken to much Mandragora! And how well doth this his saying of the hot with ales that came of the eating of the unripe Mandragora apples agree with it, which he say immediately before the rehearsal of the hot, that arise of the eating of the row apples in these words. Ab assumpta Mandragora (nisi fal lar) caput nullo afficitur calore. The head is not vexed with any hot (except I deceived) after the taking of Mandragora. Now whether that such a forgetful man as this is ought so boldly to ancient authors or not as he doth at diverse times, let wise men learned be judges. But if he answers that he give only hot unto the fruit and not to the root, beside that it may be say unto him, that so much he accused Dioscorides unworthily, as the hot with falls come to, that come of the unripe apples experience, is against his accusing of Dioscorides and the authority of him that had the same experience also. For in the book that Serapio wrote of simples, Rasis sayeth these words: Dixerunt mihi quidam ex antiquis Babyloniæ, quòd puella quædam &c. Certain of the ancients of old men of Babylon have told me that a certain maid eat fine Mandragora apples and that she fell in a swooned and that she became all red and that a man coming by at that time poured snow water so long upon her head until se rose again. And I have seen men myself which did eat of the root of Mandragora to make themselves fat there with, and it chanced unto them as it chanced unto men that go out of the bath and drink much wine after their outgoing. For their faces was exceedingly red and swelled. These words doth Rasis write in the place above alleged. By which a man may learn that not only the unripe apples of Mandragora drive a man into a great heat outwardly, but also the roots, so that it is evidently now perceived both by authority and experience that Matthiolus was deceived when he says that no man’s head was vexed with hot after the eating of Mandragora. These have written something at large to cause them that are to bold to old and worthy authors, to be advised before they do so unadvised adventure to do the same again. Serapio and Avicenna write that the seed of Mandragora taken in drink clung the mother, and so wrote Dioscorides of the same say many years before them, whereby it that Rachel knowing the nature of the fruit of Mandragora, before all these writers, for this intent, desired to have the fruit of Mandragora that she might clung her mother there with, and thereby might be made the fitter to conceive child herself as well as Lia her sister and Silfa her maid did. Mandragora as Paulus write cooled in the third degree. The apples of it, seem to have some heat and moisture, by reason whereof they may bring a man into a heavy sleep. But the bark of the root is strongest of al and cooled not alone but also dried. The inner part is weaker.

Of the Apple tre.

Malus in Greke Melea, in Englishe a Appel tree, in Duche ein Apffel, oder Apfflebaum, in Frenche un Pomer. There are ii, generall and principal kyndes of appel trees. The one is called Malus hortensis, in English an Appel tre. The other is called in Latin Malus sylvestris, in Englishe in Southe countre, crab tre, in the North countre a scarbtre. I nede not to descrybe thys tre, because it is knowen well inoughe in all countres.

The nature of the Apple tre and of Apples.

The leves, the floures, and the buddes, of every Appeltre, and muste they of the quince tre, stop and bynde. The tarte and sour apples have the vertue to bynd, but the rype apples are of a far other nature. Among apples, they that are taken in the sprynge, ingendre choler and hurt all the synewes, they brede inflammationes or hote burnynges.

Out of Galene.

Thou shalt use tarte Apples when as the stomack is weyke by the meanes of an hote distemperance or of much moisture, but very tarte apples when as the stomack is both to hote and moyste. Use soure apples when as thou thynckest there is grosse iuice in thy stomake, that is not very colde. For sour thynges when they fynd any grosse humor in the stomacke, they cut it in sunder, and cary it downwarde. Apples are harde of digestion and colde, and go slowly downe, and they have an evel iuice.

Out of Symeon Sethi.

Ther are diverse kindes of apples one differyng from an other. What souer apples are byndyng or drawing together, they have a cold x an erthly iuice. But they that are sharp or bytyng, have a cold iuice, but the same subtile or ſyne. The swete apples are of a meane or middle complexion, and turne somthyng more to hotenes. Therefore ye must use byndyng apples as oft as the stomacke is vexed with a hete or moyste distemperance. But sharpe apples are to be geven as oft as a grosse humore, but not very colde, is gathered in the stomacke. For these cut insunder, and cary down warde. But swete apples are to be geven unto them that have colde stomackes. Fox they are good for them, and for suche as are bitten of venemus beastes. All apples whatsoever they be of a certayn naturall property hurt the synewes. They also that are unrype, are very noysum. It is repor ted that if a man eate hys fill of apples that they ingendre the stone in hym. But they are good for them that swoune, and have a weik hartte.

Of the Apple tree. (Malus sorts)

Malus in Greek Melea, in English a Appel tree, in German ein Apffel, oder Apfflebaum, in French un Pomer. There are ii, general and principal kinds of apple trees. The one is called Malus hortensis, in English an Appel tree. The other is called in Latin Malus sylvestris, in English in Southern country crab tree, in the North country a scarbtre. I need not to describe this tree, because it is known well enough in all countries.

The nature of the Apple tree and of Apples.

The leaves, the flowers, and the buds of every Appel tree and most they of the quince tree, stop and bind. The tarte and sour apples have the virtue to bind, but the ripe apples are of a far other nature. Among apples, they that are taken in the spring engender choler and hurt all the sinews, they brede inflammations or hot burnings.

Out of Galene.

Thou shalt use tarte Apples when as the stomach is weak by the means of a hot distempered or of much moisture, but very tarte apples when as the stomach is both to hot and moist. Use sour apples when as thou think there is grosses juice in thy stomach that is not very cold. For sour things when they find any grosses humor in the stomach, they cut it in sunder and carry it downward. Apples are hard of digestion and cold and go slowly down and they have an evil juice.

Out of Symeon Sethi.

Ther are diverse kinds of apples one differing from another. What sourer apples are binding or drawing together, they have a cold x an earthly juice. But they that are sharp or biting have a cold juice, but the same subtle or fine. The sweet apples are of a mean or middle complexion and turn something more to hotness. Therefore, ye must use binding apples as oft as the stomach is vexed with a hot or moist distempering. But sharper apples are to be given as oft as a grosses humor, but not very cold, is gathered in the stomach. For these cuts in sunder and carry downward. But sweet apples are to be given unto them that have cold stomachs. For they are good for them and for such as are bitten of venomous beasts. All apples whatsoever they be of a certain natural property hurt the sinews. They also that are unripe, are very noisome. It is reported that if a man eats his fill of apples that they engender the stone in him. But they are good for them that swoon and have a weak heart.

Of the Quince tre.

Malus Cotonea is called in Greke Malea kydonia, in English a Quince tre, in Duche ein Quitten baum, in Frenche un coigner. Thys tre hath leves broder and shorter then a medler tre, the nether parte of the lefe towarde grounde is white, and the outer parte is grene. It hath floures lyke an apple tre, but they grow alone and not many together as the floures are in other trees. The Quince apples are hory without, and have an other forme moste comenly, then apples or peares have. Yet are the more lyke peares then apples, and they have certain gutters, and uneven outgrowynges lyke half columns, which as they are seldom sene in apples, so are they never sene in peares.

The vertues of the Quince tre and hys fruit.

Qunces are good for the stomack, they make a man pisse well. But when they are rosted, they are counted to be gentler: They are good for both flixes, both for the blody flyx and for the other without blood, and for them that coughe out foul mater, and for them that are sick of choler, specially when they are taken raw. The stepyng of them is good to be geven to them that have the flix of the belly or stomack. The iuice of row quinces is good for the that are short wynded. The broth is good to bath the mother with all, if it fall down. The Quinces that are condited in hony, stirr a man to make water. And the hony taketh of the Quinces are of stoppyng and thyck makyng pour. They that are sodden it hony, are more plesant to the stomack, but they do not make thick so muche. They are to be put raw into emplasters, to stopp the belly of if the stomacke be let a fyre orbe turned with vomityng. They are good for the inflammationes or burnynges of the pappes, and for hard miltes, and for swellynges about the fundament. Ye may make wyne of them if ye bruse them and streyn them, but it will not last except ye put one quarte of hony to xv. Of the iuice. For without the hony it will turn in veriuice. The wyne so made is good for all the thynges aboue named. Of Quinces also is made an oyle, which we use as oft as we nede any byndyng or stoppyng. Ye must chuese out the Quince apples that are round, litle and well smellyng. The floures both grene and dry are put into emplaſters, and are good for all thynge that nede byndynge and for the inflammationes of the eyes, and vomityng of bloode. They are also good to be dronken agaynst louse belly and the violent rynnyng furth of weomens siknes.

Of the Quince tree. (Cydonia oblonga)

Malus Cotonea is called in Greek Malea kydonia, in English a Quince tree, in German ein Quitten baum, in French un coigner. this tree hath leaves brooder and shorter than a medlar tree, the nether part of the leaf toward ground is white and the outer part is green. It hath flowers like an apple tree, but they grow alone and not many together as the flowers are in other trees. The Quince apples are hoary without and have another form most commonly then apples or pears have. Yet are the more like pears then apples and they have certain gutters, and uneven outgrowing’s like half columns, which as they are seldom seen in apples, so are they never seen in pears.

The virtues of the Quince tree and his fruit.

Quinces are good for the stomach; they make a man piss well. But when they are roosted, they are counted to be gentler: They are good for both fluxes, both for the bloody flux and for the other without blood and for them that cough out foul mater and for them that are sick of choler, especially when they are taken raw. The steeping of them is good to be given to them that have the flux of the belly or stomach. The juice of row quinces is good for the that are short winded. The broth is good to bath the mother with all if it falls down. The Quinces that are candied in honey, stir a man to make water. And the honey taketh of the Quinces are of stopping and thick making power. They that are sodden it honey, are more pleasant to the stomach, but they do not make thick so much. They are to be put raw into plasters to stop the belly of if the stomach be let a fire or be turned with vomiting. They are good for the inflammations or burnings of the pappa and for hard milts and for swellings about the fundament. Ye may make wine of them if ye bruise them and strain them, but it will not last except ye put one quart of honey to xv. of the juice. For without the honey, it will turn in verjuice. The wine so made is good for all the things above named. Of Quinces also is made an oil, which we use as oft as we need any binding or stopping. Ye must chose out the Quince apples that are round, little and well smelling. The flowers both green and dry are put into plasters are good for all thing that need binding and for the inflammations of the eyes and vomiting of blood. They are also good to be drunken against louse belly and the violent running furth of women’s sickness.

Of the peche tre and the abre cok tre.

Malus Persica is called in Greke Melea persike, in Englishe a Peche tre, in Duche ein Pfersich baum, Frenche un Pechiers. The peche is no great tre in England that I could se, it hath long lenes. The peche tre floureth with the almond tre, but the floure is reder then the almondis flour is. The peche tre is like unto the allmond tre, in the body or bole, in the gum, in the leves and floures, savyng that the leves and flouress are bitterer. The apples are soft and fleshy, when they are rype somthyng hory without. The stone is very grete, and full of crestes and gutters, and with in that is ther a kirnel lyke an almond.

Of the Abrecok tre.

Malus Armeniaca is named in Greke Melea armeniake, in hygh Ducheland ein Amarell baum as Gesner saypeth: but in the diocese of Colen where as I dwelt, it is called ein kardumelken baum. It is called in Frenche ung abrecotiter. Galene, Paulus and Aetius immediatly after the pech tre, make mention of Armeniak tre, and Dioscorides kepeth the same maner, but he sayeth further. ……. That is to say, Armeniaca, that is abrecockes which are called in Latin Praecoccia, that is rype before, are lesse then & the other peches and are holsummer for the stomack then the forsayde peches are. Pliny also a Latin writer, calleth thys kynde of peches Precocia mala, and rekeneth it amongest the kyndes of peches. But there is thys difference betwene the abricok or hasty peche tre and other, in their fruites. The hasty pech tre hath much broder leves then the pech tre, and hys fruite is a greate tyme soner rype then the peche is. And where as the peche ſsones are rough, furroed and guttered, stone of the hasty peche is playn and smothe, and the hole fruite is much lesse then the peche is. I have sen many trees of thys kynde in Almany and som in England, now the fruith is called of som Englishe men an abrecok. but I thynk that an hasty peche is a better and a fitter name for it. But so that the tre be well knowen, I pas not gretely what name it is knowen by.

Of the vertues of peches and hasty peches.

The peches when they are rype, are both profitable for the stomack and belly, but hasty peches are better for the stomack as Dioscorides writeth.

Out of Galen.

Learne thow thys now, that the iuice of peches, even as the fleshe is, is soon corrupted or rotten, and is evel wherefore they ougyt not to be eaten after meat as som use to do, for they rot ad are corrupted, whilse they swymme above other meates. And thys ruel must be holden in all those meates that are of evel iuice, and are moyst and alippery, and go easely down throwghe the belly, that they be taken before all other meates: for so shall it come to passe, that they may more easely passe and prepare the way to other meates. But if they be taken after meate, they corrupt both them selves with all other meates that are nere unto them.

Of the peche tree and the abrecok tree. (Prunus persica and armeniaca)

Malus Persica is called in Greek Melea persike, in English a Peach tree, in German ein Pfersich baum, Frenche un Pechiers. The peach is no great tree in England that I could see, it hath long leaves. The peach tree floweret with the almond tree, but the flower is redder than the almonds flour is. The peach tree is like unto the almond tree, in the body or bole, in the gum, in the leaves and flowers, saving that the leaves and flowers are bitterer. The apples are soft and fleshy, when they are ripe something hoary without. The stone is very great and full of crests and gutters and within that is there a kernel like an almond.

Of the Apricot tree.

Malus Armeniaca is named in Greek Melea armeniake, in high Germany ein Amarell baum as Gesner sais: but in the diocese of Colen whereas I dwelt, it is called ein kardumelken baum. It is called in French ung abrecotiter. Galene, Paulus and Aetius immediately after the peach tree, make mention of Armeniak tree, and Dioscorides kept the same manner, but he sayeth further. ……. That is to say, Armeniaca, that is apricot which are called in Latin Praecoccia, that is ripe before, are lesser than the other peach’s and are more wholesome for the stomach then the foresaid peaches are. Plini also a Latin writer, calleth this kind of peach’s Precocia mala and reknit it amongst the kinds of peaches. But there is this difference between the apricot or hasty peach tree and other, in their fruits. The hasty peach tree hath much brooder leaves then the peach tree, and his fruit is a great time sooner ripe then the peach is. And whereas the peach stones are rough, furrowed and guttered, the stone of the hasty peach is plain and smooth, and the hole fruit is much lesser than the peach is. I have seen many trees of this kind in Almany and some in England, now the fruit is called of some English men an apricot. but I think that a hasty peach is a better and a fitter name for it. But so that the tree be well known, I don’t not greatly what name it is known by.

Of the virtues of peaches and hasty peaches.

The peaches when they are ripe are both profitable for the stomach and belly, but hasty peaches are better for the stomach as Dioscorides write.

Out of Galen.

Learne though this now that the juice of peaches, even as the flesh is, is soon corrupted or rotten and is evil wherefore they ought not to be eaten after meat as some use to do, for they rot ad are corrupted, while they swim above other meats. And this rule must be holden in all those meats that are of evil juice and are moist and slippery and go easily down through the belly, that they be taken before all other meats: for so shall it come to passe that they may more easily passe and prepare the way to other meats. But if they be taken after meat, they corrupt both themselves with all other meats that are near unto them.

Of the Pomgranat tre.

The Pomgranat tre hath many small twygges which have leves growyng upon them streyght a pyke unto wylow leves, but smaller and somthyng shorter. The floure is of a cremesin colour. The apple is rounde, full of graynes and iuice. The granes have corners lyke unto the stones called Granati. I have sene diverse Pomgranat trees with fruite growyng upon them in Italy. But I have not sene any growyng with theyr fruite in England. The Pomgranat is named in Greke Roia, in Latin Malus punica, or Malus granata after som mens Latin, in Duche ein Granat baum, in Frenche ung Pomier des granades.

The vertue of the Pomgranat tre and hys fruite.

The Pomgranat is all full of good iuice, good for the stomack, and it geveth but small norishment. The swete are counted to be better for the stomack, but they ingendre a lytie heate, and brede wynde, wherefore they are forbidden in agues. The sour bynde are good for the burnyng stomack, and they drow much more together, and provoke urine. They hurt the mouth and the gumes. The Pomegranat that hath the winishe taste, hath a nature betwene both. The kirnelles of the sour Pomgranat dryyed in the sonne, ether sprynkled in meat, or sodden ther with, are good to stop the belly and stomack if they be louse to much rynnyng. If they be steped in rayn water, and drunken, they are good for them spit blood. And they are good, if a man make a bath of theyr broth, so them that have the blody flix, also for the issue of a womans mother. The iuice that is pressed out of the kyrnelles, is good to be sodden with hony for the sores of the mouth, of the privetes, of the fundament. It is good for the whit flaw and for suche thynges as appare out in the body lumpes, for the ach of the eares, for the diseases of the nostthrilles. The floures of the Pomgranat tre called Cytini, bynd, dry, hold in and ioyn woundes together. And the floures are of the same effect that the apple is of. The moyst goumes, louse teth are helped, if they be washed with the broth of these floures. If the same floures be put into and emplaster, they are good for the burstyng that commeth by fallyng downe of the guttes. For they dryve the guttes back agayn. Malicorium is the rough shel of a Pomgranat, which som call Sidion. That hath the vertue to make thick, it serveth for the same purpose that the floures do. The broth of the roote of the tre sodden, dryveth furth brode wormes out of the belly. Balastrum is the floure of the wild pome granat, and it is lyke unto the flour of the gardine Pomgranat, and there are diverse kyndes there of, Som white, som red like rogoldese, som of the color of a rose. There may a iuice be take out of it, as is of Hypoquistida, it will serve for the same purpose that Hypoquistida doth.

Out of the comen herbaries and practicioners.

The sour Pomegranat is good for they hart burn, for the swounyng that commeth of choler. It is good for the inflammation of the lyver, and to provoke appetite. The syrop of Pomgranates is good for weomen with chylde, and for the heat of the stomack and liver.

Of the Pomgranat tree. Punica granatum)

The Pomegranate tree hath many small twigs which have leaves growing upon them straight a pike unto willow leaves, but smaller and something shorter. The flower is of a crimson color. The apple is round, full of grains and juice. The grains have corners like unto the stones called Granatum. I have seen diverse Pomegranate trees with fruit growing upon them in Italy. But I have not seen any growing with their fruit in England. The Pomegranate is named in Greek Roia, in Latin Malus punica or Malus granata after some men’s Latin, in German ein Granat baum, in French ung Pomier des granades.

The virtue of the Pomegranate tree and his fruit.

The Pomegranate is all full of good juice, good for the stomach, and it give but small nourishment. The sweet are counted to be better for the stomach, but they engender a little heat and breed wind, wherefore they are forbidden in agues. The sour bind and are good for the burning stomach, and they drown much more together and provoke urine. They hurt the mouth and the gums. The Pomegranate that hath the wines taste hath a nature between both. The kernelless of the sour Pomegranate dried in the sun, ether sprinkled in meat or sodden there with, are good to stop the belly and stomach if they be louse to much running. If they be steeped in rainwater and drunken, they are good for them spit blood. And they are good, if a man makes a bath of their broth, so them that have the bloody flux, also for the issue of a woman’s mother. The juice that is pressed out of the kernelless is good to be sodden with honey for the sores of the mouth, of the privates of the fundament. It is good for the whit flaw and for such things as appear out in the body lumps, for the ach of the ears, for the diseases of the nose thrills. The flowers of the Pomegranate tree called Cytini, bind, dry, hold in and join wounds together. And the flowers are of the same effect that the apple is of. The moist gums, louse teethe are helped, if they be washed with the broth of these flowers. If the same flowers be put into and plaster, they are good for the bursting that comet by falling down of the gutters. For they drive the gutters back again. Malicorium is the rough shell of a Pomegranate which some call Sidion. That hath the virtue to make thick, it served for the same purpose that the flowers do. The broth of the root of the tree sodden drive furth brood worms out of the belly. Balastrum is the flower of the wild pomegranate, and it is like unto the flour of the garden Pomegranate, and there are diverse kinds thereof. Some white, some red like rough gold, some of the color of a rose. There may a juice be taken out of it as is of Hypocistus, it will serve for the same purpose that Hypocistus doth.

Out of the common herbarizes and practitioners.

The sour Pomegranate is good for they hart burn, for the swooning that comet of choler. It is good for the inflammation of the liver and to provoke appetite. The syrup of Pomegranates is good for women with child and for the heat of the stomach and liver.

Of the Citron, Orenge and Limon tre.

Malus medica which is called malus Assyria is also called Citrus, in Englishe a Citron tre. Under the which tre are also contepned the Orenge and the Limon tre, as perteynyng unto the same kinde. The Citron tre as Dioscorides writeth bryngeth furth fruite all tymes of the yeare, ande whilse som are fallyng of, other are growyng up inunder agayn. The apple is long, full of wryncles, of the color of golde. It hath a good smell, but a certayn unplesantnes therwith. It hath sedes lyke a pere. Thus far Dioscorides. But Virgil in the second booke of his Geoergikes describeth the Citron tre thus. Media bryngeth furth sadde iuices and a slow taste, or an happy apple. There is no better remedy that commeth, if the cruell stepmothers have poysoned the cuppes, have menged herbes hurtefull wordes together, so it dryveth black poyson out of the membres. The tre is great, and in fashion much lyke unto a bay tre. And it should be a bay tre, if it lest not furth abrode a farr other savor. The leves fall away with no wynde, the floure is very toughe. The Medianes use it agaynst theyr styngkyng mouthe and brethes, and they hele ther with old men that are short wynded.

Of the Citron tre out of Pliny.

The Assyrian apple tre which is named of son medic apple, is a remedy agaynst poysones. It hath a lefe lyke unto it of the arbut or strawberritre, with diverse prickes rynnyng between, but the apple is not eaten. It is also very excellent in the smell of the leves whiche goeth into the clothes, if it be layd up with them, and dryveth away all noysom beastes from thence. The tre is fruitful at all tymes, whilse som fall, som war rype. And whilse som are rype, other yonger grow and were up in under. Many nationes have affayed to remove it and to bryng it unto them the excellencie of the remedies, in erthen vesselles, levyng certayn brethyng holes unto the roote, even as all other thynges of that sorte, which should be caried farr, ought to be straytly set.

Out of Theophrast.

The plage or parte of the worlde toward the uyrspryng of thesen, and toward the south, as it bryngeth furth certayn beastes, so (as it apreth) it bryngeth furth besyde the nature of other quarters, certayn peculiar or proper herbes. The land of Media and Persis, besyde many other thynges, bryngeth furth the apple tre, which som call the Persik tre, and som Medic tre. Thys tre hath a lefe lyke and almoste equal unto the use of the tre called Adrachne, and suche prickes as the pere tre hath, or as the sharp thorn tre hath, but sour, and exrcedyng sharpe, and strong. The apple is not eaten, but it ercelleth in smel, the lefe also of the tre is wonderfully well smellyng. And if they be put amongest clothes, they kepe the clothes harmles. It is good when as a man hath dronken a dedly drynk, it is good also for to make a mans beeth savor well. For if any man take the inwarde of it, and sith it in any broth or moisture, and put it into the mouth a digest it, it will make hys beeth savor swete. The sede is taken away and sowen in the spryng, in sorrowes very diligently trimmed, it is watered every fourth or fift day, and when it is a lytle greater, it is removed. In the spryng of the yeare it is removed agayn into a most grounde, but not very thinne: for suche one desereth it. It bringeth furth apples all tymes of the yeare, som fallyng of, som growyng in under, and other waryng rype. The frute groweth only out of suche floures whiche have in the myddes of them, a thyng lyke unto a rok streched out. They that want that, are counted unfrutiteful, It is allo sowen in erthen pottes full of holes as the date tre is. Thus farr have old ancient autores write of the citron tre. And they that have sene the Orenge tre, the Lemon tre, thynk truely that they may well be conteyned underneth the Citron tre as kyndes of the same. And I wolde that they witche thynck that the Orenge tre is so far from the Citron tre, shoulde rede these wordes of Nicander in Alexipharmacis. …..: and I reken they will be better content to let the Orenge, whiche som call poma aurantia, be a kynde of Citron.

The vertues of the Citron, Orenge, and Limon tre and of theyr fruites.

The Citrone appel, as Dioscorides writeth, dronken in wyne with. It standeth poyson, moveth the belly, and maketh the mouth smell wwll if it be wasshed with the iuice or broth of it. It is good for grevyng weomen or such as lust and long for strange meate. It is thought to save clothes from beyng gnawed of mottes if it be layd amongest clothes.

Out of Galenes booke de simplicibus medicamentis.

In the sede of the Citrone, is a sour and drye qualite that doth excell all other, so that it is in the thyrde degre dry and colde. The ſsel or the barck also dryeth, but it hath also muche bytyng sharpnes, therefore it is dry in the second degree, but yet not colde, but temperate or a litle of thys syde. But the fleshe of the Citron is of a gross iuice, and flegmatik, and therfore colde. The fleshe is eaten as the shell is, but the sede is no men te to be eaten. The leaves have pour to dry and to make rype.

Out of Galenes boke de facultatibus alimentorum.

There are iij. partes of the pome Citron, the firste is the sour thyng that is in the myddes. The second is it, that resembleth the fleshe of the fruite, which goeth about it that is in the myddes. The thyrde parte is the shel or pill, that covereth the hole, and it smelleth well, and is spycye, not onely in smell, but also in taste. By all reason that same is harde of digestion, because it is hard and full of brawn. If any man useit as a medicine, it doth som thyng help digestion, as all other that have a sharp byndyng qualite, by the same reason, if it be taken measurably, it stengtheneth the stomack. Therefore som use to rtake it in peces and to presse out all the iuice, and to meng the peces with medicines, which are taken in at the mouth, to scour the belly or to purge the hole body.

Out of Simeon Sethi a later Grecian.

The bark, pill, or the shell of the Citron, is dry and hote in the thyrde degre hole out, but the fleshe is cold and moyste in the first degre. The sour gear that is within, is colde and dry in the second degre: but the sede is hole and dry in the second degre. The fleshe is comenly eatt with hony, because it is harde of digestion and maketh grosse fleme. The pill is good in mete to help digestion, of the Melancholik humor. And all suche thynges as are made thereof, are good against sadnes and good for the stomack if ye take them in measure. But if they be taken out of measure, they are harde of digestion. They that are condite or syroped in hony, help the stomack and cast out hys moysture.

Out the Arabianes.

The shell of Citron is hote in the first degre and dry in the ende of the second. The fleshe is hote in the first degre, and moyst in the same degre. The iuice is colde and dry in the thyrde degre. The fleshe of the Citro puffeth up with wynde, and the leves dryve wynde away. And the flour is more subtile, and the sournes of it is byndyng and holdeth down rede choler. And the sede and barck of it, are of a resolvyng nature. And the savor of it, amendeth the ayre, and the infection that bredeth the pestilence. The sournes of it scoure away evel savored colores and frekles. And the roote burned, is good for white spottes and morhewes. And the broth there of holden in the mouth, is good for the impostemes of the same. The oyle of Citrones is good for the weiknes of the synewes, and for the palsey. And the oyle is made of the shelles. The sour iuice is evel for the synewes. The same uice is good for the hole trymblyng of the harte, but it is evel for the lunges. The fleshe of it is nought for the stomack. But the leves comfort the stomacke. They that would eat Citrones or such lyke fruite to have the above rehersed profites, must nether eat meate immediatly before them, nor shortly after them. The fleshe of the fruite bryng them that eate it, into a colik.

Out of Athineus.

There was a certayn sherif in Egypt which tooke ij. naughty murtheryng robbers and condemned them for theyr murder and robery to be slayn and poysoned to deth of serpentes, and such venemus bestes in the great shew hall, that all men myght se them dye. But whille they were led of the souldyers, to the place of execution, ther mete them a woman that had a citron in her hand, the which the murderers begged of her, and she clove it in two peces, and geve ech of them a pece. The whiche they eat very gredely. But when as they came into the appoynted place, and were casten amongest the myddes of the grete hepe of serpentes and aspides, they abode unhurt, and receyved no harm of them, and so came hole and ſound furth agayn beyond all mes lokyng for. Then as thys strange thyng chanced thus, and every man wondered how that thys mater should thus come to passe: and som dyd phantasey one thing, to be the cause and som an other, the sherif asked diligently of them that kept the theves, what they had done, or what myghty triacle or preservative they had taken. But they answered that the theves had eaten nothyng savyng theyr accustomed potage, and sayd further that they eat a citron by the way, where upon there role a lyght suspition that it preserved them from the venemus bestes. Yet becauce men douted, whe ther that were the cause or no, the sherif commanded them to go to the pryson agayne, and the one of theses shoulde eat only hys accustomed potage, the other should only eate citrones. These thynges done, the theves war brought into the great theatre or shewhall agayn. And there he that eat the citrones, continewed all the day all moste safe and ſounde, allthough certayn of the serpentes had bitten hym. And the other whiche had but eaten hys comen meate, at the bytyng of one serpent, fell down sterk dede. Athineus a very noble and ancient autor wryteth that he saw thys hys own self. Wherefore it were wisdome that noble men, and other that are bydden to dynner of theyr enemies or suspected frendes, before they eat any other thing, should take a pece of sliced citron.

Of the Citron, Orenge and Limon tree. Citrus medica, Citrus x limoni, Citrus aurantium.

Malus medica which is called malus Assyria is also called Citrus, in English a Citron tree. Under the which tree are also contained the Orenge and the Limon tree as pertaining unto the same kind. The Citron tree as Dioscorides write brength furth fruit all times of the year, and while some are falling of other are growing up in sunder again. The apple is long, full of wrinkles, of the color of gold. It hath a good smell, but a certain unpleasantness therewith. It hath seeds like a pear. Thus far Dioscorides. But Virgil in the second book of his Georgikes described the Citron tree thus. Media brength furth sad juices and a slow taste or a happy apple. There is no better remedy that comet, if the cruel stepmothers have poisoned the cups, have menged herbs hurtful words together, so it drives back poison out of the members. The tree is great and in fashion much like unto a bay tree. And it should be a bay tree, if it lest not furth abroad a far other savor. The leaves fall away with no wind, the flower is very tough. The Medians use it against their stinking mouth and breath, and they hele there with old men that are short winded.

Of the Citron tree out of Plini.

The Assyrian apple tree, which is named of some medic apple, is a remedy against poisons. It hath a leaf like unto it of the Arbutus or strawberries tree, with diverse prickers running between, but the apple is not eaten. It is also very excellent in the smell of the leaves which goth into the clothes, if it be laid up with them, and drive away all noisome beasts from thence. The tree is fruitful at all times, while some fall, some war ripe. And while some are ripe, other younger grow and were up in under. Many nations have affirmed to remove it and to bring it unto them the excellencies of the remedies, in earthen vessels’, leaving certain breathing holes unto the root, even as all other things of that sort, which should be caried far ought to be straitly set.

Out of Theophrastus.

The plage or part of the world toward the or spring of these and toward the south as it brength furth certain beasts, so (as it appeared) it brength furth beside the nature of other quarters, certain peculiar or proper herbs. The land of Media and Persis, beside many other things, brength furth the apple tree, which some call the Persich tree, and some Medic tree. This tree hath a leaf like and almost equal unto the use of the tree called Andrachne and such prickers as the pear tree hath or as the sharp thorn tree hath, but sour and exceeding sharp and strong. The apple is not eaten, but it excelled in smell, the leaf also of the tree is wonderfully well smelling. And if they be put amongst clothes, they keep the clothes harmless. It is good when as a man hath drunken a deadly drink, it is good also for to make a man’s teeth savor well. For if any man takes the inward of it and sit it in any broth or moisture and put it into the mouth a digest it, it will make his teeth savor sweet. The seed is taken away and sown in the spring, in sorrowed very diligently trimmed, it is watered every fourth or fifth day and when it is a little greater it is removed. In the spring of the year, it is removed again into a most ground, but not very thin: for such one desired it. It bringeth furth apples all times of the year, some falling of some growing in under and other warring ripe. The fruit growth only out of such flowers which have in the middles of them a thing like unto a rock stretched out. They that want that are counted unfruitful. It is also sown in earthen pot’s full of holes as the date tree is. Thus, far have old ancient authors write of the citron tree. And they that have seen the Orenge tree, the Lemon tree, think truly that they may well be contained underneath the Citron tree as kinds of the same. And I would that they which think that the Orenge tree is so far from the Citron tree, should read these words of Nicander in Alexipharmacis. …..: and I recon they will be better content to let the Orenge, which some call poma aurantia, be a kind of Citron.

The virtues of the Citron, Orenge, and Limon tree and of their fruits.

The Citrone apple, as Dioscorides write, drunken in wine with. It wider stand poison, moved the belly and maketh the mouth smell if it be washed with the juice or broth of it. It is good for grieving women or such as lust and long for strange meat. It is thought to save clothes from being gnawed of mottes if it be laid amongst clothes.

Out of Galen’ s book de simplicibus medicamentis.

In the seed of the Citron is a sour and dry quality that doth excel all other, so that it is in the third degree dry and cold. The seed or the bark also dry, but it hath also much biting sharpness, therefore it is dry in the second degree, but yet not cold, but temperate or a little of this side. But the flesh of the Citron is of a gross juice and phlegmatic and therefore cold. The flesh is eaten as the shell is, but the seed is no men to be eaten. The leaves have power to dry and to make ripe.

Out of Galene’s book de facultatibus alimentorum.

There are iij. partes of the pome Citron, the first is the sour thing that is in the middles. The second is it that resembled the flesh of the fruit, which go about it that is in the middles. The third part is the shell or pill that covered the hole, and it smelled well and is spice, not only in smell, but also in taste. By all reason that same is hard of digestion, because it is hard and full of brawn. If any man uses it as a medicine, it doth something help digestion, as all other that have a sharp binding quality, by the same reason, if it be taken measurably, it strengthened the stomach. Therefore, some use to take it in pieces and to pressed out all the juice, and to meng the pieces with medicines, which are taken in at the mouth, to scour the belly or to purge the whole body.

Out of Simeon Sethi a later Grecian.

The bark, pill or the shell of the Citron is dry and hot in the third-degree hole out, but the flesh is cold and moist in the first degree. The sour juice that is within is cold and dry in the second degree: but the seed is hole and dry in the second degree. The flesh is commonly eaten with honey, because it is hard of digestion and maketh grosses flehm. The pill is good in mete to help digestion, of the Melancholic humor. And all such things as are made thereof are good against sadness and good for the stomach if ye take them in measure. But if they be taken out of measure, they are hard of digestion. They that are candite or syruped in honey help the stomach and cast out his moisture.

Out the Arabians.

The shell of Citron is hot in the first degree and dry in the end of the second. The flesh is hot in the first degree and moist in the same degree. The juice is cold and dry in the third degree. The flesh of the Citro puffed up with wind and the leaves drive wind away. And the flour is more subtle and the sourness of it is binding and hold down red choler. And the seed and bark of it are of a resolving nature. And the savor of it, amended the air and the infection that breadth the pestilence. The sourness of it scours away evil savored colors and freckles. And the root burned is good for white spots and morphemes. And the broth there of holden in the mouth is good for the impostemes (pus) of the same. The oil of Citrons is good for the weakness of the sinews and for the palsy. And the oil is made of the shells. The sour juice is evil for the sinews. The same juice is good for the hole trembling of the heart, but it is evil for the lunges. The flesh of it is nought for the stomach. But the leaves comfort the stomach. They that would eat Citrons or such like fruit to have the above rehearsed profits, must nether eat meat immediately before them, nor shortly after them. The flesh of the fruit brings them that eat it into a colic.

Out of Atheneus.

There was a certain sherif in Egypt which took ij. naughty murdering robbers and condemned them for their murder and robbery to be slain and poisoned to death of serpents and such venomous beasts in the great shew hall that all men might see them dye. But while they were led of the soldiers to the place of execution there meet them a woman that had a citron in her hand, the which the murderers begged of her and she clove it in two pieces and give each of them a piece. The which they eat very greedily. But when as they came into the appointed place and were cast amongst the middles of the great heap of serpents and aspides, they abode unhurt and received no harm of them and so came whole and found furth again beyond all men’s looking for. Then as this strange thing chanced thus and every man wondered how that this matter should thus come to passe: and some did phantasy one thing to be the cause and some another, the sherif asked diligently of them that kept the thieves what they had done or what mighty treacle or preservative they had taken. But they answered that the thieves had eaten nothing saving their accustomed potage and said further that they eat a citron by the way, where upon there role a light suspicion that it preserved them from the venomous beasts. Yet because men doubted, what there that were the cause or no, the sherif commanded them to go to the prison again and the one of these should eat only his accustomed potage, the other should only eat citrons. These things done, the thieves war brought into the great theatre or shew hall again. And there he that eat the citrons, continued all the day all most safe and sound, although certain of the serpents had bitten him. And the other which had but eaten his common meat at the biting of one serpent, fell down stark dead. Atheneus a very noble and ancient author write that he saw this his own self. Wherefore it was wisdom that noble men and other that are bidden to dinner of their enemies or suspected friends before they eat any other thing should take a piece of sliced citron.

Of Horehounde.

Marrubium is called in greke prassion, in Englishe Horehound, in Duche wyssen Andorn, in Frenche du Marrubium. Horehound is a whitishe bushe full of branches, something roughe. The branches are iiii.s quared. the lefe is as byg as a thumb, somthyng roughe full of wryncles, and with a bitter taste. The sede growth about the stalk, and the floures which are sharpe grow insunder, by certain equal spaces one from an other. And they are lyke unto whorles, in compassing about the stalk, as whorle goeth roude about a spyndel. It growth about howses, olf walles, where have bene howsed, about townes, villages, even in suche places as the bourishe wormwood growth. I have sene it seldum in other places then in suche as are above named.

The vertues of Horehounde.

The drye leves of Horehounde sodden in water with the sede or the iuice of the grene leves, is good to be geven with hony unto them thath sygh muche and are shortwinded, for the cough, and the ptisti. Horehound with the pouder of drye Aris or Ireos, maketh grosse and toughe fleme come out of the lunges.

It is good to be geven to weomen after theyr deliverance, to draw down the secondes and theyr floures if they nede. It is good also for them that havne an harde and long travale, and for them that are bitten of serpentes: But it hurteth the blader and kydnes. The leves are good with hony to scour filthy and stynkyng sores. They staye fretyng or etyng sores, and aguayles, and swage the ache of the syde. The iuice that is take out of the brused leves, streyned, after

ward dryed, and congeled together in the sonne, is good for the same purpose. The same layd to with hony and wyne, clereth the sight. And if it be poured in at the nose, ir scoureth the iaundes. It is also good to be put into the eare, ether by it self or with rose oyl agaynst the payn of them.

Of Horehounde. (Marrubium vulgare)

Marrubium is called in Greek prassion, in English Horehound, in German wyssen Andorn, in French du Marrubium. Horehound is a whitish bush full of branches, something rough. The branches are iiii. squared, the leaf is as big as a thumb, something rough and full of wrinkles and with a bitter taste. The seed growth about the stalk and the flowers which are sharp grow in sunder by certain equal spaces one from another. And they are like unto whorls in compassing about the stalk as whorled go round about a spindle. It growth about houses, old walls, where have bene houses, about towns, villages, even in such places as the boorish wormwood growth. I have seen it seldom in other places then in such as are above named.

The virtues of Horehound.

The dry leaves of Horehound sodden in water with the seed, or the juice of the green leaves is good to be given with honey unto them that sigh much and are short-winded, for the cough, and the ptisti. Horehound with the powder of dry Aris or Iris maketh grosses and tough flehm come out of the lunges.

It is good to be given to women after their deliverance to draw down the second and their flowers if they need. It is good also for them that have a hard and long travel and for them that are bitten of serpents: But it hurt the blader and kidneys. The leaves are good with honey to scour filthy and stinking sores. They stay fretting or eating sores and agnails and swage the ache of the side. The juice that is take out of the bruised leaves strained, afterward dried and congealed together in the son is good for the same purpose. The same laid to with honey and wine, clear the sight. And if it be poured in at the nose it scoured the jaundice. It is also good to be put into the ear, ether by itself or with rose oil against the pain of them.

Of the herbe called Medica.

Medica (as Dioscorides writeth) when it commeth first furth, both in lefe, and also in stalk, is very lyke unto the felde claver, or medow trifoly. But as it goeth for ward in growth, so it becommeth narrower. And it hath a stalk lyke a threleved grasse or claver, and it hath coddes wrythen inward again, lyke unto hornes, wherein is conteyned sede of the bygnes of a lentil, and no largelier is Medica described of Dioscorides.

Out of Pliny.

Medica is lyke unto the felde claver or wilde trifoly in lefe and stalk, and it is full of ioyntes. So muche as the stalk increseth in length so muche the lefe decreseth in brodenes.

Besyde these markes that Dioscorides and Pliny geve unto Medic, I have marked, that it hath a yelow flour, and that the lefe which standeth in the myddes betwene ij. other leves alll wayes grow about it, hath a longer footstalk or stele than the rest have. The same lefe from the goyng down of the son untill it ryse again, foldeth it self inward, then goeth abrode agayn when the son ryseth agayn. After that the yelow flower falleth away, there groweth a litle thyng to conteyn the sede in, which at the first is lyke the end of a writhen gymlet, but after that it begynneth to be rype, it draweth him self together, and is made lyke a litle water snayle or a crooked rammis horne,when it groweth muche crookedly in warde, and the end of it standeth not out of order. Som of the coddes or sede vesselles are smouth, and som are roughe and pricky. The greatest Medica comenly hath smouth coddes and lesse roughe. The sede is somthyng lyke in figure and color unto fenegreke. Thys herbe groweth nowhere in England that ever I coulde se, savyng only in gardin. But I have sene it growyng wylde I n Germany within an half myle of Wormes in the high waye towarde Spyer. It is called of them Aphrica as Avicebba sayeth in the chapter of Cot, Alfaſaſat: and som wryte that it is named in Spanishe Alfalſa. I have found no name as yet in England for it; but it may be called horned claver or medic fother.

The vertues of Medica out of Dioscorides.

The sede of Medica, is good to be menged with spyced salt to make it have a plesant taste. The same grene is good to cool it that nedeth coolyng. They that are grasiers, use the hole herbe in the stede of grasse and hay.

The vertues of Medica out of Pliny.

The ground where in medic fother shall be sowen, must be delivered from stones, made clen, them turned up in the latter end the last harvest. But it must be sowen in May, very thyck to hold out wedes: when it is an inche long, it must be diligently wedeth with handes not with a weding yron. The time of mopyng of it is when it beginneth to floure, and as oft as it floureth again, chanseth six tymes in a yere, or at lest itij. tymes: ye must not suffer it to war rype untill it bryng furth sede. For it is good fother un till it be iiii. yere olde. The beastes must not be suffered to eate so muche as they wil of it, lestt we be compelled to put back the blood agayn. It is best when it is grene: when it withered and drye, it wareth full of stickes, and is turned in to dust.

Palladius of Medic fother.

Meddic fother muste be sowen in April in beddes or ryges the woche as we have sayd, thou hast prepared before. And when as it is ones sowen, it will abyde x. yere, so that it may be cut iiii. or vi tymes in the yere. It dongeth the ground well. Also it bryngeth the lene beastes into fleshe, and it helpeth the sick beastes. A romishe acre of it, that is ccxl. foote bredth, c.xx. foot of length, will serve iiij. horses so an hole yere. And every ij. unces and an half of the sede, will be inough to saw sive fote in bredth, and ten foot in length. But as sown as the sede is casten in to the grounde, ye must take it with a wodden rake, or harrow, that it may be well covered with erth, or elles the sede will burn away with the hete of the son. And beware that ye touch not the medic with any yron after that it is sowen. Let the first have it be som thyng late, that the Medic may bryng furth som sede. After warde, as for other harvestes or cuttyng down of it, let them be as sown as ye will. Let it be geven unto beastes, but at the first tyme more scarſely, so it puffeth up with wynde the bestes, and ingendreth muche blood. After; thow hast mowen it, water the medik that is yet in the grounde oft tymes, and after a few dayes when it begynneth to spryng up again, wede out all other herbes, so shalt thou mow it six tymes in the yere, and it shall be able to continew for the space of x.yeres.

Columella of horned claver.

Medic foother is a very excellent herbe, because when it is ones sowen, it dureth for the space of. x. yeres, and because after that it is sowen, it may be well mowen iii. tymes every yere, and in som yere six tymes because it fatteth every leve beaste, and heleth every sick beaste, becase every romish iugerum or acre of it, is sufficient for iij. Horses, to gyve them meat inough for one yere. It must be sowen as herafter I shall teache yow. Plowe the place where in ye intend to sow Medic foother the next spryng, about the first day of Octobre that goeth before, and let the ground rott al wynter: then about the first day of February, plow it well again, and cast out all the stones and brake the clottes. Afterwarde in the monath of Marche, plow it the thyrde tyme and breke the clottes and make the grownd playn. When thou hast plowed the grownde, make beddes as the maner is in a gardine: of the whiche every one shall be in bredth x. foote, and in lengthe v. foote, that ye may go in patthes to water the herbes, end that of eche syde the weders may have a way to come to wede the herbes. And after warde cast old donge upon the grownde, and in the last end of moneth of April, sow so muche that every xiij. drammes and a scruple may occupy x. foote in length, and v. foote in bredth. Then thou hast done so, let

the sede be covered by rakyng, with wodden rakes, for that is very fit for it. For if it be not covered, it will be sowne burned with the son. Alter that he is sowen, the place ought not to be touched with yron. And as I have sayd, it must be roked with wodden rakes, and weded again, leste any other kynde of herbe destroye the yong tendre medic foother. At the first tyme of cuttyng of it, ye must taryy somthyng longer, then ye shall nede to do at any cuttyng after warde, that it is to wet, untill that it hath brought furth som sede. After warde ye may cut it down as yong as ye wil, and geve it to your beastes. But at the begynnyng, ye must geve it scarſely, untill they be aquaynted with it, leste the newnes of the fother do hurt. It puffeth up the cattel, filleth them with blood. When thou hast cut it doune, water it that standeth in the grounde oft tymes. When it beginneth to spryng up again, wede out al lother herbes from it. If it be trymmed thus, it may wel be cut down six tymes in the yere, and it will increase for the space of ten yeres. And thus far have I writen to you the myndes and experiente of old autores that they have had of medic fother or horned claver. Now it that I have proved my selfe, will not refuse to shew unto you my countremen. I have sowen iiir. kyndes of medic fothe, the leste kynde, the grete smoth kynde, and the great rough kinde. The lest kind do I alow leste of all other, because the leves and stalkes are al very little, and therfore in fedyng of cattel can do but litle service. The greate smoth kynde as I have proved, groweth into a mervelus greate bushe. As for the greate roughe kynde, how greate it will be, I have not as yet proved, for I never sowed it before thys summer. But by all tokens that can I se as yet, it is lyke to be as good and greate as the greate smoth kynde. If ye have but a bushe or ij. of medic, and would sayn bave much sede rype before the commyng of wynter, because the medic bushe is very thyck, and therefore hath many flowres and sed vesselles that the son can not come to, it is best to take the moste parte of every bushe at the ipnt of the herbe, about the tyme that the floure is redy to come furth, and somtyme when the flour is commed furth, then ye must set the branches that ye have plucked of, depe in the grounde, and water them twyse on the day, and they shall bryng furth sede as well as them that are sowen, and muche better then they that are overshaddowed in the bushe, and want the help of the son. Thys have I proved diverse tymes, wherefore I dar be bolde to write it.

Of the herb called Medica. (Medicago sativa)

Medica (as Dioscorides write) when it comes first furth, both in leaf and also in stalk is very like unto the field clover or meadow trefoil. But as it goth forward in growth so it becomes narrower. And it hath a stalk like a three leaved gras or clover, and it hath pods writhe inward again, like unto horns, wherein is contained seed of the bigness of a lentil and no larger is Medica described of Dioscorides.

Out of Plini.

Medica is like unto the field clover or wild trefoil in leaf and stalk and it is full of joints. So much as the stalk increased in length so much the leaf decreased in broadness.

Besides these marks that Dioscorides and Plini give unto Medic, I have marked, that it hath a yellow flour and that the leaf which stand in the middles between ij. other leaves always grow about it hath a longer footstalk or stele than the rest have. The same leaf from the going down of the son until it rise again, folded itself inward, then go abroad again when the sun rise again. After that the yellow flower falleth away there growth a little thing to contain the seed in, which at the first is like the end of a writhen gimlet, but after that it begins to be ripe it draweth himself together and is made like a little water snail or a crooked rams horn when it growth much crookedly inward and the end of it stand not out of order. Som of the pods or seed vessels are smooth, and some are rough and pricky. The greatest Medica commonly hath smooth pods and lesser rough. The seed is something like in figure and color unto fenugreek. this herb growth nowhere in England that ever I could see, saving only in garden. But I have seen it growing wild in Germany within an half mile of Worms in the highway toward Spier. It is called of them Aphrica as Avicenna sayeth in the chapter of Cot, Alfafafat: and some write that it is named in Spanish Alfalfa. I have found no name as yet in England for it; but it may be called horned clover or medic footer.

The virtues of Medica out of Dioscorides.

The seed of Medica, is good to be menged with spiced salt to make it have a pleasant taste. The same green is good to cool it that needed cooling. They that are grassier use the hole herb in the stead of gras and hay.

The virtues of Medica out of Plini.

The ground where in medic footer shall be sown must be delivered from stones, made clean then turned up in the latter end the last harvest. But it must be sown in May very thick to hold out weeds: when it is an inch long it must be diligently weeded with hands not with a weeding iron. The time of mooing of it is when it begins to flower and as oft as it floweret again change six times in a year or at least xij. times: ye must not suffer it to war ripe until it brings furth seed. For it is good footer until it be iiii. yere olde. The beasts must not be suffered to eat so much as they will of it, lest we be compelled to put back the blood again. It is best when it is green: when it withered and dry, it was full of sticks and is turned into dust.

Palladius of Medic footer.

Medic footer must be sown in April in beds or ryes the which as we have said, thou hast prepared before. And when as it is ones sown it will abide x. year so that it may be cut iiii. or vi times in the year. It dunged the ground well. Also, it brength the lean beasts into flesh and it helped the sick beasts. A Romish acre of it, that is ccxl. foot breadth, c.xx. foot of length, will serve iiij. horses so a hole year. And every ij. once’s and a half of the seed will be enough to saw seven foot in bread and ten foot in length. But as soon as the seed is caste into the ground ye must take it with a wooden rake or harrow that it may be well covered with earth or ells the seed will burn away with the hot of the son. And beware that ye touch not the medic with any iron after that it is sown. Let the first have it be something late that the Medic may bring furth some seed. Afterward as for other harvests or cutting down of it let them be as sown as ye will. Let it be given unto beasts, but at the first time more scarcely, so it puffed up with wind the beasts and engendered much blood. After though hast mown it, water the medic that is yet in the ground oft times and after a few days when it begins to spring up again, weed out all other herbs, so shalt thou mow it six times in the year, and it shall be able to continue for the space of x. years.

Columella of horned clover.

Medic footer is a very excellent herb, because when it is ones sown it stay for the space of. x. years and because after that it is sown it may be well mown iii. times every yere, and in some year six times because it fatted every leaf beast, and health every sick beast, because every romish iugerum or acre of it, is sufficient for iij. horses to give them meat enough for one year. It must be sown as hereafter I shall teach yow. Plowe the place where in ye intend to sow Medic footer the next spring, about the first day of Octobre that goth before, and let the ground rot al winter: then about the first day of February plow it well again and cast out all the stones and break the clots. Afterward in the month of Marche, plow it the third time and break the clots and make the ground plain. When thou hast plowed the ground make beds as the manner is in a garden: of the which everyone shall be in breadth x. foot and in length v. foot that ye may go in paths to water the herbs end that of each side the weeders may have a way to come to weed the herbs. And afterward cast old dung upon the ground and in the last end of month of April sow so much that every xiij. drachms and a scruple may occupy x. foot in length, and v. foot in breadth. Then thou hast done so, let the seed be covered by raking, with wooden rakes, for that is very fit for it. For if it be not covered, it will be soon burned with the son. Alter that he is sown, the place ought not to be touched with iron. And as I have said, it must be rooked with wooden rakes and weeded again, lest any other kind of herb destroy the young tender medic footer. At the first time of cutting of it, ye must trade it something longer, then ye shall need to do at any cutting afterward, that it is too wet, until that it hath brought furth some seed. Afterward ye may cut it down as young as ye will and give it to your beasts. But at the beginning, ye must give it scarcely until they be acquainted with it, lest the newness of the footer do hurt. It puffed up the cattle, fill them with blood. When thou hast cut it down water it that stand in the ground oft times. When it begins to spring up again, weed out all other herbs from it. If it be trimmed thus, it may well be cut down six times in the year and it will increase for the space of ten years. And thus far have I written to you the minds and experience of old authors that they have had of medic footer or horned clover. Now it that I have proved myself will not refuse to shew unto you my country men. I have sown iiii. kinds of medic footer, the lesser kind, the great smooth kind and the great rough kind. The lesser kind do I allow lest of all other, because the leaves and stalks are all very little and therefore in feeding of cattle can do but little service. The great smooth kind as I have proved, growth into a marvelous great bush. As for the great rough kind, how great will be, I have not as yet proved, for I never sowed it before this summer. But by all tokens that can I see as yet, it is like to be as good and great as the great smooth kind. If ye have but a bush or ij. of medic and would say have much seed ripe before the coming of winter, because the medic bush is very thick, and therefore hath many flowers and seed vessels’ that the son cannot come to, it is best to take the most part of every bush at the end of the herb, about the time that the flower is ready to come furth and sometime when the flower is com furth then ye must set the branches that ye have plucked of deep in the ground and water them twice on the day and they shall bring furth seed as well as them that are sown, and much better then they that are overshadowed in the bush and want the help of the son. this have I proved diverse times, wherefore I dare be bold to write it.

Of Mint.

Dioscorides describeth not Mint, and maketh but of one kynde of gardin mint. Wherefore when as there are diverse kyndes of myntes growyng now only in gardines, it is very harde to know which of them is it of whiche Dioscorides writeth. Fuchsius maketh four kyndes of gardin mintes, and them he describeth very diligently. And Matthiolus maketh iii. kyndes of myntes, but he describeth them very lyghtly and barerely. And allthough he disprayse the multitude or diversite of the kyndes, semyng thereby to meane, that there is but one ryght kynde: yet nether in hys descriptions, nor in his figures he telleth which is the ryght kynde that Dioscorides describeth, whome he taketh in hand to expound

The first kynd of Fuchsius gardin myntes hath a four squared ltalk from the roote, a litle violet redishe with som horynes. The leke is allmost round, indented about lyke a saw, soft and well smelling. It hath litle cremisin floures in the knoppes that go about the ioyntes after the maner of whorles. Hys second kynde is lyke the former in al, savyng; it hath in the top of the stalkes a purplishe flour after the fashion of a corn eare. The thyrde kynde hath a longer lefe and sharper, and purple floures in the toppes of the stalkes, of the figure of cares of corne. His fourth hath also longer leuvs and knoppes about the ioyntes where in are purplishe floures as the first hath. He calleth the first minte in Duche deyment or krausz deiment. The second he calleth kraus balsum. He sayeth that the thyrde is called in Duche balsammuntz, and unserfrawen muntz oz spitzmuntz, and of the herbaries Mentha Sarracenica or Romana. He calleth the fourth, hertz kraut or balsam kraut. Matthiolus describeth hys thre gardin myntes thus: One hath shorte and curled leves, an other hath a rede stalk and a rede floure, and an other hath a whithishe flour. Now will I shew yow my mynde whych of all these mintes semeth unto me to be it that Dioscorides wriyteth of. The two first kyndes that Fuchsius setteth furth, can not be the gardin mynte that Dioscorides writeth of,, because they have both roude leves. For Dioscorides in the description of five leved grass, wryteth that it hath leves lyke unto mint. But the cintoly or five leved grass hath not rounde leves, but long and indented, Therfore nether of them can be it that Dioscorides, writeth of. But seyng that hys thyrde mynte hath long sharpe indented leves lyke unto the leves of cinkfoli, I reken it to be the ryght gardin mint. As for the figures of Matthiolus I must nedes confess that they are fayre, and so lyke one to an other that a man it not well discerne the one from the other. But yet I reken that the second agreeth better then the former with the leves of Cinkfoly. Thys herbe is called with us gardin mynte, and as far as I remember, it is called spere mynte, and if it be not named so, it may well be called so of the sharpnes of the lefe that it hath.

The vertues of gardin mynt.

Mynt hath a warming, byndyng and a drying poure. It will stop blood, if the iuice of it be dronken with vinegre. It killeth round wormes in the belly. It provoketh man to the generation of chylder. Thre branches taken with the iuice of sour pomgranat, stancheth the hitchcok, the choler and perbrekyng. Mynte layde to the heade, swageth the ache therof; It swageth the brestes or pappes, if they be stretched furth or swelled with plenty of mylke. It is good to be layde to the bytynges of dogges with salt. It dryveth away matery rotten filth, if it be layd to with perched barley mele: With mede it is good for the payn in the eare. It smoteth the roughnes of the tong, if it be rubbed ther with. It will not suffer mylck to crud and to be made chese if the leves be put into be the mylck that a man drynketh. To be short, I t is good for the stomack, a hath a singulare pleasantnes in sawees.

Out of the later writers.

The smell of mynt streyngthteneth the brayne, and kepeth the memoryy and increaseth it. Mint if it be put into milk, wil not let it crud. It is good for the ilshue of blood. It is good for the colik with the graynes of a pomgranat. It hath a singulare vertu against the bytyng of a mad dog. Serapio writeth that mint preseveth chese from rottyng, or corruption. But the iuice is best for that purpose. Pacer sayeth that if mynt be layde unto a womans breste, that it will dissolve and breke insunder cruddeth mylk.

Out of Symeon Sethi.

Mint is hote in the thyrde degre, and drey in the second, and it hath som moystenes more then the wilde mynte, it is good for a cold liver, and it streyngthteneth the stomack, and helpeth the digestion. It stancheth perbrekyng and the hitch cough. It helpeth the gnawynges of the stomack and stirreth up an appetite, and dryveth wynde away. It killeth wormes, and specially the broth of the wilde mynt. It stirreth up the lust of the body, and openeth the stoppyng of the milt and liver. But ye must not eat your fill of it, for it smeth the blood, and maketh it waishe, and turneth it lyghtly into yelow choler, and also because it is subtill or fyne partes, it driveth abrode and wasted it way. But it leveth still it that is grosse and melancholishe. Therefore they are hurt with yelow gall, mus forbere from mynt. Bruse it with salt and it is an holsom remedy agaynst the bytyng of a mad dog. When it is withered and made in pouder, and taken after mete, it helpeth digestion an heleth them that are diseased with the milt. It is also good for weomen that have an harde labor, when it is dronken with wyne. The sede of it scoured the belly, but it hurteth the lunges.

Of Mint. (Mentha arvensis, Mentha spicata var. crispata, Mentha viridis)

Dioscorides described not Mint and maketh but of one kind of garden mint. Wherefore when as there are diverse kinds of mints growing now only in gardens it is very hard to know which of them is it of which Dioscorides write. Fuchsius maketh four kinds of garden mints and them he described very diligently. And Matthiolus maketh iii. kinds of mints, but he described them very lightly and bare. And although he dispraises the multitude or diversity of the kinds, seeming thereby to mean that there is but one right kind: yet nether in his descriptions, nor in his figures he tells which is the right kind that Dioscorides described, whom he taketh in hand to expound

The first kind of Fuchsius garden mints hath a four squared stalk from the root, a little violet reddish with some hoariness. The stalk is almost round, indented about like a saw, soft and well smelling. It hath little creminis flowers in the knops that go about the joints after the manner of whorls. His second kind is like the former in al, saving; it hath in the top of the stalks a purplish flour after the fashion of a corn ear. The third kind hath a longer leaf and sharper and purple flowers in the tops of the stalks, of the figure of cares of corn. His fourth hath also longer leaves and knops about the joints where in are purplish flowers as the first hath. He calleth the first mint in German deyment or krausz deiment. The second he calleth kraus balsum. He says that the third is called in German balsammuntz, and unserfrawen muntz or spitzmuntz and of the herbarizes Mentha Sarracenica or Romana. He calleth the fourth, hertz kraut or balsam kraut. Matthiolus described his three garden mints thus: One hath short and curled leaves, another hath a red stalk and a red flower and another hath a whitish flour. Now will I shew yow my mind which of all these mints seem unto me to be it that Dioscorides write off. The two first kinds that Fuchsius set furth cannot be the garden mint that Dioscorides write of, because they have both round leaves. For Dioscorides in the description of five leaved grass, write that it hath leaves like unto mint. But the ci cinquefoil or five leaved grass hath not round leaves, but long and indented, therefore nether of them can be it that Dioscorides, write off. But seeing that his third mint hath long sharp indented leaves like unto the leaves of cinquefoil, I recon it to be the right garden mint. As for the figures of Matthiolus I must needs confess that they are fayre and so like one to another that a man it not well discerns the one from the other. But yet I reckon that the second agreed better than the former with the leaves of Cinquefoil. This herb is called with us garden mint and as far as I remember, it is called spere mint and if it be not named so, it may well be called so of the sharpness of the leaf that it hath.

The virtues of garden mint.

Mint hath a warming, binding and a drying power. It will stop blood, if the juice of it be drunken with vinegar. It killed round worms in the belly. It provoked man to the generation of children. Three branches taken with the juice of sour pomegranate, stanched the Hitchcock, the choler and pairbreaking. Mint laide to the head swaged the ache thereof; It swaged the breasts or pappa, if they be stretched furth or swelled with plenty of milk. It is good to be laide to the biting’s of dogs with salt. It drives away mattery rotten filth, if it be laid to with perched barley mele: With mee it is good for the pain in the ear. It smote the roughness of the tong, if it be rubbed there with. It will not suffer milk to crud and to be made cheese if the leaves be put into be the milk that a man drink. To be short, it is good for the stomach, hath a singular pleasantness in sawed.

Out of the later writers.

The smell of mint strengthened the brain and keep the memory and increased it. Mint if it be put into milk, will not let it crud. It is good for the issue of blood. It is good for the colic with the grains of a pomegranate. It hath a singular vertu against the biting of a mad dog. Serapio write that mint preserved cheese from rotting or corruption. But the juice is best for that purpose. Pacer sayeth that if mint be laide unto a woman’s breast that it will dissolve and break in sunder crud milk.

Out of Symeon Sethi.

Mint is hot in the third degree and drey in the second, and it hath some moistens more than the wild mint, it is good for a cold liver, and it strengthened the stomach and helped the digestion. It stanched pairbreaking and the hitch cough. It helped the gnawing’s of the stomach and stirred up an appetite, and drive wind away. It killed worms and specially the broth of the wild mint. It stirred up the lust of the body and opened the stopping of the milt and liver. But ye must not eat your fill of it, for it seem the blood and maketh it washer and turned it lightly into yellow choler and also because it is subtill or fine partes it drives abroad and wasted it way. But it leaved still it that is grosses and melancholic. Therefore, they are hurt with yellow gall, must forbore from mint. Bruse it with salt and it is a wholesome remedy against the biting of a mad dog. When it is withered and made in powder, and taken after mete, it helped digestion and health them that are diseased with the milt. It is also good for women that have a hard labor, when it is drunken with wine. The seed of it scoured the belly, but it hurt the lunges.

Of the wild mynte called mentastrum.

Mentastrum called in Greke hediosmos agrios, hath a rougher lefe, and in all poyntes greater the Sisybrium hath, and is of a more grevous savor. Dioscorides describeth hys wilde mynte no largelier then ye se. Therefore when as there are diverse kyndes of wilde mynte, it shall be hard to know whiche of them Dioscorides meaneth of. But by the short description of Dioscorides, we are taught that, hat kynde whiche hath the greate and roughe lefe, and not any that hath any small or smothe lefe is menthastrum Sisymbrium, which is a kynd of wild baum mynte. Hath a broder lefe then mint hath, and wilde mynt hath a greater lefe then Sisimbrium hath, wherefore after the mynde of Dioscorides who teacheth it that I have sayde, wilde mynte must nedes have a great lefe. Thys wilde mynte groweth in moyst groundes by watersydes, with a rough lefe and hory, with certayn toppes in the overmost parte of the stalkes, lyke unto short eares of corn: the herbe looketh muche more whytishe then the gardin mynt doth, and it hath a verye strong savor. The horse mynt semeth also to be a kynde of menthastrum: how be it, I take it not for the right kynde of Dioscorides.

The vertues of wilde mynte.

The wilde mynte as Dioscorides sayeth is not so much desyred to be used of holemen as the gardin mint is, grevuous because it hath a more savor. Galene writing of thys herbe under the name of calamint, in the proper chapter of mint, writeth that thys mint is not so moyst then the gardin mint is, but that it is hoter end dryer, therefore that is it not fit for diverse purposes that the other mint fit for is. Pliny writeth thus of the wilde mynte, Mentastrum is a wild mint, differing in the lyne of leves, for the have the figure of Basil, and a color of peny ryall. It was found in the tyme of Pompeius the grate, the lepre, called Elephantia is healed with these chowed and layd on, by experience of profe of a certain man and for shame he covered hys face therwith. The same are layd to as are drunken against the styngyng scorpiones with salt, oyle, and vinegre, and against scolopendres and stynginges of serpents in the quantite of ii. drammes in ii. cyates of wyne. The leves are keped in pouder agaynst all poysones. If they be strowed upon the grounde and smoke made of them, they will dryve away scorpiones etc. Pliny semeth to take for hys mentastrum an other than Dioscorides doth, while he geveth the proportiom of the leves of basil unto it, and colour of penny ryall, whiche thynges agre not with the description of mentastrum in Dioscorides. It appereth that the comen rede fish mynt groweth about water sydes with whorlishhecircles goyng about the stalck, is the mentastrum that Pliny writeth of. But as I have sayd afore, it that Dioscorides setteth out, hath long thynges lyke eares of corn, in the toppes of the stalkes, and long roughe leves and hory, nether lyke in figure to Basil, nor in color to peny ryall, exept I be fare deceived.

Of the wild mint called mentastrum. (Mentha longifolia)

Mentastrum called in Greek hediosmos agrios, hath a rougher leaf and in all points greater the Sisymbrium hath and is of a more grievous savor. Dioscorides described his wild mint no larger than ye see. Therefore, when as there are diverse kinds of wild mint it shall be hard to know which of them Dioscorides meant of. But by the short description of Dioscorides, we are taught that a kind which hath the great and rough leaf and not any that hath any small or smooth leaf is mentastrum Sisymbrium, which is a kind of wild balm mint. Hath a brooder leaf then mint hath and wild mint hath a greater leaf then Sisymbrium hath, wherefore after the mind of Dioscorides who teaches it that I have says wild mint must needs have a great leaf. This wild mint growth in moist grounds by watersides with a rough leaf and hoary, with certain tops in the over most part of the stalks, like unto short ears of corn: the herb looks much more whitish than the garden mint doth, and it hath a very strong savor. The horse mint seems also to be a kind of mentastrum: how be it, I take it not for the right kind of Dioscorides.

The virtues of wild mint.

The wild mint as Dioscorides says is not so much desired to be used of hole men as the garden mint is, grievous because it hath a more savor. Galene writing of this herb under the name of calamint, in the proper chapter of mint, write that this mint is not so moist then the garden mint is, but that it is hotter end drier, therefore that is it not fit for diverse purposes that the other mint fit for is. Plini write thus of the wild mint, Mentastrum is a wild mint, differing in the line of leaves, for the have the figure of Basil and a color of Pulegium. It was found in the time of Pompeius the grate, the leper, called Elephantia is healed with these chowed and laid on, by experience of prove of a certain man and for shame he covered his face therewith. The same are laid to as are drunken against the stinging scorpions with salt, oil, and vinegar and against Scolopendra’s and stinging’s of serpents in the quantity of ii. drachms in ii. kyats of wine. The leaves are kept in powder against all poisons. If they be strowed upon the ground and smoke made of them they will drive away scorpions etc. Plini seem to take for his mentastrum another than Dioscorides doth, while he gives it the proportion of the leaves of basil unto it, and color of Pulegium, which things agree not with the description of mentastrum in Dioscorides. It appeared that the common red fish mint growth about water sides with whorls circles going about the stalk is the mentastrum that Plini write off. But as I have said afore, it that Dioscorides set out hath long things like ears of corn, in the tops of the stalks and long rough leaves and hoary, nether like in figure to Basil, nor in color to Pulegium, except I be fare deceived.

Of Mercury.

Mercurialis is named in Greke ermou batanion, and linozoristis, in Englishe Mercury, in Duche rekraut, or bingelkraut, in Frenche mercuriall. Mercury (sayeth Dioscorides) hath the leves of Basil, but lesse, much like unto Parietori or Piletori of the wall, with little branches compassed about with a dubbele knot of ioyntes or knees. The sede of them is small and very plenteous, and resembleth, as it were a cluster of grapes. But the fruite and sede of the male commeth furth betwen the stalck and the leves, round, little, and lyke unto ij. stones ioyned together. The bushe is a span hyghe or hygher. By thys description it is playn, that our forfathers have erred in England, which hitherto in the moste parte of all England have used an other herbe in the stede of the ryght Mercury. Therfore as many as had lever ete whete, then a cornes, let them use nomore theyr old Mercury, but thys Mercury which Dioscorides describeth. The ryght Mercury groweth comen in the feldes and wynyardes of Germany without any settyng or sowyng. And it beginneth now to be knowen in London, and in Gentle mennis places not far from London. I never saw it grow more plentuously in all my lyfe then about Wormes in Germany.

The vertues of Mercury.

Both the Mercuries are eaten in sallettes or mouses to louse the belly. If ye dzrnke the water that Mercury is sodden in, it draweth choler and water. It is perfitly knowe as Dioscorides writeth, that the male herbe drunken, maketh men childer, the female maketh females, if they be taken after the scouryng or purging, and be layd to the places convenient.

Out of Pliny

It is wonderfull that is tolde of both mercurie, that is, the male maketh men childer, the femal weomen chylder. They say that thys commmeth so then to passe, if by and by after the conception, the uice be dronken in malvasei, or if the leves be sodden and eaten with oyl and salt, or if they be eaten raw with vinegre.

Of Mercury. (Mercurialis annua)

Mercurialis is named in Greek ermou batanion, and linozoristis, in English Mercury, in German rekraut, or bingelkraut, in French mercuriall. Mercury (sayeth Dioscorides) hath the leaves of Basil, but lesser, much like unto Parietaria or Pellitory of the wall, with little branches compassed about with a double knot of joints or knees. The seed of them is small and very plenteous, and resembled, as it were a cluster of grapes. But the fruit and seed of the male comet furth between the stalk and the leaves, round, little and like unto ij. stones joined together. The bush is a span high or higher. By this description it is plain that our forefathers have erred in England which hitherto in the most part of all England have used another herb in the stead of the right Mercury. Therefore, as many as had lever eat wheat then acorns, let them use no more their old Mercury, but this Mercury which Dioscorides described. The right Mercury growth common in the fields and vineyards of Germany without any setting or sowing. And it begins now to be known in London, and in Gentlemen’ s places not far from London. I never saw it grow more plenteously in all my life then about worms in Germany.

The virtues of Mercury.

Both the Mercuries are eaten in salad to louse the belly. If ye drink the water that Mercury is sodden in it draweth choler and water. It is perfectly known as Dioscorides write, that the male herb drunken, maketh men children, the female maketh females, if they be taken after the scouring or purging and be laid to the places convenient.

Out of Plini

It is wonderful that is told of both mercury, that is the male maketh men children, the female women children. They say that this come so then to passe, if by and by after the conception the juice be drunken in malvasia, or if the leaves be sodden and eaten with oil and salt or if they be eaten raw with vinegar.

Of the Medler tr.

Mespilus is named in greke Mespile, in Englishe a Medler tre or an open arse tre, in Duche, ein nessel baum, in Frenche mesplier. The mespil or medler tre, is full of prickes with a lefe lyke unto oxciacantha. It hath a plesant fruite, but small, whiche hath iij. stones in it, where fore som have called it 111.stones it is long in waryng rype, in eatyng it byndeth. It is plesant to the stomack, stoppeth the belly. There is an other kynde of medler which groweth in Italy, called of som Setanium, of other epimelis. The tre hath leves lyke an apple tre, but lesse. It bereth a round apple, good to be eaten with a larger navel. The fruite byndeth and is long in rypyng. The first kinde of mespilus groweth not in England nor Germany that ever I could se, but Matthiolus sayeth that it groweth about Naples in Italy and that it is called in Italian Azarolus. The second kinde is that is comen in Itali, Germany and England, and is comenly called a medler.

The vertues of the Medler.

Dioscorides besyde that which I have rehersed of the properties of the medler before, writeth also, if medlers be condited, they are good in a sommer agaynst the hote flixes of the belly.

Out of Galene.

Medlers sorbapples, or services are byndyng and astringent, but medlers are more astringent, then te sorb apples. Therefore the eating of medlers is good for them that have the flix. But ye must not eat to much of the se byndyng fruites, or if ye do, they will stopp your liver and milt.

Of the Medler tree. (Mespilus germanicus, Crataegus azarolus)

Mespilus is named in Greek Mespile, in English a Medler tree or an open ars tree, in German ein nessel baum, in French mesplier. The mespil or medlar tree is full of prickles with a leaf like unto oxyacantha. It hath a pleasant fruit, but small, which hath iij. stones in it, wherefore some have called it 3 stones, it is long in wearing ripe, in eating it bind. It is pleasant to the stomach, stopped the belly. There is another kind of medlar which growth in Italy, called of some Setanium, of other epimelis. The tree hath leaves like an apple tree, but lesser. It bears a round apple, good to be eaten with a larger navel. The fruit bind and is long in ripe. The first kind of Mespilus growth not in England nor Germany that ever I could see, but Matthiolus sayeth that it growth about Naples in Italy and that it is called in Italian Azarolus. The second kind is that is common in Itali, Germany and England and is commonly called a medlar.

The virtues of the Medlar.

Dioscorides beside that which I have rehearsed of the properties of the medlar before write also, if medlars be candied they are good in a summer against the hot fluxes of the belly.

Out of Galene.

Medlars, sorb apples or services are binding and astringent, but medlars are more astringent, then the sorb apples. Therefore, the eating of medlars is good for them that have the flux. But ye must not eat too much of the se binding fruits, or if ye do they will stop your liver and milt.

Of the herbe called Meon or Mew.

Meon whiche they call athamanticum groweth plentuously in Macedonia, and in Spayn. It is lyke unto dill in stalk a leſe, but it is thicker then dill. It groweth unto the hyght almoste of ij. cubites. The rootes are, long, small, well well smelling, and so hote land the hete the tong. And they are scattered abrode som right, sow a wry. Thus far hath Dioscorides writen of the description of Mew.

The description of Mew out of Pliny.

Mew is not sowen in Itali, but of Physsicions, but of a few. There are ij. kyndes of it. They call the excellenter athamanticum because it was found of Athamanthe, other because moste excellent is founde in Athamania. It hath leves lyke anise (here shoulde we rede dill is anethem not anisum), a stalck somtyme ii. cubites hygh. It hath many longe a black rootes, som of the mvery depe. The athamantik is not so rede as the other is. Hetherto Pliny. I would gladly consent to them holde the herbe wich is called of the apothecaries foeniculum tortuosum, of the Northen Engliſshe men spiknel, of the Duche men berwurtz, is the true mew, if I could fynd any spicknel or berwurtz were of ij. cubites hygh. But allthoughe I have sene it many tymes, yet I never coulde se it one cubit hyghe,wherefoze ether this can not be the mew athamantium Dioscorides, or England and Germany will not beare so long mew as Macedonia, Spayn doth. But though it be not Mew Athamaticum, it may well be the other kynde, where of Pliny maketh mention. The freres wrote of late yeres commentaries upon Mesue, say they found in Itali in mountaynes of Nursia the ryght Mew, theyr herbe is called of the inhabitates there about not Mew but spicula: where of we have belyke our Englishe name spicknell. Thy say also they found it in Spayn, it is called there Sistra, not Meu. The same alege Symon Lanuensis, vacectari, to prove if sistra is Mew. Matthiolus one of the commyngest herbaries, writeth at thys tym, writeth alltough he were of late of another iudgent, now he iudgeth thys herbe whose figure I set out, is the ryght Mew in Dioscorides. But besyde hys come maner he gyveth it nether any Italiane name nor any name of apothecaries or herbaries. Amatus Lusitanus taketh foeniculum tortuosum also to be Mew, but he saieth, the herbe which is called of Duche roote pedlerse of Anwerp, berewurtz, is not the true Mew. Where af I mervel muche, seyng the most parte of all pothecaries of all Germany both in our and also Netherlande, know the right Mew well a call it Mew, root cremer of Anwerpe shewed hym an herbe was called berewurt, was not yet the right Mew. Belyke he was som deceytfull felow which solde false ware, or elles Amatus iudgeth not well of berewurt, or elles there are two kindes of berwurtz in Germany. Alle herbaries apothecaries of Germany call theyr berewurtz foeniculum tortuosum although, som of them take berwurt for dauco, other for tordilio. The berewurtz, Fuchsius, Tragus do set furth are not lyke the berewurtze that I looked upon, when as I wrote thys chapter of mew. For the rootes of they berewurtz as they both describe then and paynt them have no whyten rootes, as berwurtz had, I looked upon. For allthough it had one greater root goyng right down, so there grew out above a streight roote certayn litle rootes writhen in one in an other lyke swynes tayles. Wherefore ether theyr root gottherers digged not theyr roothes hole out of grounde: or elles theyr berwurtz is not it that I have sene in other places of Germany, England. But the herbe Amatus Lusitanus describeth, in the roote is not only much unlike unto it that Matthiolus paynteth, but to all other that ever I coulde se ether in England or Germany for where as the Mew of Matthiolus, the berwurtz of Germany, spiknel of England (which per adventure was ones called Spiknard) have a rough thyng like to the Judish Spiknarde in the hyghest parte of the root, out of whiche the stalke cometh first furth: the mew of Amatus hath the same rough luht lyke Spiknarde, as he writeth in in sima parte, in the lowest parte of the roote, wich thyng if it be so, nether Matthiolus nor I know the ryght mew: And I for my parte I woulde gyve place unto hym in the knowledge of Mew if he could shew me suche markes, tokens in hys Mew as he sheweth to be in his feniculo tortuoso. In the meane tyme I partely suspect that he tooke the over parte of the herbe, for the nether, and id was deceived, or elles I am far decepved which if I shall here after perceive, will be content to grant to call again, and to untech my error, whiche I have taught be fore. Feniculum tortuosum whiche I take at the leste to be a kynd of Mew, if it be not Athamanticum, groweth in the bisshoprik of Durram in wild mores, called felles, and vii. myles above Bon in Germany in a countre called caltland, and a litle from the toun of Bathe in hyghe Germany. I saw it also ones in Anwerp, in Apothecaries gardin, but the pothecari named Petrus de virulis, called it Peucedanum, not without a greate error. I saw it also growyng in Newcastel in a gardin in greate plenty, where as I learned that it was called spicknel. And the root of this spicknel, when it is dryed, is Spongius and not hard compact together as Aris is.

The vertues of Mew.

The rootes of Mew made hote in water, or broken with out sethyng, are good for the stoppyng of the kydnes and blader. They dryve away the wyndenes of the stomack. The rootes taken with a syrop made wyth hony, are good for the ache of the mother, for the ache of the ioyntes, and for the flowyng of humores doun to the breste, they bring down to weomen theyr sicknes, if they sit in the water, wherein the rootes are sodden, If they be layde unto al the lowest part of the belly of a yong childe, they will make hym put furth water. If ye drynk to muche of thys herbe, it will make ach. The rote is hote in taste, somthyng bitter and of a spicie savor Mem is as Galene writeth is hote in the thyrd degre and dry in second. Ye have now hearde how good Mew is for diverse diseases of the mouth. Now herken what the Duche wryte of theyr berewurtz. Tragus sayeth thus: Our rootecramers call it in Duche berwurtz, ether because it is full of heyr, or elles because it is supposed that the ache of the mother (which is also called bermutter) is stilled therby, if weomen hold it in theyr mouth, Fuchsius writeth also these wordes: It is called in Duch berwurtz for the red rotes sake, or elles because it healeth the diseases of the mother, which is also called bermuder. These thynges compared together, will geve occasion to a wise man to conclude, that berwurtz of the Germanes should rather be Mew in Dioscorides then ether Daucus or Tordylion.

Of the herb called Meon or Mew. (Meum athamanticum)

Meum which they call athamanticum growth plenteously in Macedonia and in Spain. It is like unto dill in stalk and leaf, but it is thicker than dill. It growth unto the high almost of ij. cubits. The roots are long, small, well smelling and so hot that it hurt the tong. And they are scattered abroad some right, some wry. Thus far hath Dioscorides written of the description of Mew.

The description of Mew out of Plini.

Mew is not sown in Itali, but of Physicians but of a few. There are ij. kinds of it. They call the excellent athamanticum because it was found of Athamanthe, other because most excellent is found in Athamania. It hath leaves like anise (here should we read dill is Anethum not anisum), a stalk sometime ii. cubits high. It hath many long a black root, some of the very deep. The athamanticum is not so red as the other is. Hitherto Plini. I would gladly consent to them hold the herb, which is called of the apothecaries Foeniculum tortuosum, of the Northen English men spiknel, of the German men berwurtz, (Peucedanum) is the true mew, if I could find any spicknel or berwurtz were of ij. cubits high. But although I have seen it many times, yet I never could see it one cubit high, wherefore ether this cannot be the mew athamanticum Dioscorides, or England and Germany will not bear so long mew as Macedonia, Spain doth. But though it be not Mew Athamanticum, it may well be the other kind wherof Plini maketh mention. The freres wrote of late years commentaries upon Mesue, say they found in Itali in mountains of Nursia the right Mew, their herb is called of the inhabitants there about not Mew but spicula: where of we have possible our English name spicknel. Thy say also they found it in Spain, it is called there Sistra, not Meu. The same allege Symon Lanuensis, vicechair, to prove if sistra is Mew. Matthiolus one of the commonest herbarizes write at this time write although he was of late of another judgment, now he judged this herb whose figure I set out is the right Mew in Dioscorides. But beside his common manner he gives it nether any Italiane name nor any name of apothecaries or herbarizes. Amatus Lusitanus taketh foeniculum tortuosum also to be Mew, but he said the herb which is called of German root peddlers of Antwerp, berwurtz, is not the true Mew. Whereof I marvel much, seeing the most part of all pothecaries of all Germany both in our and also Netherlands know the right Mew well and call it Mew, a root Cremer of Antwerp shewed him an herb was called berewurt, was not yet the right Mew. Possible he was some deceitful fellow which sold false ware or ells Amatus judged not well of berwurtz, or ells there are two kinds of berwurtz in Germany. Alle herbarizes apothecaries of Germany call their berwurtz Foeniculum tortuosum although, some of them take berewurtz for Daucus, other for Tordylium. The berwurtz, Fuchsius, Tragus do set furth are not like the berewurtz that I looked upon when as I wrote this chapter of mew. For the roots of their berewrtz as they both describe then and paint them have no whiten roots as berwurtz had, I looked upon. For although it had one greater root going right down, so there grew out above a straight root certain little roots writhen in one in another like swine’s tails. Wherefore ether their root gatherer’s digger not their roots hole out of ground: or ells their berwurtz is not it that I have seen in other places of Germany and England. But the herb Amatus Lusitanus described in the root is not only much unlike unto it that Matthiolus painted, but to all other that ever I could see ether in England or Germany for whereas the Mew of Matthiolus, the berwurtz of Germany the spicknel of England (which per adventure was ones called Spikenard) have a rough thing like to the Judish Spikenard in the highest part of the root, out of which the stalk cometh first furth: the mew of Amatus hath the same rough like Spikenard, as he write in in sima part, in the lowest part of the root which thing if it be so, neither Matthiolus nor I know the right mew: And I for my part I would gyve place unto him in the knowledge of Mew if he could shew me such marks, tokens in his Mew as he shew to be in his Foeniculum tortuosum. In the meantime, I partly suspect that he took the over part of the herb for the nether, and id was deceived or ells I am far deceived which if I shall here after perceiving, will be content to grant to call again, and to untechy my error, which I have taught before. Foeniculum tortuosum which I take at the lest to be a kind of Mew, if it be not Athamanticum, growth in the bishopric of Duram in wild mores, called felles, and vii. miles above Bon in Germany in a country called Kaltland and a little from the town of Bathe in high Germany. I saw it also ones in Antwerp, in Apothecaries Garden, but the pothecary named Petrus de Virulis called it Peucedanum, not without a great error. I saw it also growing in Newcastle in a garden in great plenty, whereas I learned that it was called spicknel. And the root of this spicknel, when it is dried, is Sponges and not hard compact together as Aris is.

The virtues of Mew.

The roots of Mew made hot in water or broken without seething are good for the stopping of the kidneys and blader. They drive away the windiness of the stomach. The roots taken with a syrup made with honey are good for the ache of the mother, for the ache of the joints and for the flowing of humors down to the breast, they bring down to women their sickness if they sit in the water, wherein the roots are sodden. If they be laide unto al the lowest part of the belly of a young child, they will make him put furth water. If ye drink to much of this herb, it will make ach. The rote is hot in taste, something bitter and of a spicy savor. Mem is as Galene write is hot in the third degree and dry in second. Ye have now heard how good Mew is for diverse diseases of the mouth. Now hear what the German write of their berwurtz. Tragus sayeth thus: Our root Kramer’s call it in German berwurtz, ether because it is full of hair, or ells because it is supposed that the ache of the mother (which is also called bermutter) is stilled thereby, if women hold it in their mouth. Fuchsius write also these words: It is called in Germany berwurtz for the red rotes sake, or ells because it health the diseases of the mother, which is also called bermuder. These things compared together, will give occasion to a wise man to conclude, that berwurtz of the Germans should rather be Mew in Dioscorides then ether Daucus or Tordylium.

Of Mile or Miller.

Milium is named in Greke kegchros, piston, in Duche hirs, in Frenche du Milet: it may be called in Englishe mile or millet. The leves of millet when they come firstout of the ground, are lyke the leves of a rede, and they are very rough. Millet hath a long stalck where in at leste are vij. knottes or ioyntes. The top of it is lyke unto the top of a rede, and ther in are litle rounde sedes, which have no coveryng without, savyng a thin husk.

The vertues of Millet.

Millet in brede norisheth lesse then other cornes do, and in pottage it stoppeth the belly, and dryveth furth water. Millet is good to be perched or put in to frying panne, and there to be well heated, and to put, in a bag, and to be layden in suche places as are vexed with gnawinge or achyng.

Out of Galene de facultatibus alimentorum.

The brede that is made of millet and panik, is colde, hard of digestion. It is playn that the bzrede is dry and brittle, and hath in it nether clammynes nor fatnes. Therefore it stoppeth a waterishe belly. Millet is in all poyntes better then panik is.

Out of Galen de simplicibus.

Millet cooleth in the first degre and dryveth in the thyrde slowly or much in the second. It hath also a lytle finenes. Then whilse it hath thys complexion, when it is taken as a meate, it norishe leste of all other kyndes of korn. But it dryveth up also the belly. But if it be layde without in bagges, it is a good foment for all such partes as require to be dried without bityng. And if it be layd to after the maner of an emplaster, it can well dry up. But it is very brytle or bruske, and thereforze it is harde to make an emplaster of it.

Out of the 14. booke of Constantinus Cesar de agricultura or of husbandry.

Turrtel doves war fat with the eatyng of millet and panik, also with large drink. They love also to have whete, milles, clere water, and darnell. For as much as as much as quales eatyng hellebore, or nesyng pouder, are not safely inough taken in meate: because the eatyng of them, bryngeth both a strechyng out of sinews, also the dufines of the heade, for thys cause it is mete to seth millet with them. But if any man, by the eatyng of quales, fall into these forenamed greves, if he drynk the broth of Millet in tyme, it will help hym. And for the same purpose serve berries of the myrtel tre. For these are good taken cut in or after dedly musrummmes or todstooles. But Millet hath a certayn other naturall property, that is, he that eateth of brede made of millet: shall never change in to any danger of poyson. Thus far Constantinus Cesar. Millet is muche used at thys tyme in Itali to cram capones with all, to make fat byrdes to it. The germanes husk millet and eat it with milk, after which fashion when it is taken as Symeon Sethi saieth, it is much moyster and eseyer of digestion.

Of the Indish Millet out of Pliny lib xviii. cap. vi.

A certayn Millet hath ben brought into Italy, within these x. yeres, which hath a black and a greate corne, lyk a rede in the stalk. It groweth up into the hight of seven foot with a great stele or stalk, they call it (as my text hath) lobas. It bryngeth most fruite furth of all other kyndes of corne. Pliny semeth to take culmus here, not for calamo as it is comenly taken, but for the branche and thick, bussy thyng, groweth in millet a in redes, wherefore I reken that we should not rede in Pliny lobas, which signifieth coddes or shales where in the sedes of pulses grow, but phobas which betoken the top or thyng lyke a busshy lock of heare, growth in the toppes of redes, and such lyke water herbes. Matthiolus sayeth that thys herbe is called in Italian Melica or Melega, in other partes Sorgo, in Hetruria. Saggina. Som pore men use to grynde thys corne to make brede of it. Other use to sede the hennes and doves with it, other use a virtue of it. I know none. som call it in Germany Turkisch corn, som call it in England wheat of Turky, how be it there is an other kynde of corne, which is the ryght Turkishe wheate, wherfore it were better to cal it in Englishe Indische millet or ried myllet, then to geve it the for sayd name. I have it sene it growyng in Italy in the feldes, but only in gardines in England.

Of Mile or Miller. (Milium effusum)

Milium is named in Greek kegchros, piston, in German hirs, in French du Milet: it may be called in English mile or millet. The leaves of millet when they come first out of the ground, are like the leaves of a rede, and they are very rough. Millet hath a long stalk where in at least are vij. knotters or joints. The top of it is like unto the top of a red and there in are little round seeds, which have no covering without, saving a thin husk.

The virtues of Millet.

Millet in brede nourished lesser than other corns do, and in pottage it stopped the belly and drive furth water. Millet is good to be perched or put in to frying panne and there to be well heat, and to put, in a bag, and to be laid in such places as are vexed with gnawing or aching.

Out of Galene de facultatibus alimentorum.

The bread that is made of millet and panic is cold, hard of digestion. It is plain that the bread is dry and brittle and hath in it neither clamminess nor fatness. Therefore, it stopped a waterish belly. Millet is in all points better than panic is.

Out of Galen de simplicibus.

Millet cooled in the first degree and drive in the third slowly or much in the second. It hath also a little fineness. Then while it hath this complexion, when it is taken as a meat it nourished lest of all other kinds of corn. But it drives up also the belly. But if it be laide without in bags it is a good foment for all such partes as require to be dried without biting. And if it be laid to after the manner of a plaster, it can well dry up. But it is very brittle or brisk and therefore it is hard to make a plaster of it.

Out of the 14. book of Constantinus Cesar de agricultura or of husbandry.

Turtle doves war fat with the eating of millet and panic, also with large drink. They love also to have wheat, mills, clear water and darnel. For as much as much as quails eating hellebore or nosing powder, are not safely enough taken in meat: because the eating of them brength both a stretching out of sinews, also the defines of the head, for this cause it is meted to seethe millet with them. But if any man, by the eating of quails, fall into these forenamed grieve, if he drinks the broth of Millet in time, it will help him. And for the same purpose serve berries of the myrtle tree. For these are good taken cut in or after deadly mushrooms or toadstools. But Millet hath a certain other natural property, that is, he that eat of bread made of millet: shall never change into any danger of poison. Thus far Constantinus Cesar. Millet is much used at this time in Itali to cram capons with all, to make fat birds to it. The Germans husk millet and eat it with milk, after which fashion when it is taken as Symeon Sethi said it is much moister and easier of digestion.

Of the Indish Millet out of Plini lib xviii. cap. vi. (Sorghum dochna)

A certain Millet hath ben brought into Italy, within these x. years, which hath a black and a great corn, like a reed in the stalk. It growth up into the high of seven feet with a great stele or stalk, they call it (as my text hath) lobas. It brength most fruit furth of all other kinds of corn. Plini seem to take culmus here, not for calamus as it is commonly taken, but for the branch and thick, busy thing, growth in millet a in redes, wherefore I reckon that we should not rede in Plini lobas, which signified pods or scales where in the seeds of pulses grow, but phobas which betoken the top or thing like a bushy lock of hear, growth in the tops of reeds and such like water herbs. Matthiolus sayeth that this herb is called in Italian Melica or Melega, in other partes Sorgo, in Etrurië Saggina. Som pore men use to grind this corn to make bread of it. Other use to seed the hen’s and doves with it, other use a virtue of it. I know none. Som calls it in Deutsche Turkisch corn, (Zea mays) some call it in England wheat of Turky, how be it there is another kind of corn which is the right Turkish wheat wherefore it was better to call it in English Indish millet or reed millet, then to give it the foresaid name. I have it seen it growing in Italy in the fields, but only in gardens in England.

Of the Mulberry tre.

Morus is named in Greke Morea, in Englishe a Mulberry tre, in Duche ein Maulberbaum, in Frenche ung Meurier, of the apotheacies morus celsi. The Mulberry tre hath leves almost rounde, saving they are a lytle sharp to the ende, they are indented bout the edges after the maner of mynte. It hath hory floures, fruite in proportion, som thing long in color, when it commeth first furth whyte, in contuance of tuyme it wareth rede, and after warde when it is fully rype, it is black.

The vertues of the Mulberry tre.

The fruite of the Mulberry tre louseth the belly, it is good for the stomach, but it is easely corrrupt or rotten. The iuice of Mulberries doth the same. If it be sodden in a brasen vessel, set out in the son, it is made mor byndyng, it is good so the flowynge of humores, for eating sores, and for the inflammation of the kirnelles under the chin, with a lytle hony. But hys streyngthe increaseth, if ye put unto hym alum de pluma, galles, saffron, myr, the sede of Tamarisk, Ireos or Aris, and Frankincense. The unripe berries of thys tre are good to be dryed and brused, and put into mete in the stede of sumach berries, for them that have the flix. The barke of the roote of thys tre sodden in water, louseth the belly. It dryveth brode wormes out of the belly, is also good for them that have dronken the poyson called aconitum pardalianches or libardis bayn. The leves are good to lay to a burnyng. The iuice of the leves taken in the quantite of a cypat, is a good remedy agaynst the bytyng of the felde spyder. It is good to washe the achyng teth with the broth of the barck and leves hote, to dryve the payn away. The roote beyng cut, nicked, or scotched, about the last end of hervest, ye must make a furrow round about it, and it will put furth a iuice whiche ye may fynde in the next day after, clumpered or growen together. Thys iuice is excedyng good for the tuthach, it scattereth and dryveth away swellyng lumpes and purgeth the belly.

Out of Avicenna.

The leves of the mulberry tre, are a suſfferant medicine for the squinsey or squinancy and stranglyng. The bark is a triacle agayst the poyson of henbayn.

Out of Galene de facultatibus alimentorum.

The rype fruite of the mulberry, doutles softeneth the belly. But the unnrype fruit after that it is dryed, is a very byndyng medicine, wherefore it is good for the blody flix or for any other flix. But it must be brayed, cast into pour meat as ye do with som ach: or if a man will, he may drynk it with wyne and water. But that the iuice of the rype mulberries is a good mouth medicine, by reason of the byndyng that it hath, every man knoweth. But unrype mulberries besyde theyr tartness, they have also a sournes. Yea the hole tre in all hys partes, hath a mixt or menged pour, made of a stoppyng and a purgyng qualite. But in the barck of the roote, purging vertue excelleth with a certayn bitternes, in so much that it can kill a brode worm. In other partes the bindyng or stoppyng qualite passeth the other qualites. There is in the leves and buddes a certayn mean complexion or temperature.

Of the Mulberry tree. (Morus nigra)

Morus is named in Greek Morea, in English a Mulberry tree, in German ein Maulberbaum, in French ung Meurier, of the apothecaries Morus celsi. The Mulberry tree hath leaves almost round, saving they are a little sharp to the end, they are indented bout the edges after the manner of mint. It hath hoary flowers, fruit in proportion, something long in color, when it comes first furth white, in countenance of time it wares red and afterward when it is fully ripe, it is black.

The virtues of the Mulberry tree.

The fruit of the Mulberry tree loused the belly, it is good for the stomach, but it is easily corrupt or rotten. The juice of Mulberries doth the same. If it be sodden in a brazen vessel, set out in the sun, it is made mor binding, it is good so the flowing of humors, for eating sores, and for the inflammation of the kernelless under the chin, with a little honey. But his strength increased, if ye put unto him alum de pluma, galls, saffron, myrrh, the seed of Tamarisk, Iris or Aris, and Frankincense. The unripe berries of this tree are good to be dried and bruised and put into mete in the stead of sumac berries, for them that have the flux. The bark of the root of this tree sodden in water loused the belly. It drives brood worms out of the belly, is also good for them that have drunken the poison called Aconitum pardalianches (Doronicum) or leopards’ bane. The leaves are good to lay to a burning. The juice of the leaves taken in the quantity of a kyats is a good remedy against the biting of the field spider. It is good to wash the aching teethe with the broth of the bark and leaves hot, to drive the pain away. The root being cut, nicked or scotched, about the last end of harvest, ye must make a furrow round about it, and it will put furth a juice which ye may find in the next day after, clumpered or grown together. this juice is exceeding good for the toothache, it scattered and drive away swelling lumps and purged the belly.

Out of Avicenna.

The leaves of the mulberry tree are a sufficient medicine for the quinsy or squinancy and strangling. The bark is a treacle against the poison of henbane.

Out of Galene de facultatibus alimentorum.

The ripe fruit of the mulberry doubtless softened the belly. But the unripe fruit after that it is dried is a very binding medicine, wherefore it is good for the bloody flux or for any other flux. But it must be brayed, cast into pour meat as ye do with some ach: or if a man will, he may drink it with wine and water. But that the juice of the ripe mulberries is a good mouth medicine, by reason of the binding that it hath that every man knows. But unripe mulberries beside their tartness, they have also a sourness. Yea the hole tree in all his partes, hath a mixt or menged pour, made of a stopping and a purging quality. But in the bark of the root, purging virtue excelled with a certain bitterness, in so much that it can kill a brood worm. In other partes the binding or stopping quality passed the other qualities. There is in the leaves and buds a certain mean complexion or temperature.

Of Tamarisk.

Mirica, otherwise called Tamarix, in Greke Myrike, is called of the apothecaries, and comen herbaries, Tamariscus, of the Duche Tamarischen holtz. It may be named in Englishe Tamarisk, because as e want the bushe, so also we have no name for it in England. Myrica is of ii. kyndes as Dioscorides writeth. The former kynde groweth about slow, standyng waters, and bryngeth furth a fruite lyke a floure, with a mossy growyng together. Egypt and Syria bryng furth an other gentler the thys, in other poyntes lyke the wilde. It bryngeth furth a fruite next unto a gall, unequally byndyng in taste. Whiche we use conventently in the stede of galles in the diseases of the eyes and mouth. These ij. kyndes are not largelier described of Dioscorides. The second kynde I grant that I never saw, and that is no mervel, seing that Dioscorides appoynteth Syria and Egypt for hys naturall places, where as I have never bene. But as touchyng the former kynde I have sene it in diverse landes in Italy in any land betwene Francolino and Venish, in Germany in diverse places about Ren not far from Strasburg, and in Rhetia in a stony place som tyme of yeare used to be over flowen of the Rhene. Theophrast writeth that it hath a fleshy or fat or thick lefe. And Pliny writyng of leves of plantes in all, sayeth that Cypres tre and the Tamarisk have carnose or fleshy leves. Which sayng is not so to be understand that every lefe by it self were fat or fleshy: but that they are called fat, because they grow ls thyck together upon the twygges. The leves of the Tamarisk are lyke the leves of Samin or of the Cypres tre, but they are som thyng lesse. And both Dioscorides and Pliny write that Erica whiche is called in the North parte of England hather or lyng, and in the South countre hethe, is lyke unto Tamarisk. Wherefore seyng that there is no liknes at all betwene the rountre or quikbem, the hethe or hather, they have ben far deceyved in London, which have comenly used the barkes of quickbeme for Tamarisk as here after I intend to declare more at large. The Tamarisk bushe that groweth in Germany is about viij. foot long, and comenly it is not greater then a mans thum. The color of the bark in the uttermost parte of all is gray, and next unto that, it is rede, but next unto the wod it is yellow, as the wod is whilse it is grene. The wod is very holow and hath very great pit or hart, somthyng in that poynte lyke unto cloder, or bourtre: The taste of the barck is very byndyng, as the leves are also, The vertues of Tamarisk.

The fruite of Tamarisk is lyke a gall, is unequally byndyng in taste, and we may use it in the stede of galles both for the diseases of the eyes, and mouth. It is good to be geven unto them in drynk that spit blood, and to them that have the flix and to weomen that are vexed with theyr unmeasurable isshue. It is also good agaynst the iaundes, and the bytyng of the feld spyder. The same layd to, after the maner of an emplaster, swageth swellynges: the barck is good for the same purpose. The broth of the leves dronken with wyne, wasteth up the milt and is good to washe the teth with all, for the tuth ach. And it is good for weomen that have a louse or weike mother which is oft in leperdi of fallyng. It is good for them that have the lousey evel. The asshes also of the wod layd to in a convenient place, stopp also the outragius flowyng of the mother. Som make drynkyng cuppes of the body of thys tre, that the drynk dronken out of them, may be the holsommer for the milt.

Out of Galene.

Tamarisk hath a scouring and a cutting propertie, without any manifest drying. It hath also som byndyng, by reason of whiche poures and qualities, the leves or rootes or uppermost branches of twigges sodden with wyne of vinegre, are good for the hardnes of the milt. It healeth allo the tuthach: but the fruite and the barck bynde muche. Tamarisk hath much finesse in the partes, and is able to scoure away, which vertue the gall hath not. Then when as the quikbem tre, which is a kynde of sorbus, hath only a byndyng pour and no finesse of partes, nor pour to scour away nor to cut, but only a byndyng or stoppyng pour. I counsell that from hencefurth the physiciones of England, and namely of London, that they usee no more the barkes of quickbeme, for the barkes of Tamarisk: that they use the barkes of the rootes of heth in the stede of Tamarisk rather then the barkes of quickbeme.

Out of the Arabianes.

The asshes of Tamarisk dry up all sores and properly them that sprynge of burnyng. Alchanzius an Arabian sayeth these wordes of Tamarisk. Tamarisk is good for colde apostemes, if they be perfumed therewith. A certayn faythfull man told me, that there was a certayn woman, in whome appeared a lepre, and the broth of the rootes of Tamarisk was geven unto her oft with rasines, and she was healed of her lepre. And I proved thys my self in an other woman: and I say that the case chanced thus. Her disease was the imposteme of the milt: and by the reason of the of the milt, whiche was the cause that it could not draw Melancholy unto it, nether clenge the blode, made the woman to appere so, as she had bene a lepre. Therefore when as the imposteme was resolved,/and the stoppyng was opened, by the workyng of this medicine, whose vertue was to cut in sunderes and to breke them, to scour away: these weomen was restored unto theyr former helth agayn. Thus far the Arabianes. Of whose saynges and experiences Matthiolus gathereth well in my iudgement, that Tamarsisk wold do well to be dressed after the maner of Guaiacum, for the Frenche pockes, and should be lyke in vertue with Guaiacum. But I wold not only that Tamarisk should be so prepared for the pockes, but for all other diseases that aryse of the milt. But my counsel is further, that they that are diseased in the milt, or in any disease that spryngeth out of the milt, should cause a wynde to be made of Tamarisk for suche diseases. And I dout not, but they shall fynde grete ease, helpe of the use of that wyne. Diverse in hyghe Germany about the places where as Tamarisk groweth in grete pleny, have thys yere made wyne of Tamarisk which is not only pleasant in the mouth, (for I have tasted it) but also holsum, to the body as reason doth teache, and experience beareth witness.

Of Tamarisk. (Myricaria germanica, Tamarix gallica)

Myrica, (wrong name) is otherwise called Tamarix, in Greek Myrike, is called of the apothecaries, and common herbarizes Tamariscus, of the German Tamarischen holtz. It may be named in English Tamarisk, because as ye want the bush so also, we have no name for it in England. Myricaria is of ii. kinds as Dioscorides write. The former kind growth about slow, standing waters and brength furth a fruit like a flower, with a mossy growing together. Egypt and Syria bring furth another gentler than this, in other points like the wild. It brength furth a fruit next unto a gall, unequally binding in taste. Which we use conveniently in the stead of galls in the diseases of the eyes and mouth. These ij. kinds are not largely described of Dioscorides. The second kind I grant that I never saw, and that is no marvel, seeing that Dioscorides appointed Syria and Egypt for his natural places, whereas I have never bene. But as touching the former kind I have seen it in diverse lands in Italy in any land between Francolino and Venise, in Germany in diverse places about Ren not far from Strasburg, and in Rhaetia in a stony place sometime of year used to be overflown of the Rhine. Theophrastus write that it hath a fleshy or fat or thick leaf. And Plini writing of leaves of plantes in all, sayeth that cypress tree and the Tamarisk have carnosa or fleshy leaves. Which saying is not so to be understand that every leaf by itself were fat or fleshy: but that they are called fat, because they grow thick together upon the twigs. The leaves of the Tamarisk are like the leaves of Samin or of the cypress tree, but they are something lesser. And both Dioscorides and Plini write that Erica which is called in the North part of England heath or ling and in the South country hethe, is like unto Tamarisk. Wherefore seeing that there is no likeness at all between the rowan tree or quickbeam, the hethe or heath they have been far deceived in London, which have commonly used the barks of quickbeam for Tamarisk as here after I intend to declare more at large. The Tamarisk bush that growth in Germany is about viij. foot long, and commonly it is not greater than a man’s thumb. The color of the bark in the uttermost part of all is gray and next unto that it is red, but next unto the wood it is yellow, as the wood is while it is green. The wood is very hollow and hath very great pit or hart, something in that pointe like unto cloder or bourtree: The taste of the bark is very binding as the leaves are also,

The virtues of Tamarisk.

The fruit of Tamarisk is like a gall, is unequally binding in taste and we may use it in the stead of galls both for the diseases of the eyes and mouth. It is good to be given unto them in drink that spit blood and to them that have the flux and to women that are vexed with their unmeasurable issue. It is also good against the jaundice and the biting of the field spider. The same laid to, after the manner of a plaster, swaged swellings: the bark is good for the same purpose. The broth of the leaves drunken with wine, washed up the milt and is good to wash the teethe with all, for the toothache. And it is good for women that have a louse or week mother which is oft in lepardi of falling. It is good for them that have the lousy evil. The ash also of the wood laid to in a convenient place stop also the outrageous flowing of the mother. Som makes drinking cups of the body of this tree, that the drink drunken out of them, may be the wholesome for the milt.

Out of Galene.

Tamarisk hath a scouring and a cutting property, without any manifest drying. It hath also some binding, by reason of which powers and qualities the leaves or roots or uppermost branches of twigs sodden with wine of vinegar are good for the hardness of the milt. It health also the toothache: but the fruit and the bark bind much. Tamarisk hath much finesse in the partes, and is able to scour away, which virtue the gall hath not. Then when as the quickbeam tree, which is a kind of Sorbus, hath only a binding power and no finesse of partes, nor power to scour away nor to cut, but only a binding or stopping power. I counsel that from henceforth the physicians of England, and namely of London, that they use no more the barks of quickbeam for the barks of Tamarisk: that they use the barks of the roots of heath in the stead of Tamarisk rather than the barks of quickbeam.

Out of the Arabians.

The ashes of Tamarisk dry up all sores and properly them that spring of burning. Alchanzius an Arabian sayeth these words of Tamarisk. Tamarisk is good for cold imposteme (pus) if they be perfumed therewith. A certain faithful man told me that there was a certain woman in whom appeared a leper and the broth of the roots of Tamarisk was given unto her oft with raisins and she was healed of her leper. And I proved this myself in another woman: and I say that the case chanced thus. Her disease was the imposteme (pus) of the milt: and by the reason of the of the milt which was the cause that it could not draw Melancholy unto it, nether erlang the blood made the woman to appear so as she had bene a leper. Therefore, when as the imposteme was resolved and the stopping was opened by the working of this medicine whose virtue was to cut in sunder and to breek them, to scour away: these women was restored unto their former health again. Thus far the Arabians. Of whose sayings and experiences Matthiolus gathered well in my judgment, that Tamarisk would do well to be dressed after the manner of Guaiacum, for the Frenche pocks, and should be like in virtue with Guaiacum. But I would not only that Tamarisk should be so prepared for the pocks, but for all other diseases that arise of the milt. But my counsel is further, that they that are diseased in the milt, or in any disease that spring out of the milt, should cause a wine to be made of Tamarisk for such diseases. And I doubt not, but they shall find great ease, help of the use of that wine. Diverse in high Germany about the places whereas Tamarisk growth in great plenty have this yere made wine of Tamarisk, which is not only pleasant in the mouth, (for I have tasted it) but also wholesome to the body as reason doth teach and experience bear witness.

Of the herbe called Myrrhis.

Myrrhis, as Dioscorides saieth, is like the homlok, both in stalk and in leves. It hath a root something longe, soft, round, wel smalling, not unpleasant in mete. Thys description by iudgement of the moste parte of lerned men is the herbe called of herbaries cicutaria. But for all I perceive well, even they that say Myrrhis is cicutaria, dout or elles know not perfitly which herbe is cicutaria, amongst whiche is Amatus Lusitanus, who although he sayeth, Myrrhis is cicutaria; yet wher as he promiseth to teghe Spanishe, Italiane, Frenche names of herbes as he doth most comenly when he knoweth them, he shewet onely the Duche name of cicutaria, as thoughe he hath bene longer in Ducheland then in Spayn, Italy or France, or ellis, the Duch tong were wycher then the other above named tonges were, or Germanes had found a name for cicutaria, wheres as the Italianes, Spanyardes and Frenche men hath as yet found none. Matthiolus also semeth plainly to dout whether cicutaria be Myrrhis or no. For he saieth, there is a herbe comen in Itali called cicutari, whiche men think to be Myrrhis, a little after het sayeth. Myrrhis in Italia provenit &c. If Myrrhis grow in Ital. I have found none that agreeth better with the description, then this whiche I have set out. Wherefore ye may se thys herbe is not yet perfitly knowen.

There are ii. herbes, where of I dout which of them should be the true Myrrhis. The one is called in Englishe casshes. It groweth in Orchardes amongst gras, under trees very lyke unto Homlok, I never saw greter plenty of it, then I have sene in the hortyard of Pembrook hall in Cambridge where as I was som tyme a pore felow. The other herbe differeth very lytle from the former savyng it groweth wilde about hedges a in middoes, is short then the other, hath rougher leves and more lyke chervel. Weherfore I call it mok chervil, but for all when it is grows up,/it is muche lyker an homelok then chervil, so far as I can iudge by the figure, it is the same herbe Matthiolus setteth furth, for Myrrhis which Fuchsius calleth wilder kerffel.

The roote of Myrrhis dronken in wyne, helpeth the bytynges of felde spyders. It brngeth to weomen down siknes and the seconds if they stop. It purgeth also weomen after theyr deliverance. It helpeth them that have the tisik, sodden in a drynk. They say also that the same drunken win wyne twyse or thryse upon a day, is good for the pestilence, ant that it saveth a man from infection.

Of the herb called Myrrhis. (Myrrhis odorata)

Myrrhis, as Dioscorides said is like the hemlock, both in stalk and in leaves. It hath a root something long, soft, round, well smalling, not unpleasant in mete. this description by judgment of the most part of learned men is the herb called of herbarizes cicutaria. (Anthriscus sylvestris) But for all I perceive well, even they that say Myrrhis is cicutaria, doubt or ells know not perfectly which herb is cicutaria, amongst which is Amatus Lusitanus, who although he sayeth, Myrrhis is cicutaria; yet where as he promised to tithe Spanish, Italiane, Frenche names of herbs as he doth most commonly when he know them, he shew only the German name of cicutaria as though he hath been longer in Germany then in Spain, Italy or France or Ellis, the German tong were wicker then the other above named tongs were or Germans had found a name for cicutaria, where’s as the Italians, Spaniards and Frenche men hath as yet found none. Matthiolus also seem plainly to doubt whether cicutaria be Myrrhis or no. For he says there is a herb common in Itali called cicutari which men think to be Myrrhis, a little after het sayeth. Myrrhis in Italia provenit &c. If Myrrhis grow in Ital. I have found none that agreed better with the description then this which I have set out. Wherefore ye may see this herb is not yet perfectly known.

There are ii. herbs, where of I doubt which of them should be the true Myrrhis. The one is called in English cashes. It growth in Orchards amongst gras, under trees very like unto Hemlock, I never saw greater plenty of it then I have seen in the hortus yard of Pembrook hall in Cambridge whereas I was sometime a pore fellow. The other herb differed very little from the former saving it growth wild about hedges a in meadows, is shorter than the other, hath rougher leaves and more like chervil. Wherefore I call it mek chervil, but for all when it is grows up, it is much like a hemlock then chervil, so far as I can judge by the figure, it is the same herb Matthiolus set furth for Myrrhis which Fuchsius calleth wilder kerffel.

The root of Myrrhis drunken in wine helped the biting’s of field spiders. It bringeth to women down sickness and the seconds if they stop. It purged also women after their deliverance. It helped them that have the ptisik, sodden in a drink. They say also that the same drunken win wine twice or thrice upon a day, is good for the pestilence, ant that it saved a man from infection.

Of the Myrt tre.

Dioscorides writeth of ij. kyndes of Myrtus, of the one in the first booke, and that is the gardine myrt, and of the other in the fourthe, and it is Myrtus sylvestris, which is called in Latin Ruscus. How bet it, he semeth to mene there is also an other wilde myrt tree besyde Ruscus. Dioscorides maketh ij. sortes of sowen or set myrtel trees, the one he called the whyte, and the other the black. But other writers make yet more kyndes of Myrtilles, wherof I have sene one, when I was in Bononi: it hath five tymes as litle leves as it that is set furth of Matthiolus for the comen fisrtt Myrt tre. And that kynde did I also se in monte Appennino, but they that shewed it me, called it Myrtum sylvestrem, and it with the small leves, (which is in dede Myrtus sativa tarantina) only Myrtum sativam. But I rather holde in thys mater with Matthiolus, then with them that hold of the contrari parte. Allthough I thynk that Matthiolus hath paynted hys Ruscus with to lytle leves and hys tre with to great and leves in comparison of the other. For Dioscorides in the description of the wild Myrte tre, which is called in Englishe bochers brome, maketh it to broder leves, then set Myrt hath. I have sene them both, doutles there is a faut in the smalnes of the leves of Ruscus as I intende to shew more largely when I shall com to the intreatyng of Ruscus. The set or gardin Myrt tre, hath bowyng branches and twygges, a rede barck, longe leves allwayes grene, somthyng like the leves of a Pomgranates leves. In the whyte Myrte appere whiter leves and in the black blacker. They have all whyte floures and well smellyng. The sett or gardin Myrt trees have, greater frute then the wild have. Both the kyndes of Myrt trees have longe fruites, lyke unto the fruites of wilde Myrt tre but greater.

The vertues of the Myrt tre.

The vertue of the Myrte tre, of the sede of the same, is to bynde. The grene, or dry sede, is good to be geven in mele to the that spit bloode, it helpeth the prickyng of the blader. The iuice pressed out of the grene leves, hath the same vertue. It is good for felde spyders. And in wyne it is good for the stynging of a scorpion. The brothe of Myrtelles sodden in wyne, helpeth the soress that aryse in the uttermoste membres. The same layde to with the flour of perched barley, swageth the inflammations of the eyes. It is good to be layde to agaynst the impostemes of the corners of the eye. If ye put the sede into wyne and hete it ther in,it will be good for them that have weyk braynes to save them from dronkennes, that the wyne that is streyned, be taken a fore hand; The bathe made with the sede of the myrt tre is good for the falling down of the mother, for the diseases of the fundament, for the ishue that weomen have som tyme to muche plenty of. It scoureth away scurf or scalles in the hede, the rynnyng sores in the hede, and the wheles that burst out in the hede. It stayeth the heyr that falleth of. The bath that is made of the leves of the Myrte tre, is good to sit in, for them that have membres out of ioynte, whiche fasten and grow together very slowly. Aloo if bones be broken, and will not easely be ioyned, and faſtened together again, it is good to bath them with the brothe abouv mentioned. It healeth the whyte morphew, and it is good to be poured into matery eares that ryn. The iuice hath the same vertue. The leves broken and layd to with water, are good for moyst sores, and for all partes of the body havyng any isshue, and for them that have the lax. If ye put to it the oyle made of unrype olyves, or a lytle rose oyle with wine,t hey ar good for tetters or crepinge sores, so the wild fyre, for the inflammatione of the stones for the sores or issue in the eyes, that darken the syght and for harde lumpes. The pouder of the withered leves, is good to be cast upon the whitflaw, aguayles. It is good agaynst the styngkyng that commeth of to muche swete, in the flankes and armholes. It stayeth the swetyng of them that have the disease which is called cardiaca passio. The raw leves, or elles burnt with a trete made of wex, heal burnyng whit flawes and aguayles.

Out of the later writers.

The brothe of Myrtilles or Myrte sedes, with butter stoppeth to muche swetyng. The Myrt leves comfort the hart, and take away the trymblyng of the same. The iuice is good for the burnyng of the blader and kydnees. An emplaster made of Myrtelles is good for the pyles, the fallyng out oft he fundament. Let the apothecaries phisiciones, and surgeanes of England take hede, that they use no more as they have don in tymes paste, the litle buse groweth in the ſennes in the stede of the ryght Myrt tre, but let the cause the right Myrtelles. Myrt leves be brought unto them out of Itali, where as is of them plenty inough to be had. Many of the apocaries of Germany have erred an other way in the Myrt tre, in takyng the bleberries or hurtel berries in the stede of the Myrte tre.

Of the Myrt tree. (Myrtus communis and var.).

Dioscorides write of ij. kinds of Myrtus, of the one in the first book and that is the garden mirth, and of the other in the fourth and it is Myrtus sylvestris, which is called in Latin Ruscus. How bet it, he seems to mean there is also another wild mirth tree beside Ruscus. Dioscorides maketh ij. sorts of sown or set myrtle trees, the one he called the white and the other the black. But other writers make yet more kinds of Myrtles, whereof I have seen one when I was in Bologna: it hath five times as little leaves as it that is set furth of Matthiolus for the common first Myrt tree. And that kind did I also see in monte Apennine, but they that shewed it me, called it Myrtus sylvestris and it with the small leaves, (which is indeed Myrtus sativa tarentina) only Myrtus sativum. But I rather hold in this matter with Matthiolus, then with them that hold of the contrary part. Although I think that Matthiolus hath painted his Ruscus with too little leaves and his tree with to great and leaves in comparison of the other. For Dioscorides in the description of the wild Myrt tree, which is called in English Bouchers broom, maketh it to brooder leaves, then set Myrt hath. I have seen them both, doubtless there is a faut in the smallness of the leaves of Ruscus as I intend to shew more largely when I shall com to the entreating of Ruscus. The set or garden Myrt tree, hath bowing branches and twigs, a red bark, long leaves always green, something like the leaves of a Pomegranates leaves. In the white Myrte appear whiter leaves and in the black blacker. They have all white flowers and well smelling. The sett or garden Myrt trees have, greater fruit then the wild have. Both the kinds of Myrt trees have long fruits, like unto the fruits of wild Myrt tree, but greater.

The virtues of the Myrt tree.

The virtue of the Myrt tree of the seed of the same is to bind. The green or dry seed is good to be given in mele to the that spit blood, it helped the pricking of the blader. The juice pressed out of the green leaves, hath the same virtue. It is good for field spiders. And in wine it is good for the stinging of a scorpion. The broth of Myrtles sodden in wine helped the sores that arise in the uttermost members. The same laid to with the flour of perched barley swaged the inflammations of the eyes. It is good to be laide to against the impostemes (pus) of the corners of the eye. If ye put the seed into wine and hot it there in, it will be good for them that have week brains to save them from drunkenness, that the wine that is strained, be taken a fore hand; The bathe made with the seed of the mirth tree is good for the falling down of the mother, for the diseases of the fundament, for the issue that women have some time to much plenty of. It scoured away scurf or scales in the head, the running sores in the head and the whiles that burst out in the head. It stayed the hair that falleth of. The bath that is made of the leaves of the Myrt tree is good to sit in for them that have members out of joint, which fasten and grow together very slowly. Aloo if bones be broken and will not easily be joined and softened together again, it is good to bath them with the broth above mentioned. It heals the white morphea, and it is good to be poured into mattery ears that run. The juice hath the same virtue. The leaves broken and laid to with water, are good for moist sores and for all partes of the body having any issue and for them that have the lax. If ye put to it the oil made of unripe olives or a little rose oil with wine, they are good for tetters or creping sores, so the wildfire, for the inflammation of the stones, for the sores or issue in the eyes that darken the sight and for hard lumps. The powder of the withered leaves is good to be cast upon the whitlow, agnails. It is good against the stinking that comet of too much sweet, in the flanks and armholes. It stayed the sweeting of them that have the disease which is called cardiaca passio. The raw leaves, or ells burnt with a treat made of wax, heal burning whit flaws and agnails.

Out of the later writers.

The broth of Myrtles or Myrte seeds with butter stopped to much sweeting. The Myrt leaves comfort the heart and take away the trembling of the same. The juice is good for the burning of the blader and kidneys. A plaster made of Myrtles is good for the piles, the falling out of the fundament. Let the apothecaries’ physicians and surgeons of England take head that they use no more as they have done in times past, the little bush growth in the fens in the stead of the right Myrt tree but let the cause the right Myrtles. Myrt leaves be brought unto them out of Itali, whereas is of them plenty enough to be had. Many of the apothecaries of Germany have erred another way in the Myrt tree, in taking the blueberries or hurtle berries in the stead of the Myrte tree.

Of the herbe called Napus.

Dioscorides hath not described unto us the herbe called Napus, nether Pliny in any place I have red as yet. He maketh v. kyndes of Napus: but Matthiolus, Fuchsius ech of them makethe no more but ij. kyndes, Yet they divide theyr kyndes diversely. For Matthiolus divideth Napus into the whyte and the yelow, And Fuchsius divideth it into the set or sown, into wilde. Napus is named in Greke …. but not bunion, in Duche Steckrub, in Frenche navet, I know no Englishe name for it, as it is no marvel, seyng that I never saw the ryght Rape growyng in England. It may be called a Nape or a yelow rape untill we fynde out the olde Englishe name for it. The Nape hath leves lyke unto a rape but smother, indented about the edges after the maner of rocket. It hath a round stalk of a cubit hight, som tyme higher, a yelow flour lyke unto Cole, a sede in long coddes or small long huskes. The root is som thing long and so rounde as a rape roote is, and comonly in Germany it is yelowish. It with the whyte roote is not gretely used in Germany.

The vertues of the Nape.

The roote of Nape or Navet as the Frence men call it bredeth wynde, norisheth but litle. The sede of the Nape, dulleth poyson if it is be drunken. It is muche used to be put into triacles, preservatives. Napes ar hote, moyste, they brede wynde, raw fleme. They sharpe the stede, smoothe the breste, throte, they hete thekydnes. Galen semeth to conteyn Napes under rapes, for I can fynde no mention of Napes in Galene, in hys booke de simplicibus medicamentis. And Paulus ioyneth rapes and Napes together in these wordes. The Nape, the rape if they be tweyse sodden, norishe no lesse then other herbes do. But if they be continually eten, they make of grosse iuice.

Of the herb called Napus. (Brassica napus)

Dioscorides hath not described unto us the herb called Napus, nether Plini in any place I have red as yet. He maketh v. kinds of Napus: but Matthiolus, Fuchsius each of them makes no more but ij. kinds. Yet they divide their kinds diversely. For Matthiolus divided Napus into the white and the yellow, And Fuchsius divided it into the set or sown, into wild. Napus is named in Greek …. but not bunion, in German Steckrub, in French navet, I know no English name for it, as it is no marvel, seeing that I never saw the right Rape growing in England. It may be called a Nape or a yellow rape until we find out the olde English name for it. The Nape hath leaves like unto a rape but smother, indented about the edges after the manner of rocket. It hath a round stalk of a cubit high, sometime higher, a yellow flour like unto Cole, a seed in long pods or small, long husks. The root is something long and so round as a rape root is and commonly in Germany it is yellowish. It with the white root is not greatly used in Germany.

The virtues of the Nape.

The root of Nape or Navet as the France men call it breadth wind, nourished but little. The seed of the Nape dulled poison if it is be drunken. It is much used to be put into treacle’s, preservatives. Napes are hot, moist, they brede wind, raw flehm. They sharp the stead, smooth the breast, throat, they hot the kidneys. Galen seems to contain Napes under rapes, for I can find no mention of Napes in Galene, in his book de simplicibus medicamentis. And Paulus joint rapes and Napes together in these words. The Nape, the rape if they be twice sodden nourished no lesser than other herbs do. But if they be continually eten, they make of grosses juice.

Of Narcissus out of Dioscorides.

There are som that call Narsissium, as a lily, lirium. It hath leves lyke unto a leke, thyn and muche lesse, narrower. The stalk is empti and bare without leves, and it is hygher then a span. The flour is whyte and redishe yelow within, and in som purple, The roote win is whyte, rounde, the knoppy after the lyknes of a bulb. The sede is as it were in a filme or cote, blak and long. The moste excellent groweth in hylles, and hath a swete savor. The other resemble a leke, and have an herbshe stink.

Narcissus out of Pliny.

The Physicianes use ij. kyndes of Narcissus, where of one hath a purple floure and the other hath the color of herbes.

Out of Theophrast.

It is mervelus that chanseth unto the squill or se union, to Narcissus. For of all other herbes, whether when they be first sowen or grow agayn; after theyr fallyng the lefe commeth in hys tyme furth, and afterwarde the stalke. But in these the stalk cometh furth before the other partes, and of Narcissus the stalk of he flour commeth only furth with spede, for the flour hasteth forwarde very muche. Narcissus hath a narrow lefe, many together and fat. Out of all these descriptiones I gather that our comen daffodil, is one kynde of Narcisus, wher of Pliny maketh mention, when as he speaketh of it with the herbishe colorz. The fashion of the lefe, flour and stalk of our daffadil agreeth well with the description both of Dioscorides and Theophrast, only the color of the floure is contrary, besyde the description of Dioscorides. But neverthelesse I iudge that it is a kinde of Narcissus, which Dioscorides had not sene when as he wrote of the whyte floured Narcissus. The description of Dioscorides agreeth well unto the herbe which we call in ſom places of England white laus tibi, let them that lyste examin the mater, and they shall fynde it as I have sayde. Som take thys herbe to be violam albam Theophrasti, with whome I will not strive, say that it agreeth not with the description of Narcissus in Dioscorides for the lyknes that it ought to have (as som men iudge) with the floures of the lily, whose name it may seme to have had som tyme for the lyknes that it had with the lily, it hath it not, for the leves ar nether in fashion lyke the other Narcissus nor the lily flour for it is not hole as the lylies flour is, but devyded: I answer that Pliny sheweth that the difference betwene the kyndes of Narcissus and of lilies standeth in that, that upon the stalkes of the lilies grow leves, upon the stalkes of the kyndes of Narcissus growe no leves at all. Dioscorides writeth of ij. sortes of Narcissus, one groweth in the mountaynes, an other in places. Where of I never saw the former kynde in any mountain, but allwayes in gardines. And as for the other kynde I reken that it is agreyng in savor with our comen daffadill, except my memori fayle me, I am sure that the white laus tibi hath the stynk that Dioscorides speketh of.

The Properties of the daffadill,

The roote sodden, whether it be eaten, or drunken, maketh a man vomit. It is good for burnyng. The roote broken with a litle hony, maketh the cut synewes to grow together again, if it be layd to emplaster wyse. The roote layde to with hony helpeth the ankles out of ioynte, and the old aches of the ioyntes. With vinegre and nettel sede, it taketh away the spottes and morphew in the face. With fiches it scoureth away the matter of woundes. It breketh impostemes that will not rype, layd to with darnel mele, and hony, it draweth out of the body, suche thynges as stick fast in it. It maketh fleshe grow in a wounde. The roote brused and layd to, is good for weomens brestes that swelled agaynst all inflammationes.

Of Narcissus out of Dioscorides. (Narcissus pseudonarcissus, poeticus, tazetta)

There are some that call Narsissium as a lily, lirium. It hath leaves like unto a leek, thin and much lesser, narrower. The stalk is empty and bare without leaves and it is higher than a span. The flour is white and reddish yellow within and in some purple. The root is white, round, the knop after the likeness of a bulb. The seed is as it were in a film or cote, black and long. The most excellent growth in hills and hath a sweet savor. The other resemble a leek and have an herbs stink.

Narcissus out of Plini.

The Physicians use ij. kinds of Narcissus where of one hath a purple flower and the other hath the color of herbs.

Out of Theophrastus.

It is marvelous that changed unto the squill or se union to Narcissus. For of all other herbs, whether when they be first sown or grow again; after their falling the leaf comet in his time furth and afterward the stalk. But in these the stalk cometh furth before the other partes and of Narcissus the stalk of the flour comet only furth with speed for the flour hasted forward very much. Narcissus hath a narrow leaf, many together and fat. Out of all these descriptions I gather that our common daffodil is one kind of Narcisus, whereof Plini maketh mention when as he speaks of it with the herbs color. The fashion of the leaf, flour and stalk of our daffodil agreed well with the description both of Dioscorides and Theophrastus, only the color of the flower is contrary, beside the description of Dioscorides. But nevertheless, I judge that it is a kind of Narcissus which Dioscorides had not seen when as he wrote of the white flowered Narcissus. The description of Dioscorides agreed well unto the herb which we call in some places of England white laus tibi, let them that list examine the mater, and they shall find it as I have said. Some take this herb to be Viola alba Theophrasti, with whom I will not strive, say that it agreed not with the description of Narcissus in Dioscorides for the likeness that it ought to have (as some men judge) with the flowers of the lily whose name it may seem to have had some time for the likeness that it had with the lily, it hath it not, for the leaves are nether in fashion like the other Narcissus nor the lily flour for it is not hole as the lilies flour is, but divided: I answer that Plini shew that the difference between the kinds of Narcissus and of lilies stand in that that upon the stalks of the lilies grow leaves, upon the stalks of the kinds of Narcissus grow no leaves at all. Dioscorides write of ij. sorts of Narcissus, one growth in the mountains, another in places. Where of I never saw the former kind in any mountain, but always in gardens. And as for the other kind I reckon that it is agreeing in savor with our common daffodil, except my memory failed me, I am sure that the white laus tibi hath the stink that Dioscorides speak of.

The Properties of the daffodil,

The root sodden, whether it be eaten or drunken, maketh a man vomit. It is good for burning. The root broken with a little honey maketh the cut sinews to grow together again, if it be laid to plaster wise. The root laid to with honey helped the ankles out of joint and the old aches of the joints. With vinegar and nettle seed it taketh away the spots and Morphew in the face. With fiches it scoured away the matter of wounds. It breaks impostemes (pus) that will not ripe, laid to with darnel mele and honey it draweth out of the body such things as stick fast in it. It maketh flesh grow in a wound. The root bruised and laid to, is good for women’s breasts that swelled against all inflammations.

Of Spikenarde.

Nardus is named in Greke Nardos, in Englishe Spiknarde, of the apothecaries spica nardi. There are ii. kyndes of Nardus sayeth Dioscorides, one is called Indishe, the other is called Syriac, not because it groweth in Syria but because one parte to the Indianes. Of thys Syriak kynde, the principall is freshe, lyght, having a large thing resembling hare, yellow in color, very well smallyng, and muche lyke Cyperus in smell, with a short care, and a bitter taste, which dryveth the tonge, because it contineweth long in the plesantnes of hys smell. Of the Indishe kynde, there is one that is called Gangit of the flood Ganges, whiche rynneth by the mountayn wher upon it groweth. Thys kynde by the reason of the grete moysture of the place is weker in virtue, an hygher in lengthe, and it seth furthe many spikes or hary eres out of one roote, folden in one iust to an other, of a very strong savor. The Nardus of the mountayn savoreth better, and it hath a short care, and cutted, the smell of it is lyke unto Cyperus, and it hath all the other vertues of the Syriak. There is also a kinde called of the place where it groweth Sam pharitik, with a shorte bushe havyng grete eares spredyng out a a whyter stalk, thys hath a ranimishe or buckishe styngkyng smell: wherefore it is not allowed. Thus far Dioscorides. Matthiolus and Amatus hys follower, do take muche labor to prove that the Spica nardi, that is the ear of Nardus is no eare growyng in the top of the stalk, but that it is the roote of Nardus. And agaynst all other that holde the contrari opinion, it groweth in the top, they invey very sharply, and namely agaynst iij. greater clerkes then ever they have bene or ar like to be, that is Hermolaus Barbarus, Joannes Ruellius, and Joannes Manardus, which allthoughe they erred, yet so theyr other truthes that they have taught, all Europa deserved to be handled somthyng gentlyer then these new correctores have handled them. As for me I thynk that the ear groweth not in the top of the stalk, but hard by the roote, ether partely in the grounde or very nere unto the grounde, but I thynk rather that som parte of the ear groweth within the ground. Yet for all thys, I reken

the spike can not be properly called a roote. And as for the place they alledge dus of Galene de antidotis, in Galenis wordes they must ether understand Galene to calle the spike of Nardus unproperly a roote, or ellis they muste in other places not only deny the autorite of Galene, but also of Philo Dioscorides also, which make an open distinctione and difference betwene the roote of Nardus an the eare of the same: or ellis playnly deny that the spik is a root. Galene in the. ix. book de compositione medicamentorum secundum locos alledgeth in preservative or antidot of Philo ij. verses amongest many other, whiche seme playnly to deny that Nardus is a roote. The verses are these: Et drachmam dictæ falso radicis, ab ipsa Terra, pisse que Iove clara manet. And Galene expoundyng these vezses, sayeth these wordes folowynge: Quin & Nardi ipsius drachmam unam conijciendam censet, quam radicem falso dictam appellat, quandoquidem spica nardi vere nominatur. Also he iudgeth that a dram of Nardus must be put there to, which he calleth a falsely named roote, because it is truely named the ear of spike of Nardus. Dioscorides also in the description of the Nardus whiche is called gangitis, sayeth that many spikes of eares com out of one roote, where upon it foloweth playnly by the autorite of Dioscorides that the ear of Nardus is not the root of Nardus. Therefore I reken that it is playn that the spica Nardi can not be properly called a roote, without the gaynsaying of Philo, Dioscorides and Galene. Matthiolus sayng to other mennes, charges ernestly many errours wrytyng upon Nardus, is not very far from a manifest error if he be not wrapped within it all redy. For he semeth to iudge that Nardus hath no stalk at all, and that therefore the spike or ear can not grow in the top of the stalk, which is not, or can no where be found. Hys wordes are these: Ego tametsi nardi quam plurimum &c. Although I have examined and picked out very much Nardus, in the shoppes of Venis, yet could I never fynd any thyng of Nardus there-savyng only the eare. Wherefore I thynk there can be found no Nardus which bringeth furth the eares in the top. But what reason is thys, he seeth notheng of Nardus but the eare, ergo Nardus hath nothyng ellis, because he hath sene no more. If thys be Matthiolus argument as he semeth at the leste to go toward thys end: then it appeareth that Nardus should have nether any stalk, nether any other root besyde the eare, which is clene contrari unto Dioscorides, whome he taketh in hand to expounde, who appoynteth both a stalk unto Nardus, and also an other roote besyde the spikes or eares to the same. And allthough in Germany there is not suche choyse of simples in every place as is in Venis, yet in thys yere of our lorde 1557. I found in the shop of Jacob Diter the Apothecari of Wiseburg on pece of Nardus whiche hath a stalk a long hollow, and of the bygnes of a metely byg straw, which I have to sew at thys present daye. As touchyng the roote of Nardus if that Matthiolus could fynde nothing of it savyng the eare at Venis, mervel where he found a litle roote that the eares grow one in hys figure whiche he hath set out in hys commentaries upon Dioscorides. Amatus holdeth also stiffly that the spike or ear of Nardus is also the roote. But is semeth by hys writing both in the chapter of mew, and also in Nardus, that he shoulde meane that the ear of Nardus, should be the nether parte of the roote of Nardus, for in both the chapters of spiknard with the roote of mew. And in the places he sayeth that the tufty rootes that ar very lyke spiknarde in Mew, grow in infima parte radices, in the lowest parte of the rootes. In the late place he sayeth thus. where as Dioscorides sayeth that Nardus putteth of one roote many eares that serveth for our purpse, when as out of one principall roote as the mother of the rest, many rootes as hary eares growyng one hard to an other, do spryng out, as a man may se the lyke in the rootes of Mew, whose infinite rootes were divided into eares that all that saw them, iudged them to be Spiknard. And a litle after he sayeth, wherefore we ought to conclude that ther is no other roote found in Nardus, savyng the spike or eare. If he mean thus as by hys wrytyng he semeth to do, he is very far decevyed. For besyde that I have sene a stalk immediatly commyng from the spike (the stalk commeth never immediatly from the lowest parte of the roote) Dioscorides sheweth that the Spikes com from one roote. The rootes allwayes in all plantes ar the lowest and nether most partes of them, then when as the Spikes com out of one roote, that roote must be lower and benethe the Spikes. Then the Spikes can not be the lowest partes of the rootes, as he sayeth that the tufty endes and lowest partes of the rootes of Mew be. But where as he sayeth that there is no other root savyng the Spike, I ask whether it is the maner of Dioscorides to geve one thyng in one sundry names, and to differ one thyng with ij. names when as the thyng is but one. If it be not hys maner to do, then is hys glose in vayn, where as he sayeth the the sayng of Dioscorides that many Spikes com out of one roote, is to be understand, that many rootes com out of one principal or mother roote: when as Dioscorides in all hys hole worke never calleth a roote a Spike, nor a Spike a roote. As for the other error whiche he holdeth (or at the leste he semeth to hold) with Matthiolus, that Nardus hath nether stalk nether other roote then the eare, nede to make no other confutation then it that a lytle above I have made unto Matthiolus for the same opinion. Then thys is my opinion of Nardus, that it hath a lytle roote in the grounde, out of the whiche the Spikes or eares spryng out, and I thynk that the lowest of the eares at the leste touche the ground, and that the stalke (as I ones sene it) commeth out of the middes of the Spike or eare of blak redishe color, thin and holow within.

The vertues of Spiknard.

Nardus hathe pour to hete and to dry. It dryveth furth water and maketh a man pisse wel. If it be dronken, it stoppeth the belly. If it be layde to, it stoppeth the rynning out and matter of the mother. If it be taken with cold water, it helpeth the gnawing of the stomacke, it heleth wyndenes, it helpeth the liver, heleth the iaundes and the diseases of the kydnees. If ye will seth Nardus in water and sit in it: it is a remedy agaynst the inflammation of the mother. It is good for bare eylyddes that want heare for it bryngeth Heare againg. It is good to be cast upon bodies that ar to moyste or swete to muche. It is put in to antidotes and triacles, and it is comenly layd up in a new erthen vessel for ey medicines. But it is first bet in to pouder, and after warde made in to trochistes or round kales with wyne. Nardus is hote in the first degre and fully dry in the second degre.

Of Spikenarde. (Nardostachys jatamansi, Ferula zumbul, Nardus gangitis)

Nardus is named in Greek Nardos, in English Spikenard, of the apothecaries spica Nardi. There are ii. kinds of Nardus sayeth Dioscorides, one is called Indish, the other is called Syriac, not because it growth in Syria but because one part to the Indians. Of this Syriac kind, the principal is fresh, light, having a large thing resembling hair, yellow in color, very well smelling and much like Cyperus in smell, with a short ear and a bitter taste which drive the tong, because it continuity long in the pleasantness of his smell. Of the Indish kind, there is one that is called Gangit of the flood Ganges, which rennet by the mountain where upon it growth. This kind by the reason of the great moisture of the place is weaker in virtue and higher in length and it set furth many spikes or hoary ears out of one root, folded in one just to another, of a very strong savor. The Nardus of the mountain savored better, and it hath a short care, and cut the smell of it is like unto Cyperus, and it hath all the other virtues of the Syriac. There is also a kind called of the place where it growth Sam pharitik, with a short bush having greet ears spreading out a whiter stalk, this hath a ram’s or buck’s stinking smell: wherefore it is not allowed. Thus far Dioscorides. Matthiolus and Amatus his follower, do take much labor to prove that the Spica Nardi, that is the ear of Nardus is no ear growing in the top of the stalk, but that it is the root of Nardus. And against all other that hold the contrary opinion, it growth in the top, they inveigh very sharply, and namely against iij. greater clerks then ever they have bene or are like to be, that is Hermolaus Barbarus, Joannes Ruellius and Joannes Manardus, which although they erred, yet so their other truths that they have taught all Europa deserved to be handled something gentler than these new correctors have handled them. As for me I think that the ear growth not in the top of the stalk, but hard by the root, ether partly in the ground or very near unto the ground, but I think rather that some part of the ear growth within the ground. Yet for all this, I recon

the spike cannot be properly called a root. And as for the place they allege dues of Galene de antidotis, in Galen’s words they must ether understand Galene to call the spike of Nardus unproperly a root or ells they must in other places not only deny the authority of Galene, but also of Philo Dioscorides also, which make an open distinction and difference between the root of Nardus and the ear of the same: or ells plainly deny that the spik is a root. Galene in the. ix. book de compositione medicamentorum secundum locos alleged in preservative or antidot of Philo ij. verses amongst many other, which seem plainly to deny that Nardus is a root. The verses are these: Et drachmam dictæ falso radicis, ab ipsa Terra, pisse que Iove clara manet. And Galene expounding these verses says these words following: Quin & Nardi ipsius drachmam unam conijciendam censet, quam radicem falso dictam appellat, quandoquidem spica nardi vere nominatur. Also, he judged that a dram of Nardus must be put there to, which he calleth a falsely named root, because it is truly named the ear of spike of Nardus. Dioscorides also in the description of the Nardus which is called gangitis says that many spikes of ears come out of one root, where upon it followed plainly by the authority of Dioscorides that the ear of Nardus is not the root of Nardus. Therefore, I reckon that it is plain that the spica Nardi cannot be properly called a root, without the gainsaying of Philo, Dioscorides and Galene. Matthiolus saying to other men’s, charges earnestly many errors writing upon Nardus, is not very far from a manifest error if he be not wrapped within it all reedy. For he seems to judge that Nardus hath no stalk at all and that therefore the spike or ear cannot grow in the top of the stalk, which is not, or can nowhere be found. His words are these: Ego tametsi nardi quam plurimum &c. Although I have examined and picked out very much Nardus in the shoppes of Venis, yet could I never find anything of Nardus there-saving only the ear. Wherefore I think there can be found no Nardus which bringeth furth the ears in the top. But what reason is this, he says nothing of Nardus but the ear, ergo Nardus hath nothing ells, because he hath seen no more. If this be Matthiolus argument as he seem at the lest to go toward this end: then it appeared that Nardus should have nether any stalk, nether any other root beside the ear, which is clean contrary unto Dioscorides, whom he taketh in hand to expound who appointed both a stalk unto Nardus and also another root beside the spikes or ears to the same. And although in Germany there is not such chose of simples in every place as is in Venis, yet in this yere of our lord 1557. I found in the shop of Jacob Diter the Apothecary of Wiseburg on piece of Nardus which hath a stalk a long hollow and of the bigness of a meetly big straw, which I have to sew at this present day. As touching the root of Nardus if that Matthiolus could find nothing of it saving the ear at Venis, marvel where he found a little root that the ears grow one in his figure which he hath set out in his commentaries upon Dioscorides. Amatus hold also stiffly that the spike or ear of Nardus is also the root. But it seems by his writing both in the chapter of mew and also in Nardus that he should mean that the ear of Nardus should be the nether part of the root of Nardus, for in both the chapters of spikenard with the root of mew. And in the places, he sayeth that the tufty roots that are very like spikenard in Mew, grow in infima part radices, in the lowest part of the roots. In the late place he sayeth thus whereas Dioscorides sayeth that Nardus putted of one root many ears that served for our purpose, when as out of one principal root, as the mother of the rest, many roots as hoary ears growing one hard to another do spring out, as a man may see the like in the roots of Mew, whose infinite roots were divided into ears that all that saw them, judged them to be Spikenard. And a little after he sayeth, wherefore we ought to conclude that there is no other root found in Nardus, saving the spike or ear. If he means thus as by his writing he seems to do, he is very far deceived. For beside that I have seen a stalk immediately coming from the spike (the stalk comet never immediately from the lowest part of the root. Dioscorides shew that the Spikes come from one root. The roots always in all plantes are the lowest and nether most partes of them, then when as the Spikes come out of one root that root must be lower and beneath the Spikes. Then the Spikes cannot be the lowest partes of the roots, as he sayeth that the tufty ends and lowest partes of the roots of Mew be. But whereas he sayeth that there is no other root saving the Spike, I ask whether it is the manner of Dioscorides to give one thing in one sundry names, and to differ one thing with ij. names when as the thing is but one. If it be not his manner to do, then is his Glose in vain, where as he sayeth the saying of Dioscorides that many Spikes come out of one root, is to be understand, that many roots come out of one principal or mother root: when as Dioscorides in all his hole work never calleth a root a Spike, nor a Spike a root. As for the other error which he holds (or at the lest he seems to hold) with Matthiolus that Nardus hath nether stalk nether other root then the ear needs to make no other confutation then it that a little above I have made unto Matthiolus for the same opinion. Then this is my opinion of Nardus, that it hath a little root in the ground out of the which the Spikes or ears spring out, and I think that the lowest of the ears at the lest touch the ground and that the stalk (as I ones seen it) comet out of the middles of the Spike or ear of black reddish color, thin and hollow within.

The virtues of Spikenard.

Nardus hath power to hot and to dry. It drives furth water and maketh a man pisses well. If it be drunken, it stopped the belly. If it be laide to, it stopped the running out and matter of the mother. If it be taken with cold water, it helped the gnawing of the stomach, it health windiness, it helped the liver, health the jaundice and the diseases of the kidneys. If ye will set Nardus in water and sit in it: it is a remedy against the inflammation of the mother. It is good for bare eyelids that want hear for it brength hear again. It is good to be cast upon bodies that are to moist or sweet too much. It is put in to antidotes and treacle’s, and it is commonly laid up in a new earthen vessel for eye medicines. But it is first bet into powder and afterward made into trochees or round kales with wine. Nardus is hot in the first degree and fully dry in the second degree.

Of the herbe called nardus celtica.

The celtick Nardus groweth in the alpes of Liguria, and it is called in the countre name there Aluggia (it appeareth that Dioscorides wolde have sayd salitica,, for there is no suche latine worde as Aliuggia is. It groweth also in Istria. It is a litle bushyng, and it is gathered and made up into litle hand fulles. It hath a lefe somthyng long, with a pale yellow color, and a rygh yelow floure. Thys herbe is called in Duche Magdaleinkraut, it groweth plentuously in the alpes that depart Italy and Germany. It may be called in Englishe, French spicknarde.

The vertues of Frenche spicknard.

Men use only the stalkes and rootes of this herbe. It is commended for the best which is freshe, and hath a good smell, and hath many rootes clevyng together, full, and not brukle or easy to breke. It is good for the same purposes that the other Nardus is good for, it driveth water furth muche mote myghtely, and is better for the stomack. It helpeth the inflammationes of the liver and the jaundes. It is good to be drunken agaynst the wyndenes of the stomack with the brothe of wormwod. It is also good to be dronken with wyne agaynst the diseases of the milt, kidnees and blader, and agaynst venemus bytinges. It is put into softenyng emplasters, in to drinkes, heting oyntmentes. Thys Frenche Nardus as Galene sayeth is of lyke properti with the other, that it is weicker for all purposes, savyng for provokyng of urine, for it is hoter and is lesse byndyng. Galene also in hys booke de compositione medicamentorum secundum locos sayethe, that the Frenche nardus is the beste medicine, and worketh whatsoever the Indishe nardus doth, but that it is a litle weyker in workynge. Wherfor when the truthe is so, I counsell that apothecaries use rather thys Frenche spiknard freshe and good, as allwayes it may be had cut bothe of Germany and Itali, then the spiknard of India, if it be olde, rotten as muche of it is before it cummeth unto us. I mervel that Tragus and Matthiolus folowyng the comon ignorance of theyr countrees call lavender spik, Duch Nardus and Italian nardus, seyng that in forme and fashion they have no lyknes at all with nardus. And howe muche they differ in qualities, they that with iudgement examin both, can well testifi. If the worlde continew long, theyr namyng of lavander with the name of Nardus may bryng som simple men in beleve, that lavander is a ryght kynde of nardus growyng in Germany and Italy, when as it is much lyker to be a kinde of stechas then of Nardus.

Of the herb called nardus celtica. (Valeriana celtica)

The Celtic Nardus growth in the Alpes of Liguria and it is called in the country name there Aluggia (it appeared that Dioscorides wold have said salitica, for there is no such Latin word as Aluggia is. It growth also in Istria. It is a little bushing, and it is gathered and made up into little hand full. It hath a leaf something long with a pale-yellow color and a right yellow flower. This herb is called in German Magdaleinkraut, it growth plenteously in the Alpes that depart Italy and Germany. It may be called in English, French spikenard.

The virtues of Frenche spikenard.

Men use only the stalks and roots of this herb. It is commended for the best, which is fresh and hath a good smell and hath many roots cleaving together, full, and not brikle or easy to brake. It is good for the same purposes that the other Nardus is good for, it drives water furth much more mightily and is better for the stomach. It helped the inflammations of the liver and the jaundices. It is good to be drunken against the windiness of the stomach with the broth of wormwood. It is also good to be drunken with wine against the diseases of the milt, kidneys and blader and against venomous biting’s. It is put into softening plasters, in to drinks, heating ointments. This Frenche Nardus as Galene sayeth is of like property with the other, that it is weaker for all purposes, saving for provoking of urine, for it is hotter and is lesser binding. Galene also in his book de compositione medicamentorum secundum locos says that the Frenche Nardus is the best medicine and worketh whatsoever the Indish Nardus doth, but that it is a little weaker in working. Wherefore when the truth is so I counsel that apothecaries use rather this Frenche spikenard fresh and good as always it may be had cut both of Germany and Itali then the spikenard of India if it be olde, rotten as much of it is before it comet unto us. I marvel that Tragus and Matthiolus following the common ignorance of their countries call lavender spik, German Nardus and Italian Nardus, seeing that in form and fashion they have no likeness at all with Nardus. And howe much they differ in qualities, they that with judgment examine both can well testify. If the world continues long, their naming of lavender with the name of Nardus may bring some simple men in believe that lavender is a right kind of Nardus growing in Germany and Italy, when as it is much like to be a kind of stoechas then of Nardus.

Of gardin cresses.

Nasturtium is named in Greke kardomon, in Englishe cresses or kars, in Duche kressich, in Frenche cresson. Gardin cresses grow no where elles I know, saving only in gardines. The cresse is but a small herbe of a foot and a half longe, the leves are small and iagged about, the floures are whyte. The blackishe rede sede is conteyned in litle rounde sede vesselles. And it is sharpe in taste and byting.

The vertues of cresses.

The sede of cresses, is evel for the stomack, trobleth the belly, dryveth furth wormes. It minisheth the mylt. It is evel for women with childe: it provoketh down weomens siknes and stirreth men to veneri. It is like unto mustard and rocket. It scoureth away lepres an scurſfines very nere unto lepres. If it be layd to with hony it swageth the swellyng of the milt. It scoureth away the sores called savos, like to an hony combe. It dryveth furth the diseases of the lunges if it be sodden in suppinges. The same if it be dronken withstandeth the venom of serpentes, and the smook of it dryveth away serpentes. It stayeth the fallyng of the here. It rypeth carbuncles, and bursteth them. It is good for the sciatica, if it be layd to with perched barley mele and vinegre. It dryveth away or scattereth abrode swellynges, and gathered humores together. And if it be layd to with bryne, dryveth furth angri bytes and other sores such as one is called cattis hare. The leves and branches are good for the same purposes: but they are not so strong, so long as they ar grene. For the they ar yet so gentle, they may be eaten with brede, as Galene sayeth, for foul or kitchyn.

Of gardin cresses. (Nasturtium officinale)

Nasturtium is named in Greek kardomon, in English cresses or kars, in German kressich, in French cresson. Garden cresses grow nowhere ells I know, saving only in gardens. The cress is but a small herb of a foot and a half long, the leaves are small and jagged about, the flowers are white. The blackish red seed is contained in little round seed vessels. And it is sharp in taste and biting.

The virtues of cresses.

The seed of cresses is evil for the stomach, troubled the belly, drive furth worms. It minis the milt. It is evil for women with child: it provoked down women’s sickness and stirred men to veneris. It is like unto mustard and rocket. It scoured away lepers and scruffiness very near unto lepers. If it be laid to with honey it swaged the swelling of the milt. It scoured away the sores called savos, like to a honeycomb. It drives furth the diseases of the lunges if it be sodden in supping’s. The same if it be drunken withstand the venom of serpents and the smoke of it drive away serpents. It stayed the falling of the hair. It ripest carbuncles and burst them. It is good for the sciatica, if it be laid to with perched barley mele and vinegar. It drives away or scattered abroad swellings and gathered humors together. And if it be laid to with brine, drive furth angry bytes and other sores such as one is called cat’s hair. The leaves and branches are good for the same purposes: but they are not so strong, so long as they are green. For the they are yet so gentle, they may be eaten with brede, as Galene sayeth, for foul or kitchen.

Of the tre called Nerium.
Nerium is also called rhododaphnus and rhododendron, in Italiane Olendron, of Barbarus writers Oleander, som Duche men call it Oleander, the Frenche men call it rosage. I never saw it out of Italy wherefore I know no Englishe name for it. But it may well be called in Englishe after the Greke, ether rose tre or bay rose tre, or Oleander after the comon herbaries.

The bay rose tre hath leves lyke an almond tre, but longer, fatter, and as som textes are, broder and rougher. The floure is lyke a rose. The fruit is somthyng

lyke unto an almond after the fashion of an horne, which when as it openeth, sheweth a wollyshe nature lyke an thystel down, as Ruellius translatid hath, it semet hby hys greke text had ….But my greke text hath. ….And it semeth the old translator to have red for he be translateth thus: lanam deintus habens similem hyacintho. Yet for all that lyke Ruelliusses Greke text better then myne, for the down is whyte an lyke thestel down, nothynge lyke hyacinthus, nether in color, nor in down which it hathe not. The roote is long, sharpe and wodishe, saltish in taste; It groweth in plesant places, by the se syde and about rivers.

The properties of Oleander.

The floures and the leves of oleander ar poyson to mules dogge, affes, and to many many other four footed beastes. But it is unto a man a remedy if it be dronken agaynst the bytynges of serpentes, and so much better it is if rue be mixed therewith. Weike beastes as shepe and gotes, if they drynrk of the water where in ar fallen the leves or flowres of oleander, die shortly after. Galene writeth that Oleander if it be taken in, that it killeth bothe man and the moste parte of bestes also: wherefore let no man thinck that Dioscorides meaneth that Oleander shuld be taken, of ani man savyng only of suche as hath bene hurt with the poysoned bytyng of a serpent: for if a man take it in, except he have bene poysoned before, it will poyson hym. But when as y poyson of serpentes may well be healed by many other medicines that ar no poyson, as oleander is, my counsel is that no man that is bitten with a serpent, take in any oleander, if there be any triacle or other good herbed may be had by and by after that he is bitten. I have sene thys tre in diverse places of Italy, but I care not if it neuvr com into England, seyng it in all poyntes is lyke a Pharesey, that is beuteus without, and within / a ravenus wolf murderer. The later writers say that Oleander is good for the ſsab and ich, and that it is good for the olde aches of the knees and kydnes, if it be layd to after the maner of an emplaster. They wryte that the broth of the levs killeth flees and such like vermind it it be cast upon the flore, where as they be.

Of the tree called Nerium. (Nerium oleander)
Nerium is also called rhododaphnus and rhododendron, in Italiane Olendron, of Barbarous writers Oleander, some German men call it Oleander, the Frenche men call it rosage. I never saw it out of Italy wherefore I know no English name for it. But it may well be called in English after the Greek, ether rose tree, or bay rose tree or Oleander after the common herbarizes.

The bay rose tree hath leaves like an almond tree, but longer, fatter, and as some texts are, brooder and rougher. The flower is like a rose. The fruit is something like unto an almond after the fashion of a horn, which when as it opened shew a woollies’ nature like a thistle down, as Ruellius translated hath, it seems by his Greek text had …. But my Greek text hath. …. And it seems the old translator to have red for he be translated thus: lanam deintus habens similem hyacintho. Yet for all that like Ruellius’ s Greek text better than mine, for the down is white and like thistle down, nothing like Hyacinthus, nether in color, nor in down which it hath not. The root is long, sharp and wood’s, saltish in taste; It growth in pleasant places, by the seaside and about rivers.

The properties of Oleander.

The flowers and the leaves of oleander are poison to mules’ dogs, apes and to many other four-footed beasts. But it is unto a man a remedy if it be drunken against the biting’s of serpents and so much better it is if rue be mixed therewith. Weike beasts as sheep’s and goats, if they drink of the water where in are fallen the leaves or flowers of oleander, die shortly after. Galene write that Oleander if it be taken in, that it killed both man and the most part of beasts also: wherefore let no man think that Dioscorides meant that Oleander should be taken of any man saving only of such as hath been hurt with the poisoned biting of a serpent: for if a man take it in, except he have bene poisoned before, it will poison him. But when as the poison of serpents may well be healed by many other medicines that are no poison, as oleander is, my counsel is that no man that is bitten with a serpent take in any oleander, if there be any treacle or other good herb may be had by and by after that he is bitten. I have seen this tree in diverse places of Itali, but I care not if it never com into England, seeing it in all points is like a Phoresy, that is piteous without and within a raven’s wolf murderer. The later writers say that Oleander is good for the scab and ich and that it is good for the old aches of the knees and kidneys, if it be laid to after the manner of a plaster. They write that the broth of the leaves killed flees and such like vermin if it be cast upon the floor whereas they be.

Of the herbe called Nymphea,

Nyphaea is named of the apothecaries nunefar, in Englishe water rose, or water lili, in Duch se blumen. Nymphea is of ii sortes, the one hath a whyte flowre and the other hath a yelow flour: they grow both m meres loughes, lakes and in still standyng waters. The leues ar lyke the bene of Egypt, but they ar lesse and longer, som of them swym above the water, som under the water, and many of the com out of one rote. The one hath a whyte floure as lili, the other hath a ye low flour lyke a rose, in the middes of the white floure is a thyng lyke unto safron. Out of the flour when it witheteth away, commeth furth a round blak apple lyke unto a poppi hede, which hath a blak sede and a clamy taste. The stalk is smothe, blak and not thick, lyke unto the bene of Egypt. The roote of the whyte Nymphea is black, roughe and lyke unto a cub. But the roote of the yelow nenufar is whyte. The rootes vle to be cut doun in September, October and November, or in the last end of the harvest.

The vertut of both the kyndes of nenuſar.

The whyte leved water lili or nenufar dried and dronken vith wyne, is good for the comon lax, and for the blody flix, and it washeth away the mylt. The roote is good to be layde to the blader and stomack. Wiith water it scoureth away white spottes lyke lepres. It it be layde to with piche, it wil hele a scalled hede when the heyr goeth of. The same is good to be dronkebof wiveles gentlemen, or husbandles gentle weomen agaynst the unclene dremyng of venery and filthy pollutiones that they have on the nyght. For if it de dronken continualiy for a certayn tyme, it weykeneth muche the sede. The sede of the herbe hath the sam properti. The sede, roote of it with the yelow floure dronken with rede stoppyng and tart wyne,/ ar good agaynst

the rynnyng out of isshues that weomen somtyme have.

Of the herbe called Nymphea. (Nymphae alba, Nuphar lutea)

Nymphaea is named of the apothecaries nunefar, in English water rose or water lily, in German se blumen. Nymphae is of ii sorts, the one hath a white flower and the other hath a yellow flower: they grow both in meres, Loughs, lakes and in still standing waters. The leaves are like the bean of Egypt, but they are lesser and longer, some of them swim above the water, some under the water and many of them com out of on root. The one hath a white flower as lily, the other hath a yellow flour like a rose, in the middles of the white flower is a thing like unto saffron. Out of the flower when it withered away comet furth a round black apple like unto a poppy head which hath a black seed and a clammy taste. The stalk is smoot, black and not thick, like unto the bean of Egypt. The root of the white Nymphae is black, rough and like unto a cub. But the root of the yellow nenufar is white. The roots use to be cut down in September, October and November, or in the last end of the harvest.

The virtue of both the kinds of nenuſar.

The white leaved water lily or nenufar dried and drunken with wine, is good for the common lax and for the bloody flux and it wasted away the milt. The root is good to be laid to the blader and stomach. With water it scoured away white spots like lepers. If it be laid to with pitch it will heal a scaled head when the hair goth of. The same is good to be drunken of wife’s gentlemen or husband’s gentle women against the unclean dreaming of venery and filthy pollutions that they have on the night. For if it de drunken continuality for a certain time it weakened much the seed. The seed of the herb hath the same property. The seed, root of it with the yellow flower drunken with red stopping and tart wine are good against

the running out of issues that women sometime have.

Of Basil.

Dioscorides describeth not ocimum, but a man may gather by hym in the desciption of other herbes where unto he comareth Ocimum, what maner of leves Ocimum hath. The right Mercuri, Heliotropium as Dioscorides wryteth, have leves lyke Basil. Then he that knoweth the ryght Mercuri and Heliotropium may easely know what maner of leves Basil hath. The stalk is a span long, somtime longer. It floureth and sedeth first beneth in the stalk, and after above. The flour is som tyme white mixed som tyme with other colores. The sede if black or at the lest blakishe, conteyned within a blakisch filme. One principall toote goeth depe into the grounde and that is thick and woddishe. The other rootes that com out of it, ar small and long. Basill is named in Greke ocimon, and of the later Grekes basilicon, in Duche Baslien, in Frence du Basilik.

The vertues of Basil.

Basil, if it be taken to plenituously in mete, dulleth the eysyght. It softeneth the belly, moveth the spirites, dryveth out pisse and bringeth milk to the brestes. But it is hard to be digested. But if it be layd to with the flour of perched barley and with vinegre and rose oyle, it helpeth the inflammationes of the longes. It is good for the strykyng of dragon, and the stinge of scorpions. And by is self onely with wyne of Cio, it helpeth the ach of the eyes. The iuice scoureth away the darknes of the eyes. It dryveth up the droppyng down of humores. The sede dronken is good for them that brede melancholi, and for them that cannot make water, and for them that ar pussed with wynd. If it be put in to the nosethrilles it maketh a man nese. The which the leves do also. But ye must shiu your eyes when ye ar compelled to nese. Sum thynk that it ought not to be receyved in mete. For if it be chowed and set furth in the son, it bredeth wormnes. The men of Afhrica say that the man that hath dronken of thys herbe, is afterward bitten of a scorpion, shall have no payn of that bytyng.

Out of Galen de simplicibuts.

Basil is hote in the second degree, it hath a superfluous moystur where fore it is not mete to be taken in the body. But if it be layd to wout, it is good to make rype. Galene also in hys booke of the poures and properties of norishementes writeth thus of Basyl. The most part use Basil and eate it with oyl gare sauce for a sowle or kitchen. But it hath a very hurthfull, an evel iuice. Wich thynk made som falsely beleve if it were set in a pot in the son, it wold turn into a scorpion. But thys may est thou truely say, that it is noisum to the stomack, and of an evel iuice and hard to be digested.

Of Basil. (Ocimum basilicum)

Dioscorides described not Ocimum, but a man may gather by him in the description of other herbes where unto he compared Ocimum what manner of leaves Ocimum hath. The right Mercuri, Heliotropium as Dioscorides write have leaves like Basil. Then he that know the right Mercuri and Heliotropium may easily know what manner of leaves Basil hath. The stalk is a span long, sometime longer. It flourished and seeded first beneath in the stalk and after above. The flour is sometime white mixed sometime with other colors. The seed is black or at the lest blackish, contained within a blackish film. One principal root goth deep into the ground and that is thick and woods. The other roots that come out of it are small and long. Basill is named in Greek ocimon and of the later Greeks basilicon, in German Baslien, in France du Basilik.

The virtues of Basil.

Basil, if it be taken to plenteously in meat dulled the eyesight. It softened the belly, moved the spirits, drive out piss and bringeth milk to the breasts. But it is hard to be digested. But if it be laid to with the flour of perched barley and with vinegar and rose oil it helped the inflammations of the lunges. It is good for the striking of dragon and the stinging of scorpions. And by is self only with wine of Cio, it helps the ach of the eyes. The juice scoured away the darkness of the eyes. It dried up the dropping down of humors. The seed drunken is good for them that brede melancholy and for them that cannot make water and for them that are push with wind. If it be put into the nose thrills, it maketh a man Neese. The which the leaves do also. But ye must shut your eyes when ye are compelled to Nese. Sum thinks that it ought not to be received in mete. For if it be chowed and set furth in the son it breadth worms. The men of Africa say that the man that hath drunken of this herb is afterward bitten of a scorpion shall have no pain of that biting.

Out of Galen de simplicibus.

Basil is hot in the second degree, it hath a superfluous moisture where fore it is not met to be taken in the body. But if it be laid to without it is good to make ripe. Galene also in his book of the powers and properties of nourishments write thus of Basil. The most part use Basil and eat it with oil Gare sauce for a Sowle or kitchen. But it hath a very hurtful and evil juice. Witch think made some falsely believe if it were set in a pot in the sun, it would turn into a scorpion. But this may set thou truly say that it is noisome to the stomach and of an evil juice and hard to be digested.

Of the Olive tre.

Olea which is sumytme called also Olina, is named in Greke…it is called in Englishe an Olive tre, in Duch ein Oelbaum, in Frenche ung Oliverer. The Olive tre hath leves lyke a wilow tre, but they ar smaller narrower and harder, in color pale, of an asshy hue. The wilde Olive tre which is named in Greke … in Latin silvestris Olea or Oleaster or Cotinus, hath less and shorter leves then the gardin or set Olive tre hathe. The fruite is also much lesse, and the bowes ar full of prickes. I have sene the Olive tre both in Italy and in Germany.

The vertues of the Olive trees.

The leves of the wilde Olive tre bynde, and the same broken and to emplaster wyse stay and hold in cholerik impostemes, and inflammations, crepyng or rynnyng sores, empostemes out the corners of the ey, carbuncle a whit flawe. And the same layd to with hony take away the crustes that ar about de sores or wounddes. They scour also filthy woundes. They dryve away inflammationes and sores called pavos. They ioyn together agayn the skin that is plucked from the hede. They ar good for sores of the mouthe and specially of yong childer, if they be chowed in the mouth. The iuice and the brothe have the same vertu. The iuice layd to stayeth burstynges out of blood and wymens isshues. It is good for the diseases of the ey called uva, and for wheles sores and old falling down of humores. Wherefore it is put in to the medicines of the eyes called collyria. It is very good for the gnawyng or bytyng ol the ey liddes. If ye will have the iuice to serve yow all the yeare thorow: same the levers, and put wyne or water unto them and dry the moystur in the son and make it up in litle cakes. But the iuice that is made with the wyne is stronger and fitter to be layde up, then it that is made with water. It helpeth the eres, bothe if they be sore, and the skin be of, and also if any mater ryn out. The leuves ar good to be layd to with barley mele, for them that have the flix. The leves ar burnt with the floures that the asshes may fill the rome of spodium. And thus ar they dressed. Put them into and unbaked pot that was never in the fyre befor, and stop the mouth of it perfitly with clay, and let the pot stand so long untill that all the other pottes be baked inoughe. Then quenche the they ar yet hote with wyne, and knede them and burn them after the same maner ones agayne. Then washe them and make them in to litle cakes. It is well knowen that this medicine is as good as spodium is in the diseases of the eyes. The leves of the set olive have the same vertu, savyng a litle weiker. Wherefore they ar fatter so: the medicines of the eyes by the reson of theyr nature. The swete or water that commeth furth of the tre when it is in burnyng in the fyre helpethe, if it be layd to foul scurfi scalles. The sede of the Olive tre layde to, helpeth scurf and frettyng and wastyng ſsores. It that is within the kirnel with fat and mele, dryveth of scabbed or foule roughe reayles. The Olives that have ben condited in salt, broken and layd unto burnt places will not suffer any blader to ryſe. They scour foul woundes. The bryne of Olives saſteneth the goumes if they be washed there with, and maketh fast louse tethe. The yelow and freshe olive is beter for the stomack, but it is hard for the belly. The blak that is rype, is disposed to

corruption, and is evel for the stomack. And it is evel for the eyes, and engendreth the hedach. If it be dryed it stoppeth frityng or sores, and dryveth abrode and scattereth carbuncles. It is good to wash the goumes that ar vexed with a filthy moysture with the oyle of the wild olive. It maketh fast louse tethe. Take the oyle and put it in to woll, or a fyne cloth, lay it hote unto the waterishe goumes until they be whyte, and it will help them.

Out of Galene de simplicibus.

The bughes of Olyve tre, as much as they have of binding, so much coldnes have they also. The fruite if it be trowly ryp, is mesurably hote. But if it be not rype, the it couleth more, and byndeth more. Olives norish but a lille, namely they that for rypenes fall of the tre. Which the comon peple comonly ete with brede and otherwhyses with bryne before other metes, to louse the belly, and these Olives ar called abnacles and colymbades. As the very rype have muche fatnes in them, so the unrype have a byndyng iuice by reson where of they streyngthen the stomack and make a man have an appetite.

Of the Olive tree. (Olea europaea ‘Sativa’, and the wild)

Olea, which is sometime called also Olina, is named in Greek…it is called in English an Olive tree, in Duch ein Oelbaum, in French ung Oliverer. The Olive tree hath leaves like a willow tree, but they are smaller narrower and harder, in color pale, of an ashy hue. The wild Olive tree which is named in Greek … in Latin silvestris Olea or Oleaster or Cotinus, hath less and shorter leaves then the garden or set Olive tree hath. The fruit is also much lesser and the bows are full of prickles. I have seen the Olive tree both in Italy and in Germany.

The virtues of the Olive trees.

The leaves of the wild Olive tree bind and the same broken and to plaster wise stay and hold in choleric empostemes (pus) and inflammations, creping or running sores, empostemes out the corners of the eye, carbuncle whit flaw. And the same laid to with honey take away the crusts that are about de sores or wounds. They scour also filthy wounds. They drive away inflammations and sores called pavos. They join together again the skin that is plucked from the head. They are good for sores of the mouth and specially of young children, if they be chow in the mouth. The juice and the broth have the same vertu. The juice laid to stayed bursting’s out of blood and women’s issues. It is good for the diseases of the eye called uva and for whiles sores and old falling down of humors. Wherefore it is put into the medicines of the eyes called collyrium. It is very good for the gnawing or biting of the eye lids. If ye will have the juice to serve yow all the year thorough: same the livers and put wine or water unto them and dry the moisture in the son and make it up in little cakes. But the juice that is made with the wine is stronger and fitter to be laide up, then it that is made with water. It helped the ears, both if they be sore and the skin be of, and also if any mater ren out. The leaves are good to be laid to with barley mele for them that have the flix. The leaves are burnt with the flowers that the ashes may fill the rime of spodium. And thus, are they dressed. Put them into and unbaked pot that was never in the fire before and stop the mouth of it perfectly with clay and let the pot stand so long until that all the other pots be baked enough. Then quenched they are yet hot with wine and knead them and burn them after the same manner ones again. Then wash them and make them into little cakes. It is well known that this medicine is as good as spodium is in the diseases of the eyes. The leaves of the set olive have the same vertu, saving a little weaker. Wherefore they are fatter so: the medicines of the eyes by the reason of their nature. The sweet or water that comet furth of the tree when it is in burning in the fire helped if it be laid to foul scurf scales. The seed of the Olive tree laide to helped scurf and fretting and wasting sores. It that is within the kernel with fat and mele, drive of scabbed or foule roughed reals. The Olives that have ben candied in salt, broken and laid unto burnt places will not suffer any blader to rise. They scour foul wounds. The brine of Olives softens the gums if they be washed there with, and maketh fast louse teethe. The yellow and fresh olive is Beter for the stomach, but it is hard for the belly. The black that is ripe is disposed to corruption and is evil for the stomach. And it is evil for the eyes and engendered the headache. If it be dried it stopped fritting or sores and drive abroad and scattered carbuncles. It is good to wash the gums that are vexed with a filthy moisture with the oil of the wild olive. It maketh fast louse teethe. Take the oil and put it into wool or a fine cloth, lay it hot unto the waterish gums until they be white and it will help them.

Out of Galene de simplicibus.

The boughs of Olive tree, as much as they have of binding, so much coldness have they also. The fruit if it be thoroughly ripe is measurably hot. But if it be not ripe then it coolth more and bind more. Olives nourish but a little, namely they that for ripeness fall of the tree. Which the common people commonly eat with bread and otherwhere with brine before other meats to louse the belly and these Olives are called abnacles and colymbades. As the very ripe have much fatness in them, so the unripe have a binding juice by reason where of the strengthen the stomach and make a man have an appetite.

Out of Alexander.

Following the autorite of my maters of whome I learned first the knowledge of herbes, who were Antonius Musa, Fuchsius, Ruellius wout any ernest trial, iudged masters that our comon Aleander was Hypposelinon in Dioscorides. But after that I had red Matthiolus writyng upon Hipposelinon, I looked more diligently upon the description/ and found there were certayn properties that Dioscorides gave unto hys Hipposlino, which ar not to be found in Alexander. For Dioscorides wrytyng of Hipposelino sayeth it hathe a white roote, and a small, and that the herbe is whyter then persely, that the leves turne a litle to warde a cremesin color. But our Alexander hath a great blak rote, and to looke to the hole herbe is much blacker then persely, and le leves have nothyng lyke cremisin, allthoug such a color appere in som places of the buddes, when as they com up first, where fore our Alexaner can not be Hippolselino in Dioscorides. But neverthelesse, I think that it is Smyrnium, but not it that Dioscorides describeth, as Matthiolus iudgeth, but Smyrnion that Dioscorides refuseth as unproperly named Smyrnion, and yet other Grecianes as Galene and Aetius call Smyrnion. But that Smrnion as it is differyng from Hipposelino Dioscoridis, also I reken it to the Hipposelinon of Theophrast and Aetius, the herbe whiche Galene in hys booke de alimentorum facultatibus witnesseth to be called Olus atrum in Rome in his tyme. First that our Alexander is not Smyrnium in Dioscorides: these tokens that our Alexander want and ar requyred in Smyrnio Dioscorides, do sufficiently declare. Smyrnium in Dioscorides hathe pale, or faynt yelow leves, and our Alexanders leves ar blak, Smymium hath sede lyke kole round and blak. But our Alexander hath long horned sede nothyng like cole, but in all poyntes lyke persely sede, savvyng it is muche bygger and blacker. The root of Smirnium is ether grene within, or elles somthyng whitishe. But our Alexanders root is not grene within, except my memori fale me, nether a litle whitishe, but playn whyte, as I remembre. The herbe Smyrnium of Dioscorides groweth in rocky places, and stepyng down hylles, and in dry places, and about pathes. But our Alexander groweth in shaddowy places, and in moyste places, and in Ilandes compassed about these, as in a certain Ilande betwene the far parte of Sommershet shere, Wales. Weherfore our Alexander can not be Smyrnium Dioscorides. But our Alexander is Smyrnion of Aetius, Galene, and olus atrum of Galene maketh mention of, which the Romanes used muche in meat, also Hipposelinon Theophrasti: trust these resones folowyng shall prove ether in parte of in hole. Aetius writeth thus of Smirnion. Smyrnium whiche other calle Hippoleselinum is of the same kynde that persely is of and petroselinon, but it hath a blak sede and much greter. By these wordes may I gather Smirnium is a kynde of Selinon or Opium which we call persely, and seyng that it is the gretest kynde that it may be iustly called Hipposelinon. Me may also know that it is therefore a kynde of selinon because it hath lyke sede in proportion and figure with other properties belongyng therto, it cannot be a kynde of apium or selinon which hath no lyknes in the sede with Apio, Selino or pesely, where upon we may gather lovage whiche hath sedes in no poynt lyke Selino, nether to Selino, nether to Oreoselino nor petroselino can not be any kynde of apium or selinon, and therefor it can nether be Hipposelinon Dioscorides, nor Smyrnon Aetius, yet Smirnium Dioscorides. Galene in hys second booke of the properties of norismentes or meates writeth thus of selino, hipposelino, Sid a smyrnion. Alle these make a man pisse, amongett which persely is moste used, and plesant to the stomacke. But Hipposelinum and belragges ar unplesanter. Smyrnium is also muche used, for it is solde in very grete plenty in Rome, and it is much sharper then perseli and hother, and it hath alls a certayn spicie taste. And therfor it stirreth a man mote vehemently to make water, then persely Hipposelinon and belrages, or water persely and it moveth the floures of weomen. But in the spryng it bryngeth furth a stalke (we call the stalkes when they com first furth in England in the spryng with litle knoppes growyng upon the Alexander buddes) whiche is good meat to be eaten as the leves, whiche only the herbe had in wynter, when it had no stalk, even as persely, at that tyme hath none. But after that the stalk beginneth ones to com alle the hole he be is more plesanter and sweter, whether a man list to eat it raw, or sodden. These wordes of Galene declare playnly the herbe he calleth Smyrnium is our Alexander. But by it that immediatly folowethe in Galene shall prove bothe thys mater more clerly, also prov that there is one Hipposelinon (which take to be it of Dioscorides, not it of Theophrast) can not be our Alexander, our Alexander is called of the dol latines olus atrum, is blak wurt. Galene wordes be these. But Hipposelinum, Sion ar eaten sodden; for they ar both unplesant, when as they ar raw. Som men use to ethe persely a smyrnion menged with lettuce leves. For when as lettuce is an eatable herbe very unsavery, and hath a colde iuice, it is made not only pleasanter, but also more profitable if ye put som sharp herbe unto it. For which cause som the leves of rocket, lekes, or other, the leves of Basil. But now in Rome all men cal that wurt or eatable herbe not Smyrnion but olus atrum that is blacwurt. Thus far Galene. Now after that I have proved that our Alexader is Smyrnion of Aetius, Galene, the Olus atrum of the old latines, will looke now if I can prove that the forsayd Smyrnion or Olus atrum is Hipposelinon that Theophrast describeth. Theophrast describeth hys Hippolselinon thus. Hipposelinon hath leves lyke unto march or smalache, but roughe. It hath a grete stalk and a thick root lyke a redice, but blak. It bryngeth also furthe a blak fruite, in gretenes bygger the Orobus. Men say they ar bothe good for them, that can make no water it they be dronken with whyte swete wyne, and to dryve out stones. It groweth comonly every where. And a iuice floweth out of it lyke unto myrre. Som holde it is holly mirre all together, not lyke it only. I se nothyng in thys description, but that it agreeth well our Alexander. The leves of Alexander ar lyke unto the leves of smallage in figure, but they ar greater, not so smoth as smallage leves ar. The stalkt of Alexander is also greate, the roote is as thik as a radice roote is, and blak. The sede or fruite is blak, and as byg as Orobus, thoughe it have an other proportion and figure. As for the naturall place of growing, it groweth in every shyre of England in plenty: wherefore I se no cause but that Hipposelion Theophrasti, is our Alexander. And because many were of they opinion of myrr which is called in Greke Smyrna, came out of the rootes of Hipposelino. I thynck that it was afterwardes called Smyrnion, that is myr herbe. If any man dout wheter learned men have iudged a thing like myr commeth out of the roote of Hipposeline, let hym rede Plini of Hipposelino and Theophrast, he shall shortly truste leve of doutyng. But if any man repli, and sai if Theophrast and Galene make Hipposelinon and Smyrnion to have grene leves all the hole yere: I answer that as Theophraste saythe that Hipposelinon hath grene leves, that he sayeth even the same of persely and of them that they ar grene in the very top, that is in the overmoste parte of the lefe so stalkes that have borne sede, perish in winter. But when as there ar ij. sortes of persely, one that is a wyke, which is fruitfull and byngeth furthe fruite, an other kynde is called a mayden or of som a widow, which ether hath never borne sede, or hath bego to have stalk and hath bene cut down before it brought furthe rype sede. Is in persely it that hath had sed in summer or harvest, hath no leves in wynter, but only the mayden persely, so is it in Alexander, for allthough not every rote of Alexander hathe grene leves in wynter: yet in warm places rough Alexader hath leves in wynter as well as and yong persely. Now at the lengthe I trust I have sufficiently proved, our Alexander is Smirnion of Galene, Aetius, Olus atrum of the latines, Hipposelinon of Theophrast, but not of Dioscorides, and by the way that nether lovage is Hipposelinon Dioscorides, nor Smyrnium in Dioscorides is our Alexander.

The vertues of Alexander.

Besyde the properties above rehersed Galene sayeth without any grefe it dryeth sores, and maketh rype such as ar harde, and that rest of hys pour is lyke unto Petroseino. Wherefore sayethe he we use the sede, to bryng down floures, and to provoke urin, and agaynst thesſtoppyng of the breste, and short wyndines. Aetius writeth that it is hote and dry in the thyrd degre.

Out of Alexander. (Smyrnium olusatrum)

Following the authority of my maters of whom I learned first the knowledge of herbs, who were Antonius Musa, Fuchsius, Ruellius would any earnest trial, judged masters that our common Aleander was Hypposelinon in Dioscorides. But after that I had red Matthiolus writing upon Hipposelinon, I looked more diligently upon the description and found there were certain properties that Dioscorides gave unto his Hipposelinon, which are not to be found in Alexander. For Dioscorides writing of Hipposelinon says it hath a white root, and a small, and that the herb is whiter than parsley, that the leaves turn a little toward a crimson color. But our Alexander hath a great black root and to look to the hole herb is much blacker than parsley and le leaves have nothing like crimson, although such a color appears in some places of the buds when as they come up first, where fore our Alexaner cannot be Hipposelinon in Dioscorides. But nevertheless, I think that it is Smyrnium, but not it that Dioscorides described, as Matthiolus judged, but Smyrnium that Dioscorides refused as unproperly named Smyrnium and yet other Grecians as Galene and Aetius call Smyrnium. But that Smyrnium as it is differing from Hipposelinon Dioscoridis, also I recon it to the Hipposelinon of Theophrastus and Aetius, the herb which Galene in his book de alimentorum facultatibus witnesseth to be called Olus atrum in Rome in his time. First that our Alexander is not Smyrnium in Dioscorides: these tokens that our Alexander want and are required in Smyrnium Dioscorides, do sufficiently declare. Smyrnium in Dioscorides hath pale or faint yellow leaves and our Alexanders leaves are black, Smyrnium hath seed like Cole round and black. But our Alexander hath long horned seed nothing like Cole, but in all points like parsley seed, saving it is much bigger and blacker. The root of Smyrnium is ether green within, or ells something whitish. But our Alexanders root is not green within, except my memory fail me, nether a little whitish, but plain white as I remember. The herb Smyrnium of Dioscorides growth in rocky places and stepping down hills and in dry places and about paths. But our Alexander growth in shadowy places and in moist places and in islands compassed about these, as in a certain island between the far part of Sommershet shire, Wales. Wherefore our Alexander cannot be Smyrnium Dioscorides. But our Alexander is Smyrnium of Aetius, Galene and olus atrum of Galene maketh mention of which the Romanes used much in meat, also Hipposelinon Theophrasti: trust these reasons following shall prove ether in part of in whole. Aetius write thus of Smyrnium. Smyrnium which other call Hipposelinum is of the same kind that parsley is of and Petroselinum, but it hath a black seed and much greater. By these words may I gather Smyrnium is a kind of Selinon or Opium which we call parsley and seeing that it is the greatest kind that it may be justly called Hipposelinon. Me may also know that it is therefore a kind of selinon because it hath like seed in proportion and figure with other properties belonging thereto, it cannot be a kind of Apium or selinon which hath no likeness in the seed with Apium, Selino or parsley, where upon we may gather lovage which hath seeds in no point like Selino, nether to Selino, nether to Oreoselino nor Petroselinum cannot be any kind of Apium or selinon, and therefore it can nether be Hipposelinon Dioscorides, nor Smyrnon Aetius, yet Smyrnium Dioscorides. Galene in his second book of the properties of nourishments or meats write thus of selinon, hipposelinon, Sid a smyrnion. Alle these make a man piss amongst which parsley is most used and pleasant to the stomach. But Hipposelinon and belrag are unpleasantry. Smyrnium is also much used, for it is sold in very greet plenty in Rome, and it is much sharper then parsley and mor hot and it hath all’s a certain spicy taste. And therefore, it stirred a man more vehemently to make water then parsley, Hipposelinon and belrag or water parsley and it moved the flowers of women. But in the spring, it brength furth a stalk (we call the stalks when they come first furth in England in the spring with little knops growing upon the Alexander buds) which is good meat to be eaten as the leaves, which only the herb had in winter when it had no stalk, even as parsley, at that time hath none. But after that the stalk begins ones to com alle the hole herb is more pleasanter and sweeter, whether a man list to eat it raw or sodden. These words of Galene declare plainly the herb he calleth Smyrnium is our Alexander. But by it that immediately followed in Galene shall prove both this mater more clearly, also prov that there is one Hipposelinon (which take to be it of Dioscorides, not it of Theophrastus) cannot be our Alexander, our Alexander is called of the old Latines olus atrum, is black wort. Galene words be these. But Hipposelinum, Sion are eaten sodden; for they are both unpleasant, when as they are raw. Som men use to ethe parsley a Smyrnium menged with lettuce leaves. For when as lettuce is an eatable herb very unsavory and hath a cold juice, it is made not only pleasanter, but also more profitable if ye put some sharp herb unto it. For which cause some the leaves of rocket, leeks, or other, the leaves of Basil. But now in Rome all men call that wort or eatable herb not Smyrnium but olus atrum that is black wort. Thus far Galene. Now after that I have proved that our Alexader is Smyrnion of Aetius, Galene, the Olus atrum of the old Latines will look now if I can prove that the foresaid Smyrnium or Olus atrum is Hipposelinon that Theophrastus described. Theophrastus described his Hipposelinon thus. Hipposelinon hath leaves like unto march or smallage, but rough. It hath a great stalk and a thick root like a radish, but black. It brength also furth a black fruit, in greatness bigger than Orobus. Men say they are both good for them that can make no water it they be drunken with white sweet wine and to drive out stones. It growth commonly everywhere. And a juice flowed out of it like unto myrrh. Som holds it is holly myrrh altogether, not like it only. I see nothing in this description, but that it agreed well our Alexander. The leaves of Alexander are like unto the leaves of smallage in figure, but they are greater, not so smooth as smallage leaves are. The stalk of Alexander is also great, the root is as thick as a radices root is and black. The seed or fruit is black and as big as Orobus, though it has another proportion and figure. As for the natural place of growing, it growth in every shire of England in plenty: wherefore I see no cause, but that Hipposelinon Theophrastus is our Alexander. And because many were of their opinion of myrrh, which is called in Greek Smyrna, came out of the roots of Hipposelinon. I think that it was afterwards called Smyrnium, that is myrrh herb. If any man doubts whether learned men have judged a thing like myrrh comet out of the root of Hipposelinon let him read Plini of Hipposelinon and Theophrastus, he shall shortly trust leaving of doubting. But if any man reply and say if Theophrastus and Galene make Hipposelinon and Smyrnium to have green leaves all the hole yere: I answer that as Theophrastus says that Hipposelinon hath green leaves, that he sayeth even the same of parsley and of them that they are green in the very top, that is in the over most part of the leaf so stalks that have borne seed, perish in winter. But when as there are ij. sorts of parsley, one that is a weak which is fruitful and brength furth fruit, a other kind is called a maiden or of some a widow, which ether hath never borne seed, or hath begun to have stalk and hath bene cut down before it brought furth ripe seed. Is in parsley it that hath had sed in summer or harvest, hath no leaves in winter, but only the maiden parsley, so is it in Alexander, for although not every rote of Alexander hath green leaves in winter: yet in warm places rough Alexader hath leaves in winter as well as and young parsley. Now at the length I trust I have sufficiently proved, our Alexander is Smyrnium of Galene, Aetius, Olus atrum of the Latines, Hipposelinon of Theophrastus, but not of Dioscorides, and by the way that nether lovage is Hipposelinon Dioscorides, nor Smyrnium in Dioscorides is our Alexander.

The virtues of Alexander.

Besides the properties above rehearsed Galene sayeth without any grief it dried sores and maketh ripe such as are hard, and that rest of his power is like unto Petroselinum. Wherefore said he we use the seed to bring down flowers and to provoke urine and against the stopping of the breast and short windiness. Aetius write that it is hot and dry in the third degree.

Of the tre called Opulus.

Columella in the v. booke of husbandry sayeth Opulus is like unto a cornel tre, firther I rede not of the description of Opulus in hym. Where as Columella compareth and lykeneth together Opulus and Cornus. I nk p he dothe it nor for lykenes of leves of the trees, for therein, they ar very unlike, but for lykenes of gretenes and maner of tymbre. The tre was shewed me in Italy oft he learned men there to be Opulus, hath a lefe somthyng lyk a maple lefe, for it was indent, but the poyntes of the leves wer blunter the the maple tre leves are. Conradus Gesnerus tolde me that it is called in in Frenche un opler. I never saw it in England, but is may be called in English an ople tre. I know no virtue nor use tha it hath savyng only that it will server for tymbre.

Of the tree called Opulus. (Viburnum opulus)

Columella in the v. book of husbandry sayeth Opulus is like unto a cornel tree, further I read not of the description of Opulus in him. Whereas Columella compared and likened together Opulus and Cornus. I think he do it nor for likeness of leaves of the trees, for therein they are very unlike, but for likeness of greatness and manner of timbre. The tree was shewed me in Italy oft he learned men there to be Opulus, hath a leaf something like a maple leaf, for it was indent, but the points of the leaves were blunter than the maple tree leaves are. Conradus Gesner told me that it is called in in French un opler. I never saw it in England, but it may be called in English an ople tree. I know no virtue nor use that it hath saving only that it will server for timbre.

Of Organ.

Origanum map be called in Englishe Organe as origanum sylvestre is named in som places of England. But I never saw the true in England, savyng in master Ryches gardin in London, where as I saw many other good herbes, which I never saw any where elles in all England. I have sene Origanum Cretense both in Italia also in Anwerp, where as it may be had in metely good plenty of Peter Codenberg a faythfull apothecari. Dioscorides maketh iii. kynde of origanum: the first kynde of organum is called heracleoticum, thys kynde is it that I have mention before. It hath, as Dioscorides sayeth a lefe not unlyke unto hyssop, a shaddowy top, not rounde after the fashion of a whele, but many wayes divided. The sede is in the top of the twygges not very thyck. Dioscorides maketh origanum very lyke hyssop in the leves, /ut in dede they ar much rounder, shorter then our comb hysopes leves be. It is called Onitis hath a whyther lefe, is more lyke hysope. It hath som lyke berries ioyned together. Thys kynde have I also sene dry ones in Germany growyng wild in which the people called there, as I remembre wild maioram. The wilde Origanum hath leves of organ, small branches a span highe, in whiche is a poky tope lyke dill, and whyte floures. The root is small of small price. Our wild Merierum in England which som call Organ and the Duch Dost, myght well be Origanum silvestre, if it had not a purple flour, branches ii, spannes long. Never theless it may be a bastard kynde of Origanum or of Marum, but nether nor yet Origanum sylvestre, where of Dioscorides wryteth.

The vertues of Organ.Org heteth, wherefore the brothe of it drunken is good for them thar ar bitten of a ſerpent. But if a man have dronken homlok or the iuice of poppi, he must drynk it with malvasey. And if a man have dronken alabaster, or myddow saffron, it must be drunken with Oxymel made of vinegre and hony. If man take an a litable of it, is about ii. unces and an half, when it is dryed, drynk it with mede, it draweth out blak humores throw the belly. It bryngeth weomen theyr floures, if it be licked with hony, it is good for the coughe. Men use to geve it to ete with a fyg to them have any place bursten and shronken together, to the, that have the dropsey. If a man bath hym in the brothe of it, it is good for them that have the iche or yueke, or any scurffines for the iaundes. The grene iuice healeth sores of the mouthe, the swelled kirnelles under the chinne, the uvula. Mith milk it swageth ach of the eare. And with oyle of flour delice if it be put into the nose, it draweth much doun warde. A certayn vomityng medicine is made of it, oynyones, sumach which is used with metes set in the son xl. dayes in a coppre vessel, whilse the planet of the dog burneth. If the herbe be but strowed upon the ground, it dryeth serpentes away. It that is called Onitis, is weyker the thys first kinde is. The wild kynde is properly good for the them that ar smitten of serpent, if the leves of the floures be dronken with wyne.

Of Organ. (Origanum majorana, Origanum creticum and Origanum sipyleum)

Origanum may be called in English Organ as Origanum sylvestre is named in some places of England. But I never saw the true in England, saving in master Riches Garden in London, whereas I saw many other good herbs, which I never saw anywhere ells in all England. I have seen Origanum creticum both in Italia also in Antwerp, whereas it may be had in meetly good plenty of Peter Codenberg a faithful apothecary. Dioscorides maketh iii. kind of Origanum: the first kind of organum is called heracleoticum, this kind is it that I have mention before. It hath, as Dioscorides sayeth a leaf not unlike unto hyssop, a shadowy top, not round after the fashion of a wheel, but many ways divided. The seed is in the top of the twigs not very thick. Dioscorides maketh Origanum very like hyssop in the leaves, cut indeed they are much rounder, shorter than our common hyssops leaves be. It is called Onitis hath a whither leaf, is more like hyssop. It hath some like berries joined together. This kind have I also seen dry ones in Germany growing wild in which the people called there, as I remember wild maioram. The wild Origanum hath leaves of organ, small branches a span high in which is a poky top like dill and white flowers. The root is small of small price. Our wild Marjoram in England which some call Organ and the Duch Dost, might well be Origanum sylvestre, if it had not a purple flour, branches ii, spans long. Nevertheless, it may be a bastard kind of Origanum or of Marum, but nether nor yet Origanum sylvestre, where of Dioscorides write.

The virtues of Organ.

Organ heated, wherefore the broth of it drunken is good for them thar are bitten of a serpent. But if a man has drunken hemlock or the juice of poppy, he must drink it with malvasia. And if a man has drunken alabaster or meadow saffron, it must be drunken with Oxymel made of vinegar and honey. If man take an a liable of it, is about ii. once’s and a half, when it is dried drink it with mee, it draweth out black humors throw the belly. It brength women their flowers, if it be licked with honey, it is good for the cough. Men use to give it to eat with a fig to them have any place bursting and shrunken together, to them that have the dropsy. If a man bath him in the broth of it, it is good for them that have the ich or yuck or any scurf’s for the jaundice. The green juice health sores of the mouth, the swelled kernelless under the chin, the uvula. Mith milk it swaged ach of the ear. And with oil of flour de luce if it be put into the nose it draweth much downward. A certain vomiting medicine is made of it, onions, sumac which is used with metes set in the son xl. days in a copper vessel, while the planet of the dog burned. If the herb be but strowed upon the ground, it drives serpents away. It that is called Onitis, is weaker than this first kind is. The wild kind is properly good for them that are smitten of serpent, if the leaves of the flowers be drunken with wine.

Of the herbe called Orminum.

I was long of that opinion that Ruellius and diverse other were of, that Oerinum shuld be the herbe wyiche is called of Barbarus writers Sclarea, in Englishe Clare, in Duch Scharlach. But after that I had wayed the description of Orminum in Dioscorides more deeply, found that it could not agre with our Clare. And now of late I have found that Matthiolus is of the same mynde that I am of. And therfore he setteth out an other herbe, but by hys ieve a lytle to rowly bescribed, so Hormino. But it is beste to examin bothe our clare and the herbe that Matthiolus setteth furth for Hormino with the description of Dioscorides. Horminum of the gardin is an herbe withe leves lyke Horehounde, with a stalk half a cubit and fours quared, about the whiche com furthe certayn farth peryng lyke unto codde, which looke toward the roote, where in ar diverse sedes conteyned. For in the wylde Hormino is found around and dunne sede, and in the other a blak and longe which is used. Thys description semeth in many thynges to disagre with our Clare, in one poynte with it that Matthiolus setteth furthe. The leves of our Clare differ muche in bygnes and som thyng in proportion from the leves of Horehound. Our Clare hath a stalk ii. cubites long, but Horminum shoulde have a stalk but half a cubit long, the thynges that appere out in stalk in Clare, look upwarde, but they that ar in Horminum look downwarde. Here ye may se that the description of Hoeminum agreeth not with our Clare. Dioscorides mention but of one stalk in hys Hormino. But it that Matthiolus setteth hath seven stalkes at the leste, wherefore when as Dioscorides useth not comenly to set such notable thynges to flip, it is lyke if hys Horminum had had as many, he wold have made som mention of them. Wherefore ye may make som men to do wheter the Horminum of Matthiolus be the Orminum ox no, which I wold not do, if I know that it had al other belonging to Horminum besyde.

The vertues of Horminum.

Men will that Horminum stirreth men to the gettyng of childer, with hony it scoureth away the haw in the ey, or the pin and and the web. And if it be layde to with water it dryveth and scattereth away swellynges with the same: prickes or shiverse may be plucked out of the body. The wilde Orminum is stronger then other. Als our Clare and oculus Christi which is the wilde Clare, be not the ij. kindes of Orminum that Dioscorides bescribeth for al that they have som vertues lyke unto the kyndes of Orminum, for it that we calle oculus Christi, hath thys property, that if a man put a sede of it into hys ey, under the ey lyd, it bryngeth furth much filthy gere out of it, if ther be any there. Both the kyndes of Clare be hote, dry at the leste in the second degre. If ye will put Clare into new must, and let it ly in it a convenient tyme, or if it be sodden with the must, it will make a good wyne and holsum for them that have cold stomackes, The same wyne as the later practicioners wryte, is good to cut fleme, for vexen weomen, and for suche as as ar muche cumbed with theyr white floures. The pouder of clare put into a mannis nose maketh hym nese, and bryngeth doun much water out of the hede. The same clare is good to bathe weomen with, that want theyr floures, when it is sodden in water with penny ryall and other herbes of lyke vertue.

Of the herb called Orminum. (Salvia sclarea or Horminum pyrenaicum)

I was long of that opinion that Ruellius and diverse other were of that Horminum should be the herb, which is called of Barbarous writers Sclarea, in English Clare, in Duch Scharlach. But after that I had wayed the description of Horminum in Dioscorides more deeply, found that it could not agree with our Clare. And now of late I have found that Matthiolus is of the same mind that I am of. And therefore, he set out another herb, but by his leaf a little to roughly described, so Hormino. But it is best to examine both our Clare and the herb that Matthiolus set furth for Hormino with the description of Dioscorides. Horminum of the garden is an herb withe leaves like Horehound, with a stalk half a cubit and four squared, about the which com furth certain fat peering like unto cod which look toward the root, where in are diverse seeds contained. For in the wild Horminum is found around and dune seed, and in the other a black and long which is used. This description seems in many things to disagree with our Clare, in one pointe with it that Matthiolus set furth. The leaves of our Clare differ much in bigness and something in proportion from the leaves of Horehound. Our Clare hath a stalk ii. cubits long, but Horminum should have a stalk but half a cubit long, the things that appear out in stalk in Clare, look upward, but they that are in Horminum look downward. Here ye may see that the description of Horminum agreed not with our Clare. Dioscorides mention but of one stalk in his Horminum. But it that Matthiolus set hath seven stalks at the lest, wherefore when as Dioscorides used not commonly to set such notable things to flip, it is like if his Horminum had had as many, he would have made some mention of them. Wherefore ye may make some men to do whether the Horminum of Matthiolus be the Orminum or no, which I would not do, if I know that it had all other belonging to Horminum beside.

The virtues of Horminum.

Men will that Horminum stirred men to the getting of children, with honey it scoured away the haw in the eye, or the pin and the web. And if it be laide to with water it drives and scattered away swellings with the same prickers or shivers may be plucked out of the body. The wild Orminum is stronger than other. Als our Clare and oculus Christi, which is the wild Clare, be not the ij. kinds of Orminum that Dioscorides described for all that they have some virtues like unto the kinds of Orminum, for it that we call oculus Christi, hath this property that if a man put a seed of it into his eye, under the eyelid it brength furth much filthy gore out of it, if there be any there. Both the kinds of Clare be hot, dry at the lest in the second degree. If ye will put Clare into new must, and let it lie in it a convenient time or if it be sodden with the must, it will make a good wine and wholesome for them that have cold stomachs, The same wine as the later practitioners write is good to cut flehm, for vexed women and for such as are much crumbed with their white flowers. The powder of Clare put into a man’s nose maketh him Niesen and brength down much water out of the head. The same Clare is good to bathe women with, that want their flowers, when it is sodden in water with pulegium and other herbs of like virtue.

Of the herbe called Ornithogalon.

Ornithogalum is a tendre stalk, white, smal, a foote of an half long with ii. or thre togrowyng branches in the top of the which come furth floures, wherout of an herbishe color, but when as the gay ear opened further, they apperie white, amongst the whiche, a little hede or knop, lyke a hasel floure, which in the spryng appereth before the leves. Thys description of Dioscorides agreeth well in all poyntes with the herbe which is called in Duche in the city of Colon, Hundis vilich, but that it never growethe above the hyght of one span, and is seldum so long. But it may chance that where as our comon Greke text hath…. that som hath put to thys sillab di. Foe Pliny describing the same herbe, sayeth that it is but of the lenght of half a foote as my text of Plini hath. So that it semeth that Plini red in hys Greke Dioscorides (for it is playn that he had Dioscorides howsoeverlike a falslying good lesse man, he pretendeth as thoughe, he never saw Dioscorides of whom he hath conveyned so much learned studi, into hys omnigatherum) … and not…… because there is so grete difference betwen two spannes and half a foote, whiche hath but vi. Romane inches, when as ij. spannes conteyn xviij. inches or a foote and an half. But it maketh no grete mater whether we know it or no, sayng that it is good for nothing elles, but to be baked in brede as Nigella Romana or blak comin is, and to be eaten. Matthiolus setteth furth an herbe for Ornigalo Dioscorides, which if it were ij. span long, and had all other thynges agreyng with the description of Dioscorides: I wold not deny but it were the ryght Ornithogalon, but because he telleth nether ol the lenghth of hys herbe, nor of the qualites that it hath, I dout more otfit the of it that I have hether to taken for Orinthogalo.

Of the herb called Ornithogalon. (Ornithogalum umbellatum)

Ornithogalum is a tender stalk, white, small, a foot of a half long with ii. or three toe growing branches in the top of the which come furth flowers, where out of an herbs’ color, but when as the gay ear opened further, they appear white, amongst the which a little head or knop, like a hazel flower, which in the spring appeared before the leaves. This description of Dioscorides agreed well in all points with the herb which is called in German in the city of Colon, Hundis vilich, but that it never growth above the high of one span and is seldom so long. But it may chance that whereas our common Greek text hath…. that some hath put to this syllabus di foe Plini describing the same herb, sayeth that it is but of the length of half a foot as my text of Plini hath. So that it seems that Plini read in his Greek Dioscorides (for it is plain that he had Dioscorides howsoever like a flashing good lesser man, he pretended as though, he never saw Dioscorides of whom he hath conveyed so much learned study into his omni gatherum) … and not…… because there is so great difference between two spans and half a foot which hath but vi. Romane inches, when as ij. spans contain xviij. inches or a foot and a half. But it maketh no great mater whether we know it or no, saying that it is good for nothing ells, but to be baked in bread as Nigella Romana or black cumin is and to be eaten. Matthiolus set furth an herb for Ornithogalum Dioscorides, which if it were ij. span long and had all other things agreeing with the description of Dioscorides: I would not deny but it where the right Ornithogalum, but because he tells nether of the length of his herb, nor of the qualities that it hath, I doubt more of it the of it that I have hither to taken for Ornithogalum.

Of the tre called Ornus.

There is some diversite of opinions about thys tre Ornus. Sum hold that it is the tre whiche we call in the North countre a quicken tre or a rown tre, in the South countre a quikbeme, sum hold it is Ornus but not fraxinus of ᷣᷣmountaynes as Tragus, who calleth it in Duche Han buchen or Hagen Buchen. Other Duche men, namely Jacob Detter the Apothecartiof Wiseburg told me that Ormus is called in ryght Duche walt eschern oder wilder eschebaum. But my iudgement is that Ornus is not the quicbeme, but Fraxinus montana, whiche thyng I trust I shall prove by good autorite. Columella in hys booke de re rustica sayeth that Ornus is a wyld ashe or an ashe of the woldes, and that it hath no worse bughes then the elm tre. Gotes, shepe eten gro gladly of the bughes of thys tre then of other. Theophrast in hys thyrde booke of the history of plantes, in the elevent chapter writeth of ii. kyndes of ashes, of the whiche the former kynde is in grete plenty in England, and it is called comonly an ashe tre. But the second kynde groweth not in England that I know of. And if I be not deceyved it is called of the Latines namely of Virgil, Ovid and Columella, Ornus or Fraxinus sylvestris. And Theophraſs wryteth of hys second kynde of ashe thus. The second kynde of the asshes is lower and wareth not so hyghe as the other, and is rougher, harder and yelower. The smothe ashe groweth in low and holow places, and in watery places. But the roughe one groweth in dry, rocky grounde. All that grow in playn groundes use to be playn, smouthe. And all that grow in the mountaynes, use to be roughe scurvy or scabbed, with unequal partes apperyng out ward after the maner of scabbes. Thus far Theophrast. That Ornus is a tre of the mountaynes. Virgill in the second of hys Georgikes wytnesseth in thys verse:

Nascuntur steriles saxosis montibus Orni. That is, the Barun Orni or wild ashe trees grow in the rooky or craggy mountaynes. I know also by experience that I have of the wild or rocky ashe here in Germany, and by it that I had in the alpes of Rhetia, that the wod of the wilde ashe is very fayr yellow, and that the Germaynes make fayr tables and cupbordes and spounes and many other thynges belongyng to the house of the same ashe tre. Then when as Columella sayeth that Orrnus is Fraxinus montana, and Theophrast sayeth that the rockishe ashe is of a yelow color, and the Germaynes walt ascher, that groweth in the mountayes is yellow, I thynk that I may well conclude that the Germaynes rock ashe or wod ashe is Ornus of the Latines, and Fraxinus sylvestris Theoprasti is for the quicbeme, it groweth not in hygh and wild mountaynes, but in low and watery places, wherefore it can not be Ornus, or the second kynde of ashe in Theophrast.

The properties of Ornus.

I know no other use of the wilde ashe but that it is good to make cupbardes, tables, spownes, cuppes of. And that som use it to make dagger hefters of the roote of it. for it can scarsly be knowen from dudgyon, and I thynke that the moste parte of dogion is of the root of the wilde ashe. Whatsover vertue the other ashe hath thys must have the same, more effectually, savyng in such maters as more moypsture is requyred in. For then the common ashe is more fit for suche purposes.

Of the tree called Ornus. (Fraxinus ornus)

There is some diversity of opinions about this tree Ornus. Sum holds that it is the tree which we call in the North country a quicken tree or a rowan tree, in the South country a quickbeam, sum hold it is Ornus but not Fraxinus of ᷣᷣmountains as Tragus, who calleth it in German Han buchen or Hagen Buchen. Other German men, namely Jacob Detter the Apothecarist of Wiseburg told me that Ormus is called in right German walt eschern oder wilder eschebaum. But my judgment is that Ornus is not the quickbeam, but Fraxinus montana, which thing I trust I shall prove by good authority. Columella in his book de re rustica says that Ornus is a wild ash or an ash of the woods and that it hath no worse boughs then the elm tree. Goats, sheep eten gross gladly of the boughs of this tree then of other. Theophrastus in his third book of the history of plantes in the eleven chapter write of ii. kinds of ashes, of the which the former kind is in great plenty in England, and it is called commonly an ash tree. But the second kind growth not in England that I know of. And if I be not deceived it is called of the Latines namely of Virgil, Ovid and Columella, Ornus or Fraxinus sylvestris. And Theophrastus write of his second kind of ash thus. The second kind of the ash is lower and grows not so high as the other, and is rougher, harder and yellower. The smooth ash growth in low and hollow places and in watery places. But the rough one growth in dry, rocky ground. All that grow in plain grounds use to be plain, smooth. And all that grow in the mountains, use to be rough scurvy or scabbed, with unequal partes appearing outward after the manner of scabs. Thus far Theophrastus. That Ornus is a tree of the mountains. Virgill in the second of his Georgikes witnessed in this verse:

Nascuntur steriles saxosis montibus Orni. That is, the Baren Ornus or wild ash trees grow in the rocky or craggy mountains. I know also by experience that I have of the wild or rocky ash here in Germany and by it that I had in the Alpes of Rhaetia that the wood of the wild ash is very fair yellow and that the Germans make fair tables and cupboards and spoons and many other things belonging to the house of the same ash tree. Then when as Columella sayeth that Ornus is Fraxinus montana and Theophrastus sayeth that the rocks ash is of a yellow color and the Germans walt ascher, that growth in the mountains is yellow, I think that I may well conclude that the Germans rock ash or wood ash is Ornus of the Latines and Fraxinus sylvestris Theophrastus for the quickbeam, it growth not in high and wild mountains, but in low and watery places, wherefore it cannot be Ornus, or the second kind of ash in Theophrastus.

The properties of Ornus.

I know no other use of the wild ash but that it is good to make cupboards, tables, spoons, cups of. And that some use it to make dagger hefts of the root of it. For it can scarcely be known from dudgeon, and I think that the most part of dudgeon is of the root of the wild ash. Whatsoever virtue the other ash hath this must have the same, more effectually, saving in such matters as more moisture is required in. For then the common ash is more fit for such purposes.

Of Orobanche.

Orobanche, as Dioscorides writeth, is a redishe stalk two spannes hyghe, and som tymes higher, tendre, roughe without any lefe, hath awith a flour, somthyng whitishe, but turning toward yelow. The roote is a fynger thick. And when the stalk shrynkethe for dryness, it is like an holow pype. It is playn that this herbe growetghamonge certain bushes, that it choketh, strangleth them, where of it hath the name of Orobanche, that is chokefitsche of strangletare. Thus far Dioscorides of Orobanche. The herbe whiche I have taken and taught xv. yeres ago to be Orobanche, which also now of late yeares Matthiolus hath set out for Orobanche, groweth in many places of England bothe in the Northe countre besyde Morpethe, whereas it is called our lady of new chapellis flour, and also in the South countre a lytle from sheve in the broum closes. But it hath no name there. I have sene it in diverse places of Germany, and first of all betwene Colon and Rodekirch. The herbe is comenly a four and oft longer, I have marked it many yeres, but I colde never se any lefe upon it. But I have sene the floures in diverse places of divers colores, and for the moste parte where so ever I saw them, they were rediſhe or turnyng to a purple color in som places, but in figure they were lyke unto to the floures of Clare with a thyng in them reprresentyng a cockis hede. The roote is round and much after the fashion of a grete lekis hede, and there grow out of it certayn long thynges lyke atrynges which have in them in certayn places sharp thynges lyke tethe, where with it claspeth and holdeth the roote that it strangleth. I have found it oft tymes claspyng and holdyng mervellously soft the rootes of bron, so that they looked as they had ben bound foulden oft about with small wyre. And ones I found thys herbe growyng besyd the comon claver or medow trifoly, which was all wethered, and when I had dygged up the roote of the trifoly to se what shoulde be the cause that all other clavers or trifolies about wer grene and freshe, that that trifoly should be dede. I found the rootes of Orobanche fast clasped about the rootes of the claver, which as I did playnly percepve, draw out all the natural moysture from the herbe that it should have lyved with all, and killed it, as yui and dodder in continuance of tyme do with the trees and herbes that they fould and wynde them selves about. They that holde that cuscuta or doder is Orobanche in Dioscorides, ar far deceived. For Orobanche is a stalk and not a lace as doder is. Orobanche is but a fout and an half long, but the laces of dodder will be som tyme iii. or iiij. foote long. Orobanche hath a roote a fynger thik, but there is none such in doder, for ye shall hardly fynde any ryght root at al in doder. The stalk of Orobanche is hollow when it is withered, but o is not the stalk or rather the lace of doder. The stalke of Orobanche is roughe, but the lace of doder is very smothe. wherfore they were very far oversene which now of late have writen that doder is Orobanche in Dioscorides. Som other without any cause have of late put thys herbe which I take to be Orobanche, amongest the kyndes of Satyrion.

The properties of Orobanche.

Orobanche which may well be called in our tong chokefiche or stranglewede, is eten comonly in sallates, raw or sodden after the maner of sperage. Orobanche as Galene writeth is colde and dry in the firste degre. Matthiolus sayethe that Oroanche is called in Italian lupa, that is a wolfe and also herba tora, that is herbe dull, because that it a cow chanse to eate of it, she rynneth streyght way after to the bull. But it that Matthiolus wryteth and Theophrast, because he sayeth that Orobanche kylleth Orobus and eth it with hys pressing in, or thrystyng together, and that Orobanche killeth pulses only with hys presence, pleaseth me not, as a sayng agayst reson autorite and experience. It is agaynst reden that only the presence of Orobanche should kill pulse, seyng it is no venummus herbe, when even venummus herbes kill not them amongest whome they grow except they touche them, or be so amongest them that they eate the nourisment from them, whereby they should lyve. It is also both agaynst the autorite of Thephrast. No lyyng wtiter, and of late agaynst Dioscorides, whome he taketh in hand to expounde. For Dioscorides sayeth. It is playn that Orobanche groweth amongest pulses, and that it chowketh or strangleth them, where upon it hath gotten the name Orobanche, that is Orobstrangler. Now I pray yow how can Orobanche strangle it that it toucheth not? Belyke Matthiolus saw no leves in Orobanche nor any claspers above the grounde, therefore he thought that there was no other thyng that Orobanche had, where with it colde strangle, never marked a litle in the roote, whiche not with out a faut hys Orobanche wanteth, and so cam into thys error that Orobanche strangled only wich hys presence. Tragus paynteth well Orobanch under the name of Satryrynoni, with such lytle as it killed herbes with. And as touchynge experience, I know that the freshe and yong Orobanche hath commyn out of the great roote, many lytle strynges such as we se in a phrone or se sterr, but longer, where with it taketh holde of the rootes of the herbes that grow next unto it, wherfore Matthiolus ought not so lyghtly to have defaced the autorite of Theophrast so ancient and substantiall autor, with latyng ignorance unto hys charge, seyng that Theoprsatus in the same place where he speaketh of Orobanche telleth playnly that sum herbes ar first strangled by the roote, and that not the only presence of suche wedes kill herbes and pulses, but the takyng away of theyr nourishment that commeth partly out of the erthe and partly from the ayr and son. The wordes of Theophrast ar these. Orobancha vocata ervum necat amplexu compres sucq; so, & linodorum foenumgrecun interimit, protinus radici adnascens. Lo here may pe se that a wede may kill a puls by the roote alone. But Theophrast sayeth farther. Omnia idcirco interimunt, quia pabulum tollunt, tam quod terra ministret, quàm quòd à isle & aere veniat. That is all kyndes of wedes do kill, because they take away the norishment as well it that the erth geveth, as it that commeth from the ayre and the sonne.

Of Orobanche. (Orobanche rapum-genistae)

Orobanche, as Dioscorides write, is a reddish stalk two spans high and sometimes higher, tender, rough without any leaf, hath a with a flower something whitish, but turning toward yellow. The root is a finger thick. And when the stalk shrinks for dryness, it is like a hollow pipe. It is plain that this herb grows among certain bushes that it choked, strangled them, where of it hath the name of Orobanche, that is chokefiche of strangletare. Thus far Dioscorides of Orobanche. The herb which I have taken and taught xv. years ago to be Orobanche which also now of late years Matthiolus hath set out for Orobanche, growth in many places of England both in the North country beside Morpeth, whereas it is called our lady of new chapel’s flour and also in the South country a little from shave in the broom closes. But it hath no name there. I have seen it in diverse places of Germany and first of all between Colon and Rodekirch. The herb is commonly a four and oft longer, I have marked it many years, but I could never see any leaf upon it. But I have seen the flowers in diverse places of diver’s colors and for the most part where so ever I saw them they were reddish or turning to a purple color in some places, but in figure they were like unto to the flowers of Clare with a thing in them representing a cock’s head. The root is round and much after the fashion of a great leek head and there grow out of it certain long things like strings which have in them in certain places sharp things like teethe where with it clasped and hold the root that it strangled. I have found it oft times clasping and holding marvelously soft the root of broom so that they looked as they had been bound folded oft about with small wire. And ones I found this herb growing beside the common clover or meadow trefoil, which was all withered, and when I had it dig up the root of the trefoil to see what should be the cause that all other clovers or trefoils about were green and fresh, that that trefoil should be dead. I found the roots of Orobanche fast clasped about the roots of the clover, which as I did plainly perceive, draw out all the natural moisture from the herb that it should have lived with all and killed it, as Yui and dodder in continuance of time do with the trees and herbs that they fold and wind themselves about. They that hold that Cuscuta or dodder is Orobanche in Dioscorides, are far deceived. For Orobanche is a stalk and not a lace as dodder is. Orobanche is but a four and a half long, but the laces of dodder will be sometime iii. or iiij. foot long. Orobanche hath a root a finger thick, but there is none such in dodder, for ye shall hardly find any right root at all in dodder. The stalk of Orobanche is hollow when it is withered, but o is not the stalk or rather the lace of dodder. The stalk of Orobanche is rough, but the lace of dodder is very smooth. wherefore they were very far overseen which now of late have written that dodder is Orobanche in Dioscorides. Some other without any cause have of late put this herb which I take to be Orobanche, amongst the kinds of Satyrion.

The properties of Orobanche.

Orobanche which may well be called in our tong chokefiche or strangletare, is eten commonly in salads, raw or sodden after the manner of asperge. Orobanche as Galene write is cold and dry in the first degree. Matthiolus says that Orobanche is called in Italian lupa, that is a wolf and also herba tora, that is herb dull, because that it a cow chance to eat of it, she rennet straight way after to the bull. But it that Matthiolus write and Theophrastus, because he sayeth that Orobanche killed Orobus and eat it with his pressing in or thirsting together and that Orobanche killed pulses only with his presence, pleased me not as a saying against reason authority and experience. It is against reason that only the presence of Orobanche should kill pulse, seeing it is no venomous herb, when even venomous herbs kill not them amongst whom they grow except they touch them, or be so amongst them that they eat the nourishment from them, whereby they should live. It is also both against the authority of Theophrastus. No living writer and of late against Dioscorides, whom he taketh in hand to expound. For Dioscorides says. It is plain that Orobanche growth amongst pulses and that it chows or strangled them, where upon it hath gotten the name Orobanche, that is Orobstrangler. Now I pray yow how can Orobanche strangle it that it touches not? Veliky Matthiolus saw no leaves in Orobanche nor any claspers above the ground, therefore he thought that there was no other thing that Orobanche had, where with it cold strangle, never marked a little in the root which not without a faut his Orobanche wanted and so came into this error that Orobanche strangled only which his presence. Tragus painted well Orobanche under the name of Satyrion, with such little as it killed herbs with. And as touching experience, I know that the fresh and young Orobanche hath coming out of the great root, many little strings such as we see in a phorone or sea star, but longer, where with it taketh hold of the roots of the herbs that grow next unto it, wherefore Matthiolus ought not so lightly to have defaced the authority of Theophrastus so ancient and substantial author, with lasting ignorance unto his charge, seeing that Theophrastus in the same place where he speaks of Orobanche tells plainly that sum herbs are first strangled by the root and that not the only presence of such weeds kill herbs and pulses, but the taking away of their nourishment that comet partly out of the earth and partly from the air and son. The words of Theophrastus are these. Orobancha vocata ervum necat amplexu compres sucq; so, & linodorum foenumgrecun interimit, protinus radici adnascens. So here may you see that a weed may kill a pulse by the root alone. But Theophrastus says farther. Omnia idcirco interimunt, quia pabulum tollunt, tam quod terra ministret, quàm quòd à isle & aere veniat. That is all kinds of weeds do kill, because they take away the nourishment as well it that the earth gives as it that comet from the air and the son.

Of Rise.

Oriza is named in English and Duche Ris, in Frenche rize. Dioscorides writhe no more of Ris, put that it growes in waterische and marische groundes. But Theophrast describeth it more largely, after thys wyse. Ris to looke to lyke unto Lolium or darnel, and ſor the moste tyme of hys growing, it standeth in water. But it putteth furth no eare, but a mane after the maner of millet and panik. Thus far Theoprast who maketh a litle above Rise also lyke zea, which is called spelta of the herbaries, in Duche Speltzsperk. It hath comonly an ear with ii. chesses or orders of corne, as barley hath, called in Greke Distichon. Whiche markes all together agre with our Ryse, except that where he sayeth that oriza hath a mane and no eare, or spike. But I iudge that he taketh an ere very strayly here, for that which is growing harde to the top of the stro and is not spred abrode for, and wyde from the strow that it commeth out of, and that therefore he denieth that panicum hath any eare, whicht after the common taking of an eare, hath an car as well as barley, or speltz hath. For Theophrast in hys eight booke, de historia plantarum describeth iubam that is the mane, such as he geveth unto Ryse mile and panik after thys maner; Essusam illam harundicaeam comam iubam appello; that is I call that Riedische bushe or look that is stretched furth abrode, a mane, for Theophrast meaneth that the hede of Ryse is not properly to be called an ere, because the cornes ar so far from the straw. Thys is ones out of al dout, that lolium, and zea have eares, but Theophrast maketh Ryse lyke unto these two, and not for the leves sake or the strawis sake, but only for the eares sake. Wherefore Theophrast meaneth not that Rise is without all kynde of eare, but that it hath no suche compact ere, growyng harde to the hede of the straw as other kyndes of corn have, but louse and goyng abrode after the fashion of an horses mane; I saw Ryse growyng in plenty besyde Mylane.

The vertues of Rise.

Rise norishet merely, but it stoppeth the belly, Rise as Galene sayeth byndeth sumthing, and that therefore it stoppeth the belly. Symeon Sethi writeth that Rise is hote in the first degre and dry in the second; Rise sayeth he prepared with milk maketh a man looke well, and bryngeth a good color, and increseth sede.

Of Rise. (Oryza sativa)

Oryza is named in English and German Ris, in French rize. Dioscorides writhe no more of Ris, put that it grows in waterish and marish grounds. But Theophrastus described it more largely, after this wise. Ris to look to like unto Lolium or darnel, and for the most time of his growing it stand in water. But it putted furth no ear, but a mane after the manner of millet and panic. Thus far Theophrastus who maketh a little above Rise also like Zea, which is called spelta of the herbarizes, in German Speltzsperk. It hath commonly an ear with ii. chesses or orders of corn, as barley hath, called in Greek Distichon. Which marks all together agree with our Rise, except that where he sayeth that Oryza hath a mane and no ear or spike. But I judge that he taketh an ere very straitly here for that which is growing hard to the top of the strow and is not spread abroad for and wide from the strow that it comes out of and that therefore he denied that Panicum hath any ear, which after the common taking of an ear hath an ear as well as barley or speltz hath. For Theophrastus in his eight book, de historia plantarum described iubam that is the mane, such as he give unto Rise millet and panic after this manner; Essusam illam harundicaeam comam iubam appello; that is I call that Reeds bush or look that is stretched furth abroad a mane, for Theophrastus meant that the head of Rise is not properly to be called an ear, because the corns are so far from the straw. This is ones out of al doubt that Lolium, and Zea have ears, but Theophrastus maketh Rise like unto these two, and not for the leaf’s sake or the straw’s sake, but only for the ear’s sake. Wherefore Theophrastus meant not that Rise is without all kind of ear, but that it hath no such compact ear, growing hard to the head of the straw as other kinds of corn have, but louse and going abroad after the fashion of a horse’s mane; I saw Rise growing in plenty beside Milane.

The virtues of Rise.

Rise nourished merely, but it stopped the belly, Rise as Galene sayeth binds something and that therefore it stopped the belly. Symeon Sethi write that Rise is hot in the first degree and dry in the second; Rise sayeth he prepared with milk maketh a man looks well and bring a good color and increased seed.

Of the berbe called Osyir.

The herbe which is taken of moste parte of lerned men to be Osyris, is called of the apothecaries linariam, because it is lyke line or flax, in Duche it is named Kroten flachs, that is tode flax. But allthoughe it groweth plentuously in England, yet I never heard any Englsheh name for it. If there be no other name for it, it may be called in Englishe linari or todes flax. Dioscorides describeth Osyris thus: — Osyris is a blak lytle bushe, beryng mall branches, toughe and hard to breke, and in them grow four leves together, or five, or six lyke unto lint or flax, blak in the begynnynge, the color changed afterwardes redishe. I know no herbe that agreeth better with the description of Osyris then linaria doth, yet forall that certayn nombre of leves growyng together hyndereth it to be the ryght Osyris for our linaria hath the branches all full of leves without any certayn numbre growyng together, at no tyme redishe that I colde mark hitherto. Matthiolus writeth that sum iudge the same herbe that is called in Italian belvidere to be the ryght Osyris, where unto he semeth to consent; But at thys present I have not a herbe, whefore I can not examin it with the description of Dioscorides, and therefore can give no iudgement in thys matter.

The vertues of Osyris. |

Dioscorides writeth of the brothe of Osyris dronken is good against the iaundes or guel sought. Galene writeth that Osypris hath a bitter qualite, and therfore pour to open stoppynges, so that it can hele the stoppyng of the lyver.

Of the berbe called Osyir. (Linaria vulgaris)

The herb which is taken of most part of learned men to be Osyris is called of the apothecaries linariam, because it is like line or flax, in German it is named Kroten flachs, that is toad flax. But although it growth plenteously in England, yet I never heard any English name for it. If there be no other name for it, it may be called in English linari or toad flax. Dioscorides described Osyris thus: — Osyris is a black little bush, baring mall branches, tough and hard to brake, and in them grow four leaves together or five or six like unto lint or flax, black in the beginning, the color changed afterwards reddish. I know no herb that agreed better with the description of Osyris then linaria doth, yet for all that certain number of leaves growing together hindered it to be the right Osyris for our Linaria hath the branches all full of leaves without any certain number growing together, at no time reddish that I could mark hitherto. Matthiolus write that sum judge the same herb that is called in Italian belvidere to be the right Osyris, where unto he seems to consent; But at this present I have not a herb, wherefore I cannot examine it with the description of Dioscorides and therefore can give no judgment in this matter.

The virtues of Osyris. |

Dioscorides write of the broth of Osyris drunken is good against the jaundice or geel sought. Galene write that Osyris hath a bitter quality, and therefore power to open stoppings so that it can hele the stopping of the liver.

Of Oxyacantha. |

Oxyacantha whiche is named in Latin Spina acuta, is a tre lyke unto a wilde pere tre, very full of prickes, but lesse. It bringeth furthe beries lyke Myrtilles, full rede, beekle, a kyrnel witha roote divided many ways, which goeth depe into the grounde. Hytherto Dioscorides. The moste parte of lerned men in thys parte of Europa have iudged of late that our berberes should be Oxyacantha. But the description of Oxyacantha in all poyntes doth not agre with our berberis. First our berberis bushe looketh not lyke a wilde pere tre, for it is rather a bushe then a tre, for in all the places that ever I saw it in, it never rose up to the bygnes of a tre. The berries of barberis and of the Myrt tre ar not in proportion and figure lyke. For the berberis beris ar great in the myddes and small at bothe endes, after the maner of a long eg. Suche fashion of figure is not in a Mirt berry. Dioscorides semeth to geve one berry Oxcantha, but one stone or kernel, but every berri of berberies hath iiij. at the leste, wherefore it is not lyke that our berberis should be Oxyacantha. Thus muche I had marked und saw before I saw Matthiolus. But after that I saw Matthiolus I learned of hym an other reson to prove that our berberis cold not be Oxyacantha, which was thys. Dioscorides describyng the former kynde of Mespilus or medler tre, sayeth that it hath a lefe lyke unto Oxyacantha. But the former kynde of Mespilus, and as Theophrastus witnesseth hath indented leves, in the utter moste parte lyke unto the leves of persely. But there is no lykenes betwene the leves of berberis and of persely: wherefor berberis can not be Oxyacantha. The forenamed Matthiolus holdeth that our haw tre or whyte thorne tre is Oxyacantha. But when as our haw thorn tre lefeth hys leves evry yere, Theoprastt in hys first booke de historia Plantarum in the xv. chapter reherseth Oryacantham amongest the trees that have leves all the yere. I can not se how our comon hawthorn shoulde be Oxyacantha. How that Matthiolus will answer to thys I can not tell, but I have no other shift saving thys. In Summerset shyre about six myles from Welles, in the parke of Glastenberry there is an hawthorne which is grene all the wynter, as all they dwell there about do stedfastly holde. If Oxyacantha be any kynde of hawthorn, it must be a kynde which abydeth grene all they hole yere throw. But if that our hawthorne be not Oxyacantha, as I suppose playnly that it is a kynde of it, it is Spina alba in Columella as God willyng here after I intend to prove.

The vertues of Oxyacantha.

The berries of Oxyacantha taken ether in meat or drynke, stop the flix of the belly and the isshue of weomen. The roote of the same laide to emplasterwyse pulleth out prickes and shivers.

Out of Galene in hys booke of simple medicines.

Oxyacanthos as it is a tre lyke unto a wilde pere tre, so it hath properties not unlike. But the fruite of wild pere tre is thorow out bynding and very tarte, yet the fruite of Oxycantha is of fyne or subtile partes and a lytle cuttyng. But the fruite of thys tre is not lyke unto the fruite od a wilde pere tre, but lyke unto myrtilles, that is to wet rede and shinne.

Of Oxyacantha. (Pyracantha oxyacantha)

Oxyacantha which is named in Latin Spina acuta, is a tree like unto a wild pear tree, very full of prickers, but lesser. It bringeth furth berries like Myrtles, full red, brittle, a kernel, with a root divided many ways, which goth deep into the ground. Hitherto Dioscorides. The most part of learned men in this part of Europa have judged of late that our Berberis should be Oxyacantha. But the description of Oxyacantha in all points doth not agree with our Berberis. First our Berberis bush looked not like a wild pear tree, for it is rather a bush then a tree, for in all the places that ever I saw it in, it never rose up to the bigness of a tree. The berries of Berberis and of the Myrt tree are not in proportion and figure like. For the berberis berries are great in the middles and small at both ends, after the manner of a long egg Such fashion of figure is not in a Mirt berry. Dioscorides seem to give one berry Oxycantha, but one stone or kernel, but every berry of Berberis hath iiij. at the lest, wherefore it is not like that our Berberis should be Oxyacantha. Thus, much I had marked und saw before I saw Matthiolus. But after that I saw Matthiolus I learned of him another reason to prove that our berberis could not be Oxyacantha, which was this. Dioscorides describing the former kind of Mespilus or medlar tree, says that it hath a leaf like unto Oxyacantha. But the former kind of Mespilus, and as Theophrastus witnesseth hath indented leaves, in the utter most part like unto the leaves of parsley. But there is no likeness between the leaves of Berberis and of parsley: wherefor berberis cannot be Oxyacantha. The forenamed Matthiolus hold that our haw tree or white thorn tree is Oxyacantha. But when as our haw thorn tree leaf his leaves everywhere. Theophrastus in his first book de historia Plantarum in the xv. chapter rehearsed Oxyacantha amongst the trees that have leaves all the year. I cannot see how our common hawthorn should be Oxyacantha. How that Matthiolus will answer to this I cannot tell, but I have no other shift saving this. In Summerset shire about six miles from Welles, in the park of Glastonbury there is a hawthorn which is green all the winter, as all they dwell there about do steadfastly hold. If Oxyacantha be any kind of hawthorn, it must be a kind which abided green all they hole year throw. But if that our hawthorn be not Oxyacantha, as I suppose plainly that it is a kind of it, it is Spina alba in Columella as God willing here after I intend to prove.

The virtues of Oxyacantha.

The berries of Oxyacantha taken ether in meat or drink stop the flux of the belly and the issue of women. The root of the same laide to plaster wise pullet out prickers and shivers.

Out of Galene in his book of simple medicines.

Oxyacantha as it is a tree like unto a wild pear tree, so it hath properties not unlike. But the fruit of wild pear tree is thorough out binding and very tarte, yet the fruit of Oxycantha is of fine or subtle partes and a little cutting. But the fruit of this tree is not like unto the fruit of a wild pear tree, but like unto myrtles, that is to wet red and shine.

Of the herbe called Oxys.

Oxys, as the moste parte of lerned men iudge, is the berbe whiche is called in English Alleiuya, because it appereth about Easter when Alleluya is song again, or wodsore: but it shuld be called wod sour or sorell, in Duch Hasen ampfer, in Frenche Pane de coqu. Pliny writeth thus of Oxys. Oxys hath thre leves growing together. And further have we of no other writer that I could yet se that telleth what Oxys is. By the name we may know that it must be sour, and by the fozme of fashion thre leved. Here upon we that Oxys must be a sour trifoly, and when as there is no trifoly that is sour savyng thys, and Lotus urbana, it cannot be Lotus urbana, because it groweth alwaies wilde in the woddes, and comonly about tre rootes, we gather that thys Alleleluya or wodsour shoulde be Oxys in Pliny.

The vertues of wodsour out of Pliny.

Oxys is geven unto a flashe, louse or weike stomacke. They rat of it also that have the burstyng of the guttes. The practicioners of Germany write that the water of Alleluya cooleth well, comforteth the hart, and quencheth thirst, and that it is good in all hote diseases and inflammationes. They hold also that the distilled water of wodsorel is good to be tempered with alum, or the woundes and sores of the mouthe.

Of the herb called Oxys. (Oxalis acetosella)

Oxys, as the most part of learned men judge, is the herb, which is called in English Alleluia, because it appeared around Easter when Alleluia is song again, or wood sorrel: but it should be called wood sour or sorell, in Duch Hasen ampfer, in French Pane de coqu. Plini write thus of Oxys. Oxys hath three leaves growing together. And further have we of no other writer that I could yet see that tells what Oxys is. By the name we may know that it must be sour, and by the form of fashion three leaves. Here upon we that Oxys must be a sour trefoil, and when as there is no trefoil that is sour saving this, and Lotus urbana, it cannot be Lotus urbana, because it growth always wild in the woods and commonly about tree roots, we gather that this Alleluia or wood sour should be Oxys in Plini.

The virtues of wood sour out of Plini.

Oxys is given unto a flash, louse or week the stomach. They root of it also that have the bursting of the gutters. The practitioners of Germany write that the water of Alleluia cooled well, comforted the heart and quenched thirst, and that it is good in all hot diseases and inflammations. They hold also that the distilled water of wood sorrel is good to be tempered with alum, or the wounds and sores of the mouth.

Of the Date tre.

Palma is called in Greke Phenix, in Englishe a Date tre, in Duch ein Dattel baum, in Frenche un Palme arbre.

The description of the Date tre out of Pliny.

The countre of Jewry is honorably commended, for nothing more then for Date trees, of whose nature I will speake now. There ar certayn Date trees in Europa, and in many places of Itali, but they bryng furthe no fruite. They bere fruite well in the see costes of Spayn, but unplesant. The Date trees bryng furth a swete fruite in Africa, but it vanissheth away by and by. But it chanceth contrary wyse in the Easte partes of the world, for there som peple make brede of Dates, and sum make wyne of them, som nationes make fother for cattel of Dates, wherefore it shall be moste commendable to speke of them that are in strange, far cuntres. Ther groweth no Date tre of it self in Itali without settyng or sowing, nether in any other partes, but in a hote ground. But it bryngeth further no fruite but in a burnyng hote grounde. The Date tre groweth comonly in a lyght and sandy ground, so the moste parte in a saltish or nitrishe ground. It loveth well watery places, where as it is desyrus to drynk all the hole yere, it is moste desyrus in a drought or dry tyme of the yere. Sum iudge that dungyng hurteth Date trees. And sum of the Assyrianes reken that it is ill for the Date trees, if they be not set in watery places. There ar diverse kyndes of Date trees. The first kynde excedeth not in bygnes of a bushe. Thys kynde in sum places bryngeth furth fruite, and in sum places it bryngeth furth no fruite. And thys kinde is full of leves, hath a round circle of branches growing about. Sum use the branches and leves of these to cover walles, against the fallyng of water upon them in many places of thys countre. The busshy of the wild kynde is in the top, is the fruite, not amongest the leves as it is in other kyndes. But thys wild kynd hath hys fruite, as it were many berries together in hys branches, among the smaller bughes is both of the nature of a grayn of an apple. The leuvs have the fashion of a sharp poynted knyfe, the sydes beyng devyded and turned in warde into them selves. They did shew at the first goodly perles, but now the leves ar used to make bandes of to bynd vindes and to make ropes of. They ar also cloven, then ther ar made certayn lyght thinges of them, for shaddowyng of mennis hedes. They are also cloven, then ther ar made certain lyght things of them. Trees, ye all other thynges ever the erthe bryngeth furthe ye even the herbes also both the male and the female as the moste diligent serchers, markers of nature have taughte in theyr wrytynges. And thys thyng is in no tre more manifestly tryed then in Date trees. The male florissheth in hys branches, but the femal buddeth without any flour, only after the maner of a thistel. In bothe the kindes the fleshse of fruite groweth before the stone, that is the Date sede. And thys is proved to be so, ther ar found in the same branches litle ones without any stones. But that is long a not rounde as the olive stones be. It is also cut in the bak with long rist or clevying after the maner of a pillow. And the moste parte have a navel in the myddes of theyr bellies. And from that place commeth first further, it divideth it self into a roote. It is best to saw it grouelyng. There must be ever two sett together, as many about: for every one sowe alone, sould bring furth to weike a plant. Four of they grow together. The fleshe of Date wareth rype in a yeare. In certayn other places as in Cyprus allthough it com never to rypenes, yet it is swetishe with a plesant taste. And there is the lefe broder, the fruite is rounder the other be. Nether is it take the body of it should be eten, but the iuice pressed out, the other partes may be spitted out agayn. Date trees love to be removed. We have saide before. Date trees lvue a saltishe ground. Wherefore wher as there anis none suche, men strow salt there, not even upon the rootes, but a lytle further of. They dere even in the first yere anon after theyr plantyng, But in Cyprus and in Syria, and Egypt, som of them, furth fruite when they ar iii yere olde and som when they ar fyve yere olde, when it is of the hyght of a man. And as long as the tre is very yong, the fruite hath no stone within hun, and therefore suche ar called geldynges. There ar many kindes of Date trees. Men use the barun trees for tymber, in Assyria, all the lande of Persis, and namely for the finest and perfitest workes. There ar also woddes of Date trees whiche use to be cut down, whiche spryng agayn of the rootes. And there is a swete mark or pithe in the top which they call the brayn. And when that is take furth, they live still as other do not. There ar sum that ar called chame ropes, and they have a brode lefe and soft. And they ar moste mete to bynde vyndes with. They grow plentuously in Cady, but more plentuously in Sicilia. The coles that ar made of the Date trees, do ly long are long in dying, the fyer thereof, give a very slow fyre. There ar sum Date trees in whose fruite is a stone bowyng after fashion of an half moon. And thys sum polishe with a toothe with a certayn religion, agaynst forsprekyng and be witchyng. There is one kynde of Date trees called Margarides, these ar shorte, white, rounde, and more lyke unto round berries, then to acornes, by reson where of they have theyr name of perles. Som say that there is a kynde of them, Inchora, and also that there is one of them, which ar called Syagri. Where of we have hearde a grete wonder, that is to wete, that that same kynde dieth and lyveth agayn by it self, as the byrd called Phenix dothe, whiche is supposed to have recepued hyr name of thys kinde of Date tre or the cause above rehersed. And whille as I wrote these thynges that ye now rede, it brought furth fruite. The fruite of it is grete hath, roughe and ill savored to looke to, and differeth from all other kyndes by a wild rammishe and rank taste that it hath. The which some thynges we have allmoste percepved to be in bores, and thys is the moste evydent cause of the name of it. There ar other Dates that grow about the hygher partes of Ethiopia, called cariote, which have in them muche meate and muche iuice, where of the men of the Easte make their chese wines. But they ar evel for the headach, where of they have the name. But as there is grete plenty, and the ground bereth very many, so moste ercellent and noble Dates grow in Jewry, not every there, but moste about Jerico. There ar sum kyndes of Dates called dactyli, and they ar of the dryer sorte, and they ar long and small and somthyng croked. Dates in Ethiopia ar broken into pouder (such is the drought there) and after the maner of mele they ar thicked up and of them brede is made. The Date there, groweth in a bsſhe that hath branches, /a cubit long, a brode lefe, a round fruite, but greter then an apple, they call them cycas. They war ripe in thre yeres, and there is allwayes one Date upon the bushe, other groweth under the same. They ar fittest to be kept that grow in saltishe and sandy groundes, as in Jewry and in Africa about Syrene. But they can not be kept in Egypt, Cyprus, Syria, Seleucia, therefore they sede swyne and other bestes with them. Many of Alexandres souldyers was strangled with grene Dates. And that chanced in Gedrosis by a certayn kynde of fruite, but in other plates it chanceth by the reson of the grete plenty. The leves of the Date tre never fall of.

Out of Theophrastus.

The Date tre is allwayes grene, and the leves have the fashion of a a redis lefe. Is desyreth a saltishe and a sandy ground and of ten watering, and above all thynges oft to be removed. It ye will sow Dates, ye must bynde two together, and other two together above the first cople, and lay them all grovelynges toward the grounde. And as sun as they begyn to com further, the rootes fold in one about an other, so grow together that they make but one tre. And thus do they because if one were alone, the tre wold be to weike. When it is first removed and transplanted, and also every tyme men use to cast salt about the rootes of the yong Date trees. Al a Date tre be topped or lopped it will lyve no longer after.

Out of Plutarch.

The wod of the Date tre, if ye lay a weight upon it, and therwit labor to presse it down, yet it wil not bow downwarde, but it boweth in to the contrary, as thoughe is withststod the burden, that that violently pressed it. The very same thyng doutles chanceth in the trying of masteries, unto wrastlers, championis, for they bow down them by up which by dastardnes, and weiknes of mynde gye place unto them. But they that continew manfully in that besynes, go not only for warde, and increase in bodely streyngthe, but alsoo in wisdome of the mynde.

Out of Aulus Gellius.

Aulus Gellius also a famous wryter, sayeth in hys thyrde booke noctium atticarum, that the Date tre hath in it a certayn singular, and speciall properti that agreeth with the disposition and maner of valiant bold men, for if ye lay, sapeth he, grete hevy weyghtes, and presse and burden it so sore, that it is not able to abyde the gretnes of the weight, it geveth no place nor boweth dowon warde, but it ryseth up again, agaynst the burden and loboreth to grow upward, it boweth back warde. These places have I gathered out of the moste ancient and worthiest writers for theyr sakes, to whome it belongeth to open the scripture unto the comon people, because in diverse places of the holy scripture, specially in the Psalter, is mention made of the Date tre and diverse examples ar fetched, and so map be fetched out of the nature of the same tre.

The vertues of the Date tre.

The Date tre is sour, tarte, and byndyng. It is good to be dronken in tart byndyng wyne agaynst the flix and isshue that weomen have. It stoppeth the emrodes. If it be layd to, it heleth up woundes. Grene Dates bynde more then they that ar dry. They ingendre hede ache. If they be taken plentuously in meat they make them that eat them dronken. The dry fruite of the Date trees, ar good to be eaten of them that spit blood, or are diseased in the stomak, and of them that have the blody flix. They ar good to be layed to with an oyntment made of quinces and of the floures of the wilde vinde, for the diseases of the blader. Dates if they be eaten, they ar good for the harrishenes roughnes of the throte. The ones of dates burned in an unbaked pot, quenched with wyne, if the asshes be burnt, will serve in the stede of Spodium.

Out of Galene.

Dates if they be taken in grete plenty ar harde of digestion, and brede the hede ache. The iuice that is made of them which is caried in to the body, is grosse. The muche use of dates stop the milt, and the lyver, and they ar evel for them that have any inflammation or hard swellyng in the body. Dates as Simeon Sethi writeth, ar hote in second degre and moyst in the first. Besyde the incommodites that Dioscorides and Galene write to com of Date, the fornamed Sethi, saieth that Dates fill the stomack full of wynde, and that they ar hurtfull to: them that have evel goumes, or ar disposed to the quinsey, the eyesore. Weherfore our swete lipped Londoners, wanton courtiers, do not wysely to suffer many dates to be put in to theyr pyes and other meates, to the grete charge of theyr purses, and to no lesse undoyng of the helth of theyr bodies.

Of the Date tree. (Phoenix dactylifera)

Palma is called in Greek Phenix, in English a Date tree, in Duch ein Dattel baum, in French un Palme arbre.

The description of the Date tree out of Plini.

The country of Jewry is honorably commended, for nothing more than for Date trees, of whose nature I will speak now. There are certain Date trees in Europa, and in many places of Itali, but they bring furth no fruit. They bear fruit well in the sea costs of Spain, but unpleasant. The Date trees bring furth a sweet fruit in Africa, but it vanished away by and by. But it chanced contrary wise in the Easte partes of the world, for there some people make bread of Dates and sum make wine of them, some nations make footer for cattle of Dates, wherefore it shall be most commendable to speak of them that are in strange, far countries there growth no Date tree of itself in Itali without setting or sowing, nether in any other partes, but in a hot ground. But it brength further no fruit but in a burning hot ground. The Date tree growth commonly in a light and sandy ground, so the most part in a saltish or nitrite ground. It loveth well watery places, whereas it is desirous to drink all the hole year, it is most desirous in a drought or dry time of the year. Sum judge that dunging hurt Date trees. And sum of the Assyrians recon that it is ill for the Date trees, if they be not set in watery places. There are diverse kinds of Date trees. The first kind exceeded not in bigness of a bush. This kind in some places brength furth fruit and in some places it brength furth no fruit. And this kind is full of leaves, hath a round circle of branches growing about. Sum uses the branches and leaves of these to cover walls, against the falling of water upon them in many places of this country. The bushy of the wild kind is in the top, is the fruit is not amongst the leaves as it is in other kinds. But this wild kind hath his fruit as it were many berries together in his branches, among the smaller boughs is both of the nature of a grain of an apple. The leaves have the fashion of a sharp pointed knife, the sides being divided and turned inward into themselves. They did shew at the first goodly pelt, but now the leaves are used to make bands of to bind vines and to make ropes of. They are also cloven, then there are made certain light things of them, for shadowing of men’s head. They are also cloven, then there are made certain light things of them. Trees, ye all other things ever the earth brength furth ye even the herbs also both the male and the female as the most diligent searchers, markers of nature have taught in their writings. And this thing is in no tree more manifestly tried then in Date trees. The male flourished in his branches, but the female budded without any flour, only after the manner of a thistle. In both the kinds the flesh of fruit growth before the stone, that is the Date seed. And this is proved to be so, there are found in the same branches’ little ones without any stones. But that is long and not round as the olive stones be. It is also cut in the back with long Rist or cloving after the manner of a pillow. And the most part have navels in the middles of their bellies. And from that place comet first further, it divided itself into a root. It is best to saw it growing. There must be ever two sets together, as many about: for everyone sow alone, should bring furth to week a plant. Four of they grow together. The flesh of Date was ripe in a year. In certain other places as in Cyprus although it com never to ripeness, yet it is sweetish with a pleasant taste. And there is the leaf brooder, the fruit is rounder the other be. Neither is it take the body of it should be eten, but the juice pressed out, the other partes may be spitted out again. Date trees love to be removed. We have said before. Date trees love a saltish ground. Wherefore whereas there is none such, men strow salt there, not even upon the roots, but a little further off. They deer even in the first yere anon after their planting. But in Cyprus and in Syria and Egypt, some of them, furth fruit when they are iii-year olde and some when they are five-year olde, when it is of the high of a man. And as long as the tree is very young, the fruit hath no stone within and therefore such are called geldings. There are many kinds of Date trees. Men use the baren trees for timber, in Assyria, all the land of Persis, and namely for the finest and perfects works. There are also woods of Date trees which use to be cut down, which spring again of the roots. And there is a sweet mark or pith in the top which they call the brain. And when that is take furth, they live still as other do not. There are sum that are called Chamaerops (Chamaerops humilis) and they have a brood leaf and soft. And they are most mete to bind vines with. They grow plenteously in Candy, but more plenteously in Sicilia. The Coles that are made of the Date trees, do lie long are long in dying, the fire thereof, give a very slow fire. There are sum Date trees in whose fruit is a stone bowing after fashion of a half-moon. And this sum polish with a tooth with a certain religion, against fore speaking and bewitching. There is one kind of Date trees called Margarides, these are short. white, round and more like unto round berries, then to acorns, by reason where of they have their name of Perls. Som says that there is a kind of them, Inchora, and also that there is one of them, which are called Syagri. Where of we have heard a great wonder, that is to wet, that that same kind diet and lived again by itself, as the bird called Phenix doth which is supposed to have recouped his name of this kind of Date tree or the cause above rehearsed. And while as I wrote these things that ye now read it brought furth fruit. The fruit of it is great hath, rough and ill savored to look to and differed from all other kinds by a wild rammish and rank taste that it hath. The which some things we have almost perceived to be in bores, and this is the most evident cause of the name of it. There are other Dates that grow about the higher partes of Ethiopia, called cariote, which have in them much meat and much juice, where of the men of the Easte make their cheap wines. But they are evil for the headache, whereof they have the name. But as there is great plenty, and the ground beret very many, so most excellent and noble Dates grow in Jewry, not every there, but most about Jerico. There are some kinds of Dates called dactyli, and they are of the dry sorts, and they are long and small and something crooked. Dates in Ethiopia are broken into powder (such is the drought there) and after the manner of mele they are ticked up and of them bread is made. The Date there, growth in a bush that hath branches, a cubit long, a brood leaf, a round fruit, but greater than an apple, they call them Cycas. They war ripe in three years and there is always one Date upon the bush, other growth under the same. They are fittest to be kept that grow in saltish and sandy grounds as in Jewry and in Africa about Syrene. But they cannot be kept in Egypt, Cyprus, Syria, Seleucia, therefore they seed swine and other beasts with them. Many of Alexandres soldiers was strangled with green Dates. And that chanced in Gedrosis by a certain kind of fruit but in other places it chanced by the reason of the great plenty. The leaves of the Date tree never fall of.

Out of Theophrastus.

The Date tree is always green, and the leaves have the fashion of a reddish leaf. Is desired a saltish and a sandy ground and of ten watering, and above all things oft to be removed. It ye will sow Dates, ye must bind two together, and other two together above the first couple, and lay them all groveling toward the ground. And as sun as they begin to com further the root fold in one about another, so grow together that they make but one tree. And thus, do they because if one were alone, the tree would be to week. When it is first removed and transplanted, and also every time men use to cast salt about the roots of the young Date trees. Al a Date tree be topped or lopped it will live no longer after.

Out of Plutarch.

The wood of the Date tree, if ye lay a weight upon it and therewith labor to press it down, yet it will not bow downward, but it bowed into the contrary, as though is withstood the burden, that that violently pressed it. The very same thing doubtless chanced in the trying of masteries, unto wrestlers, champions, for they bow down them by up which by dastards and weakness of mind give place unto them. But they that continue manfully in that busyness, go not only forward, and increase in bodily strength, but also in wisdom of the mind.

Out of Aulus Gellius.

Aulus Gellius also a famous writer, sayeth in his third book noctium atticarum, that the Date tree hath in it a certain singular, and special property that agreed with the disposition and manner of valiant bold men, for if ye lay, says he, great heavy weights and press and burden it so sore, that it is not able to abide the greatness of the weight, it give no place nor bowed downward, but it rise up again against the burden and labored to grow upward, it bowed backward These places have I gathered out of the most ancient and worthiest writers for their sakes, to whom it belonged to open the scripture unto the common people, because in diverse places of the holy scripture, especially in the Psalter, is mention made of the Date tree and diverse examples are fetched, and so map be fetched out of the nature of the same tree.

The virtues of the Date tree.

The Date tree is sour, tarte and binding. It is good to be drunken in tart binding wine against the flux and issue that women have. It stopped the hemorrhoids. If it be laid to, it health up wounds. green Dates bind more then they that are dry. They engender headache. If they be taken plenteously in meat, they make them that eat them drunken. The dry fruit of the Date trees are good to be eaten of them that spit blood or are diseased in the stomach and of them that have the bloody flux. They are good to be laid to with an ointment made of quinces and of the flowers of the wild vine for the diseases of the blader. Dates if they be eaten, they are good for the horsiness roughness of the throat. The ones of dates burned in an unbaked pot, quenched with wine, if the ash be burnt, will serve in the stead of Spodium.

Out of Galene.

Dates if they be taken in great plenty are hard of digestion and breed the headache. The juice that is made of them, which is caried into the body, is grosses. The much use of dates stops the milt and the liver, and they are evil for them that have any inflammation or hard swelling in the body. Dates as Simeon Sethi write, are hot in second degree and moist in the first. Besides the incommodities that Dioscorides and Galene write to com of Date, the forenamed Sethi, says that Dates fill the stomach full of wind and that they are hurtful to, them that have evil gums or are disposed to the quinsy, the eyesore. Wherefore our sweet lipped Londoners, wanton courtiers, do not wisely to suffer many dates to be put into their pies and other meats, to the great charge of their purses and to no lesser undoing of the health of their bodies.

Of Panik.

Panicum is named in Greke…. in Frenche panik, in Duch fench or fenich, or heydeifenich. But it hathe no name in Englishe yet, but it may well be called panick after the Latin. Panik hath leves lyke unto a rede when it commeth furth. Afterward it hath a long stalk or straw full of ioyntes. And in the toppe groweth a long thyng lyke an ear, which is all full of litle yelow sedes, as litle as som mustarde sede, but not so rounde. Panik groweth plentuousle in Italy and in hygh Germany and in som gardines of England. Theophrasti writeth that Panic if it be much watered, that it will be sweter, he sapeth that Millet and Panick because they ar covereth with many cootes, and are dry, will dure wel when they ar layd up.

The vertues of Panik.

Dioscorides writeth that Panic hathe the same vertue that Milleth hath, but that it norisheth and byndeth lesse. Galene sſyeth, panic is of the kynde of pulses, and in lykenes lyke unto millet, and also in vertue of small nourishment, and dry. It stoppeth also after hym the flyx of the belly as millet doth, and if it be layd without, it dryveth and couleht. Constantinus in hys booke of husbandry, sayeth that panik and millet make felde fayres, thrusses fat, if they be fed there with, small byrdes ar muche desyrous of the same. Wherfore if any man were desyrous to fat or sede in any small byrdes, it were good to sow good plenty of panic, millet sede and fat them ther with.

Of Panik. (Panicum miliaceum)

Panicum is named in Greek…. in French panik, in German fench or fenich or heydeifenich. But it hath no name in English yet, but it may well be called panic after the Latin. Panik hath leaves like unto a reed when it comet furth. Afterward it hath a long stalk or straw full of joints. And in the top growth a long thing like an ear, which is all full of little yellow seeds, as little as some mustard seed, but not so round. Panik growth plenteously in Italy and in high Germany and in some gardens of England. Theophrastus write that Panic if it be much watered, that it will be sweeter, he says that Millet and Panick because they are covered with many coots and are dry, will dure well when they are laid up.

The virtues of Panic.

Dioscorides write that Panic hath the same virtue that Millet hath, but that it nourished and bind lesser. Galene says, panic is of the kind of pulses and in likeness like unto millet, and also in virtue of small nourishment, and dry. It stopped also after him the flux of the belly as millet doth and if it be laid without, it drives and cool. Constantinus in his book of husbandry, sayeth that panic, and millet make field fayres, trusses fat, if they be fed there with, small birds are much desirous of the same. Wherefore if any man were desirous to fat or seed in any small birds, it were good to sow good plenty of panic, millet seed and fat them there with.

Of diverse kyndes of Poppy.

Papaver is named in Greke…. in English poppy or chesboule, in Duch magsamen, in Frenche pavot. There ar diverse kyndes of poppy. The first kynd is |called in Greke…., in Latin papaver sativum, in Englishe whit poppy or gardin poppy. Thys kind hath a long hede and a white sede, as Dioscorides sayeth, more over a whyte flour. The second kynde of poppy is wylde and it hath a hede sittyng as Dioscorides wryteth and blak sede in it. There is yet the thyrde kynde that is wilder and more apoynted for physic, and longer then the other, and it hathe a long hede. There is also the fourth kynde where of Dioscorides writeth in the severall chapter alone. And it is called papaver erraticum, in Latin, in Greke rheas because the flour falleth away hastely. Thys kynde is called in Englishe cornrose or red cornrose, and with us it groweth much amongest the rye and barley. Dioscorides describeth it thus. It hathe leves lyke rocket, or organ, or cicori, or thyme, but divided, and roughe. The stalk is rysshye, a cubit long, and sharpe. The flour of it is lyke unto wilde anemone, of a cremisin color som tyme whyte. The hede is long but lesse then it of anemone. The sede is rede. The roote is long somthyng whyte, of the thyknes of one litle finger, of a better tast. Besyde all thsse kyndes there is an other kynde muche differyng from all the rest: It is named in Greke ….in Latin corniculatum papaver, in Duche gel magsam, or gehoernter magsamen. It may be named in Englishe horned poppy or see poppy, or yelow poppy. It groweth very plentifull about the see syde in England both besyde Dover and also in Dorset shyre, and in many other places of England. Dioscorides describeth horned poppy thus. Horned poppy hath whyte leuvs, roughe and lyke unto malled, indented about the edges lyke wylde Poppy. The stalke is not unlyke the same. The flour is yelow. The sede vessell is lyke Fenegreke, and boweth inwarde lyke an horne, wherupon it hath the name. It hath a small blak ſsde lyke unto poppy. The roote is blak and thyck, and it groweth not depe in the grounde, but in the overparte of it. It groweth about the see syde and roughe places.

The vertues of the gardin or whyte Poppi. Whereffore if the hedes and leves be boyled in water, will make a slepe if hys hede be bathed there with. The broth is to be dronken agaynst to much wakyng and want of slepe. The hedes broken with perched barley and menged with emplasters ar good for inflamationes both cholerik and other. The grene hedes must be brayed and fashioned in to litle cakes and dryed and layed up untill nede, requyre the use of them. The hole hedes ar sodden in water alone, untill thee half be sodden away, and then afterwarde the brothe is sodden agayn with hony until the hole broote be commed unto the thyknes or toughnes of an electuari. Thys medicine is good for the coughe, the catar that floweth into the pypes, and so the diseas of rynnyng of the belly. But the medicine will be muche stronger if ye put unto it hypoquistida acaciam. It is good to drink the sede of black popy broken, with wyne agaynst the flyx of the belly, and also agaynst wymens isshues. It is also good to lay to the temples and for hede of hym that can not slepe. The iuice of blak Poppy called Opium cooleth more, thicketh more, and drieth more: if it be taken in the quantite of a bitter fich, called ervum or orobus: it swageth ach, and bryngeth slepe, it helpeth them that have the flix. But if a man take to muche of it, it is hurtfull for it taketh a mannis memori away and killeth hym. It is good to be poured upon a mannis hede with rose oyle for the hede ach. With almond oyl it is good to be poured in to the eares, with myr and saffron for the sch of them. With the yoke of an eg hard rosted, it is good for the inflammationes or burnynges of the eyes. With vinegre it is good for the cholerik inflammation called erysipelas, it healeth woundes also. With womans milk it swageth the payn of the gout. Ir it be put in to the fundament after the maner of a suppositori it bringeth slepe.

The vertues of Poppy out of Galene.

The sede of the gardin Poppy is good to be menged with bred to season it. But the whyte is better then the blak. The properti of it is to coole, and therefore it stirreth a man to slepe. But yf ye take it out of mesure, it will bryng the dull sleping called cataphoria, it will be hard to digest. It stoppeth those humores that ar spitten out with out with coughyge out of the breste of lunges. The use of it is very good for that have a subtil and thinne moysture flowyng out of theyr hedes in to the partes that ar in under. Poppy geveth no speke worthy norishment unto the body.

Out of the Arabianes,

Averroes writeth that Poppy is cold and moyst, and that the whyte is colde in the thyrde degre, and that the blak is cold in the fourthe, and that the white bryngeth a pleasant slepe, but that is blak is evel and maketh a dul or sluggish slepe.

Out of Symeon Sethy a later Grecian.

Symeon Sethy writeth that poppy is cold and dry in the first degre, that whyte poppi take with hony increaseth sede. The same writeth that the blak is colder then the other, that opium is poyson. Wherfore men id nede to take hede how they occupy it. For allthoughe sum be very bold in occupying of it: I taught by experience how leperdus it is, dare not wout grete warnes geve it in to the body. For ones in East Friesland, when as wslſhed an achyng tooth with a litle opio mixed with water, and a litle of the same unawares went doun: within an hour after my handes began to swell about the wrestes, and to itch, my breth was so stopped, that if I had not taken in a pece of the roote ot masterwurt, called of som pilletory of Spayn with wyne, I thynck that it wold have kylled me.

The verteus of red corn rose.

If ye take vj. hedes of rede cornrose, sethe them in iij. ciathes of wyne untill the half be sodden away, and geve thys unto a man it will make hym slepe. An acetable of the sede sodden in mede or honyed water, if it be drunken, it will soften the bely gently. For the same purpose sum use to put the sedes in to honied cakes. The leves and hedes brused together ar good against inflamationes and burnynges. The same ar good to bath theyr temples with all that wold sayn slepe. A cyate where of I made mention before as Agricola de mesuris & ponderibus writeth, holdeth two unces, one dram and one scruple, and an acetable holdeth two unces and an half. Matthiolus writeth that som use to gather the floures of red corn rose to geve the pouder of them to the that ar sike in the pleuresi. Som also sayeth Matthiolus, take the floures to make an Syrop of them by puttyng thre or four tymes freshe floures in to warm water, afterward as much sugar, as shall be enoughe to kepe the Syrop from mouldyng, which Syrop is very good for the above named diseas. He sayeth furthermore about Trente the peple, taketh the yong leves when they com first furth and seth the m to make potage and gruel of them, meng them with butter and chese. Theophrast wrytyng of the same herb sayeth it was used in meat in hys tyme, gathered somthyng grene it purgeth dounward. If any man were disposed to make a rede colored butter a holsom, for the diseases above named: he may greate profit, meng the iuice of the red corn rose floures with the butter, the same put in to the chese, wold color chese well and provoke a man to slepe. The iuice of leves mixed wih butter or chese will mak them grene, profitable for the purposes beſore named.

The yertues of horned Poppy.

The root of horned poppy sodden in water untill the half be sodden away and then drunken, healeth the sciatica, and the diseases of the lyver. It is also good for them that pisse out with theyr water …….., that is roughe thynges, like unto spyders or spinners. The sede taken in the quantite of an acetable with mede louseth the belly gently. But to muche of thys is very leperdus, wherefor I counsel all men that they be not to bolde in using of it, when as the same help that it bryngeth, may be had of other diverse gentle medicines with out all leperdy.

Remedies agaynst the poyson of Opium.

Because men in extreme aches and paynes ar by extreme nede of times compelled to flie for help to the use of Opium, it hath so muche leperdy as is before sayde, it is nedefull that we have in a redynes som remedy against suche leperdy. Therfore I intend to tell both the tokens and remedies agaynst the poyson of Opium. Thee ar the token where by a man may know who is poysoned with opium. He that hath eaten opium hathe a great sluggishnes and a disposition to slepe, and all the body is combred with a sore iche. The remedies agaynst the poyson of opium ar these. First if any man have dronken opium ye must provoke hym to vomit with the drynkyng of warme oyle, and ye must serve unto hym a sharp clyster. For the same purpose oximel, that is honied vinegre, is very good to be dronken with a litle salt. Hony with rose and strong wyne dronken with wormwod or cinnamum ar also good. It is also good to drynck peper with castorio which is the cod of a bever in honied vinegre. If the pacient be to much slept, put styngkyng thynges unto hys nose to waken hym therewith, for that hys ich continew still, put hym in to a bath of warm water. After the bath it is good to geve hym fat meates of Malvesey or such lyke hote wyne. And these remedies ar not only good agaynst Opium, but against the hurt that cometh by takyng of any kynde of poppy, or any other medicine of the same natur that they ar of.

Of diverse kinds of Poppy. (Papaver somniferum, rhoeas and setigerum)

Papaver is named in Greek…. in English poppy or chesboule, in German magsamen, in French pavot. There are diverse kinds of poppy. The first kind is |called in Greek…., in Latin Papaver sativum, in English whit poppy or garden poppy. This kind hath a long head and a white seed, as Dioscorides sayeth, more over a white flour. The second kind of poppy is wild and it hath a head sitting as Dioscorides write and black seed in it. There is yet the third kind that is wilder and more appointed for physic, and longer than the other, and it hath a long head. There is also the fourth kind where of Dioscorides write in the several chapter alone. And it is called Papaver erraticum, in Latin, in Greek rheas because the flour falleth away hastily. this kind is called in English corn rose or red corn rose, and with us it growth much amongst the rye and barley. Dioscorides described it thus. It hath leaves like rocket or organ or chicory or thyme, but divided and rough. The stalk is rishi, a cubit long, and sharp. The flour of it is like unto wild Anemone, of a crimson color sometime white. The head is long but lesser than it of Anemone. The seed is rede. The root is long something white, of the thickness of one little finger of a better taste. Besides all those kinds there is another kind much differing from all the rest: It is named in Greek ….in Latin corniculatum Papaver, (Glaucium flavum) in German gel magsam, or gehoernter magsamen. It may be named in English horned poppy or see poppy or yellow poppy. It growth very plentiful about the seaside in England both beside Dover and also in Dorset shire and in many other places of England. Dioscorides described horned poppy thus. Horned poppy hath white leaves, rough and like unto mallow, indented about the edges like wild Poppy. The stalk is not unlike the same. The flour is yellow. The seed vessel is like Fenugreek, and bowed inward like a horn, whereupon it hath the name. It hath a small black seed like unto poppy. The root is black and thick, and it growth not deep in the ground, but in the over part of it. It growth about the seaside and rough places.

The virtues of the garden or white Poppy.

Wherefore if the heads and leaves be boiled in water, will make a sleep if his head be bathed there with. The broth is to be drunken against too much waking and want of sleep. The heads broken with perched barley and menged with plasters are good for inflammations both choleric and other. The green heads must be brayed and fashioned into little cakes and dried and lay up until need, require the use of them. The hole heads are soddened in water alone, until the half be sodden away and then afterward the broth is soddened again with honey until the hole broth become unto the thickness or toughness of an electuary. This medicine is good for the cough, the catarrh that flow into the pipes and so the disease of running of the belly. But the medicine will be much stronger if ye put unto it hypoquistida acaciam. It is good to drink the seed of black poppy broken, with wine against the flux of the belly and also against women’s issues. It is also good to lay to the temples and forehead of him that cannot sleep. The juice of black Poppy called Opium cooled more, thicket more, and dried more: if it be taken in the quantity of a bitter fiche, called Ervum or orobus: it swaged ach, and brength sleep, it helped them that have the flux. But if a man takes too much of it, it is hurtful for it taketh a man’s memory away and killed him. It is good to be poured upon a man’s head with rose oil for the headache. With almond oil it is good to be poured into the ears, with myrrh and saffron for the ach of them. With the yoke of an egg hard roosted it is good for the inflammations or burnings of the eyes. With vinegar it is good for the choleric inflammation called erysipelas, it health wounds also. With woman’s milk it swaged the pain of the gout. If it be put into the fundament after the manner of a suppository it bringeth sleep.

The virtues of Poppy out of Galene.

The seed of the garden Poppy is good to be menged with bread to season it. But the white is better than the black. The property of it is to cool and therefore it stirred a man to sleep. But if ye take it out of measure, it will bring the dull sleeping called cataphora, it will be hard to digest. It stopped those humors that are spitted out with out with cough out of the breast of lunges. The use of it is very good for that have a subtill and thine moisture flowing out of their heads into the partes that are in under. Poppy gives no speak worthy nourishment unto the body.

Out of the Arabians,

Averroes write that Poppy is cold and moist and that the white is cold in the third degree and that the black is cold in the fourth and that the white brength a pleasant sleep, but that is black is evil and maketh a dull or sluggish sleep.

Out of Symeon Sethy a later Grecian.

Symeon Sethy write that poppy is cold and dry in the first degree, that white poppy taken with honey increased seed. The same write that the black is colder than the other, that opium is poison. Wherefore men it need to take head how they occupy it. For although sum be very bold in occupying of it: I taught by experience how lepers it is, dare not would great wariness given it in to the body. For ones in East Friesland, when as showed an aching tooth with a little opium mixed with water and a little of the same unawares went down: within an hour after my hands began to swell about the wrests and to itch, my breath was so stopped, that if I had not taken in a piece of the root of masterwurt, called of some pellitory of Spain with wine, I think that it would have killed me.

The virtues of red corn rose.

If ye take vj. heads of red corn rose, seethe them in iij. Kyats of wine until the half be sodden away, and give this unto a man, it will make him sleep. An actable of the seed sodden in mee or honeyed water, if it be drunken, it will soften the bely gently. For the same purpose sum use to put the seeds in to honied cakes. The leaves and heads bruised together are good against inflammations and burnings. The same are good to bath their temples with all that would say sleep. A kyat where of I made mention before as Agricola de mesuris & ponderibus write, hold two once’s, one dram and one scruple and an actable hold two uncles and a half. Matthiolus write that some use to gather the flowers of red corn rose to give the powder of them to the that are sick in the pleurisy. Som also sayeth Matthiolus, take the flowers to make an Syrop of them by putting three- or four-times fresh flowers into warm water, afterward as much sugar, as shall be enough to keep the Syrop from molding, which Syrop is very good for the above-named disease. He sayeth furthermore about Trenten the people taketh the young leaves when they com first furth and set them to make potage and gruel of them, meng them with butter and cheese. Theophrastus writing of the same herb said it was used in meat in his time, gathered something green it purged downward. If any man were disposed to make a red colored butter wholesome, for the diseases above named: he may great profit, meng the juice of the red corn rose flowers with the butter, the same put into the cheese would color cheese well and provoke a man to sleep. The juice of leaves mixed with butter or cheese will maketh them green, profitable for the purposes before named.

The virtues of horned Poppy.

The root of horned poppy sodden in water until the half be sodden away and then drunken health the sciatica and the diseases of the liver. It is also good for them that piss out with their water …….., that is rough things, like unto spiders or spinners. The seed taken in the quantity of an actable with mee loused the belly gently. But too much of this is very leprous, wherefor I counsel all men that they be not to bold in using of it, when as the same help that it brength, may be had of other diverse gentle medicines without all leprous.

Remedies against the poison of Opium.

Because men in extreme aches and pains are by extreme need of times compelled to fly for help to the use of Opium, it hath so much leprous as is before said it is needful that we have in a reediness some remedy against such leprous. Therefore, I intend to tell both the tokens and remedies against the poison of Opium. These are the token whereby a man may know who is poisoned with opium. He that hath eaten opium hath a great sluggishness and a disposition to sleep and all the body is cumbered with a sore ich. The remedies against the poison of opium are these. First if any man has drunken opium ye must provoke him to vomit with the drinking of warm oil and ye must serve unto him a sharp clyster. For the same purpose oxymel, that is honied vinegar, is very good to be drunken with a little salt. honey with rose and strong wine drunken with wormwood or cinnamon are also good. It is also good to drink pepper with castoreum which is the cod of a bever in honied vinegar. If the patient be too much slept, put stinking things unto his nose to waken him therewith, for that his ich continue still, put him into a bath of warm water. After the bath it is good to give him fat meats of Malvasia or such like hot wine. And these remedies are not only good against Opium, but against the hurt that cometh by taking of any kind of poppy or any other medicine of the same nature that they are of.

Of Feverfew.
Parthenium is Dioscorides called of som Amaracus hath thin leves lyke unto Coriandre. The flour is yellow in the part and goeth about the yellow knop. Is hath a smell sumthyng grievous, a bitter taste. If it be dried and drunken with hoenied vinegre or salt, it purgeth choler and fleme, as epithymum dothe; and it is a good remey for them that ar shortwynded, and for them thar ar greveth with melancholi.

Hermolaus Barbars and Ruellius with diverse other great lerned men, do iudge that the herbe which is called of the apothecaries marticaris, in Englishe Feverfew, in Duch metterkraut or mette, is parthenium in Dioscorides. But Antonius Musa somtyme my master in Ferraria, Leonardus Fuchsius my good frende in Germany, hold that Feverfew is not Parthenium, but the herbe whiche we call madenwede or mathwede. But though they are both my frendes, yet I will hold the truthe rather then, when as I iudge that they hold not with it, as I thynck they do in thys opinion. Fuchsius resoneth against the opinion of Ruellius thus. Feverfew hath not the small lever of Coriander, buth the broder leves of the same, and therefore, Matricaria is not parthenium. Where unto I answer, indeed Coriander harth ii. kyndes of leves, som metely brode benethe, som very small above. But I can not se one worde of autorite, or one good argument that Fuchsius hath brought to prove hys sayng by the leves of Coriandre ought to be understand the small lever of Coriander and not the broder leves. For it that he alledgeth out of the Greke text proveth nothing it he indendeth. I grant that Dioscorides sayeth……. as Fuchsius semeth to understand Dioscorides for thys worde .. in Dioscorides betokeneth not al wayes it is narrow, small, but oft tymes it betokeneth it that is not depe nor thyk, but it is thin, allthoughe it be brood. For Dioscorides writeth of the arbut tre, the herbe called teucrium, hedera helix have…. But all men know these plantes,, know well that theyr leves are metely brode, for teucrion hath a lefe lyke unto a ciche: the arbut tre hath leves almoste as byg as a quince tre, nether hedera helix, nor any of other above named is any thyng at all lyke unto the smallest leves of coriander, but much broder then the brodes leves of coriander. Therfor Fuchsius hath proved by thys worde lepta. The argument also that he bryngeth of the placyng of parthenium amongest the herbes, it have litle mall narrow leves, is not sufficent to prove hys purpos. For if the herbes ar next together described were allwayes lyke in leves: then shuld Peoni, Grummel and Phalaris have lyke leves, for they ar described together. But theyr leves ar not lyke the argument foloweth not. And as for the argument he maketh of the bastard names ar falsely stopped into Dioscorides, it must nedes be suche argument as the truthe is of the settyng in of such faste names: where in when as truth is not, who will grant in thys mater the argument of Fuchsius to be true. To his last argumet where he resoneth that none of the later writers hath geven any purgyng vertue unto Matricaria, Parthenium purgeth, ergo it is not Parthenium: I answer that, as the later writers have founde by experience a purgy vertue in dinerse herbes where of is found no mention in the old writers, so have the old autores given unto diverse herbes a purgyng virtue, which: herbes of the later writers nevuer knew, so have never proved wheter they have any purgyng or no: if the later writers wold have proved, wheter matricaria purgeth or no: they myght have found that it doth so. For this am I sure that matricaria purgeth. namely weyke persones that ar weik persones. For upon a tyme when I was with a sike woman in East Fresland and the present necessite required purgation, and there was no potecaries shop at hand, and there is but one citie in all East Fresland where there ar any potecaries, and that is called Emden, I went into the gardin and found there feverfew in good plenty, where of tooke an handdful and put it in to water, sod it, and after that I had made both drynkable with a litle hony, had geven hyr it, doutles with in a few houres after ſhe had thre metely good stooles of the broth of that herbe. Wherefore I am sure that it purgeth weik folk, allthoughe it worketh nothyng or very litle in them that ar lusty and strong as I have proved also. Therefore I se nothyng that hetherto berout that hyndereth feverfew to be parthenium.

The vertues of Feverfewe.

The herbe without the flour is very good to be dronken of they ar short winded, also of them that have the stone. The broth of the herbe is good to sit in for weomen that have the hardnes| of the mother, and agaynst inflammationes or burnyng heates together. Som lerned men not without a cause iudge that our tansey is a kynde of parthenium. The vertues where of ar these. Tansey is good for the wyndenes of the stomacke and belly, wherefore it was well divised of Philscianes of old tyme, that after Easter men shuld use tanseyes to dryve away the wyndenes, they have gotten all the lent before with eatyng of fish, peasen, beanes and diverse kyndes of wynde makyng herbes, where of they make at that tyme theyr sallettes. But if men wold folow my counsell, they shuld use tansey all the lent throw, not after Easer alone. And them shuld they fewer be hurt with the colik and stone, that use comonly to be hurt there by. The same tansey is good for the stone, to prvuoke water and to kill wormes in the belly. The new writers hold that tansey is better for men, and that Feverfew is better for weomen.

Of Feverfew. (Tanacetum parthenium)
Parthenium is Dioscorides called of some Amaracus, hath thin leaves like unto Coriander. The flour is yellow in the part and goth about the yellow knop. Is hath a smell something grievous, a bitter taste. If it be dried and drunken with honeyed vinegar or salt, it purged choler and flehm, as epithymum doth and it is a good remedy for them that are short-winded and for them thar are grieved with melancholy.

Hermolaus Barbarus and Ruellius with diverse other great learned men do judge that the herb, which is called of the apothecaries marticaris, in English Feverfew, in Duch metterkraut or mette, is parthenium in Dioscorides. But Antonius Musa sometime my master in Ferrari, Leonardus Fuchsius my good friend in Germany hold that Feverfew is not Parthenium, but the herb which we call maiden weed or math weed. But though they are both my friends, yet I will hold the truth rather than when as I judge that they hold not with it, as I think they do in this opinion. Fuchsius resonate against the opinion of Ruellius thus. Feverfew hath not the small lever of Coriander, both the brooder leaves of the same and therefore Matricaria is not parthenium. Where unto I answer, indeed Coriander hath ii. kinds of leaves, some meetly brood beneath, some very small above. But I cannot see one word of authority or one good argument that Fuchsius hath brought to prove his saying by the leaves of Coriander ought to be understand the small lever of Coriander and not the brooder leaves. For it that he alleged out of the Greek text proved nothing it he indented. I grant that Dioscorides sayeth……. as Fuchsius seem to understand Dioscorides for this word .. in Dioscorides betokened not always it is narrow, small, but oft times it betokened it that is not deep nor thick, but it is thin, although it be brood. For Dioscorides write of the Arbutus tree, the herb called Teucrium, Hedera helix have…. But all men know this plantes, know well that their leaves are meetly brood, for Teucrium hath a leaf like unto a chick: the Arbutus tree hath leaves almost as big as a quince tree, nether Hedera helix, nor any of other above named is anything at all likes unto the smallest leaves of coriander, but much brooder then the brood leaves of coriander. Therefore, Fuchsius hath proved by this word lepta. The argument also that he brength of the placing of parthenium amongst the herbs that have little mall narrow leaves, is not sufficient to prove his purpose. For if the herbs are next together described were always like in leaves: then should Paeonia, Grummel and Phalaris have like leaves, for they are described together. But their leaves are not like the argument followed not. And as for the argument he maketh of the bastard names are falsely stopped into Dioscorides, it must needs be such argument as the truth is of the setting in of such fast names: where in when as truth is not, who will grant in this mater the argument of Fuchsius to be true. To his last argument where he resonate that none of the later writers hath given any purging virtue unto Matricaria, Parthenium purged, ergo it is not Parthenium: I answer that, as the later writers have found by experience a purged virtue in diverse herbs where of is found no mention in the old writers, so have the old authors given unto diverse herbs a purging virtue, which: herbs of the later writers never knew, so have never proved whether they have any purging or no: if the later writers would have proved, whether Matricaria purged or no: they might have found that it doth so. For this am I sure that Matricaria purged, namely weak persons that are weak persons. For upon a time when I was with a sick woman in East Friesland and the present necessity required purgation, and there was no pothecaries shop at hand, and there is but one city in all East Friesland where there are any pothecaries and that is called Emden, I went into the garden and found there feverfew in good plenty, where of took an handful and put it in to water, sod it, and after that I had made both drinkable with a little honey, had given her it, doubtless within a few hours after she had three meetly good stools of the broth of that herb. Wherefore I am sure that it purged weak folk, although it worketh nothing or very little in them that are lusty and strong as I have proved also. Therefore, I see nothing that hitherto beer out that hindered feverfew to be parthenium.

The virtues of Feverfew.

The herb without the flour is very good to be drunken of them that are short winded, also of them that have the stone. The broth of the herb is good to sit in for women that have the hardness| of the mother and against inflammations or burning heats together. Som learned men not without a cause judge that our tansy is a kind of parthenium. The virtues where of are these. Tansey is good for the windiness of the stomach and belly, wherefore it was well devised of Physicians of old time that after Easter men should use tansies to drive away the windiness, they have gotten all the lent before with eating of fish, pea’s beans and diverse kinds of wind making herbs whereof they make at that time their salads. But if men would follow my counsel, they should use tansy all the lent throw, not after Easer alone. And them should the fewer be hurt with the colic and stone, that use commonly to be hurt there by. The same tansy is good for the stone, to provoke water and to kill worms in the belly. The new writers hold that tansy is better for men and that Feverfew is better for women.

Of the gardin and wilde carot.

Pastinaca is called in Greke… as I iudge in English a carot, in Duche geel ruben, and in Frenche passenad, as Rembertus writeth. Dioscorides describeth not the gardin carot but the wilde carot. After thys maner. The wilde carot hathe the leves of gingidi, but broder and somthyng bitter, a streyght stalke, roughe, a spoky or beamy top lyke unto dill where in ar whyt floures, in the myddes is a certayn purple thing, almoste resemblyng saffron. The root is a fingre thick and a span long, havyng a good smell, which useth to be eaten. Thus far hath Dioscorides writen. I have found no man that hath denied that the wild carot is pastinaca sylvestris. Whiche thyng is a very great furtherance for my purpose that I go about, that is the gardin or sowen or manered carot the right pastinaca sylvestris. But Matthiolus a man otherwysee well sene in symples erryng very far from the truthe, will have our common persnepe to be pastinaca, noth withstandyng of he granteth that our wild carot is the ryght pastinaca sylvestris. In doyng where of he condenneth hys own opinion. For if wilde carot be pastinaca sylvestris must pastinaca hortensis have sum lyknes in leuvs with the wilde, except som autor expressedly declare that the wild or other kynde is altogether unlyke gardin or communer kynde as Dioscorides doth in brassica marina and Paulus Aegineta in hys kynde of betony. But when there is no such exception or expressed difference made of any good wryter betwene pastinaci sylveste and the domesicam pastinaca, there ought to be som lyknes betwene the leves of the one a and the other. But there is no lyknes at all betwene the leves of wilde carot and the comon persnepe, therefore Matthiolus erreth in makyng the persnepe to be the gardin pastinaca, when as in very dede the gardin carot is the ryght pastinaca hortensis. As wild carot is fund abrode in the feldes lyke unto the gardin carot in leves, taste and smell, even so is there found a wilde kynde or persnepe like unto the gardin persnepe, both in leves, sede, rote, smel and taste. Thys wild persnepe groweth plentuously besyde Cambrydge in a lane not far from Newonam Milles. It groweth plentuously also in Germany besyde Wormes, and I dout not but it groweth in many other places both in England and Germany, and peradventur in Itali also, thoughe Matthiolus never saw it nor marked it: which if he had sene a well considered, he wold not have erred as he hath in pastinaca hortensis. He confuteth the opinion of Ruellius, whych Fuchsius, Rembertus and I hold altogether, only with mervelyng a sayng that he hath not sene nether in the wrytynges of Grecianes nor Arabianes, they pastinaca domestica shoulde have such a rede or sanguin color as the carottes have. But I thynk he hath redy allthoughe he have forgotten it. For Theodorus Gaza a learned men both in Greke and in Latin, and an excellent translater, whome I dout not but he hath red translatyng the xv. chapter of Theophrast de historia plantarum. Where as he reherseth Theophrastis wordes, speketh after thys maner. Nascetur apud eos uterq; elleborus, videlicet albus & niger, idem pastinaca, specie lauri, colore croci, in the sam chapter. Pastinaca in patensi agro pręscantior cæteris huic vis calfactoria, & radix nigra. Simeon Sethi also a Grecian as he is translated, makethe one kynde of pastinaca to have blak or rede rootes, an other kynde with yelow rootes. It any man suspect the tranſlator, the wordes of Symeon in Greke ar these: ….· If the translator be suspected agayn for turnyng daukia into pastinacas, where hath any man red in any other Grecian or Latin autor, that Daucus hath rede a yelow rootes. If that not be founde in any good autor, Daukia ar well translated pastinace. Therefor there is no cause why, but that our comon gardin carrot shulde be passtinaca sativa.

The vertues of bot he the carotes out of Dioscorides.

The sede of wild carot, dronken or layde to in a convenient place bryngeth dow floures. It is good to be taken in drynk of them that can not easely make water. It is also good for the dropsy, for the pleuresi if it be taken in drynk, and so is it also good for the bytyng a styngyng of serpentes. Sum hold if a man take thys afore hande, that he shall not be bitten of serpentes. It is good for conception. The roote dryveth out water, provoketh men to the work of veneri. And if it be layd to the convenient place, it helpeth to bryng furth the childe that sticketh in the birthe. The leves broken and layd on with hony scour fretyng sores. The gardin carot hath the same vertues, but not so strong, yet mor fit to be used in meat then the wilde one is.

Out of Galen de simplicibus medicamentis.

The gardin carot is the weaker, the wilde for all purposes is myghtier. The herb and special the root and sede dryveth out water and floures. It hathe also a certayn scouryng nature, wherefore the Surgeanes use to lay to fretyng sores the grene leves with hony to scour them.

Out of Galenes booke of the poures and properties of norishmentes or meates.

The rootes of carot, daucus and carowayes ar used comonly to be eaten, but they noyshe lesse then rapes, aron of cyrendo. They heat notablely, and shew out a spicie thing, but they ar hard of digestion as other rootes be. They stir a man to make water, and if they be used in very great plenty they will make a metly evell iuice. The root of corowayes is of a better iuice then the carot is. Sum call the wilde carot Daucus, which indede moveth a man to make water more myghtely, but it is more medicinable or lyke a medicine, and if a man wolde eat it, he had nede to fethe it very muche. Averroes writeth that the gardine carot is good for them that ar flow to the worke of increasyng the world with childer.

Of the gardin and wilde carot. (Pastinaca sativa and wild one and Daucus carota)

Pastinaca is called in Greek… as I judge in English a carot, in German geel ruben, and in French passenad, as Rembertus write. Dioscorides described not the garden carrot but the wild carrot. After this manner. The wild carrot hath the leaves of gingidium, but brooder and something bitter, a straight stalk, rough, a spooky or beamy top like unto dill where in are white flowers, in the middles is a certain purple thing, almost resembling saffron. The root is a finger thick and a span long, having a good smell, which used to be eaten. Thus far hath Dioscorides written. I have found no man that hath denied that the wild carrot is Pastinaca sylvestris. Which thing is a very great furtherance for my purpose that I go about, that is the garden or sown or mannered carrot the right Pastinaca sylvestris. But Matthiolus a man otherwise well seen in simples erring very far from the truth, will have our common parsnip to be Pastinaca, notwithstanding of he granted that our wild carrot is the right Pastinaca sylvestris. In doing where of he condemned his own opinion. For if wild carrot be Pastinaca sylvestris must Pastinaca hortensis have sum likeness in leaves with the wild, except some author expressly declare that the wild or other kind is altogether unlike garden or commoner kind as Dioscorides doth in Brassica marina and Paulus Aegineta in his kind of betony. But when there is no such exception or expressed difference made of any good writer between Pastinaca sylvestris and the domesticum Pastinaca, there ought to be some likeness between the leaves of the one and the other. But there is no likeness at all between the leaves of wild carrot and the common parsnip, therefore Matthiolus erred in making the parsnip to be the garden Pastinaca, when as in very deed the garden carrot is the right Pastinaca hortensis. As wild carrot is fund abroad in the fields like unto the garden carrot in leaves, taste and smell, even so is there found a wild kind or parsnip like unto the garden parsnip, both in leaves, seed, rote, smell and taste. This wild parsnip growth plenteously beside Cambridge in a lane not far from Newnam Milles. It growth plenteously also in Germany beside Worms and I doubt not but it growth in many other places both in England and Germany and peradventure in Itali also, though Matthiolus never saw it nor marked it: which if he had seen a well-considered, he would not have erred as he hath in Pastinaca hortensis. He confuted the opinion of Ruellius, which Fuchsius, Rembertus and I hold altogether, only with marveling saying that he hath not seen nether in the writings of Grecians nor Arabians, the Pastinaca domestica should have such a red or sanguine color as the carottes have. But I think he hath reedy although he has forgotten it. For Theodorus Gaza a learned men both in Greek and in Latin and an excellent translator whom I doubt not but he hath red translating the xv. chapter of Theophrastus de historia plantarum. Whereas he rehearsed Theophrastus words, speak after this manner. Nascetur apud eos uterq; elleborus, videlicet albus & niger, idem pastinaca, specie lauri, colore croci, in the same chapter. Pastinaca in patensi agro pręscantior cæteris huic vis calfactoria, & radix nigra. Simeon Sethi also a Grecian as he is translated, make one kind of Pastinaca to have black or red roots, another kind with yellow roots. It any man suspect the translator, the words of Symeon in Greek are these: ….· If the translator be suspected again for turning Daucus into Pastinaca, where hath any man red in any other Grecian or Latin author that Daucus hath red and yellow roots. If that not be found in any good Autor, Daucus are well translated Pastinaca. Therefor there is no cause why, but that our common garden carrot should be Pastinaca sativa.

The virtues of bot he the carrots out of Dioscorides.

The seed of wild carrot drunken or laide to in a convenient place brength down flowers. It is good to be taken in drink of them that cannot easily make water. It is also good for the dropsy, for the pleurisy if it be taken in drink, and so is it also good for the biting and stinging of serpents. Sum holds if a man takes this afore hand that he shall not be bitten of serpents. It is good for conception. The root drives out water, provoked men to the work of veneris. And if it be laid to the convenient place, it helped to bring furth the child that sticked in the birth. The leaves broken and laid on with honey scour fretting sores. The garden carrot hath the same virtues, but not so strong, yet mor fit to be used in meat then the wild one is.

Out of Galen de simplicibus medicamentis.

The garden carrot is the weaker, the wild for all purposes is mightier. The herb and special the root and seed drive out water and flowers. It hath also a certain scouring nature, wherefore the Surgeons use to lay to fretting sores the green leaves with honey to scour them.

Out of Galene’ s book of the powers and properties of nourishments or meats.

The roots of carrot, Daucus and caraways are used commonly to be eaten, but they nourish lesser than rapes, Arum of cyrendo. They heat notable and shew out a spicy thing, but they are hard of digestion as other roots be. They stir a man to make water, and if they be used in very great plenty, they will make a meetly evil juice. The root of caraways is of a better juice then the carrot is. Sum call the wild carrot Daucus, which indeed moved a man to make water more mightily, but it is more medicinable or like a medicine, and if a man would eat it, he had need to fat it very much. Averroes write that the garden carrot is good for them that are slow to the work of increasing the world with children.

Of the herbe called Peplis.

Peplis whome som call wild porcellayn. Hippocrates calleth peplion, for the moste parte groweth by the see syde, it hath brode shaddowyng bushe which is full of whyte iuice. The leves ar lyke unto porcellayn, rounde and rede benethe. Under the leves is a rounde sede as there is in pleplo with a burnyng taste. It hathe but one single roote, which is empty and small. I have sene thys herbe in Ilandes about Venis. It is very lyk unto our English wartwurth, which is iudged of learned men to be tithimalus, helioscopius, but it is much shorter and thicker, and spredeth it self upon the ground, it may be called in Englishe see wartwurt.

The vertues of Peplis.

Peplis taken in the quantite of an acetable with one cyate of mede purgeth out choler and fleme; thys herbe have I sene in an yland beside venis,

Peplus is a busshy herbe full of milky iuice, with litle leves lyke rue, but a little broder, a round bushe of herbes in the top, almost a span long, spred upon the grounde. The sede is round and growth under the leves sumthyng lesse then whyte poppy sede. It is full of many helps. It hath but one roote, that void nothing worthe. It growth amongst vindes, in gardines. I never saw thys herbe in any place saving only in Bonony, where as my master Lucas above xvi, yeres shewed me with many other strange herbes which I never saw sence I cam out of Italy. I know no name for thys herbe but for lak of a better name, it may be called pety spourge. Thys herbe hath no other vertues as Dioscorides writeth then Peplis hath.

Of the herb called Peplis. (Euphorbia peplis)

Peplis whom some call wild porcelain. Hippocrates calleth peplion, for the most part growth by the seaside, it hath brood shadowing bush which is full of white juice. The leaves are like unto porcelain, round and red beneath. Under the leaves is a round seed as there is in peploi with a burning taste. It hath but one single root, which is empty and small. I have seen this herb in islands about Venis. It is very like unto our English wartwort, which is judged of learned men to be tithimalus, (Euphorbia) helioscopia, but it is much shorter and thicker, and spreads itself upon the ground, it may be called in English sea wartwort.

The virtues of Peplis.

Peplis taken in the quantity of an actable with one kyat of mee purged out choler and flehm; this herb have I seen in an island beside Venis,

Peplus is a bushy herb full of milky juice, with little leaves like rue, but a little brooder, a round bush of herbs in the top, almost a span long, spread upon the ground. The seed is round and growth under the leaves something lesser than white poppy seed. It is full of many helps. It hath but one root, that void nothing worth. It growth amongst vines, in gardens. I never saw this herb in any place saving only in Bologna whereas my master Lucas above xvi, years shewed me with many other strange herbs which I never saw since I came out of Italy. I know no name for this herb but for lack of a better name, it may be called petty spurge. this herb hath no other virtues as Dioscorides write then Peplis hath.

Of Wod bynde.

Perichlymennon is named of the common herbaries matri sylva, in Englishe Wodbynde, or Honysuckle in som places of England, the Duche men call it Waldgilgen, the Frenche men call it cheure fueille. Wodbynd doth bushy up in one stalk alone and hath little leves whiche stande by lyke spaces one from an other, inbracynge the stalk, white in under lyke Juy. And ther grow litle twigges up amongest the leves where on grow berries lykeu unto Juy berries. The flouris white like the faba floures, which men take for our beane, somthyng round, as thoughe it leaned down toward the leafe. The sede is harde, and net easy to be plucked away. The roote is round and thik. It groweth in feldes and hedges, and windeth it self about busshes.

The properties of wodbynde.

If ye gather the sede of wodbynd when it is rype, and dry it in a shaddowy place, will geve a dram of it in wyne for the space of xl. dayes, it wil melt away the mylt, dryve away werines, it well be excellently good medicine for shortnes of wynde, for the hitchcoughe or yiſkyng. It will dryve furth water, but upon the six day after the continual use of it, it will dryve out blody water. The same is good for a woman that hath an hard laboryng of childe. The leves have the sam vertues. And som write that if a man drink the leves xxxvi. dayes together, that they will make hym that he shal get no more childer. If ye seth the leves of wodbynd in oyle, anoynte them that have the ague comming upon them by certayn courses and commynges about, and they will ease them.

Of Wod bynde. (Lonicera periclymenum)

Periclymenum is named of the common herbarizes matri sylva, in English Woodbinde or honeysuckle in some places of England, the German men call it Waldgilgen, the Frenche men call it cheure fueille. Woodbine doth bushy up in one stalk alone and hath little leaves which stand by like spaces one from another, embracing the stalk, white in under like Jui. And there grow little twigs up amongst the leaves where on grow berries like unto Jui berries. The flowers is white like the faba flowers, which men take for our bean, something round, as though it leaned down toward the leaf. The seed is hard and net easy to be plucked away. The root is round and thick. It growth in fields and hedges, and winded itself about bushes.

The properties of woodbine.

If ye gather the seed of woodbine when it is ripe and dry it in a shadowy place, will give a dram of it in wine for the space of xl. days, it will melt away the milt, drive away weariness, it well be excellently good medicine for shortness of wind, for the hiccough or whisking. It will drive furth water, but upon the six days after the continual use of it, it will drive out bloody water. The same is good for a woman that hath an hard laboring of child. The leaves have the same virtues. And some write that if a man drinks the leaves xxxvi. days together, that they will make him that he shall get no more children. If ye set the leaves of woodbine in oil, anointed them that have the ague coming upon them by certain courses and commingles about, and they will ease them.

Of the Great bur.

The great bur is named in Greke…., in Latin personata, not perfolata, of the comon herbaries lappa maior, in Duche gross Kletten, in Frenche Gletteron. The bur hath leves luke unto a gourde but bygger, rougher, blacker and thicker. The stalk is somthyng whytishe, howbe it it is found somtyme out any stalk at all. It groweth comonly about townes and villages, about diches and hyghewayes, doug hylles and suche vile places.

The vertues of the great bur.

The roote of the bur taken with pinaple kirnelles, in the quantite of a dram, is good for them that coughe out matter oz fylthy gear, or bloode. The roote is good to be layd to, for the ach that commeth by the wrenchyng or strevyng of any ioynte. The leves ar good to be layd upon olde sores.

Of the Great bur. (Arctium lappa)

The great bur is named in Greek…., in Latin personata, not perfolata, of the common herbarizes lappa major, in German gross Kletten, in French Gletteron. The bur hath leaves like unto a gourde but bigger, rougher, blacker and thicker. The stalk is something whitish, howbe it is found sometime out any stalk at all. It growth commonly about towns and villages, about diches and highways, dough hills and such vile places.

The virtues of the great bur.

The root of the bur taken with pineapple kernelless in the quantity of a dram is good for them that cough out matter or filthy gear or blood. The root is good to be laid to, for the ach that comet by the wrenching or striving of any joint. The leaves are good to be laid upon olde sores.

The herbe called Petasites.

Petasites hath soft stele or footstalk, a cubit long and somtyme longer, it is of the thicknes of a mannis finger, and in the top of it growet a lefe which hath the fashion of an hat, it hangeth doun after the maner of a todestool. Dioscorides maketh no mention nether of the master stalke, nether of the flour of thys herbe, but I have sene bothe. In the myddes of Marche in watery groundes besyde riversse, and brookes that ryn all the year, and ar not dry in summer: thys herbe bringeth furth a short stalk, upon grow many floures as they were in a cluster, in color purple in whyte. After that the stalke and floures ar faided, gone away, then com up the leves, even as it chanceth unto the herbe which is calles in Greke Bechion, and in Latin Tussilago. It hath a grete and long bitter roote with a very strong smell. Thys herbe is called in Northumbre land an Eldin, in Cambridgeshyre a Butterbur, in Duch Pestilentz wurtz.

The vertues of Petasites.

Buterbur is good (as Dioscorides writeth) for fretyng sores an suche as ar extremely harde to hele, if it be beten and layd to after the maner of an emplaster. The later writer and namely Hieronymus Tragus write that the root of thys herbe is good agaynst the pestilence. They give a litle of the pouder of this berbes roote in wyne to the pacient, about the quantite of a dram, and provoke hym to sweate there with very myghtely. They use the same roote beaten into pouder against the stranglyng of the mother. They gyve it also both to men and beastes and for wormes, to weomen that ar vexed with the with burstyng of the mother, and to any that ar short wynded; The herbe is without all dout hote and dry muche above the second degre. Matthiolus without all reson or sufficient profe repoueth Ruellius and Fuchsius in the setting furth of thys herbe, worthy more to be reproved hym self for so unworthely reprovyng of them. Amatus Lusitanus the haye of Matthiolus writeth much more unlearnedly and more lyingly then Matthiolus doth. For he wirteth thus. We can not tell what Petasites is, if it be not a kynde of todstoole: Ruellius sayeth that it groweth in France. For the whiche Fuchsius in hys herbari hath set furth the greter, but which we have in the last chapter before thys described. Mark how thys man saye he knowetht not Petasites, except it be a kinde of todestoole, yet he named it in Duche Pestilentz wurtz, as thoughe he knew it. Is not thys a worthy man to wryte commentaries upon Dioscorides? Fuchsius set not out Lappa maiorem for thys herbe as Amatus beareth hym in hand, for he set out the ryght ….or personatam, callyng it grosz kletten, differyng it from Petasites many wayes. Let Matthiolus and hys folower Amatus prove that Dioscorides maketh ij. kyndes of personata. If they can not as I am sure, they can not all theyr speaking agaynst Fuchsius, is in vayn. Matthiolus aledgeth Plini to prove that there ar ij. kyndes of personata: well let it be so. Net for all that it foloweth not that the herbe that Fuchsus setteth furth for Petasites, shoulde be the second kynde of personata in Plini, nor that Dioscorides maketh ij. kyndes of Petasites. For Plini ma keth oft more kyndes of herbes then Dioscorides did. But how unvently he maketh ij. kyndes of Arcion, not only the excellent clerk Leonicenus, but all other learned men map se that there is no such cause geven hym of Dioscorides to do. How well that Plini is defended of Matthiolus agaynst Leonicenus. All men that ar learned, not partial, may well se to no greate honestie of Matthiolus. But the case put, that there ar ij. kyndes of Arcion: the first can not be Petasites Fuchsii, because it hath burres growyng in p top as Petaſites Fuchſij hath not. Nether can the ſecond kynde of Arcion of Plini be Petasites Fuchsii, for the second kynde of Arcion Plinij as ye may rede playnly in Plini, hath blacker leves then the gourde hath. But Petasites Fuchsii hath much whyter leves then the gourd hath as all men that have sene them can iudgem namely benethe under the lefe toward the ground. Therefor Petasites Fuchsii which is the true Petasites Dioscorides, Ruellius and Rembertus Petasites and myne is not the second kinde of Arcion in Plini, for all the gapnsayng of Matthiolus the Italian, and Amatus the Spanyrade, who wold face out learned men with stout checkes without any sufficient profe or learned argument, not only in thys herbe, but in diverse other.

The herb called Petasites. (Petasites hybridus)

Petasites hath soft stele or footstalk, a cubit long and sometime longer, it is of the thickness of a man’s finger and in the top of it growth a leaf which hath the fashion of a hat, it hangs down after the manner of a toadstool. Dioscorides maketh no mention nether of the master stalk, nether of the flour of this herb, but I have seen both. In the middles of Marche in watery grounds beside rivers and brooks that ran all the year and are not dry in summer: this herb bringeth furth a short stalk, upon grow many flowers as they were in a cluster, in color purple in white. After that the stalk and flowers are faded, gone away, then com up the leaves, even as it chanced unto the herb which is called in Greek Bechion and in Latin Tussilago. It hath a great and long bitter root with a very strong smell. This herb is called in Northumberland an Eldin, in Cambridgeshire a Butterbur, in German Pestilentz wurtz.

The virtues of Petasites.

Butterbur is good (as Dioscorides write) for fretting sores and such as are extremely hard to heal, if it be beaten and laid to after the manner of a plaster. The later writer and namely Hieronymus Tragus write that the root of this herb is good against the pestilence. They give a little of the powder of this herb root in wine to the patient, about the quantity of a dram, and provoke him to sweat there with very mightily. They use the same root beaten into powder against the strangling of the mother. They gyve it also both to men and beasts and for worms, to women that are vexed with the with bursting of the mother and to any that are short winded; The herb is without all doubt hot and dry much above the second degree. Matthiolus without all reason or sufficient prove reproved Ruellius and Fuchsius in the setting furth of this herb, worthy more to be reproved himself for so unworthily reproving of them. Amatus Lusitanus there he says of Matthiolus write much more unlearnedly and more lyingly then Matthiolus doth. For he writes thus. We cannot tell what Petasites is, if it be not a kind of toadstool: Ruellius sayeth that it growth in France. For the which Fuchsius in his herbaria hath set furth the greater, but which we have in the last chapter before this described. Mark how this man say he know not Petasites, except it be a kind of toadstool, yet he named it in German Pestilentz wurtz, as though he knew it. Is not this a worthy man to write commentaries upon Dioscorides? Fuchsius set not out Lappa majorem for this herb as Amatus beare him in hand, for he set out the right ….or personata, calling it grosz kletten, differing it from Petasites many ways. Let Matthiolus and his follower Amatus prove that Dioscorides maketh ij. kinds of personata. If they cannot as I am sure, they cannot all their speaking against Fuchsius is in vain. Matthiolus alleged Plini to prove that there are ij. kinds of personata: well, let it be so. Net for all that it followed not that the herb that Fuchsius set furth for Petasites, should be the second kind of personata in Plini, nor that Dioscorides maketh ij. kinds of Petasites. For Plini maketh oft more kinds of herbs then Dioscorides did. But how ungently he maketh ij. kinds of Arctium, not only the excellent clerk Lonicerus, but all other learned men may see that there is no such cause given of Dioscorides to do. How well that Plini is defended of Matthiolus against Lonicerus. All men that are learned, not partial, may well se to no great honesty of Matthiolus. But the case put, that there are ij. kinds of Arctium: the first cannot be Petasites Fuchsii, because it hath burrs growing in the top as Petasites Fuchsii hath not. Neither can the second kind of Arctium of Plini be Petasites Fuchsii, for the second kind of Arctium Plini as ye may rede plainly in Plini, hath blacker leaves then the gourde hath. But Petasites Fuchsii hath much whiter leaves then the gourd hath as all men that have seen them can judge namely beneath under the leaf toward the ground. Therefor Petasites Fuchsii which is the true Petasites Dioscorides, Ruellius and Rembertus Petasites and mine is not the second kind of Arctium in Plini, for all the gainsaying of Matthiolus the Italian and Amatus the Spaniard, who would face out learned men with stout checks without any sufficient prove or learned argument, not only in this herb, but in diverse other.

Of the herbe called Peucedanum

Peucedanum is named in Greke …-in Duch Harstrang, and because we have no other name for it in English that I know as yet, it may be called in Englishe also Harstrang. Peucedanum putteth furthe a ſsall stalk and weike like unto fenel, it hath a thick and plentous bushe. Besyde the grounde a yelow flour, a blak roote, of a grevous smel, thik, full of iuice, It growth in shaddowye hylles. Thus far Dioscorides. But I have it sene growing not only in shaddowye hilles, as at Erenfels in Germany where as I saw it first, but also in watery myddowes besyde Wormes, and also in dry myddowes, but within the breth of the Rhene. I hear say that it groweth also in England, and I found a root of it at saynt

Vincentis rock a litle from Bristow. But it was nothyng so great as it of Germany.

The vertues of Harstrang.

Men use to cut the roote with a knyfe, to gather a rynnyng iuice out of it, to lay it droppety out, by in the shaddow: or it will melt in the sun. But it will make hys hede ache and be dufy, that gathereth it, except a man anoynt hys nosethriles before with rose oyle, and pour not som rose oyle upon hys hed before. The roote is nothyng worthe after that the iuice is drawen furthe of it. There may be taken out of the stalke and roote, both a iuice gasshyng an other by pressing, as is taken out of Mandrag.

But it droppeth furth by gasshyng, is not so strong as it that is drawe out by pressyng, and it faydeth away souner. There is also founde a thyng lyke rosin or frankincense, clevyng vuto the stalk and roote. Of the nuces that commeth out of the root by gasshyng it, is best that groweth in Sardinia, Samotracya that is of a grevous smell, rede and hetynge the tong. The same is good to be layd to with vin and rose oyle, agaynst the drousley and forgetfull evel, for the dusynes of the hede, to the fallyng siknes, and for the olde hedeach, for the sciatica and for the cramp. And in all diseases of the synewes it is good to be layde to, with oyle ans vinegre. If a woman be strangled wich the uprysyng of the mother, it is good to smell it, and so it calleth them again, that ar brought in to an extreme depe slepe. The smoke of it dryveth away venemus bestes. It helpeth the ach of the care if it be poured in with rose oyle. It is good to be put in to the hollow tothe agaynst the tothache. The aame taken with an eg, is good for the coughe. It is also good for them that ar short wynded, and for all gnawyng and wyndy passiones and grefes. It soſteneth the belly gently, and wasteth away the gret swelled milt. It is an excellent remedy agaynst an hard and long laboryng of chylde. If it be dronken it is good for the ach and outstretchyng of the blader and kydnies. It openeth also the mother. The roote is good for the same purposes, but it is not so myghty. The broth is also dronken. The same broken scoureth stynkyng and foul sores, and dryve the scales of bones, and cvvereth sores with a skin. It is used to be menged with tretes and softenyng plasters that hete. Ye must chuse it that is freshe not freted with gnawing, found and it hath a great smell. The iuice mult be resolved or melted for drynkes with bitter allmondes or hote bred or rue. Galene writeth that the iuice is drawen out by gusshyng or cutting, is stronger then that which is pressed out, and he sayeth that the roote is fully hothe in the second degree, and dtye in the begynnyng of the thirde degre.

Of the herb called Peucedanum. (Peucedanum officinale))

Peucedanum is named in Greek …-in German Harstrang, and because we have no other name for it in English that I know as yet, it may be called in English also Harstrang. Peucedanum putted furth a small stalk and week like unto fennel, it hath a thick and plenteous bush. Besides the ground a yellow flour, a black root, of a grievous smell, thick, full of juice, It growth in shadowy hills. Thus far Dioscorides. But I have it seen growing not only in shadowy hills as at Erenfels in Germany whereas I saw it first, but also in watery meadows beside Worms, and also in dry meadows, but within the berth of the Rhine. I hear say that it growth also in England, and I found a root of it at saint

Vincentis rock a little from Bristow. But it was nothing so great as it of Germany.

The virtues of Harstrang.

Men use to cut the root with a knife to gather a running juice out of it, to lay it dropped out by in the shadow: or it will melt in the sun. But it will make his headache and be duffer that gathered it, except a man anoint his nose thrills before with rose oil and pour not some rose oil upon his head before. The root is nothing worth after that the juice is drawn furth of it. There may be taken out of the stalk and root, both a juice gashing another by pressing, as is taken out of Mandragora.

But it dropped furth by gashing, is not so strong as it that is draw out by pressing and it faded away sooner. There is also found a thing like rosin or frankincense, cleaving unto the stalk and root. Of the juice that comet out of the root by gashing it is best that growth in Sardinia, Samothrace that is of a grievous smell, red and heating the tong. The same is good to be laid to with wine and rose oil, against the drowsy and forgetful evil, for the dustiness of the head, to the falling sickness, and for the olde headache, for the sciatica and for the cramp. And in all diseases of the sinews, it is good to be laide to, with oil and vinegar. If a woman be strangled which the uprising of the mother, it is good to smell it, and so it calleth them again, that are brought into an extreme deep sleep. The smoke of it drives away venomous beasts. It helped the ach of the ear if it be poured in with rose oil. It is good to be put into the hollow tooth against the toothache. The same taken with an egg is good for the cough. It is also good for them that are short winded and for all gnawing and windy passions and griefs. It softened the belly gently and wasted away the great swelled milt. It is an excellent remedy against a hard and long laboring of child. If it be drunken, it is good for the ach and outstretching of the blader and kidneys. It opened also the mother. The root is good for the same purposes, but it is not so mighty. The broth is also drunken. The same broken scoured stinking and foul sores and drive the scales of bones and covered sores with a skin. It is used to be menged with treats and softening plasters that hot. Ye must chose it that is fresh not fret with gnawing, found and it hath a great smell. The juice must be resolved or melted for drinks with bitter almonds or hot bread or rue. Galene write that the juice is drawn out by gushing or cutting, is stronger than that which is pressed out and he sayeth that the root is fully hot in the second degree and dry in the beginning of the third degree.

Of the herbe called Phalaris.

Phalaris putteth furth many small stalkes, out of small and unprofitable rootes. The stalkes ar two handbredthes long, full of ioyntes, lyke strawes or redestalkes, muche lyke unto the strawes of spelt. It hath a sede in bygnes of mil or millet, whyte in fashion, somthyng long. The first tyme that ever I saw thys herbe was in the citie of Come, where as the chefe Physiciane of the citi no lesse gentle then well learned shewed unto me, and my felow master Johan Walker. Afterwarde I saw it in England take for mil, for they that brought Canari burdes out of Spayn, brought of the sede of Phalaris also to fede them with. Where of when I sowed a little, I found that it was the ryght Phalaris which I had sene in Itali before. I have as yet heard no English name of Phalaris, but for lak of a better name it may be called peti panik of the likenes that it hath with the ryght panik.

The vertues of Phalaris.

The iuice of Phalaris which is pressed out of the herbe when it is stamped throw water of wyne, if it be dronken it is a good remedy against the ache of the blader. But a spounfull of the sede of the same herbe, dronken in water is good for the same purpose. Other properties I fynde none in Galene then Dioscorides hath rehersed. I have found by experience that it is not only good to fede small birdes ther with, but that it is vere good foryong chickinges and hennes, to fat them with all, as use to fat capones in Italy with mil or millet.

Of the herb called Phalaris. (Phalaris canariensis)

Phalaris putted furth many small stalks, out of small and unprofitable root. The stalks are two handbreadths long, full of joints, like straws or reed stalks, much like unto the straws of spelt. It hath a seed in bigness of mil or millet, white in fashion, something long. The first time that ever I saw this herb was in the city of Come, whereas the chef Physician of the city no lesser gentle then well learned shewed unto me and my fellow master Johan Walker. Afterward I saw it in England take for mil, for they that brought Canari burdens out of Spain, brought of the seed of Phalaris also to seed them with. Whereof when I sowed a little, I found that it was the right Phalaris which I had seen in Itali before. I have as yet heard no English name of Phalaris, but for lack of a better name it may be called petit panic of the likeness that it hath with the right panic.

The virtues of Phalaris.

The juice of Phalaris which is pressed out of the herb when it is stamped throw water of wine, if it be drunken, it is a good remedy against the ache of the blader. But a spoonful of the seed of the same herb, drunken in water is good for the same purpose. Other properties I find none in Galene then Dioscorides hath rehearsed. I have found by experience that it is not only good to feed small birds there with, but that it is very good for young chicklings and hens to fat them with all, as use to fat capons in Italy with mil or millet.

Of the pulse called Phasiolus out of Dioscorides.

Phasiolus is wyndie and movet or stirreth up wynde. And when it is grene it soſteneth the belly, it is fit for vomitynge. Comarius and Matthiolus make ij. kyndes of Phasiolus, specialli Matthiolus, who sapeth that Smilax hortensis is the gardin Phasiolus, and the wild is the Phasiolus whiche is described in thys place of Dioscorides. And Cornarius to prove that Smilax hortensis and Phasiolus be all one, alledgeth the wordes of Aetius, which in dede sound as he meaneth. And Matthiolus sayeth further that Smilax hortensis is Dolichus in Galene, and in Theophrast, ar all one. Allthough these great learned men and of no small autorite in theyr countres, where as they do dwell: yet in thys matter I do not agre with them. The first cause that maketh me dissent from them is thys, that Dioscorides useth not in all hys booke that I remember, to write in two chapters far one from an other, of any gardine and felde herbe or plant, but ever where as he maketh mention of the gardin herbe, he maketh mention also of the felde herbe in the same chapter or in the next folowyng or there about. But he writeth of Phasiolus in the 101. chapter of the second booke, and he writeth of Smilax hortensis in the 140. chapter of the same booke. Which thyng he wold not have done accordyng unto hys accustomed maner if he had thought them allone in kynde, and to differ in no other thyng but in the place of growynge. Thys argument be not good, the argumentes that Matthiolus maketh a secacul is not eringium, that laurus Alerandrina Hypoglosson, ar not all one, ar evel arguments, with all other ar bylded upon the same fundation. An other cause is the pulse that I take for Phasiolus in Dioscorides, hath sede utterly unlyke unto the sedes of Smilax hortensis. For the pulse that I take for Phasiolus hath a long whyte sede somthyng bowed in, after the maner of som ioyners mallettes, same liknes lyke unto a gray peale, but smaller and longer, with a blak spot in the end of it. The sede of gardin Smilax is lyke a flat kidney, where fore every man may se they ar very unlyke in form and fashion. They say that Dolichus in Theophrast, is Smilax hortensis, Phasiolus in Dioscorides ar all one, whiche sayng if I can confute, then have I an other cause to dissent from them. Which thyng I trust to do after thys maner. Dolichus in Theophrast and Phasiolus in Galene will perishe, thrive evel if it be not under propped. But Phasiolus Dioscorides as I have sene it by experienc my self in Lumbardy, and Matthiolus contesseth the same: thryveth well inoughe without any under proppyng as other pulses do. Therfore Phasiolus Dioscorides is not all one with Dolichus of Theophfrast and Phasiolus of Galen. The last cause maketh me dissent from them, is that their own autorites whiche they bring for their purpose in som poyntes, is quyte against them selves. For it is writen in the chapter de Dolichis in Galene and by the autorite of Hippocrates, Dolichi ar lesse wyndier then peasen ar: ther is also Diocles alledged to say these wordes: Dolichi non minus quam Pisa nutriunt, præterea similiter flatu carent. That is, Dolichi norishe no lesse then Peasen do, lyke wyse they ar without wynde. where as Aetius saieth and Lobi were called of all old writers Dolichi and Phaseoli are of som Smilax hortensis, he hath these wordes: Nutriunt no minus quam Pisa, consimiliterq; flatus expertes sunt, That is Phaseoli gyve as muche norishment as Pesen do, and like wyse ar without wynde. But phasioli Dioscorides are not only windy, but also stir up winde, for these ar hys wordes:……Therefor I may well conclude that Phasiolus in Dioscorides are Phasiolus of Dolichus in Galene, Aetius and Diocles, ar not all one, not only because they have diverse maners in growing, and diverse likneses, but also because they have diverse properties, is to wet, it of Dioscorides is wyndy, bredeth winde, they other ar flatuvum experts, is windlesse or without winde. Now let men of learnyng a iudgement gyve sentence whether dissent from these men before named without a cause or no. Galene even in the same plate where as he maketh Dolichos and Phsaseolos all one, without all dowt maketh two kyndes of Dolichus. do maketh ij. kyndes of Phaseolus: for where as he had sayd in begynnyng almoste of the chapter after the autorite of Theophrast Dolichi wil rott a com to nought, except they be set upon proppes to hold them fro,mthe ground, in the very end of the same chapter he sheweth that ther is also an other besyde that, which nedeth no under proppyng. Galenis wordes as he is translated ar these; Quidam amicorum meorum Romæ agens, mihi narravit in Caria, in patria sua quam Ceramum appellabat, in agris Dolichos non aliter quam alia legumina seri, figuram quam habere cicerculis longiorem. And these do I reken ar Phaseoly Dioscorides, which differ much, as sufficiently is proved befor, from Smilace hortensi, not withstandyng I will not denye, but other autores call that pulse that Dioscorides named Smilacem hortensen, Dolichum, Phasiolum. Yet for all that Phaseolus in Dioscorides that Smilax hortensis ar two diverse pulses. Phaseolus may be called in Englishe faselles, until we can fynd a beter name for it.

Of the pulse called Phasiolus out of Dioscorides. (Lablab purpureus (Dolichos lablab) Phaseolus vulgaris)

Phaseolus is windy and moved or stirred up wind. And when it is green it softened the belly, it is fit for vomiting. Cornarius and Matthiolus make ij. kinds of Phaseolus, specially Matthiolus, who says that Smilax hortensis is the garden Phaseolus and the wild is the Phaseolus which is described in this place of Dioscorides. And Cornarius to prove that Smilax hortensis and Phaseolus be all one, alleged the words of Aetius, which indeed sound as he meant. And Matthiolus sayeth further that Smilax hortensis is Dolichos in Galene and in Theophrastus are all one. Although these great learned men and of no small authority in their countries whereas they do dwell: yet in this matter I do not agree with them. The first cause that maketh me dissent from them is this, that Dioscorides used not in all his book that I remember, to write in two chapters far one from another, of any garden and field herb or plant, but ever where as he maketh mention of the garden herb, he maketh mention also of the field herb in the same chapter or in the next following or there about. But he writes of Phaseolus in the 101. chapter of the second book and he write of Smilax hortensis in the 140. chapter of the same book. Which thing he would not have done according unto his accustomed manner if he had thought them alone in kind and to differ in no other thing but in the place of growing. This argument be not good, the arguments that Matthiolus maketh a seacacul is not Eryngium, that Laurus Alexandrina Hypoglossum are not all one, are evil arguments, with all other are bold upon the same foundation. Another cause is the pulse that I take for Phaseolus in Dioscorides, hath seed utterly unlike unto the seeds of Smilax hortensis. For the pulse that I take for Phaseolus hath a long white seed something bowed in, after the manner of some joiners Mallette’s, same likeness like unto a gray peal, but smaller and longer, with a black spot in the end of it. The seed of garden Smilax is like a flat kidney, where fore every man may see they are very unlike in form and fashion. They say that Dolichos in Theophrastus is Smilax hortensis, Phaseolus in Dioscorides are all one, which saying if I can confute, then have I another cause to dissent from them. Which thing I trust to do after this manner. Dolichos in Theophrastus and Phaseolus in Galene will perish, thrive evil if it be not under propped. But Phaseolus Dioscorides as I have seen it by experience myself in Lombardy and Matthiolus contests the same: thrived well enough without any under propping as other pulses do. Therefore, Phaseolus Dioscorides is not all one with Dolichos of Theophrastus and Phaseolus of Galen. The last cause maketh me dissent from them, is that their own authority which they bring for their purpose in some points, is quite against themselves. For it is written in the chapter de Dolichos in Galene and by the authority of Hippocrates, Dolichos ar lesser windier than peas are, there is also Diocles alleged to say these words: Dolichi non minus quam Pisa nutriunt, præterea similiter flatu carent. That is, Dolichos nourished no lesser than Peas do, likewise they are without wind whereas Aetius says, and Lobi were called of all old writers Dolichos and Phaseolus are of some Smilax hortensis, he hath these words: Nutriunt no minus quam Pisa, consimiliterq; flatus expertes sunt. That is Phaseoli gyve as much nourishment as Peas do and likewise are without wind. But Phaseolus Dioscorides are not only windy, but also stir up wind, for these are his words:……Therefor I may well conclude that Phaseolus in Dioscorides are Phaseolus of Dolichos in Galene, Aetius and Diocles are not all one, not only because they have diverse manners in growing, and diverse likeness, but also because they have diverse properties, is to wet, it of Dioscorides is windy, breed wind, the other are sativum experts, is windles or without wind. Now let men of learning a judgment gyve sentence whether dissent from these men before named without a cause or no. Galene even in the same plate where as he maketh Dolichos and Phaseolus all one, without all doo but maketh two kinds of Dolichos, maketh ij. kinds of Phaseolus: for whereas he had said in beginning almost of the chapter after the authority of Theophrastus Dolichos will rot and com to nought, except they be set upon propped to hold them from the ground, in the very end of the same chapter he shew that there is also another beside that, which needed no under propping. Galene’s words as he is translated are these; Quidam amicorum meorum Romæ agens, mihi narravit in Caria, in patria sua quam Ceramum appellabat, in agris Dolichos non aliter quam alia legumina seri, figuram quam habere cicerculis longiorem. And these do I recon are Phaseolus Dioscorides, which differ much, as sufficiently is proved before, from Smilax hortensis, notwithstanding I will not deny, but other authors call that pulse that Dioscorides named Smilax hortensis Dolichos, Phaseolus. Yet for all that Phaseolus in Dioscorides that Smilax hortensis are two diverse pulses. Phaseolus may be called in English faselles, until we can find a better name for it.

Of the herbe called Phu.

Phu is taken of the most parte of them that write of herbes at thy styme, and of them that have written of late, to be the herbe which is called of the common herbaries, Valeriana maior, of the Germane, baldrian oder grossz baldrian, of our countremen Setwall, and of som caponis loyle. But whether Setwall do agre in all poyntes with the description of Phu in Dioscorides or no: ye may iudge by the description whiche foloweth here after. Phu, which som call also wild Spiknard, groweth in Pontus, and it hath a lefe lyke unto Elaphoboseo, or Alexander, a stalk a cubit hyghe or higher, smothe, hollow and soft, turnyng to purple, and full of ioyntes. The floures ar much lyke Narcissus, but they ar greater and tenderer, and purple in a whytyshe color. The over root is about the thycknes of a mannis little finger. But it hath litle rootes growyng to overthwart, and one wounden in an other as squinant, or blak hellebore hath, in color somthyng yellow, well smelling, resemblyng Spiknard, yet with a certayn unpleasant savor, hytherto Dioscorides.

In thys description is nothyng that I can mark that disagreeth with our Setwall, savyng that the leves ar not altogether lyke unto Alexander, and the floures ar not very lyke unto the floures of Narcissus. But with a gentle interpretation the leves may be interpreted lyke Alexander leves, and the floures lyke unto the floures of Narcissus, wherefor seyng that the rest of the herbe with the vertues do well enoughe agre: I thynk that a man may lawfully take our Setwall for Phu in Dioscorides,.

The vertues of Setwall.

Setwall hath pour to heate, and to dryve furth water, if it be dronken after that it is dryed, the brothe of it is good for the same purpose. It is also good for the ache of the syde, and it draweth down unto weomen theyr natural siknes. Galene writeth that Phu hath a roote in vertu, lyke unto Spicanardi, but for

many purposes weyker, and that it provoketh water more then Spiknard of Inde or Syriak and as muche, as Spica celtica doth.

Of the herb called Phu. (Valeriana phu, Valeriana officinalis)

Phu is taken of the most part of them that write of herbs at this time and of them that have written of late, to be the herb, which is called of the common herbarizes Valeriana major, of the Germane, baldrian oder grossz baldrian, of our countrymen Setwall and of some caponis loyle. But whether Setwall do agree in all points with the description of Phu in Dioscorides or no: ye may judge by the description which followed here after. Phu, which some call also wild Spikenard, growth in Pontus and it hath a leaf like unto Elaphoboseo, or Alexander, a stalk a cubit high or higher, smooth, hollow and soft, turning to purple and full of joints. The flowers are much like Narcissus, but they are greater and tenderer and purple in a whitish color. The over root is about the thickness of a man’s little finger. But it hath little roots growing to overthwart, and one wound in another as squinant or black hellebore hath, in color something yellow, well smelling, resembling Spikenard, yet with a certain unpleasant savor, hitherto Dioscorides.

In this description is nothing that I can mark that disagreed with our Setwall, saving that the leaves are not altogether like unto Alexander, and the flowers are not very like unto the flowers of Narcissus. But with a gentle interpretation the leaves may be interpreted like Alexander leaves, and the flowers like unto the flowers of Narcissus, wherefor seeing that the rest of the herb with the virtues do well enough agree, I think that a man may lawfully take our Setwall for Phu in Dioscorides.

The virtues of Setwall.

Setwall hath pour to heat, and to drive furth water, if it be drunken after that it is dried, the broth of it is good for the same purpose. It is also good for the ache of the side and it draweth down unto women their natural sickness. Galene write that Phu hath a root in vertu, like unto Spica Nardi, but for

many purposes weaker, and that it provoked water more than Spikenard of Inde or Syriac and as much as Spica celtica doth.

Hartis tunge.

Although diverse of the beste herbaries of our tyme have iudged that Hemionitis, is our hartis tung, and I have folowed them a long tyme in theyr iudgement: yet admonished by Cordus many yeares before er Matthiolus had ether writen in Italian or Latin, that our Hartis tung shuld be Phyllytis, I left my former opinion and held as I do now, that the herbe whiche is named of the herbaries lingua cervina, of other (but falsely) scolopendria, in English Hartis tung, in Duch Hirtz zung, in Frenche Lang de ceft, was Phyllites in Dioscorides whose description foloweth.

Phyllitis outteth furth leaves, lyje a dock, but longer, greener or fresher six or seven, and them streyght, whiche in the inner parte ar smouthe, but upon the bak syde, they have as it wer mal wormes hangyng on. It groweth in shaddowish places, and hath a byndyng taste with an harrishnes or hartnes. It groweth also in gardines. It hath nether stalk sede nor floure. I thynk that thys description agreeth much better with our hartis tung then the description of Hemionitis dothe. The leves of Hemionitis ought to be very harriss, byndyng with bitternes, But there is no suche bitter taste in hartis tung, therefore it can not be Hemionitis. The wurst thyng that I mislyke in our hartis tung, is that me thynk that it hath not with us here susch a byndyng harrish taste, as Dioscorides semeth to require. Howbeit, except my memory fale me. I have found it in other places tarte and byndyng inoughe.

The vertues of Phyllitis or hartis tung.

The leves of thys herbe dronken with wyne, ar good against of serpentes. If they be poured in to the mouth of fourfoted beastes, they help them. They ar also dronken against the blody flixe, the common fllixe with out any blood. These be the properties that I have fynde in old writers of Phillitis. I can not fynde that it is good for the mylt in any alde wryter. And yet now a dayers is comenly used for the diseases of the mylte, therefore as I suppose because it hath bene falsely taken for Scolopendrio, and Hemionites. It that it do anye good to the mylt, is it by reason of the great byndyng that it hath, wher by it may help the milt that is to louse and to much opened.

Hartis tunge. (Asplenium scolopendrium)

Although diverse of the best herbarizes of our time have judged that Hemionitis, is our harts tung, and I have followed them a long time in their judgment: yet admonished by Cordus many years before er Matthiolus had ether written in Italian or Latin, that our Hartis tung should be Phyllitis, I left my former opinion and held as I do now, that the herb which is named of the herbarizes lingua cervina, of other (but falsely) scolopendrium, in English Hart’s tung, in Duch Hirtz zung, in French Lang de cerf, was Phyllitis in Dioscorides whose description followed.

Phyllitis set furth leaves, like a dock, but longer, greener or fresher six or seven and them straight, which in the inner part are smooth, but upon the back side they have as it were small worms hanging on. It growth in shadows places, and hath a binding taste with a harshness or hardness. It growth also in gardens. It hath nether stalk seed nor flower. I think that this description agreed much better with our harts tung then the description of Hemionitis dot. The leaves of Hemionitis ought to be very harshness, binding with bitterness. But there is no such bitter taste in harts tung, therefore it cannot be Hemionitis. The wurst thing that I dislike in our harts tung is that me think that it hath not with us here such a binding harshness taste, as Dioscorides seem to require. Howbeit, except my memory failed me. I have found it in other places tarte and binding enough.

The virtues of Phyllitis or harts tung.

The leaves of this herb drunken with wine are good against of serpents. If they be poured into the mouth of four-footed beasts, they help them. They are also drunken against the bloody flux, the common flux without any blood. These be the properties that I have find in old writers of Phyllites. I cannot find that it is good for the milt in any olde writer. And yet nowadays is commonly used for the diseases of the milt, therefore as I suppose because it hath bene falsely taken for Scolopendrium and Hemionites. It that it doth any good to the milt, is it by reason of the great binding that it hath, whereby it may help the milt that is to louse and too much opened.

Of the Pyne tre and other of that kynde.

Dioscorides writeth thath the tre called in Greke Pitys, it that is named Peuke, ar conteyned under one generall hede kynde, but that they differ in theyr proper and particular kynde or spice. But he telleth not for all, where in they differ. Whiche thyng hath made that learned men cold not well tell whether of two was our Pinus in Latin, and which of them should be our Picea. Therfore seyng the right difference can not be found in Dioscorides: it is nedefull that we set it out of other autentik and sufficient old wryters. First it is nedful to seke out in what properties Pitys of the grecianeses differeth from pence, wherin Pinus of the Latines differeth from Picea, and then toshe wheter Pitys be Pinus or no in Latin, and wheter Pence in Greke, be our Picea or no, and whether these wordes ar diversly taken of diverse autores or no. Theophrast, a noble writer amongest the Grecianes, maketh thys difference between……and….is fatter and hath a smaller lefe, and is lesse in bignes, a groweth not streyght up. It hathe a lesse con or nut, or appell, and rougher or more unplesanter to look to, and a fruite more pitchye or rosinie, after that the rootes be burned, doth not spring up agayne. But they say that Pitys, spryngeth again, as it chanced in Lesbos. when as the mountayn Pyrrheus was set afyre. The Ideanes hold, not only the harte, but also the outter parte of the bole, doth turn into a tede, or wodtorche, that then after a maner, that it is strangled. And the same thyng chanceth of it self, by the excedyng plenty of the tre it self, as a man can coniecture. For it is all together made a tede or woddish torche of fyre brande. And so thys is the peculiare siknes of .…. The same Theophrast maketh thys difference betwene the fyrre tre and ….. is of a notable hyght a much taller then peuce. The firre tre hath a wod full of synewes, soft and lyght. But the wod of peuce, is full of tedes or woddishe torches hevpe and full of flesh, or thik. The peuce hath no knottes, but the knottes of the fyrr ar harder. Pitys serveth in Cyprus to make shippes of it because that yland hathe it. And it semeth to be better then peuke. The firr tre and peuce ar fittest for howses, and shippes, and for the moste parte of fisch other thynges. The Pitys, is fit for bothe the works, and especiali for shippes/,but it beginneth quikly to root. Peuce in no wyse can cum furth in low and shaddowy places,…. It can not grow in hoote places, a peuce is a tre of mountaynes as ves also is about Macedonia. Peuce is of ij. sortes the one is the gardin peuce, and the other is the wilde peuce. The wild peuce is devyded into the male, and female…groweth not in Syria. Thus much have I taken of Theophrast. Now will I see what the other Grecianes write of these fornamed trees, and of theyr fruites, properties, and operations, and vertues. Galene in the viij. Booke, of the vertues of simple medicines, writeth thus of the fruyte Pitys. Pityides ar named the fruytes Pityis. But som by a misuse, call also the fruyte of Peuces Pityides. They have a menged pour, that is both byndyng, and havyng a certayn sharpnes with a bitternes, by rsſon where of they ar good for the spittyng out of mater out of the breste and lunges. These ar Galenes wordes. But now let us se what the Latines write of Pinus, and picea. Virgil the noblest Poete amongest all the latine, writeth in hys Egloges that the Pyne tre is goodlist in gardines. The same in second of hys Georgikes or husbandry maketh the pyne tre fit and profitable to make shippes of in these wordes. Dant alios aliæ fœtus dant utile lignum Navigijs Pinos, domibus cedrosq́; cupressos. The same thyng doth he also in the fourth Eglog after thys maner. Ceder & ipse mart vector, nec nautica Pinus Mutabit merces.

Plini writeth thus of the pyne tre. The Pyne tre hath a lefe lyke a hear, vbery small before, long and sharp with a pricke. The Pyne tre bringeth furth very litle rosin. The Pyne tre is gretely to be wondered at. It hath a fruite waryng rype, which shall com to rypenes in the next yere, and after ward in the thyrde. Nether is there any tre that more gredely putteth it cut out a lengthe then the Pyne dothe. The Pyne tre and the Cypres tre ar surest agaynst rottyng or mouldryng and agaynst wormes. Plini writeth thus of the tre called Picea, which map be called the pitch tre or the rede fir tre. The pich tre loveth mountaynes, and cold and it geveth very muche rosin. It is not so hyghe as the larche tre is. The leves of the piche tre ar dryer, smaller, and more colde. And the hole tre is more horrible or unplesant to looke to, then the larch tre, and it is all poured ouvr with rosin. The wod of it is lyker the wod of the fir tre. The piche tre after that rootes ar burnt ones, will yet spryng agayne. The leves of the piche tre, ar divyded comwyse. Picea hath very small and blak kyrnelles thorow out in all the long tagges that hang down, which ar smaller and slenderer. Wherefore the Grecianes call it a Lousbere.

These have I gathered out of the best Grek and Latin wryters, that men might se clerely what the old wryters wrote of the above named trees. Bur now sum will require my mynde of these trees, because I posess the knowledge of herbes and trees. Therefore I must say my mynde what I gather of these fore cities places out of the ancient wryters. As far as I can se, Theophrast called the tre peuken, the Latines call pinum a tre, the Latines calle piceam, he called it pyn. For he maketh hys peucento have a greter nut or appel then thys pitys hathe. Also because he maketh pityu to be lesse and more croked then peuce, bur for all these, peuce of Theophrastnagreeth well with picea of the latines, in sundrye the properties. Peuce of Theophrastus as the same Theophrast writeth, can not cum furthe in very low places and in shaddowy places, for Peuce is a tre of the mountayne, and nether if not Juy can grow in burnyng hote places. And Plini writeth that picea amat montes atq; frigora, & in an other place, ſitus eius est in excelso montium ceu maria fugerit. Peuce and picea do also agre in bryngyng furth of plenty of rosin. And as Theophrast writeth peuce resina copiosisima and ponderosis ima ęst so Plini sayteth, Picea plurimam resinam fundit. The same Plini writyng of the pyne saieth pinus fert minimum resinæ. The pine tre brengeth furth very litle rosin. Of these wordes of Plini I gather that peuce in Theophrast is not pinus in Plini. And that Plini taketh pityn of the Grecianes for pino, I gather thys out of Plinies wordes in the cxxii. book and the second chapter. Hys wordes ar these. The use of oximeli or honied vinegre, is good agaynst the grene trees called cantharides agaynst buyestrem, and agaynst caterpillers of the pine tre which they call pitiocampas. Here may a man playnly se that Plini turneth pityn in to pinum, and not to picea as Theodor Gaza and diverse other do. But I iudge that Theodor hath much iuster cause to doso, then the interprerores of Galene have, for as pitys in Theophrast may seme to be our picea, so pitys in Galene, is our pinus, as it appeareth unto me, by it that Galene writeth of the fruite of pityos in these wordes folowyng. The fruites pit…ar called pityides. But som call also by a misuse,the fruites of …. pityides. By these wordes of Galene a man may learne that Galene tooke pittyn to be the tre which bereth the greatest and moste principall kirnelles, and not peucen. But when as the greatest and moste principal kyrnelles grow upon the pyne tre, as dayly experiene teacheth, we may gather iusti that thys and other causes above reherse, Galene tooke pityn for our Pino, wherfore it is lyke þy the Grecianes of Galenis tyme, they that cam after hymy tooke allwayes pityn pro pino As for the tre that is called in Greke….and in Latin picea, is called in hyghe Germany where it growth, rote dannen baum, It is not abrode in England that I have heard tell of, nether hath it any name in English that I know. Wherefore seyng that pich is mad of the rosin of it, or ellis after the Duch tung, from whence our Englishe peche came, a red firre tre. Pinaster which as Plini writeth, nihil aliud est, qui pinus sylvsetris mira altitudine, pinaster is nothyng elles but a wilde pyne tre of a mervelus hyght, is named in som places of Duchlande, foerenholtz, wild kinnenholtz, and in som places kiffer baume. It groweth very plentyouslly in hyghe Germany. The leves grow in tuftes together, not unlyke vuto a litle rounde heary brushe; is thyn, or to som great pinselles that paynters use. Every lefe is at the leste iiiu. inches long, grene, furrowed or guttered as som kynde of yong grasse is. Ther comme allwaye two le⸗ves out of one footstalk, both in the brushy tufts, and al a litle benethe the tuftes, where as the leves grow thynner. Plini putteth thys difference, betwene the pine tre and the pinaster or wilde pyne, that as the pine tre is busshy or full of bowghes in the toppes, so the wild pyne tre is full of boughes even from the myddes of the tre inwarde. Thys tre may be called in English a wilde pynetre. If any man alledge against me the authorite of Theodorus Gaza, to prove that our pinaster shuld be peuce, because he turneth …in diverse places pinastrum. I answer that Gazas autorite helpeth nothoug here, that hys turnyng of peuces into pinastrum maketh against hym self and reproveth hym ether of unstedfastenes, or of ignorance .For it is evident that althoughe moste comonly he turn peucem to pinum, yet in diverse places he turneth the same word into pinastrum, as who sy there where no difference betwene pinus and pinaster. If any dowt whether he turneth …,, in to pinastrum, let hym rede the vi. chapter of the fourth booke de historia plantarum, and the fourthe chapter of the thyrde boke, and the vj. chapter of the first book de historia plantarum, he turneth these Greke wordes……..Sunt que ex semine tantum nascitur, ut abies, pinus, larix, The same Theodore in the first chapter of the ix. book de historia plantarum, turneth thys worde pitys in to laricem and picea, makyng two sundry trofe t have one comon name, which differ one from an other in diverse properties. The same thyng doth he agayn in the next chapter unto it which I have rehersed here before. For where as Theophrast hath in Grek……. Theodore hath in Latin: secunda quae ex abiete, larice, & pica. Beholde as he maketh here ij. rosines of jj. Names, for he turneth …in to resinum abietinam, and .. in to resinam ex larice lid ex picea, Then when as Gaza is thus waveryng and unconstant, it is not to be allowed for sufficient autorite thaty he doth in translatyng of these. Greke wordes …and…Therfore I passe not, of hys autorite and holde that pitys pinus, peuce is Picea in our autores of Physick, as in Galene. Dioscorides, Aetius, and that wrote after Galene.

The vertues of the Pyne tre and the piche tre out of Dioscorides.

The barck bothe of Pyne, and Pich tre have pour to bynde. if be broken, and sprinkled upon chafyng, it is good for it for sores ar in the outermost parte of the skin. So is it also good for burned places with litarge and the fyne pouder of Frankincense. The same receyved in a trete or cerat of myrtelles, bryng sores in tendre bodies to a skinne, and it stoppeth suche as ryn to far abrode, if it be broken and layd to with coperus. And it it be geven in a perfume or smoke, it casteth furth chylder and the seconde. If it be drunken, it will stopp the belly, and maketh a man pisse well. But the leves of them also broken and layd to swage inflamationes or hote burnynges. They kepe, and save also woundes from inflammations. If they be brused an sodden in vinegre, they ar good agaynst the tuth ach, if the teth be washhed with the broth of the whilse it is very hote. If they be taken in the quantite of a dram in water or mede, and drunken, they ar good for the ar diseased in the liver. The dark of ….and the leves drunken, ar good for the same purposes. But it is not very easy to know perfitly what Dioscorides meaneth by thys word…whilse som interpreters, take it for a tre of a severall kynd by it self, as Comartus doth, other as Ruellius turneth it into the pineappel. I rede in no olde autor that Strobilus shuld bet the name of a tre, but al wayes for nut or appel, or kirnel of appel som tyme, except that where as my Plini corcected and set out by Erasmus, after Hermolaus Barbarus, Nicolaus Beroaldus, Guilhehlmus Budeus and Johanes Cesareus had ds to Pliny, what they could do, hath Tibulus a man ought to rede Strobilus. And thoughe it were Strobilus in dede in Plini, not Tibulus, it were no stronger argument to reson thus. Plini maketh Strobilus a kynde of tre by it self, not only a fruite, ergo it is a tre, then thys were, Plini maketh Tedam a severall kynde of tre by it self, therfore Teda is a tre by it self. But it that Dioscorides writeth, will move a man much more then that autorite of Plini, who se wordes ar these: …., that is the bark of the Strobil and the leuvs make for the same or serve for the same purpose. Now a pine nutt hathe no leves, where fore it may appeare that by the word strobilus be understandeth a tre of the same kynde that pinus is of. But thys semeth som thyng to hyndre that understanding, that in the begynnyng of the chapter Dioſscorides set furth afore, of what thynges he wold intrete of only mention of pinus and picea, not of Strobilus. But wheter Strobilus here betoken the nut of the pine tre, and the leves of it betoken the leves of the same pine tre, where of Dioscorides had immediatly made mention before, it maketh no great mater, because all the trees there together mentioned, ar of a lyke vertu and wotkyng. The tede also that commeth of them (a tede is a fat and roseny pete of a pyne or pich tre,/ which hewen of serveth for torche ) cut into small peces and sodden with vinegre, slwageth the tuth ach, if the be holden about the tooth that acheth. A stirryng sſtik may be made of them fit to prepare pesses and medicines to wage werines. Som use to kepe the sour of them, to serve to make inke there of. The same serveth for medicines to trym the heyres of the ey liddes, and for the corners of the eyes, that ar worne or freted, and for hard ey lyddes and such as want hear and for wateryng eyes. The fruites of pynes and pich trees which ar within the pine nuttes, ar called pityides. They have a byndyng pour, and somthyng hetynge. They ar good for the coughe, and for such disease as ar about the breste, whether they be taken by them selves or with hony. Moreover the kirnelles be made clene and then eten, or be dronken with Malvesey, of the sede of a cucumbre, remove a man to make water, and make dull or blunt the bytyng that is about blader or kidnees. And if they be taken with the iuice of porcellayn, they swage gwawynges of the mouth of the stomack. They take also away the weyknes of the body, hold down the corruption of humores. But the hole nuttes lately phikked from the trees, and brused, and sodden in Malvesey, ar good for the old coughe, and for a consumption, if a man drynk every day, thre cyathes of the brothe that they ar sodden in.

Out of the viij. booke of Galene of simple medicines.

The barke of the pyne tre hath a byndyng pour excedyng the other, so much, it can heal very well and can stop the belly if it be dronken. It health up also places that ar burned. More over the bark of the piche tree is lyke to the other, but the poures ar more tempert or weyker. Ther is pour to ioyne, hele sores in the levs of them both; because they be muche moyster then the barke. In the nutt allthoughe it be lyke these, yet is there a stronger poure both in the bark and also in the leves, so that it hathe a certain grievous bytyng sharpnes, furthermore so it which is gathered of the forsayde, is fit for the fallyng out of the heares of the ey liddes, for the moyst corners of the eyes, word of, which ar blered ad waterynge. The fruites of the pyne and pich tre have a mengled pout, that is to wet they bynde with a certain bitternes. Galena also in hys boke of the poures of norishmentes, wryteth thus of the pyne apples. The pyne apple nutt is of a good grosse iuice, norisheth muche. But it ts harde of digest. The Grecianes call it not now …but…..

Out of Symeon Sethi.

The kirbel of the pyne appel ar hote in the second degre, and dry in the first. They norish plentuously, they ar of a grosse bloode. They smouth the harrisnes or sharpnes that are in the breste. They ar good for the sores or blisters of the bladder, for the sharpnes that is in the stomack and kydnes.

They ar also good for old coughes, and moyste diseases of the lunges, for them that spit out matter. They that use the with hony and rasines, make them easier to be digested, and they increase mannis sede. They ar also good for them that ar disposed to trymble.

Of the Pyne tree and other of that kind. (Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies, Pinus teda)

Dioscorides write that the tree called in Greek Pitys, it that is named Peuke, are contained under one general head kind, but that they differ in their proper and particular kind or spice. But he tells not for all, where in they differ. Which thing hath made that learned men cold not well tell whether of two was our Pinus in Latin and which of them should be our Picea. Therefore, seeing the right difference cannot be found in Dioscorides: it is needful that we set it out of other authentic and sufficient old writers. First it is needful to seek out in what properties Pitys of the grecianizes differed from pence, wherin Pinus of the Latines differed from Picea and then those whether Pitys be Pinus or no in Latin and whether Pence in Greek be our Picea or no and whether these words are diversly taken of diverse authors or no. Theophrastus, a noble writer amongst the Grecians, maketh this difference between……and….is fatter and hath a smaller leaf, and is lesser in bigness, a growth not straight up. It hath a lesser corn or nut or apple and rougher or more unpleasantry to look to and a fruit more pitchy or rosin, after that the roots be burned doth not spring up again. But they say that Pitys, spring up again, as it chanced in Lesbos. when as the mountain Pyrrhus was set afire. The of Idea hold, not only the heart, but also the outer part of the bole doth turn into a teda or wood torch, that then after a manner, that it is strangled. And the same thing chanced of itself by the exceeding plenty of the tree itself, as a man can conjecture. For it is all together made a teda or wood’s torch of fire brand. And so, this is the peculiar sickness of .…. The same Theophrastus maketh this difference between the fire tree and ….. is of a notable high a much taller than peuce. (all this trees together are so called) The fire tree hath a wood full of sinews, soft and light. But the wood of peuce, is full of teda or woods torches hair and full of flesh or thick. The peuce hath no knots, but the knots of the fir are harder. Pitys served in Cyprus to make ships of it because that island hath it. And it seems to be better than peuke. The fir tree and peuce are fittest for houses, and ships and for the most part of fish other things. The Pity is fit for both the works, and especially for ships, but it begins quickly to rot. Peuce in no wise can cum furth in low and shadowy places,. It cannot grow in hoot places, a peuce is a tree of mountains as yes also is about Macedonia. Peuce is of ij. sorts the one is the garden peuce and the other is the wild peuce. The wild peuce is divided into the male and female… growth not in Syria. Thus, much have I taken of Theophrastus. Now will I see what the other Grecians write of these forenamed trees and of their fruits, properties and operations and virtues. Galene in the viij. book of the virtues of simple medicines writes thus of the fruit Pitys. Pityides are named the fruits Pitys. But some by a misuse, call also the fruit of Peuces Pityides. They have a menged pour, that is both binding and having a certain sharpness with a bitterness, by season where of they are good for the spitting out of mater out of the breast and lunges. These are Galene’ s words. But now let us see what the Latines write of Pinus and Picea. Virgil the noblest Poet amongst all the Latine write in his Egloges that the Pine tree is goodliest in gardens. The same in second of his Georgikes or husbandry maketh the pine tree fit and profitable to make ships of in these words. Dant alios aliæ fœtus dant utile lignum Navigijs Pinos, domibus cedrosq́; cupressos. The same thing doth he also in the fourth Eglog after this manner. Ceder & ipse mart vector, nec nautica Pinus Mutabit merces.

Plini write thus of the pine tree. The Pine tree hath a leaf like a hear, very small before, long and sharp with a prickle. The Pine tree bringeth furth very little rosin. The Pyne tree is greatly to be wondered at. It hath a fruit wearing ripe, which shall com to ripeness in the next year and afterward in the third. Nether is there any tree that more greedily putted it cut out a length then the Pine doth. The Pine tree and the cypress tree are surest against rotting or moldering and against worms. Plini write thus of the tree called Picea, which may be called the pitch tree or the red fir tree. The pitch tree loveth mountains and cold and it give rosin very much. It is not so high as the larch tree is. The leaves of the pitch tree are drier, smaller and more cold. And the hole tree is more horrible or unpleasant to look to then the larch tree and it is all poured over with rosin. The wood of it is like the wood of the fir tree. The pitch tree after that roots are burnt ones will yet spring again. The leaves of the pitch tree are divided comb wise. Picea hath very small and black kernelless thorough out in all the long tag’s that hang down, which are smaller and slenderer. Wherefore the Grecians call it a Lousbeer.

These have I gathered out of the best Greek and Latin writers, that men might see clearly what the old writers wrote of the above-named trees. But now sum will require my mind of these trees, because I posess the knowledge of herbs and trees. Therefore, I must say my mind what I gather of these fore cities places out of the ancient writers. As far as I can see, Theophrastus called the tree peuken, the Latines call pinum a tree, the Latines call Picea, he called it pin. For he maketh his peucento have a greater nut or apple then this pitys hath. Also, because he maketh pitys to be lesser and more crooked then peuce, but for all these, peuce of Theophrastus agreed well with Picea of the Latines in sundry the properties. Peuce of Theophrastus is the same that Theophrastus write, cannot cum furth in very low places and in shadowy places, for Peuce is a tree of the mountain and nether if not Jui can grow in burning hot places. And Plini write that Picea amat montes atq; frigora, & in another place, situs eius est in excelso montium ceu maria fugerit. Peuce and Picea do also agree in bringing furth of plenty of rosin. And as Theophrastus write peuce resina copiosisima and ponderosis ima ęst so Plini sais, Picea plurimam resinam fundit. The same Plini writing of the pine sais Pinus fert minimum resinæ. The pine tree brengt furth very little rosin. Of these words of Plini I gather that peuce in Theophrastus is not Pinus in Plini. And that Plini taketh pityn of the Grecians for Pinus, I gather this out of Plinius words in the cxxii. book and the second chapter, his words are these. The use of oxymel or honied vinegar is good against the green trees called cantharides against buiestrem and against caterpillars of the pine tree which they call pitiocampas. Here may a man plainly see that Plini turned pitys in to Pinus and not to Picea as Theodor Gaza and diverse others do. But I judge that Theodor hath much just cause to do so, then the interpreters of Galene have for as pitys in Theophrastus may seem to be our Picea, so pitys in Galene is our Pinus as it appeared unto me, by it that Galene write of the fruit of pitys in these words following. The fruits pitys…are called pityides. But some call also by a misuse the fruits of …. pityides. By these words of Galene a man may learn that Galene took pitys to be the tree which bear the greatest and most principal kernelless, and not peuce. But when as the greatest and most principal kernelless grow upon the pine tree, as daily experience teaches, we may gather just that this and other causes above rehearse, Galene took pitys for our Pinus, wherefore it is like by the Grecians of Galene’ s time they that came after him took always pitys pro pino. As for the tree that is called in Greek….and in Latin Picea, is called in high Germany where it growth, rote dannen baum, It is not abroad in England that I have heard tell of, nether hath it any name in English that I know. Wherefore seeing that pitch is mad of the rosin of it or ells after the German tung, from whence our English pech came, a red fir tree. (Pinus pinaster) Pinaster which as Plini write, nihil aliud est, qui pinus sylvsetris mira altitudine, pinaster is nothing ells but a wild pine tree of a marvelous high, is named in some places of Germany, foerenholtz, wild kinnenholtz and in some places kiffer baume. It growth very plenteously in high Germany. The leaves grow in tufts together, not unlike unto a little round hoary brush; is thin or to some great pencells that painters use. Every leaf is at the lest iiii. inches long, green, furrowed or guttered as some kind of young gras is. There come always two leaves out of one footstalk, both in the brushy tufts, and al a little beneath the tufts whereas the leaves grow thinner. Plini putted this difference, between the pine tree and the pinaster or wild pine, that as the pine tree is bushy or full of boughs in the tops, so the wild pine tree is full of boughs even from the middles of the tree inward. This tree may be called in English a wild pine tree. If any man alleges against me the authority of Theodorus Gaza, to prove that our pinaster should be peuce, because he turned …in diverse places pinaster. I answer that Gaza’ s authority helped nothing here, that his turning of peuce into pinaster and maketh against himself and reproved him ether of unsteadfastness or of ignorance. For it is evident that although most commonly he turns peuce to Pinus, yet in diverse places he turned the same word into pinaster as who so there were no difference between Pinus and pinaster. If any doubt whether he turned …,, into pinaster let him read the vi. chapter of the fourth book de historia plantarum and the fourth chapter of the third book and the vj. chapter of the first book de historia plantarum, he turned these Greek words……..Sunt que ex semine tantum nascitur, ut Abies, Pinus, Larix. The same Theodore in the first chapter of the ix. book de historia plantarum turned this word pitys in to laricem and Picea, making two sundry strophe it has one common name, which differ one from another in diverse properties. The same thing doth he again in the next chapter unto it which I have rehearsed here before. For whereas Theophrastus hath in Grek……. Theodore hath in Latin: secunda quae ex abiete, larice, & pica. Behold as he maketh here ij. rosins of ii. names, for he turned …in to resinum abietinam, and .. into resinam ex larice lid ex picea. Then when as Gaza is thus wavering and inconstant, it is not to be allowed for sufficient authority that hy he doth in translating of these Greek words …and…Therefore I passe not, of his authority and hold that pitys pinus, peuce is Picea in our authors of Physick as in Galene. Dioscorides, Aetius, and that wrote after Galene.

The virtues of the Pyne tree and the pitch tree out of Dioscorides.

The bark both of Pine and Pitch tree have pour to bind. if be broken and sprinkled upon chafing, it is good for it for sores are in the outermost part of the skin. So is it also good for burned places with litharge and the fine powder of Frankincense. The same received in a treat or wax of myrtles bring sores in tender bodies to a skin and it stopped such as run to far abroad, if it be broken and laid to with copper. And if it be given in a perfume or smoke, it casted furth children and the second. If it be drunken, it will stop the belly and maketh a man pisses well. But the leaves of them also broken and laid to swage inflammations or hot burnings. They keep and save also wounds from inflammations. If they be bruised and sodden in vinegar, they are good against the toothache, if the teethe be washed with the broth of the while it is very hot. If they be taken in the quantity of a dram in water or mee, and drunken, they are good for the arch diseased in the liver. The dark of ….and the leaves drunken are good for the same purposes. But it is not very easy to know perfectly what Dioscorides meant by this word…while some interpreters take it for a tree of a several kinds by itself, as Comartus doth, other as Ruellius turned it into the pineapple. I rede in no olde Autor that Strobilus should bet the name of a tree, but always for nut or apple or kernel of apple sometime, except that whereas my Plini corrected and set out by Erasmus, after Hermolaus Barbarus, Nicolaus Beroaldus, Guilhehlmus Budeus and Johanes Cesareus had do to Plini, what they could do, hath Tibulus a man ought to read Strobilus. And though it were Strobilus indeed in Plini, not Tibulus, it was no stronger argument to reason thus. Plini maketh Strobilus a kind of tree by itself, not only a fruit, ergo it is a tree, then this were, Plini maketh Teda a several kinds of tree by itself, therefore Teda is a tree by itself. But it that Dioscorides write, will move a man much more then that authority of Plini, who se words are these: …., that is the bark of the Strobilus, and the leaves make for the same or serve for the same purpose. Now a pine Nutt hath no leaves, where fore it may appeared that by the word strobilus be understand a tree of the same kind that Pinus is of. But this seems something to hinder that understanding, that in the beginning of the chapter Dioscorides set furth afore, of what things he would intreat of only mention of Pinus and Picea, not of Strobilus. But whether Strobilus here betoken the nut of the pine tree, and the leaves of it betoken the leaves of the same pine tree, where of Dioscorides had immediately made mention before, it maketh no great mater, because all the trees there together mentioned are of a like vertu and working. The teda also that comet of them (a teda is a fat and rosin piece of a pine or pitch tree, which shew of served for torch) cut into small pieces and sodden with vinegar, swaged the toothache, if the be holden about the tooth that ach. A stirring stick may be made of them fit to prepare pessaries and medicines to wage weariness. Som uses to keep the sour of them, to serve to make ink thereof. The same served for medicines to trim the hairs of the eye lids and for the corners of the eyes that are worn or fretted and for hard eye lids and such as want to hear and for watering eyes. The fruit of pines and pitch trees which are within the pine nuts, are called pityides. They have a binding power and something hating. They are good for the cough and for such disease as are about the breast, whether they be taken by themselves or with honey. Moreover, the kernelless be made clean and then eten or be drunken with Malvasia, of the seed of a cucumber, remove a man to make water and make dull or blunt the biting that is about blader or kidneys. And if they be taken with the juice of porcelain, they swage gnawing’s of the mouth of the stomach. They take also away the weakness of the body, hold down the corruption of humors. But the hole nuts lately prickled from the trees and bruised and sodden in Malvasia are good for the old cough and for a consumption, if a man drink every day three kyats of the broth that they are sodden in.

Out of the viij. book of Galene of simple medicines.

The bark of the pine tree hath a binding power exceeding the other and so much, it can heal very well and can stop the belly if it be drunken. It health up also places that are burned. Moreover, the bark of the pitch tree is like to the other, but the powers are more temper or weaker. There is power to join, hele sores in the levs of them both, because they be much moister than the bark. In the nut although it be like these, yet is there a stronger power both in the bark and also in the leaves, so that it hath a certain grievous biting sharpness, furthermore so it which is gathered of the foresaid, is fit for the falling out of the hairs of the eye lids, for the moist corners of the eyes word of, which are blared and watering. The fruits of the pine and pitch tree have a mingled power, that is to wet they bind with a certain bitterness. Galene also in his book of the powers of nourishments write thus of the pineapples. The pineapple nut is of a good grosses juice, nourished much. But it is hard of digest. The Grecians call it not now …but…..

Out of Symeon Sethi.

The kernel of the pineapple is hot in the second degree and dry in the first. They nourish plenteously; they are of a grosses blood. They smooth the harshness or sharpness that are in the breast. They are good for the sores or blisters of the bladder, for the sharpness that is in the stomach and kidneys.

They are also good for old coughs and moist diseases of the lunges, for them that spit out matter. They that use the with honey and raisins make them easier to be digested, and they increase man’s seed. They are also good for them that are disposed to tremble.

Of Pepper out of Dioscorides.

Men say that Pepper is a shorte tre that groweth in Indye. It bryngeth furth a fruite at the first longe, as it where long coddes which is called long Pepper. And it hathe within it a mall thyng lyke to mile or millet, which groweth to perfit at lengthe. Thys when the tyme commeth is spred abrode, and bryngeth furth berries such as all me know. Partely, unrype (and therfore harrishe) which ar white Pepper, moste fit for ey medicines, and for preserves and triacles. But the long Pepper is excedyng bytynge and sumthyng bitter, because it is unrype, it is also good for compositiones of preservatives and triacles. But the blak is plesanter and more sharp then then the whyte, and better for the stomack and mre spycie, because it is rype, and it is fitter to season with all. Ye must chuse the pepper that is heaviest, and full blak, not full of wryncles, but freshe and without dust or chafty filthines. There is oft found in blak pepper a thyng without nourishment, lene, empty, and lyght, and that they call brasma.

Out of Plini.

The trees that bear pepper in every grow only in fronte of Caucasus, lyeth agaynst the sonne, The sedes differ from iuneper by such litle coddes as we se in fasselles. These plucked before they gaye and open and open, and be heten in the sonne, make it which is called long pepper. But whe as by litle and litle they begyn to open for rypnes, they shew whyte pepper, which afterward hete with the sonne it is chenged with color and wryncles. But the same ar not without theyr iniuri, and they ar perched cinged with the intemperate wether, and the sedes ar made emptie and voyde. Which thyng they call brechmasin: which betokeneth in the Indiane thung, bryngyng furth of fruite before the tyme of all the hole kynde, it is the roughest and, and pale in color. The blak pepper is more plesant, but the whyte is lighther then both the other. Ginger is not the roote of pepper as som have iudged.

Of the ix. book of Theophrast de historia plantarum.

Pepper indede is a fruite, and thereof ar two kyndes, the one is rounde as the bitter fitche called orobus, it hath a coveryng and fleshe as the bay berries have, and it is somthyng in under der redishe. The long is blak, hath litle sedes lyke poppy. And thys is much stronger the other. They ar both hote, wherefore they ar good agaynst the poyson of the homlok as Frankincense is.

Out of the viij. booke of Galene of Hys simple medicines.

The rot of the pepper tre in vertu is much lyke to costus. The fruite that was but growing of late, is the long pepper, wherefore it is moyster then it is that is rype. And thys is a token of hys moysture: when it is layde up it will be shortly full of holes, and doth not byte by and by. But nginneth a little after, but it dureth a little more. But the fruite that is as it were an unrype grape, is the white pepper, sharper in dede then the blak. Bothe they do vehemently drye and heate.

Hytherto have t it that the old wryters have writen of pepper, who as a man may esely gather of theyr wrytyng, had only by hearsay it. They wrote concernyng the description a maner of growyng of peper. Wherefore because ther ar many thynges found out of late yeares by the saylyng of the Portugalles, and diuverse other adventurus travalers in far cuntres, and specially diverse kyndes of fruites and trees which were never perfitly knowen before; I will bryng in what the later wryters have found out, concernyng pepper which was not knowen before.

Out of the Lewes Bartomanni: first boke of the thynges that he saw in Inde.

There growth pepper in the feldes lyeth about Calecut. Som husband men gather peper even within the city. The stalk of the pepper bush is very weyke, as a vinde is, without a proy it can not stand alone. And it is not unlike Vuy, for it crepeth ever higher and higher, embraseth all that is in the way, byndeth it about. The forsayde tre may rather Busche or shrub, spredeth it selfe abrode in to many branches, which ar about two or thre handbrethes long, or (as som expound palum) ii, or iii.spannes long. The leves resemble the leves of the citron tre, but these ar thicker and fatter with small veynes rynning upon the bak syde. Out of every overmoste yong twygge hang out six clusters, not bigger then a palm that is iiii. fingers, lyke unto grapes, but thicker together. They have the same color as unrype grapes heve. Thy gather them om October and Novembre, as yet turning to a grene color, and they lay them upon mattes against the sonne to be rypes and dryed there. And within thre dayes they get thys color that ye se them have. The same leves writing of the noble Iland Taprabona, sayeth that the same pepper thoughe it be greater then it that sommeth hither, yet that is empty, lyght, and white and very byting. And he wryteth that the tre that bereth thys pepper, hath a greater bole and thycker, and fatter leves then the trees I sow in Calecut. Hytherto Lewes. Diverse that have bene in Inde, hold that long peper groweth not upon the same tre that the other peper growth, but upon other trees in long tagges lyke them that in wynter hang upon walnut trees. Matthiolus one of the moste famose wryters of simples in all Italy in these our dayes, wryteth thus of pepper: I have sene at Naples a peper bushe, agreyng well with the description of the Portugalles, because it had a bole or body, after the maner of a vinde, and after the maner of the sharpe Clematis. But I did se also an other litle tre bryngyng furth pepper in clusters, in Venis, which did very playnly resemble the com ribes bushe. Thys groweth grene in the gardin of Mappheus the noble Physiciane, where as many other herbes, trees worthy to be knowen ar. Wherefor it is no wonder, if autores wryte diversely of the history of pepper.

Of the vertues of Pepper out of Dioscorides.

The vertue of all peppers in commun, is to heat, to move a man to make water, to digest, to draw to, to drive away by resolution, and to scour away those thynges thar darken the eysyght. It is also fit for to be taken agaynst the shaking of agues, which com agayn by course at certayn tymes, whether it be dronken or the body be therwith anoyntad. It helpeth them that ar bitten of venommus bestes. It bryngeth furth also the byrthe. It is good for the coughe and for all diseases about the breste, whether it be licked in or be receyved in drynk. It is lykewyse good for the squynsey if it be layd to with hony. If it be dronken with the tendre leves of the bay tre it dryveth away gnawing, and quite dissolveth it. Ik it be chowed with rasines it will draw doun thynne fleme out of the hede. It stancheth ache, and it is much used in helthe, it maketh an appetyte. And if it be menged with sauces it helpeth digestion. If it be menged with pitch, it dryveth away by resolutiom wennnes. Mith nitre or naturall salpeter it scoureth away morphewes and such lyke foulnes in the skin. It is burned in a new erthen pot, set upon the coles, and is stered as lentilles ar.

Out of Symeon Sethi.

Pepper is hote and drye in the thyrde degre. The nature of it is to cut insunder grosse and toughe humores, and to breke and dryve away wynde, and to waste up the moysture of the brest, lunges bel and stomack. But it is evel for the kydnees. There ar som that hold that pepper is hote and drye in the fourth degre. By these wordes of Symeon and by the autorite of Theophrast, Dioscorides, Galene and Plyni, is the old error playnly reprosed of diverse Englishe men and of many weomen that stifly have holden that pepper is hote in the mouth and cold in operation. Galene teacheth that hole pepper heteth not so muche as broken and poudered peper dothe. Hys wordes ar these: There ar none of those thynges which ar manifestly knowen to be hote, which appere to be hote unto us before the be broken in to small partes. For though a man lay hole pepper unto hys skin, yet shall he fele no heat of it. No more shall a man fele any heat, though he taste upon it wyth hys tong or swallow it over, or use it any other wayes hole, and unbeten and sifted. But if the pouder of it be layde unto the skin, it will heat specially if the skin be rubbed hard therwith. And the pouder will heat quicly both the tong and the stomacke. Werefore when a man wold have pepper to heat much and spedely, he must bete it in to small pouder after the learnyng of Galene. But if he wold have it to heat but litle and slouly, then let hym use it hole or litle broken, And allthoughe pepper be good for of angue, yet for all that it is very ieperdus to take ether peper or any such hote medicine before the body if the pacient be wel prepared and purged, and the mater of the disease be made rype. For if suche remedies before the dew tyme, that is before the state or chefe rage of the disease, a single ague will turn in to a double, or ellis at the leste the siknes will be much worse to heale as Galene writeth of the quartayn ague in hys booke ad glauconem,

Of Pepper out of Dioscorides. (Piper nigrum)

Men say that Pepper is a short tree that growth in Indie. It brength furth a fruit at the first long as it where long pods which is called long Pepper. And it hath within it a mall thing like to mile or millet, which growth to perfect at length. This when the time comet is spread abroad and brength furth berries such as all me know. Partly unripe (and therefore harries) which are white Pepper, most fit for eye medicines, and for preserves and treacles. But the long Pepper is exceeding biting and something bitter, because it is unripe, it is also good for compositions of preservatives and treacle’s. But the black is pleasanter and more sharp then then the white and better for the stomach and more spicy, because it is ripe, and it is fitter to season with all. Ye must choose the pepper that is heaviest and full black, not full of wrinkles, but fresh and without dust or chaffy filthiness. There is oft found in black pepper a thing without nourishment, lean, empty and light and that they call brasma.

Out of Plini.

The trees that bear pepper in every grow only in front of Caucasus, lie against the son. The seeds differ from juniper by such little pods as we see in Phaseolus. These plucked before they gay and open and open and be hotten in the sun, make it which is called long pepper. But when as by little and little they begin to open for ripens, they shew white pepper, which afterward hot with the son it is changed with color and wrinkles. But the same are not without their injury and they are perched minged with the intemperate whether and the seeds are made emptied and voided. Which thing they call brechmasin: which betokened in the Indiane thong, bringing furth of fruit before the time of all the hole kind, it is the roughest and, and pale in color. The black pepper is more pleasant, but the white is lighter then both the other. Ginger is not the root of pepper as some have judged.

Of the ix. book of Theophrastus de historia plantarum.

Pepper indeed is a fruit and thereof are two kinds, the one is round as the bitter fitch called orobus, it hath a covering and flesh as the bay berries have and it is something in under reddish. The long is black, hath little seeds like poppy. And this is much stronger the other. They are both hot, wherefore they are good against the poison of the hemlock as Frankincense is.

Out of the viij. book of Galene of his simple medicines.

The root of the pepper tree in vertu is much like to Costus. The fruit that was but growing of late is the long pepper, wherefore it is moister than it is that is ripe. And this is a token of his moisture: when it is laide up it will be shortly full of holes, and doth not byte by and by. But begins a little after, but it dure a little more. But the fruit that is as it were an unripe grape, is the white pepper, sharper indeed then the black. Both they do vehemently dry and heat.

Hitherto have I told that the old writers have written of pepper, who as a man may easily gather of their writing, had only by hearsay it. They wrote concerning the description a manner of growing of pepper. Wherefore because there are many things found out of late years by the sailing of Portugal’s, and diverse other adventures travelers in far countries and especially diverse kinds of fruits and trees which were never perfectly known before; I will bring in what the later writers have found out, concerning pepper which was not known before.

Out of the Lewes Bartomanni: first boke of the things that he saw in Inde.

Their growth pepper in the fields lies about Calcutta. Som husband men gather pepper even within the city. The stalk of the pepper bush is very weak as a vine is, without a prove it cannot stand alone. And it is not unlike Yui, for it creped ever higher and higher, embraced all that is in the way, bind it about. The foresaid tree may rather Busch or shrub, spreads itself abroad into many branches, which are about two or three hand breed long, or (as some expound palum) ii, or iii. spans long. The leaves resemble the leaves of the citron tree, but these are thicker and fatter with small veins running upon the back side. Out of every over most young twigs hang out six clusters, not bigger than a palm that is iiii. fingers, like unto grapes, but thicker together. They have the same color as unripe grapes have. Thy gather them in October and Novembre, as yet turning to a green color, and they lay them upon mattes against the son to be ripe and dried there. And within three days they get this color that ye see them have. The same leaves writing of the noble island Taprabona, say that the same pepper though it be greater than it that somewhat hither, yet that is empty, light and white and very biting. And he writes that the tree that bear this pepper hath a greater bole and thicker and fatter leaves then the trees I sow in Calcutta. Hitherto Lewes. Diverse that have bene in Inde, hold that long pepper growth not upon the same tree that the other pepper growth, but upon other trees in long tags like them that in winter hang upon walnut trees. Matthiolus one of the most famous writers of simples in all Italy in these our days, write thus of pepper: I have seen at Naples a pepper bush, agreeing well with the description of the Portuguese, because it had a bole or body, after the manner of a vine, and after the manner of the sharper Clematis. But I did see also another little tree bringing furth pepper in clusters in Venis, which did very plainly resemble the com Ribes bush. This growth green in the garden of Mappheus the noble Physician, whereas many other herbs, trees worthy to be known ar. Wherefor it is no wonder if authors write diversely of the history of pepper.

Of the virtues of Pepper out of Dioscorides.

The virtue of all peppers in commune is to heat, to move a man to make water, to digest, to draw to, to drive away by resolution and to scour away those things thar darken the eyesight. It is also fit for to be taken against the shaking of agues, which com again by course at certain times, whether it be drunken or the body be therewith anointed. It helped them that are bitten of venomous beasts. It brength furth also the birth. It is good for the cough and for all diseases about the breast, whether it be licked in or be received in drink. It is likewise good for the quinsy if it be laid to with honey. If it be drunken with the tender leaves of the bay tree it drives away gnawing and quite dissolved it. Ik it be chowed with raisins it will draw down thin flehm out of the head. It stanched ache and it is much used in health, it maketh an appetite. And if it be menged with sauces it helped digestion. If it be menged with pitch, it drives away by resolution wines. Mith niter or natural saltpeter it scoured away morphemes and such like foulness in the skin. It is burned in a new earthen pot, set upon the Coles, and is steered as lens are.

Out of Symeon Sethi.

Pepper is hot and dry in the third degree. The nature of it is to cut in sunder grosses and tough humor, and to break and drive away wind and to waste up the moisture of the breast, lunges bel and stomach. But it is evil for the kidneys. There are some that hold that pepper is hot and dry in the fourth degree. By these words of Symeon and by the authority of Theophrastus, Dioscorides, Galene and Plini is the old error plainly reposed of diverse English men and of many women that stiffly have holden that pepper is hot in the mouth and cold in operation. Galene teaches that hole pepper hot not so much as broken and powdered pepper doth his words are these: There are none of those things which are manifestly known to be hot, which appear to be hot unto us before the be broken into small partes. For though a man lay hole pepper unto his skin yet shall he feel no heat of it. No more shall a man feel any heat, though he tastes upon it with his tong or swallow it over or use it any other ways hole and unbeaten and sifted. But if the powder of it be laide unto the skin, it will heat specially if the skin be rubbed hard therewith. And the powder will heat quickly both the tong and the stomach. Wherefore when a man would have pepper to heat much and speedily, he must beat it into small powder after the learning of Galene. But if he would have it to heat but little and slowly, then let him use it hole or little broken, And although pepper be good for of ague, yet for all that it is very difficult to take ether pepper or any such hot medicine before the body if the patient be well prepared and purged and the mater of the disease be made ripe. For if such remedies before the dew time, that is before the state or chafe rage of the disease, a single ague will turn into a double or ells at the lest the sickness will be much worse to heal as Galene write of the quartan ague in his book ad glauconem.

Of the fisick nut.

Pistacia named so both of the Grecianes and Latines ar named of the potecaries, barbarus writers fistici. I have sene them in Bononi growyng upon theyr tre which was but short. The leuvs ar nothyng lyke unto the lentisk leuvs as Matthiolus wryteth, savyng they grow in such order as they do, for they differ both in fashion and form, and also in greatnes and color. The fistik lefe that I saw measured, is thryse as brode as then lentis le of broder, and and it is but twyse as long, about a grane longer. The figure of the fistic lefe is almost rounde: figure of the lentisk lefe is sucht, that in that parte that is next unto the footstalk, is very small and wareth greater and greater unto the myd lefe, from thence it groweth ever lesse and lesse un till it com unto a poynt all more sharpe. The color of the lentisk is also grene, when as the color of the fistik is nothyng ls grene, but yelower and litl rede spottes in them. In thys lyknes and bigues have I sene the fisiſk or mastik tre and the fistik tre in Bonony, where as I learned the knowledge of herbes and practis of physik of my master Lucas Etnus, the reder of Dioscorides there, of whome Matthiolus in hys commentaries upon Dioscorides of tymes maketh honorable mention. It may chance that Matthiolus hath sene the leves of the forsayde trees of greater or lesse bygnes and of other fashion and color then they were of that I saw in Bonony, where of I have certayn at thys day to shewe, well kept in a booke at the les these seventene years, if any man sulde dout of my truth in the rehersall of these maters. The fistik nut at the least hath two notable coverynges, one that is without all the other as a wallnut or an almond hath, an other harde and toughe and in color whyte, within the which is a grene kirnell, full of oyle.

T he vertues of fistickes out of Dioscorides.

The fistic nuttes ar good for the stomack. They ar also a good remedy agaynst the bytynges of crepyng beastes, wheter they be eaten, or whether they be broken and dronken in wyne.

Out of Pliny.

The fistickes have the same profites and working that the pineapple kirnelles have, and beside that they are profitable, wheter they be eaten or drunken against the bytyngens of serpentes.

Galene in the second booke de alimentorum facultatibus writeth that fistickes norishe but a little, and they ar good to streyngthen the liver and to scour away the humores that ar stopped in the canales of it. The same Galene writeth of them thus in hys bookes of simple medicine. The fruite of the fisic tre is of a finer ſubstance or complexion, and it hath a litle bitternes and a good smell, therfore it scoureth away the stoppyng of the lyver of the lyver, and also of the breste and lunges.

Out of Symeon Sethi.

Fistickes as Symeon sayeth and translation of Lilius Gregorius, norish little, and ar hote and dry in the second degre. They ar good for the lyver, and sumtyme they stop and sumtyme they dryve away, because they have iuices of ii. sortes, where of the one is somthyng byndyng, and the other somthyng bitter, and of a spicie smell, Galene writeth they nether greatly help the stomack. But the later writers hold, that they ar good for the stomack. They help them that ar bitten of venummus bestes. Thet make the blood fyne, and the make thynne grosse and thoughe humores. The oyl of fistickes is good for the breste, kydnees and lunges.

Out of Serapio and other Arabianes.

The oyle of fistickes, is good agaynst all venemus bytynges, for the ach of the lyver, which cometh of moysture. It is hote and drye, and of a greater heat then the walnut and hasel nut be of. Averrois wryteth of fistices ar temperatly dry and hote, and they comfort the stomack and lyver of theyr hole substance, they ar of the nombre of these medicines that have many and grete vertues to help with all. Rases also an Arabiane sayeth that fistikes beyng hote, help a woman to hyr syknes.

Of the fisick nut. (Pistacia vera)

Pistacia named so both of the Grecians and Latines are named of the pothecaries, barbarous writers fistici. I have seen them in Bologna growing upon their tree which was but short. The leaves are nothing like unto the lentiscus leaves as Matthiolus write, saving they grow in such order as they do, for they differ both in fashion and form and also in greatness and color. The fistic leaf that I saw measured, is thrice as brood as then lens of brooder and it is but twice as long, about a grain longer. The figure of the fistic leaf is almost round: figure of the lentiscus leaf is such that in that part that is next unto the footstalk, is very small and was greater and greater unto the mid leaf, from thence it growth ever lesser and lesser un till its com unto a point all more sharp. The color of the lentiscus is also green, when as the color of the fistic is nothing as green, but yellower and little rede spots in them. In this likeness and bigness have I seen the fistic or mastic tree and the fistic tree in Bologna whereas I learned the knowledge of herbs and practice of physic of my master Lucas Etnus, the reader of Dioscorides there, of whom Matthiolus in his commentaries upon Dioscorides of times maketh honorable mention. It may chance that Matthiolus hath seen the leaves of the foresaid de trees of greater or lesser bigness and of other fashion and color then they were of that I saw in Bologna where of I have certain at this day to shew, well kept in a book at the les these seventeen years, if any man should doubt of my truth in the rehearsal of these matters. The fistic nut at the least hath two notable coverings, one that is without all the other as a walnut or an almond hath, another hard and tough and in color white, within the which is a green kernel, full of oil.

The virtues of fistic out of Dioscorides.

The fistic nuts are good for the stomach. They are also a good remedy against the biting’s of creping beasts, whether they be eaten or whether they be broken and drunken in wine.

Out of Plini.

The fistic have the same profits and working that the pineapple kernelless have, and beside that they are profitable, whether they be eaten or drunken against the bitingness of serpents.

Galene in the second book de alimentorum facultatibus write that fistic nourished but a little, and they are good to strengthen the liver and to scour away the humors that are stopped in the canales of it. The same Galene write of them thus in his book of simple medicine. The fruit of the fistic tree is of a finer substance or complexion, and it hath a little bitterness and a good smell, therefore it scoured away the stopping of the liver of the liver and also of the breast and lunges.

Out of Symeon Sethi.

Fistic as Symeon sayeth and translation of Lilius Gregorius, nourish little and are hot and dry in the second degree. They are good for the liver and sometimes they stop and sometimes they drive away, because they have juices of ii. sorts, where of the one is something binding and the other something bitter, and of a spicy smell. Galene write they nether greatly help the stomach. But the later writers hold that they are good for the stomach. They help them that are bitten of venomous beasts. They make the blood fine and the make thin grosses and though humors. The oil of fistic is good for the breast, kidneys and lunges.

Out of Serapio and other Arabians.

The oil of fistic is good against all venomous biting’s, for the ach of the liver, which cometh of moisture. It is hot and dry and of a greater heat then the walnut and hazel nut be of. Averroes write of fistic are temperately dry and hot and they comfort the stomach and liver of their hole substance, they are of the number of these medicines that have many and great virtues to help with all. Rases also a Arabian sayeth that fistic being hot, help a woman to her sickness.

Of the pease.

Dioscorides describeth not the fabam, where of he maketh mention and sheweth the vertues, so he nether desctribeth nether maketh any mention of the Pisi. Wherefore it is as litle mervel that men have erred in the piso as well as in the faba. Sum herbaries of Germany hold that cicer anetinum is the the pisum of the latines called by thys reson. Cicer is called in Greke Erebinthos and pisum of the Latines is called in som places of Duchland erweisen, so that they gather that, that the Duch erweysen cam of the Greke worde …. Other gather even by such an other reson of the Duche erbs, which is called in English a pease is the ervum of Latines, orobus of the Grecianes, because erbs semeth to come ether of ervum or orobus, by reson of the lyknes of wordes betwene one and an other. But all these gessinges ar but vayn and openly agaynst the truth as God willyng I shall prove her after. But before I take that mater in hand, thynk it best to serche out what old writers have writen of theyr pease.

Theophrast in the seventh book of the histori of plantes, and in the thyrde chapter wryteth that pisum cicercula and cicera, and such other have longer leves then the faba. The same writeth that pisum, ochros and lathyris have a stalk that falleth upon the ground. Theophrastus also in the fourth booke of the causes of plantes writeth thus of peasen. Pisum is most fray of all other, for it is moste subject unto mildue, because ist hath many leves, because it groweth by the grounde,|large and muche rynnyng abrode, For it will fill the hole place, allthough one sede be set a grete way from an other. And the same is much in danger of colde and fresyng, because it hath a weyk roote. Pliny writyng of other pulses, speaketh thus of Piso in the xij. chapter of the xviiii. booke. The pisum ought to be sowen in places lying against the sonne, because of all other, it can leste abyde colde. And therfore in Itali, and in a roughe ayer, they sow it not but in the spryng tyme, in an easy and louse grounde. There is cicercula a kynd of litle ciches which is not even, and full of corners as pisum is. The coddes of the ciches ar rounde, other pulses coddes ar long and brode, after the figure of sede. The pisum hath coddes after the fashion of a rool that the grounde is playned with all. Here be all the places that I can fynde at thys tyme in the old writers, which declare any thyng the forme or fashionn of pisi. But first before I bryng in what is my iudgement of the pise, I thynck it mete to conclude the errores which ar committed in thys pulse piso. First that they erre sowly, that hold that Cicer arietinum in Dioscorides is our comon pease, and the pison of the Grekes, because the Duches erweysen is lyke in sound to erebinthus, and they that hold that pease called in som place of Duchelande erbs, is the ervum of the Latines or orobus of the Grecianes, because these wordes orobus and ervum ar lyke unto the Duch worde erbs. It may be easely proved by that it foloweth not, because a Duche worde soundeth lyke a greke or Latin wrde, that therfore it that the Duche word betokeneth, that the latine and Greke wordes betokeneth the same. For if that were a good maner of argument, then carabus, which soundeth lyke ein krab, should not be a lobster or eyn mer krevet, but a krab, and vulpes which soundeth lyke unto ein wolf, shuld not be a sore, but a wolf, where unto it hath a lyker sounde and name. Cunila shuld not be saveray, but tyme. For the hyghe Duche call tyme quendell. Puligium suld not be pennyriall, but polium, because the Duch call pulegium poley.

How may ye se how sklender the argument is which is fethched out of the lykenes of wordes in diverse except the descriptiones and properties do agre also therwith. But the description and properties of pisi do not agre with Orobus and Erebinthus, I shall easely prove it, by the autorites of the autores above rehersed, and with other besyde them. Erebinthus, as Theophrast writeth falleth not upon the grounde but groweth a syde. But the pease falleth upon the ground, therefor erebinthus ca not be pisum. The pisum hath long leves, but Erebinthus hath none suche. Therfor Erebinthus can not be pisum. Galene writeth de Cicere Arietino, and de pisum as of ij. distinct and diverse pulses, Pliny also in one chapter divideth cicera from pisis, therfore erebinthus which is called in latin cicer is not pisum.

Theophrast maketh orobum to grow sydlynges. But all our kyndes of peasen ar …., that ther stalkes grow by the grounde, and Gale writeth that all the kyndes of orobus whyte an playn bitter and taketh not all bitternes away from it utterly, but maketh it gentler then the other as Theophrast doth also. But all our kyndes of peasen, all the kyndes of erweysen or erbsen in Duche, ar playne awete, without all bitternes. Therfor there can none of our pease nether of the Duche erbsen be any kynde of orobus, savyng the whyte, and (as it is proved before) can not be orobus as one that wrote upon the Georgikes of Virgil dyd lately teache.

That the moste part of our comon peasen can not be pisum of the old writers, it dothe appere by bothe descriptiones of Theophrast and Plini. For Theophrast maketh hys pease with a long lefe, Plini giveth corners unto hys peases. Then when as the comon whyte pease is altogether rounde and without corners, and the leuves of the moste parte of our comon peasen ar rounde, the comon white peason and other lyke unto them in form and fashion can not be pisa of the old writers.

The comon gray pease with the long leves, which is not round, but cornered, is ether the pisum of the old writers, or ellis I know it not all.

The vertues of peasen out of Galene.

Peasen of theyr hole substance have a certayn lyknes with fabis (which ar called of the moste parte of learned men and een to our beanes) and ar after the same maner take in that fabe ar. But they differ in these two poyntes, from fabis both in that they ar not so wyndy, and that they hvue not suche a stowryng nature, therfore go slowlier down throw the belly.

Galene in that place where as he writeth of fabis, sayeth all thynges which ar fryed want the wyndenes that they had before, but they ar harder of digestion.

Then the perched or burstled peasen which ar called in Northumberland carlines by Galenis ruel, ar not so wyndye as other waies dressed, ar harder to be digested, allthough they noy not so muche with theyr wyndenes.

The physiciones of Salern wryte thus of peasen in theyr booke whiche they wrote unto the kyng of Englande,

Sant inflativa cum pellibus atq; nociva. Pellibus ablatis sunt bona pisa satis.

That is peasen with their skinne ar wyndy and noysum, but when as the skinnes ar taken away: they ar good inoughe. Thus do they say. But for all theyr sayng I will aduvise all that have ether wyndy stomackes or miltes, they use not much pease at any tyme, howsoever they be dressed, except there be ether anis sede or mynte, or som other sede or herb of lyke propertie put thereto. Wherfore I must nedes commende the honest and lerned Physicianes who of olde tyme have taught our cookes to put the pouder of mynte in to pease potage, for that taketh away for the moste parte the wyndines of the pease, which might els hurt all men disposed unto any wyndines ether in the milt or stomack. The cause why I do commend them is, because they have don bothe accordyng unto reason and to the learnyng of Galene who wrytyng of peasen and other wyndy meates, sayeth whatsoever wyndines is in any kynde of meat, the same may be amended by such herbes as ar hote and make subtile and fyne.

Of the peas. (Pisum sativum)

Dioscorides described not the faba whereof he maketh mention and shew the virtues, so he nether described nether maketh any mention of the Pisum. Wherefore it is as little marvel that men have erred in the Pisum as well as in the faba. Sum herbarizes of Germany hold that cicer arietinum is the Pisum of the Latines called by this reason. Cicer is called in Greek Erebinthos and Pisum of the Latines is called in some places of Deutschland erweisen, so that they gather that that the German erweysen cam of the Greek word …. Other gather even by such another reason of the German erbs, which is called in English a pea is the Ervum of Latines, orobus of the Grecians, because erbs seem to come ether of Ervum or orobus, by reason of the likeness of words between one and another. But all these gassing are but vain and openly against the truth as God willing, I shall prove her after. But before I take that mater in hand, think it best to search out what old writers have written of their peas.

Theophrastus in the seventh book of the historia of plantes and in the third chapter write that Pisum cicercula and cicera and such other have longer leaves then the faba. The same write that pisum, ochros and lathyris have a stalk that falleth upon the ground. Theophrastus also in the fourth book of the causes of plantes write thus of peas. Pisum is most fray of all other, for it is most subject unto mildew, because is hath many leaves, because it growth by the ground, large and much running abroad. For it will fill the hole place, although one seed be set a great way from another. And the same is much in danger of cold and freezing, because it hath a weak root. Plini writing of other pulses, speak thus of Pisum in the xij. chapter of the xviiii. book. The Pisum ought to be sown in places lying against the son, because of all other, it can lest abide cold. And therefore, in Itali, and in a rough air, they sow it not but, in the springtime, in an easy and louse ground. There is cicercula a kind of little chicks which is not even, and full of corners as pisum is. The pods of the chicks are round, other pulses pods are long and brood, after the figure of seed. The Pisum hath pods after the fashion of a roots that the ground is planted with all. Here be all the places that I can find at this time in the old writers, which declare anything the form or fashion of Pisum. But first before I bring in what is my judgment of the peas. I think it mete to conclude the errors which are committed in this pulse Pisum. First that they erred slowly, that hold that Cicer arietinum in Dioscorides is our common peas and the pison of the Greeks, because the Germans erweysen is like in sound to erebinthus and they that hold that peas called in some place of Deutschland erbs is the Ervum of the Latines or orobus of the Grecians, because these words orobus and Ervum are like unto the Duch word erbs. It may be easily proved by that it followed not, because a German word sounded like a Greek or Latin word that therefore it that the German word betokened that the Latine and Greek words betokened the same. For if that were a good manner of argument, then carabus, which sounded like ein krab, should not be a lobster or ein mer krevet, but ein krab, and Vulpes which sounded like unto ein wolf, should not be a sore, but a wolf, where unto it hath a liker sound and name. Cunila should not be savory, but time. For the high Germany call time quendell. Pulegium should not be pennyriall, but polium, because the Duch call pulegium poley.

How may ye see how slender the argument is which is fetched out of the likeness of words in diverse, except the descriptions and properties do agree also therewith. But the description and properties of Pisum do not agree with Orobus and Erebinthus, I shall easily prove it by the authority of the authors above rehearsed and with other beside them. Erebinthus, as Theophrastus write falleth not upon the ground but growth beside. But the peas falleth upon the ground, therefor Eerebinthus cannot be pisum. The Pisum hath long leaves, but Erebinthus hath none such. Therefore, Erebinthus cannot be pisum. Galene write de Cicer arietinum and Pisum are of ij. distinct and diverse pulses, Plini also in one-chapter divided Cicer from Pisum, therefore Erebinthus which is called in Latin Cicer is not Pisum.

Theophrastus maketh orobus to grow sidelings. But all our kinds of peas are …., that their stalks grow by the ground and Gale write that all the kinds of orobus white and plain bitter and taketh not all bitterness away from it utterly, but maketh it gentler then the other as Theophrastus doth also. But all our kinds of peas, all the kinds of erweysen or erbsen in Germany are plane white without all bitterness. Therefore, there can none of our peas nether of the German erbsen be any kind of orobus, saving the white, and (as it is proved before) cannot be orobus as one that wrote upon the Georgikes of Virgil did lately teach.

That the most part of our common peas cannot be Pisum of the old writers, it doth appear by both descriptions of Theophrastus and Plini. For Theophrastus maketh his peas with a long leaf, Plini giveth corners unto his peas. Then when as the common white peas is altogether round and without corners and the leaves of the most part of our common peas are round, the common white peas and other like unto them in form and fashion cannot be Pisum of the old writers.

The common gray peas with the long leaves, which is not round, but cornered, is ether the Pisum of the old writers, or ells I know it not all.

The virtues of peas out of Galene.

Peas of their hole substance have a certain likeness with faba (which are called of the most part of learned men and one to our beans) and are after the same manner take in that faba are. But they differ in these two points, from faba both in that they are not so windy and that they have not such a storing nature, therefore go slowly down throw the belly.

Galene in that place whereas he writes of faba sayeth all things which are frayed want the windiness that they had before, but they are harder of digestion.

Then the perched or bustled peas which are called in Northumberland carlines by Galene ruet, are not so windy as other ways dressed, are harder to be digested, although they noy not so much with their windiness.

The physicians of Salerno write thus of peas in their book which they wrote unto the king of England,

Sant inflativa cum pellibus atq; nociva. Pellibus ablatis sunt bona pisa satis.

That is peas with their skin are windy and noisome, but when as the skins are taken away: they are good enough. Thus, do they say. But for all their saying I will advise all that have ether windy stomachs or milts, they use not much peas at any time, howsoever they be dressed, except there be ether anis seed or mint or some other seed or herb of like property put thereto. Wherefore I must need commended the honest and learned Physicians who of olde time have taught our cooks to put the powder of mint into peas potage, for that taketh away for the most part the windiness of the peas which might ells hurt all men disposed unto any windiness ether in the milt or stomach. The cause why I do commend them is, because they have don both according unto reason and to the learning of Galene who writing of peas and other windy meats sayeth whatsoever windiness is in any kind of meat, the same may be amended by such herbs as are hot and make subtle and fine.

Of pitiusa or pyne spourge out of Dioscorides.

Pitiusa is iudged to differ in spicie or kynde from the cypresse spourge, called in latin cyparissias. Wherfore it is numbred amongst the kyndes of tithimales. Pitiusa (which I name pyne spourge) brungeth furth a stalk longer then a cubit, havyng many knees or ioyntes. The leves ar sharp and small lyke unto the leves of a pyne tre. The floures ar small, in color purple, the sede is brode as a lentil is. The roote is whyte, thyck, and full of iuice, Thys same is found in som places a great bushe. Hytherto Dioscorides. Thys pitiusa is called of the comon Herbaries and apothecaries esula maior, but how it is called in Englishe I can not tell, allthoug it be found in many places of England. But leste it shuld be without a name, I call it pyne spourge after the Greke name and lyknes of the leves of it unto the leves of a pyne tre. It may also be called lyne spourge, of the lyknes it hath with linaria. The comon herbaries hold that it is hard to discern esulam from linaria, and therfore they have made a verse whereby a man may learn to discern the one from the other, but the verse is thys; Esula lactescit, linaria lac dare nescit. Pine spourge hathe much milck, whith linari lacketh in hys lefe.

But because linari is also lyke the Cypresse (which is much lesse then thys is) it wer best for the avodyng of confusionn continually to call pitiusam pine spourge.

The great kynde that Dioscorides maketh mention of, have I sene in diverse places of Germany first a litle benethe Colen, by the Rhene side and afterward, besyde Wormes in high Germany. I have sene it diverse tymes as hyghe as a man, and somtyme much longer. Thys herbe may be called in English spourge gyant, or merrish or water spourgesm because it growth only in merrish and watery groundes.

The vertue of pitiusa out of Dioscorides.

Two drammes of pitiusa rote with mede purgeth, so doth a dram or the sede, so doth a spounfull of the sap made in pilles with flour. Thre drammes of the leves, may be taken for a purgation.

Of pitiusa or pyne spourge out of Dioscorides. (Euphorbia cyparissias and esula)

Pitiusa is judged to differ in specie or kind from the cypress spurge, called in Latin cyparissias. Wherefore it is numbered amongst the kinds of tithimales. Pitiusa (which I name pine spurge) brength furth a stalk longer than a cubit, having many knees or joints. The leaves are sharp and small like unto the leaves of a pine tree. The flowers are small, in color purple, the seed is brood as a lentil is. The root is white, thick and full of juice, this same is found in some places a great bush. Hitherto Dioscorides. This pitiusa is called of the common Herbarizes and apothecaries esula major, but how it is called in English I cannot tell, although it be found in many places of England. But lest it should be without a name, I call it pine spurge after the Greek name and likens of the leaves of it unto the leaves of a pine tree. It may also be called line spurge of the likens it hath with Linaria. The common herbarizes hold that it is hard to discern esula from Linaria and therefore they have made a verse whereby a man may learn to discern the one from the other, but the verse is this; Esula lactescit, linaria lac dare nescit. Pine spurge hath much milk, what Linari lack in his leaf.

But because Linari is also like the cyparissias (which is much lesser than this is) it was best for the avoiding of confusion continually to call pitiusa pine spurge.

The great kind that Dioscorides maketh mention of, have I seen in diverse places of Germany first a little beneath Colen, by the Rhine side and afterward, beside Worms in high Germany. I have seen it diverse times as high as a man, and sometime much longer. this herb may be called in English spurge giant or meres or water spurge because it growth only in meres and watery grounds.

The virtue of pitiusa out of Dioscorides.

Two drachms of pitiusa rote with mee purged, so doth a dram or the seed, so doth a spoonful of the sap made in pills with flour. Three drachms of the leaves may be taken for a purgation.

Of plantayn or weybrede.

There are two kyndes of plantain or Waybrede the lesse and the greater. The less hath narrower leves. Lesse and smother, softer and thynner, it hath little stalkes dowyng to the grounde, full of corners and pale yelowische floures. The sesde is in the top of the stalkes. The greater is larger with brode leves lyke unto a bete. The stalk in thys kynde is full of corners, somthyng redishs of a cubit hyght, set about with small sede from the myddes unto the top. The rootes ar render roughe, white, nd of the thiknes of a finger. It groweth in myrish places in hedges and in moyst places, and the greater is the better. Hyther to Dioscorides. |

Besyde these two kindes there ar diverse mo besyde which may all well be conteyned under these, savyyng it that groweth by the see syde only, which semeth to be a severall kynde from all the rest. The greatest kynde is called in the South parte of England plantayn or grete plantain, in the North countre waybre or grete weybrede. The lesse kynde is called sharp waybred or sharp plantain, and in many places rybgrasse. The Duche call the great plantayn breid wegerich, and the lesse Spitzwegerich.

The vertues of bothe the Plantaynes or waybredes out of Dioscorides.

The leves of plantain, have a drying pour and byndyng together. Wherfore if they be layd to, they ar good for all perilius sores and hard to heale, and suche as draw towarde the comon lepre, and for such as ar flowyng or tynnyng and full of foul mater. They stopp also the burstyng out of blood, carbuncles, fretyng sores, crepyng sores, rygit blaynes, or ploukes, they cover with a sin olde sores and uneven, and sores all moste uncurable, they heal up corners, and hollow sores. They heal also the bytyng of a dog and burned places, and burnynges, and the inflammationes or apostemes behind the eares and swellynges, havyng blaynes in them after the colour otfrede. They ar good to be layd to hard swellynges or wennes and wateryng of the eyes, with a fore disposed to fistelles, with salt. But the herbe if it be eaten as a wurt in meate, with salt, and vinegre, it is good fr2 the blody flix and the other flix without bloode. It is also geven sodden in the stede of betes, with pentilles. It is also geven to them that have the dropsey which hath the name of whyte fleme, after the use od dry thynges, so that the herbe sodden may be taken in the myddes. It is also good to be geven to them that have the fallyng siknes, and to them that ar short wynded. The iuice of the leves scoureth sores that ar in the mouthe, if it be oft wasshed therwith. With Cimolia and whyte lead or cerusse, it healeth the inflanmmation called saynt Antonies fyre. The same is poured into the eares for the ach of them, and for the eyesore, it is poured in to the ey, and is menged with ey salves. It is dronken of them with profit, that hve blody goumes, and of them that cast out blood. It is good to be poured in under agaynst the blody flix. It is also good to be dronken agaynst the ptisik.

It is also good to be layd to agaynst the stranglyng of the mother in woll, and so is it good for a waterish or to moyst mother. The sede also dronken with wyne stoppeth the belly and the spittyng of bloode. The roote sodden stancheth the tuthe ach, if they be wasshed there with, and it chowed in the mouthe. The roote and leves ar good against the sores or blisters that ar in the bladder and kydnes, so that they be taken with swete wyne. Som say that thre rootes with thee ciates of wyne with lyke portion of water will help a tertian, the four rootes help a quartyn. There ar also som use the roote hanged in a band, to dryve away wennes and hard swellynges.

Out of Galene in the vi. book of simple medicines.

Plantayn is of a menged complexion or temperature, for it hath a certayn colde waterishe thing, and also a certayn byndyng tartish thing, the which is erly dry and colde. And therfore it coleth and dryeth, is in bothe in the second degre from the myddes. But such medicines as cool a bynde, ar good for sores that ar hard to be healed, for isshues a in flowynges and rotten humores, so ar they good for the blody flix. The roote and sede ar not so cold as the leves ar, but dryer. Aetius confirmeth it that Galene and Dioscorides have written, and sayeth also thus: The sede is of moste subtil or fyne partes, but the rootes ar of grosser partes. And the leves dryed, get unto them the pour of subtiler partes, but not do cold as they had before. When as these be the true vertues and properties of the kyndes of playntayn, it is a folish sayng of som unlearned pesſones, which hold stiffly that plantayn draweth humorsore out of sores: When as the one of it is, rather to dryve bak humores, and to dry up them, that ar flowen to the hurt places, then to draw any unto the place. For al such medicines as gal draw, must have an hote or warm propertie, and not a colde and dry, as all the kindes of plantayn have.

Of plantayn or weybrede. (Plantago media, major, maritima and lanceolata)

There are two kinds of plantain or Waybread the lesser and the greater. The less hath narrower leaves, lesser and smoother, softer and thinner, it hath little stalk down to the ground, full of corners and pale yellowish flowers. The seed is in the top of the stalks. The greater is larger with brood leaves like unto a beet. The stalk in this kind is full of corners, something reddish of a cubit high, set about with small seed from the middles unto the top. The roots are render rough, white and of the thickness of a finger. It growth in mires places in hedges and in moist places and the greater is the better. Hitherto Dioscorides. |

Besides these two kinds there are diverse more beside which may all well be contained under these, saying it that growth by the seaside only, which seem to be a several kinds from all the rest. The greatest kind is called in the South part of England plantain or great plantain, in the North country waybre or great waybread. The lesser kind is called sharp waybread or sharp plantain, and in many places ribgras. The German call the great plantain breid wegerich and the lesser Spitzwegerich.

The virtues of both the Plantains or waybreads out of Dioscorides.

The leaves of plantain, have a drying power and binding together. Wherefore if they be laid to, they are good for all perilous sores and hard to heal and such as draw toward the common leper, and for such as are flowing or tinning and full of foul mater. They stop also the bursting out of blood, carbuncles, fretting sores, creping sores, rigid blains or pokes, they cover with a thin olde sores and uneven, and sores all most uncurable, they heal up corners and hollow sores. They heal also the biting of a dog and burned places and burnings and the inflammations or apostemes (pus) behind the ears and swellings having blains in them after the color of red. They are good to be laid to hard swellings or wennes (Ichthyosis?) and watering of the eyes, with a fore disposed to fistulas, with salt. But the herb if it be eaten as a wort in meat with salt and vinegar, it is good for the bloody flux and the other flux without blood. It is also given sodden in the stead of beets with pentiles. It is also given to them that have the dropsy which hath the name of white flehm, after the use old dry things, so that the herb sodden may be taken in the middles. It is also good to be given to them that have the falling sickness and to them that are short winded. The juice of the leaves scoured sores that are in the mouth, if it be oft washed therewith. With Cimolia and white lead or ceruse, it heals the inflammation called saint Antonis’s fire. The same is poured into the ears for the ach of them and for the eyesore, it is poured into the eye and is menged with eye salves. It is drunken of them with profit, that have bloody gums and of them that cast out blood. It is good to be poured in under against the bloody flux. It is also good to be drunken against the ptisiki

It is also good to be laid to against the strangling of the mother in wool and so is it good for a waterish or to moist mother. The seed also drunken with wine stopped the belly and the spitting of blood. The root sodden stanched the toothache, if they be washed there with, and it chow in the mouth. The root and leaves are good against the sores or blisters that are in the bladder and kidneys, so that they be taken with sweet wine. Som says that three roots with tree Kyats of wine with like portion of water will help a tertian, the four roots help a quartan. There are also some use the root hanged in a band to drive away wennes (Ichthyosis?) and hard swellings.

Out of Galene in the vi. book of simple medicines.

Plantain is of a menged complexion or temperature, for it hath a certain cold waterish thing and also a certain binding tartish thing, the which is early dry and cold. And therefore, it coolth and dried, is in both in the second degree from the middles. But such medicines as cool are bind are good for sores that are hard to be healed, for issues in flowing’s and rotten humors, so are they good for the bloody flux. The root and seed are not so cold as the leaves are, but drier. Aetius confirmed it that Galene and Dioscorides have written and sayeth also thus: The seed is of most subtill or fine partes, but the roots are of grosses partes. And the leaves dried, get unto them the power of subtler partes, but not do cold as they had before. When as these be the true virtues and properties of the kinds of plantain, it is a foolish saying of some unlearned persons, which hold stiffly that plantain draweth humors out of sores: When as the one of it is, rather to drive back humors, and to dry up them, that are flown to the hurt places, then to draw any unto the place. For all such medicines as gal draw, must have a hot or warm property and not a cold and dry as all the kinds of plantain have.

Of the Playn tre.|

Althoughe Dioscorides writeth of the vertues of Playn tre, yet he describeth it not. Wherefore very mane in England and Germany have erred in takyng of diverse trees for the Playn tre, where of non of them all, was the ryght Playn tre in dede. Sum take lynd tre (which I sow many other take for the ryght tilia) for Platano: because it shutteth furth long branches, bowghes, and is able to cover a grete numbre of men under it. Sum take a tre which semeth to me, to be a kinde of acer, to be Platanum. And that tre is called in Duch Ahorn. That the lynd can not be Platanus, it may be gathered by diverse places of Dioscorides, where as he maketh certayn well knowen herbes lyke to Platano. Dioscorides in the fourth booke and 145. Chapter, writeth of Ricinus, which we call now in England palma Christi, sayeth that it hath leves, like unto a Playn tre, but greter, smother and bla ker. But the lynd tre hath leves lyke an asp tre. or to som Juy leves that have no indentyng or cutting, nothing lyke unto the leves of palma Christi, which ar cut out after the maner of a mannis hande. Pliny also in the xvi. book and xxiiii. Chapter, writeth that the fyg tre, playn tre, vynde, have greatest leves of all other, therefore seyng that the leves of the lynde tre ar but small in comparyson of these now rehersed and of many other, it can not be the ryght Platanus or a Playn tre. They that hold that the Ahorn tre (which I reken to be only a kynde of acer) is Platanus, grant that it groweth in the hyghest mountaynes that ar som thyng moyste, amongest the ashe trees. But Theophrastus maketh the Playn tre to, grow in merrish groundes with willowes aand by welles and water sydes. And the same writeth thus of the Playn trees naturall place very clerely in the thyrd booke of the History of Plantes, in the seventh chapter. Som trees grow easely and increase with spede, as they that aryse up by ryvers or waters, as the elm tre, the Playn tre, the water asp, and the wylow tre. Therfore the Platanus and the ahorn tre agre nothyng in theyr naturall place of growing. Both Plini and Theophraste write al that Platanus groweth not naturally in Italy. And Plini writeth that the Playn tre was fetched out of a ſsrange worde, only for the shaddowits sake. It is lyke if ahorn had bene Platanus, and the Italianes had knowen, that it had growen so nere hand them, in Germany, (as it is very like, they beyng so much so oft in Germany, dyd know what grew there, they wold never have sent in to a strange wald to fetche them, leyng they myght have had it so nere home. They also that describe the ahorn tre, make it not to have any such shaddowing boughes and branches as Plini and Theophrast write that the Playn tre hath.

For these and diverse other lyke causes I reken that the tre called in Duche Ahorn or wild ashen, can not be Platanus. I have sene the leves of that Platanus that groweth in Italy, and two very yong trees in England which were called there Playn trees. Whose leves in all poyntes were lyke unto the leves of the Italian Playn tre. And it is doutles that these two trees were ether brought out of Italy, or of som farr countre beyond Italy, where unto the freres, monkes and chanones went a pylgrimage.

The vertues of the Playn tre.

The yong leves of the Playn tre, sodden in wyne, ar good to be layd unto the eyes to stopp the rynnyng and wateryng of them. They ar also good for swellynges, and inflammationes. The bark sodden in vinegre, is good for the tooth ach, if the teth be wasshed there with. The yong knoppes dronken in wyne, heal the bytyng of serpentes. If they be broken and menged with grese, and there of be made an ointment, heal it that is burnt of fyte. The horynes that cleveth unto the leues, is perillus both for the eyes and eares also.

Of the Playn tree. (Platanus orientalis)

Although Dioscorides write of the virtues of Plain tree, yet he described it not. Wherefore very mane in England and Germany have erred in taking of diverse trees for the Plain tree, whereof none of them all was the right Plain tree indeed. Sum takes Linde tree (which I sow many other takes for the right Tilia) for Platanus: because it shut furth long branches, boughs, and is able to cover a great number of men under it. Sum takes a tree which seem to me, to be a kind of Acer to be Platanus. And that tree is called in German Ahorn. That the Lind cannot be Platanus it may be gathered by diverse places of Dioscorides, where as he maketh certain well-known herbs like to Platanus. Dioscorides in the fourth book and 145. chapter write of Ricinus, which we call now in England Palma Christi, sayeth that it hath leaves like unto a Plain tree, but greater, smother and blacker. But the Lind tree hath leaves like an asp tree or to some Jui leaves that have no indenting or cutting, nothing like unto the leaves of Palma Christi, which are cut out after the manner of a man’s hand. Plini also in the xvi. book and xxiiii. chapter, write that the fig tree, plain tree, vine have greatest leaves of all other, therefore seeing that the leaves of the Lind tree are but small in comparison of these now rehearsed and of many other, it cannot be the right Platanus or a Plain tree. They that hold that the Ahorn tree (which I recon to be only a kind of Acer) is Platanus, grant that it growth in the highest mountains that are something moist, amongst the ash trees. But Theophrastus maketh the Plain tree to grow in mere’s grounds with willows and by wells and watersides. And the same write thus of the Plain trees natural place very clearly in the third book of the History of Plantes, in the seventh chapter. Som trees grow easily and increase with speed, as they that arise up by rivers or waters, as the elm tree, the Plain tree, the water asp, and the willow tree. Therefore, the Platanus and the Ahorn tree agree nothing in their natural place of growing. Both Plini and Theophrastus write al that Platanus growth not naturally in Italy. And Plini write that the Plain tree was fetched out of a strange word, only for the shadow’s sake. It is like if Ahorn had bene Platanus and the Italians had known that it had grown so near hand them, in Germany, (as it is very like, they being so much so oft in Germany did know what grew there, they would never have sent in to a strange Wald to fetch them, seeing they might have had it so near home. They also that describe the Ahorn tree, make it not to have any such shadowing boughs and branches as Plini and Theophrastus write that the Plain tree hath.

For these and diverse other like causes I reckon that the tree called in German Ahorn or wild ashen cannot be Platanus. I have seen the leaves of that Platanus that growth in Italy and two very young trees in England which were called their Plain trees. Whose leaves in all points were like unto the leaves of the Italian Plain tree. And it is doubtless that these two trees were ether brought out of Italy or of some far country beyond Italy, where unto the freres, monks and canon went a pilgrimage.

The virtues of the Plain tree.

The young leaves of the Plain tree, sodden in wine, are good to be laid unto the eyes to stop the running and watering of them. They are also good for swellings and inflammations. The bark sodden in vinegar is good for the toothache, if the teethe be washed there with. The young knops drunken in wine heal the biting of serpents. If they be broken and menged with grease and thereof be made an ointment, heal it that is burnt of fit. The hoariness that cleft unto the leaves, is perilous both for the eyes and ears also.

Of the herbe called Polium out of Dioscorides.

There ar two kyndes of Polium, the one of the monntaynes which is named teucrion, and thys is it that is commonly used. It is a bushlyng, all whyte, and a spanne long, full of sede. It hath in the topp a litle hede lyke a cluster of berrie, but that litle and lyke an hory hear. And it hath a strong or grevous smell ioyned with a certayn pleasantnes. The other kynde is more bushy, and not of so strong a smell, and weyker in workyng. Hyther to Dioscorides.

The first and nobler kinde have I sene growyng in the mount Appennin, but never in England abrode. Therefore I know no Englishe name of it, but it may be well called after the Greke and Latine name Poly. The second kynde dyd I se (except I be deceived) a litle from the citi of Cour in the land of Rhetia, but it grow not so streyght up, as it that Matthiolus painteth. Pliny geveth unadvised those properties unto Polio that belong to tripoli. Therfore all studentes had nede to rede hym warely, as bothe here and in many other places, leste he gyve them full cause of error. Here is the reder to be warned that where as it is in translation of Cornarius palmi altitudine, it is in the Greke …. Which Greke worde betokeneth not the length of four fyngers, as palmus doth, but a spanne, which conteyneth in it ix. inches or xii. fingers. Thys thought I necessary to warn the reder of, leste he leavyng unto the autorite of Cornarius, shuld thynk that Poly shuld be no hygher then iii. ynches or four fyngres long, as palmus moste comonly in all good autors that I have red dothe signify, savyng in a place or ii. of Pliny, which seme to agre with the iudgement of Cornarius.

The vertues of Poly out Dioscorides.

The broth of the herbe drunken, healeth the styngyng of serpentes, them that hauv the dropsey and the iaundes, and alls them that ar greved in the milt, that it be used with vinegre. It vexeth the stomack, and ingendreth the hedach. It lowseth the belly, and bryngeth down floures. If it be strowed upon the grounde, or if it be burned, and ma de to smoke, it dryveth away serpentes. If it be layd to emplaster wyse, it byndeth woundes together. Poly by the reson of hys bitternes, as Galene writeth, because he is metely sharp, delyvereth all inwarde partes from stoppyng. Wen as it is grene as the same Galene writeth, it ioyneth together great woundes, specially the busshye kynde. When as it is dryed, it will heall old sores very hard to be healed. But the lesse kynde is for the purpose more effectuus or stronger in workyng. The lesse Poly, which we use in preservatives and triacles, is sharper and bitterer then the greter is. So that it dryeth in the thyrde degre, and heateth fully out in the second degre.

Of the herb called Polium out of Dioscorides. (Teucrium polium and montanum)

There are two kinds of Polium, the one of the mountains which is named Teucrium, and this is it that is commonly used. It is a busheling, all white and a span long, full of seed. It hath in the top a little head like a cluster of berries, but that little and like a hoary hair. And it hath a strong or grievous smell joined with a certain pleasantness. The other kind is more bushy and not of so strong a smell and weaker in working. Hitherto Dioscorides.

The first and nobler kind have I seen growing in the mount Apennine, but never in England abroad. Therefore, I know no English name of it, but it may be well called after the Greek and Latine name Poly. The second kind did I see (except I be deceived) a little from the city of Cour in the land of Rhaetia, but it grows not so straight up as it that Matthiolus painted. Plini give unadvised those properties unto Polium that belong to Trifolium. Therefore, all students had need to read to him warily, as both here and in many other places, lest he give them full cause of error. Here is the reader to be warned that whereas it is in translation of Cornarius palmi altitudine, it is in the Greek …. Which Greek word betokened not the length of four fingers, as palmus doth, but a span, which contented in it ix. inches or xii. fingers. This thought I necessary to warn the reader of, lest he is leaving unto the authority of Cornarius, should think that Polium should be no higher than iii. inches or four fingers long, as palmus most commonly in all good authors that I have red dote signify, saving in a place or ii. of Plini, which seem to agree with the judgment of Cornarius.

The virtues of Polium out Dioscorides.

The broth of the herb drunken, health the stinging of serpents, them that have the dropsy and the jaundice, and also them that are grieved in the milt, that it be used with vinegar. It vexed the stomach and engendered the headache. It lowest the belly and brength down flowers. If it be strowed upon the ground or if it be burned and made to smoke, it drives away serpents. If it be laid to plaster wise it bind wounds together. Polium by the reason of his bitterness, as Galene write, because he is meetly sharp, delivered all inward partes from stopping. When as it is green as the same Galene write, it joined together great wounds, especially the bushy kind. When as it is dried it will heal old sores very hard to be healed. But the lesser kind is for the purpose more effectual or stronger in working. The lesser Polium, which we use in preservatives and treacle’s, is sharper and bitterer then the greater is. So that it dried in the third degree and heat fully out in the second degree.

Of the herbe called Polygala or milk lentil.

Polygala, sapeth Dioscorides, is a bushling, a span long, and hath leves after the fashon of lentill leves, with a taste somthyng byndyng and tarte. Dioscorides writeth no more of Polygala.The herbe that I take for polygala, is a very short herbe, and it groweth in woddes and in wilde places, and in hedges besyde woddes, and in laynes: the flour is in som places purple, and in other places allmost white. Althoughe I have sene thys herbe oft in England, yet could I never heare of any man the name of it. It may be called untill we fynde a better name, milke lentil, becausee it hath leves lentilles, and the propertie to make muche milk.

The vertues of Polygala rehersth no other vertue of Polygala, saving that it maketh much milke. And Galene writeth not muche more of it. For he wryteth only thys of it. Polygala ar a litle bytyng. The same to make milk, if it were dronken hete and moysture must vexe the chese ruet in it. Paule hath nothing more of thys herbe but it that Dioscorides and Galene wrote before hym. Nether fynde I any more of it in Pliny, then is written in Dioscorides.

Of the herb called Polygala or milk lentil. (Polygala vulgaris)

Polygala, said Dioscorides, is a bushing, a span long and hath leaves after the fashion of lentil leaves, with a taste something binding and tarte. Dioscorides write no more of Polygala. The herb that I take for Polygala is a very short herb and it growth in woods and in wild lanes and in hedges beside woods, and in lanes: the flour is in some places purple and in other places almost white. Although I have seen this herb oft in England yet could I never hear of any man the name of it. It may be called until we find a better name milk lentil, because it hath leaves lens and the property to make much milk.

The virtues of Polygala rehash no other virtue of Polygala, saving that it maketh much milk. And Galene write not much more of it. For he writes only this of it. Polygala is a little biting. The same to make milk, if it were drunken hot and moisture must vex the cheese rued in it. Paule hath nothing more of this herb but it that Dioscorides and Galene wrote before him. Nether find I any more of it in Plini, then is written in Dioscorides.

Of knot gras or swinegras, and of the medow shavegrass out of Dioscorides.

Dioscorides maketh ii. kyndes of Polygonum the one he calleth the male, and the other he calleth the female. Polygonum the male (sayeth he) is an herbe that hath tendre branches and soft set about with litle knees on knoppes about the ioyntes, andt hey krepe upon the ground like grass. Leves ar lyke the rue, but they ar longer and softer. It hath sede besyde every lefe, wherof it is called the male. The flour is whyte or purple. Polygonum the female is a litle bushling or busshy herbe, havyng but one stalk, tendre and lyke unto a rede, and it hath many knoppy ioyntes called of som men knees, one beyng allwayes stopped into an other, after the maner of a trumpet. And it hath certayn thynges about the ioyntes, goyng round about, lyke unto the leves of a Pyne tre. The root is nothyng worth. It groweth in watery places.

The former kynde is named in Greke ……. in Latin Poligonum mas op sanguinalis, in Duch Wegbret, in English knotgrass or Swynegrasse.

The female is called in Greke Polygonon …in Latin Polygonum, fœmina, in Englishe litle shave grasse or medow shavegrasse, because it groweth much in moyst and merrish medowes.

The vertue of knot grasse out of Dioscorides.

The iuice of knotgrasse, if it be drunken, hath a byndyng and a cooling propertie. It is good for them that spit blood, and for the flix and for such as choler bursteth out of, both above and beneth. It is good for the strangurian, for it doth manifestly bryng furth water. It is good to be dronken with wyne, agaynst the bytyng of venemus bestes. It is also good to be taken agaynst the fittes of agues an hour before theyr comyng. If it be layd to it well, stopp the isshues of weomen. It is good to be put in the rynnyng, mattery eares. It is excellently good against the sores of the privites, if it be sodden with wyne and hony. The leves ar good to be layde to for the burnyng of the stomack for castyng out of blood, for creping sores, for hote inflammationes called saynt Antonies fyre, or of som other the wilde fyre, impostemes and swellynges and grene woundes. The femall which I call medow shavegrass, hath a byndyng poure and cooling, and it is good for all that the other kynde is good for, but it is in all poyntes weyker. Galene besyde these properties, that Dioscorides geveth unto Polygono, assygneth also these folow here after. As knotgrasse hath a certayn byndyng, so doth a waterish coldnes be the chese ruel in it. So that it is in the second degre colde, or allmoste in the begynnyng of the thyrde degre. It is good to make a repercussive or back dryvyng medicine of it, to dryve bak again such humores as flow unto any place.

Of knot gras or swinegras and of the medow shavegrass out of Dioscorides. (Polygonum aviculare, Hippuris vulgaris)

Dioscorides maketh ii. kinds of Polygonum the one he calleth the male and the other he calleth the female. Polygonum the male (sayeth he) is an herb that hath tender branches and soft set about with little knees on knops about the joints, and they creep upon the ground like grass, leaves are like the rue, but they are longer and softer, it hath seed beside every leaf, whereof it is called the male. The flour is white or purple. Polygonum the female is a little bushing or bushy herb, having but one stalk, tender and like unto a reed and it hath many knops’ joints called of some men knees, one being always stopped into another, after the manner of a trumpet. And it hath certain things about the joints, going round about like unto the leaves of a Pine tree. The root is nothing worth. It growth in watery places.

The former kind is named in Greek ……. in Latin Polygonum mas op sanguinalis, in German Wegbret, in English knotgrass or Swinegras.

The female is called in Greek Polygonon …in Latin Polygonum fœmina, in English little shave gras or meadow shave gras, because it growth much in moist and mere’s meadows.

The virtue of knot gras out of Dioscorides.

The juice of knotgrass if it be drunken, hath a binding and a cooling property. It is good for them that spit blood and for the flux and for such as choler burst out of, both above and beneath. It is good for the strangury, for it doth manifestly bring furth water. It is good to be drunken with wine, against the biting of venomous beast. It is also good to be taken against the fits of agues an hour before their coming. If it be laid to it well, stop the issues of women. It is good to be put in the running, mattery ears. It is excellently good against the sores of the privities, if it be sodden with wine and honey. The leaves are good to be laide to for the burning of the stomach for casting out of blood, for creping sores, for hot inflammations called saint Antonis’s fire or of some other the wildfire, impostemes (pus) and swellings and green wounds. The female which I call meadow shave gras hath a binding power and cooling, and it is good for all that the other kind is good for, but it is in all points weaker. Galene beside these properties, that Dioscorides give unto Polygonum assigned also these follows here after. As knotgrass hath a certain binding, so doth a waterish coldness be the cheeses rued in it. So that it is in the second degree cold or almost in the beginning of the third degree. It is good to make a repercussive or back driving medicine of it, to drive back again such humors as flow unto any place.

Of the herbe called Polygonatum or scala cæli.

Polygonaton growth in hylles or mountaynes. Is it a bushe more then a cubit hyghe, it hath leves lyke a bay tre, but broder and smother, which in taste hath a certain thing lyke a quince, or pomgranat. Fort they send furth a certain byndyng. There ar whyte floures about the out sprynges of every lefe, mo in nombre the the leves are, if ye begin to tell from the roote. It hath a whyte roote, soft, long full of knees or ioyntes, coughe as som translate thys worde……or thyk well compact together, (as other turn the same worde) and it hath a grevous smell, it is about an ynche thick.

Thys herbe is well knowen bothe in England, and in Germany. It is called in English scala celi. The Duch men call it Weisz wurtz, the herbaries calle it sigillum Salomonis. It were better to call it by an English name taken out of Duch (from whence our English sprang first) whyte wurt then scala celi, for so shall men lern better to know it, and to remembre the name of it.

The properties of Polygonatum or whytewurt.

It is very good for woundes and to scour away spottes and frekles out of ones face. Som use to make ashes of the root of thys herbe and to make ley of it, to scour away frekles out of the face.

Of the herb called Polygonatum or scala cæli. (Polygonatum multiflorum)

Polygonatum growth in hills or mountains. Is it a bush more than a cubit high, it hath leaves like a bay tree, but brooder and smother, which in taste hath a certain thing like a quince or pomegranate. Fort, they send furth a certain binding. There are white flowers about the out spraying of every leaf, more in number than the leaves are, if ye begin to tell from the root. It hath a white root, soft, long full of knees or joints, rough as some translate this word…or thick well compact together, (as other turn the same word) and it hath a grievous smell, it is about an inch thick.

This herb is well known both in England and in Germany. It is called in English scala celi. The German men call it Weisz wurtz, the herbarizes call it sigillum Salomonis. It were better to call it by an English name taken out of German (from whence our English sprang first) white wort then scala celi, for so shall men learn better to know it and to remember the name of it.

The properties of Polygonatum or white wort.

It is very good for wounds and to scour away spots and freckles out of one’s face. Som uses to make ashes of the root of this herb and to make ley of it, to scour away freckles out of the face.

Of Asp, and kyndes of Popler.

Dioscorides maketh but two kyndes of Populus, that is the whyte and the blak. But Theophrast, and Pliny, make thre kindes. Dioscorides and Theophrast call populum nigram ……. and populum albam……. But in Theophrast is ther yet an other kynde called in Greke ….of hym. But why that it hath that name, I can not perfitly perceive……is as much to say in Latin as Radius, which betokeneth in our spreche a beam, a spoke in a whele, the lesse bone in a mannis arm and a wevers instrument named a shittel. But I se no cause that e the thyrde popler shuld have hys name of any of these. But if that ther had bene in the ſtede of ….. (Which word it is possible that it hath ones bene in the text of Theophrast, and afterward changed by som writer into …. it were easye to tell, what properti it were called…... For … in Greke is as much to say in Englishe, a spytefull noyse and…in Greke is found agayn. Therfore, if the worde had bene …to the thyrde kinde of popler shuld have had the name of soundyng or of makyng of a noysum noyse. Whiche propertie Pliny in diverses places geveth unto the popler tre, and we se that in the wod popler, that it hath leves ever trymbling and moving, within but a small wynde crackyng. Theodore Gaza the translator of Theophrast, out of Greke in to Latin, turneth kerkin into populum alpinam, that is an asp or popler of the mountaynes, called the alpes. Pliny called thys thyrde kynde populum lybicam, Wher of I intend to intreat here after.

Of the kyndes of poplers out of Theophrast.

The whyte popler, and the blak, ar of one fasione, they grow ryght up bothe. But the blak popler is longer and smother. They ar bothe like in figure of lefe. They have also bothe white wod, when as they ar cut down ….or populus alpina, is not unlike unto the whyte popler, bothe in bygnes and by it spredeth abrode with white boughes. It hath the lefe of an Juy, but in the one half with out a corner, on the other side a long corner to a sharpnes, with one color allmoste both upon the over parte and nether parte also. It hath a long footstalk and small, therfore it is not ryght out, but bowyng in. The bark is rougher then the white poplers bark is, and more scabbed, as the bark of ….is, whiche Theodore turnerth a wilde pyne.

Thus wryteth Theophrast in the thyrd booke de historia plantarum and in the xiij. chapter. And in the xiii. chapter of the first booke de historia plantarum he writeth thus of the whyte popler, and not generally of every popler (as Gaza translating not very well, populum with out any puttyng to whyte or blak doth. The leves (sayethe he) in all other trees ar in all poyntes lyke them selves, but the leves of the whyte aspe, of the Juy tre, and ol palma Christi, ar not lyke them selves, that is they have som tyme one fashion of leves, and som tyme an other fashion. For when as they ar yong, they ar rounde, but when they ar olde, they grow in to corners. But it is not so with the Juy. For the Juy whilse it is yong, hath more cornered leves, and when it commeth to perfit age, then ar the leves rounder. And thys propertie belongeth severally to the olive tre to the lynde, and to the whyte popler tre, for they turn downe theyr upper partes by and by after solstitium (whyche is after Aetius, the rxv. of Juny, after Pliny the xxiiij. of Juny) and by that token the Nusbaumen know that the solstitium of sommer is past. Theophrast writeth in diverse places that the poplers grow by water sides, and in most places, as the noble Poet Virgil doth also.

There ar thre kyndes of Populus, the whyte, the blak, and it that is called lybica, which is leste and blackest in the lefe, and moste commended of all other, for beryng of todestooles (or as the Northumberlanders call them) bruches. The white hathe a lefe of two colores, white above (which sayng of Pliny is not true untill the solstititium be past fore that tyme, the upper parte is grene) and the under parte is grene. The rest that Pliny writeth of the poplers, savyng where as he taketh any thyng out of Theoprast is not worthy the wrytyng.

Populus nigra which is called in Greke….and in Italian Piopo nero, in Frence du tremble or Pepleur, in Duche Aspen, is not so comon in England, as it is in Italy and hyghe Germany. The Populus is called with us by two names, som call it a Poppler, and other an Asp or an esp tre. But not every tre in England called Popler or Esp, is the ryght Populus nigra. For it that groweth in the hylles and dry woddes both in England and Germany, is not the Populus nigra, but rather kerkis or Populus alpina, of Theoprast, or populus lybica in Pliny. For bothe Theophrast and Virgil appoynte the water sides and merrishe groundes unto populo nigræ. The popler, also that growet in the woddes of England (if my memory fale me not) have no such blak tagges as the blak popler hath, which groweth in Germany by the rene side, hard by the city called Lauterburgh. Pliny also rekeneth the popler amongest the other trees whiche have curled veynes in these wordes. Tarde illæ senescunt quarum crispa materies, ut acer, palma, populus, That is hole trees ar long in commyng to age, whose wod or tymbre, is curled asthe maple tre, the date tre, and the popler tre. Hyther to Pliny.i have sene in Germany many well favored thynges perteynyng unto houshold stuff made of the blak popler, which groweth by the water sydes, as spownes. tables, dores and chistes, withe a mervelus fyne curled grayn, and pleasant to looke to. But the wod of our comon popler is nothyng lyke unto it that I have spoken of, for it hath no such grayn or curling, therfore it is not ryght blak popler of Pliny and Theophrast. Therefore it were beste to calle populum nigram a blak popler or a blak asp, or a water asp, and not by thys word popler, or asp alone.

As touchyng the whyte Asp, I remembre not that ever saw it in any place of England. But I have sene it in great plentye in Italy by the river sede of Padus, where as it is called albera, and in hyghe Germany by the rene syde, where as it is called saverbaum. If it be found in England, it may be called a whyte Asp or a whyte popler, because the undersyde of the lefe is as whyte as any paper. The whyte Asp differeth not only from the blak in the whytenes of the one syde of the lefe, but also in the form of the lefe. For the whyte Asp hath a lefe somthyng indented or cut alter the maner of palma Christi. But if any man cast agaynst me, it that Theophrast writeth of bothe the poplers in the 14. chapter of the thyrde book de historia plantarum…………That is the figure or fashion of the lefe is lyke: I answer that thys lyknes is only when as the leves com first furth, and not afterwardes, for if they shuld be lyke afterward, then shuld Theophrast be contrary unto hym self, who in the first book de historia plantarum, and in the xvi. chapter writeth these wordes:…….The leves of the whyte popler of the Juy and of it that is called palma Christi, ar unlyke and diverse in figure. For when as they ar yong they ar round, but when as they ar older they have corners, there may ye se playnly that the leves of the whyte popler when as they ar old, ar cornered. Which thyng if it be true as I have sufficiently proved to be so, then erre they very much and gyve other occasion of error, which set out in theyr herballes the whyte popler with a round lefe without any corners at all. The thyrde kynde of popler which is called of Theoprast…. or as I gesse rather …. and translated of Gaza populus alpina, and named of Pliny populus lybica, is our comon asp in England, or ellis I know not what it is. The causes that make me to thynke that our comon asp is populus lybica in Pliny, and populus montana in Theophrast ar these: First bothe the lyknes of leves that it hath with the blak popler and in many other so resembleth the other poplers, that I thynke that there is no man that hath sene the other two kindes of popler, that wil deny but that thys is a kinde of popler. Then when as it is nether the first kinde nor the seconde, it is very lyke that it is the thyrde kynde when as no other tre can be founde as yet for the thyrde kinde. Theodor Gaza being a man of much reding, wold not cal thys kinde populum alpinam except ether som reson or utoritie that he had red, had moved hym therto. Then when as thys comon asp tre is much in hyghe mountaynes, he semeth in callyng the thyrd kynde of the popler populum alpinam, to meane that Theophrast understandeth by ….that popler that groweth in hylles and mountaynes. Then when as the comon asp groweth in such places, it is lyke that our comon asp shuld be kerkis, the thyrde kynde of Populus. Theophrast maketh the thyrde kynde, lyke unto the white popler in bygnes and in spredyng abrode of boughs, whych two thynges may be found in our comon asp with the scabbednes of the bark in old trees, except my memory fale, may also be founde: but as touchyng the propertie that he gyveth unto the foot stalke of…. I am sure agreeth wel with our comon asp tre. But whether the leves that Theophrast geveth unto hys….agreyng with the leves of our asp or no, I leve that to be iudged of them that ar learned, but I dowt som thyng that they do not in all poyntes wel agre, or ellis I durst geve sentence that our comon asp were there …. in Theophrast. But though it be not…of Theophrast it semeth unto me that it may well be the thyrde kynd of Populus in Pliny which he called populum lybicam. Pliny maketh one kynde of Populus to grow in the mountaynes and that is nether the whyte nor the blak, wherfore it semeth that it is the the thyrde kynde of populus. Pliny also maketh hys thyrde kynde of populus to have grete todestoles growyng upon it, and he maketh the pople tre to have a trymblyng foot stalke and leves one crackyng agaynst an other. Then when as the comon popler hath these properties more then any other popler tre hath, it is very lyke that it shuld be the thyrde kynde of populus, which he called populum lybicam.

The vertues and complexiones of the Popler or asp trees.

Diverse men ar of diverse iudgementes, concernyng the degre and complexion of the blak popler. For diverse reden it is hote in the thyrde degre, and other reken it hote only in the first degre. And som holde that it is playn coolde and nothyng hote at all. Aetius after the translation of Cornarius sayeth that it is hote in the thyrde degre. And in som textes, Galene maketh it also hote in the thyrde degre. But in the best greke textes and translationes that we now have, it is rekened to be hote only in the first degre. The wordes of the translatores of Galene ar these: Acgyri flores facultate quidem sunt in primo recessu à temperatis. Sed & resina eius floribus similem facultatem obtinet, atq; etiam calidiorem. Then when as al these autores make the blak popler hote: som in one degree, and som in an other: if sufficient autoryte of ancient wryters may confuse any man, then is Amatus Lusitanus confused by the autorite of the fore named autores where as he holdeth stifli that the blak popler is cold. These by the wordes of Amatus, lest any man shuld thynk that I reporte falsely of hym unguentum populeum, prope tertium gradum frigiditatis, à doctissimis iudicatur. Proinde populum trigidam vel faltem non calidam esse necessarium est. And a litle after he alledgeth Galene, Paul and Constantinus, which write that the popler is but hote in the first degre. And when as he hath alledged theym autorites, he maketh thys unhede fill consequent Natura ipsa arboris, & proprietates, fatis iudicit calidam non esse, quibus magis credere debemus quam omnibus de ea hucusq; scribentibus. And afterward he maketh an other conclusion of these forecited autores properties. Itaque populum ad frigiditatem potius quam ad caliditatem inclinare in confesso ett. Now because som take hym for a man of grete autorite, and worthy credit, leste men shulde be led from the truth by hym, and the opinion that they have of hys learning, I will assay if I can for the defence of the truthe confute hys resones where with he goeth about to prove agaynst the autorite of the noble writers, whom I have before rehersed, that the blak popler is cold, or at the leste not hote. His first argument is thys, populeum is iudged of the most learned men to be colde about the thyede, ergo the popler is colde. Thys argument is not good, because a lytle portion of an hote thyng may go in to a colde compositon, to lead the colde medicines to the diseased places, or to corrrect or tempere the vehemencie of unholsum cold simples, and yet it is not therfore necessari that the hote medicine shuld be colde for beyng menged with many cold medicines. Nether is it necessari that the cold composition shuld be made hote with a small portion of an hote simple medicine. It he had resoned thus: the best learned men iudge, that the popler is cold about the thyrde degree, ergo they erre that hold that the popler is hote, had bene a good argument. But the wold I have denyed his antecedent, I have sayd, that Galene, Aetius, Paulus, Orbasius, Serapio, Avecenna, wer better learned then ever they wer that hold that the popler is so cold. For it is a false fallacte and a sophisticall argument to argue from a parte to the hole. As thus there is sum parte of the horse is whyte, ergo horse is whyte or all whyte. And the argument is thys. If populus were hote then shuld populeum be hote: but it is cold, ergo populus is cold. When as ther go in to the ointment populeum only xviij. unces of the pople budes, there entre in xxxiij. unces of all very cold herbes, which by maner unces overcom the weike hete of the popler buddes, and so abyde cold still, namely when as the poplers hete, is but in the first degre, and the coldnes of the other, is cold for the moste parte of them all in the second or thyrde degre, and som of them be colde almost in the fourthe degre. And therefore it foloweth not. Populeum ts very colde, ergo populus which is a parte of it is also colde. But thys is one great cause of his error, that he dyd not consydre that learned men did put somtymes sum portiones of hote simples in to medicines that take ache away, not to make the hole composition hote, but to convey the other colde simples into ground of the diseased places. Whiche thyng Galene teacheth in the ix. booke of the composition of medicines after the places, in these wordes. Ex opij & hyosciami mixtura, somnum soporife rum, & ſsensitivæ partis stuporem inducere voluit. Quo vero citius diſsribuerentur, & totum affectarum partium profundum penetrarent: calefacientia admiscuit, pyrethrum, euphorbium & piper, quæ nocentes humores discutere posis int, & extergere viscosos, & iecare craſſos, & ventosos flatus, attenuare. Then were not the poplers buddes put in, to make the hole medicine, called populeum hote or colde, but for thys purpose now rehersed. Hys second argument goeth furthe thus. Galene, Paulus and Constantinus wryte that the popler is but hote in the first degre, ergo it is colde or not hote: but thys argument is so unlearnedly made, that it nedeth but small confutation. When as he ought by good logike to have resoned be olde wryters hold that populus nigra is hote in the firste degre, ergo it is hote, and in no wyse colde. For to be hote in the first degre, is to be one degre to be one departed from it that I stemperant or colde. And therfore Galene wrytyng of heate of thys tre, sayeth in these expressed wordes. The floures of the blak popler ar hote in working, in the first departyng or goyng away, or degre from temperat symples, that is to say from such as ar in a meane tempre betwene hote and colde. Therefor seynge that he maketh hys conclusion contrari unto hys antecedent, that is an hote antecedent, and s cold consequent, his argument is worthy to be refused.

Hys thyrde argument is thys: The popler tre hathe nether any notable smell nor taste in it, where by it may be iudged to be hote, ergo it is no wyse hote. Here I deny hys antecedent or ground of hys argument, and I take wytnes of all learned men that have tsated and smelled of the yong buddes of the blak popler, wheter they have very pleasant smell and an hote taste or no. I answer that the popler buddes, which I have tasted and examined, both in England, Germany and Italy, ar hote, and that the gum that commeth furth of the endes of buddes, is hote about the second degree, thys shall any man that will try it, fynde true, namely at the first comniyng furth of the buddes, about the myddes of marche, in sum contrees soner. Therefore for all the saynges and argumentes of Amatus of the blak popler abydeth still hote in the first degre at the leste.

Comarius perceyvyng that the blak popler was so hote: he thought it beste to take the knoppes of the whyte popler. But whether he concelled ryght or otherwayes, if we had Nicolaus Alexandrinum in Greke, we shulde easely iudge. For the Grecianes have not one Greke worde to betoken both the poplers, but they call the blak asp….and the with… I wold wish both for thys cause and for diverse other that they that fynde any old Greke examples or copies of old autores, and intend to translate them, that they shuld as well set out and cause to be printed the Greke textes as the our translations, for so myght men the better examin they: translations, and the studiose youthe by comparyng of the together myght profit much more the greke tong and practiciners myght be more bold to work accordyng to it that they have translated.

The vertues of the poplers out of Dioscorides.

The leves of the blak asp, ar good to be layde to with vinegre, upon the places that ar vexed with the gout. The rosin thatco cometh out of the popler, is menged oft tymes with softening and solvyng emplasters. The sede is good to bark dronken with vinegre of them that have the fallyng syknes. An unce of the: bark of the whyte popler drunken, is good for the sciatica and the stranguria. The iuice of the levess of the whyte popler poured in to the cares, is good for they ach. The round pilles which com furth at the buddyng tyme, broken and layde to with honye hele the dullnes of the eysight.

Of Asp, and kinds of Popler. (Populus alba, tremula and nigra)

Dioscorides maketh but two kinds of Populus, that is the white and the black. But Theophrastus and Plini make three kinds. Dioscorides and Theophrastus call populum nigram ……. and populum albam……. But in Theophrastus is there yet another kind called in Greek ….of him. But why that it hath that name, I cannot perfectly perceive……is as much to say in Latin as Radius, which betokened in our speech a beam, a spoke in a wheel, the lesser bone in a man’s arm and a Wevers instrument named a skittle. But I see no cause that e the third poplar should have his name of any of these. But if that there had bene in the stead of ….. (Which word it is possible that it hath one’s bene in the text of Theophrastus and afterward changed by some writer into …. it were ease to tell, what property it were called…... For … in Greek is as much to say in English a spiteful noise and…in Greek is found again. Therefore, if the word had bene …to the third kind of poplar should have had the name of sounding or of making of a noisome noise. Which property Plini in diverse places give unto the poplar tree and we see that in the wood poplar that it hath leaves ever trembling and moving within but a small wind cracking. Theodore Gaza the translator of Theophrastus out of Greek into Latin turned kerkin into populum alpina, that is an asp or poplar of the mountains, called the Alpes. Plini called this third kind populum lybica, (tremula) Whereof I intend to intreat here after.

Of the kinds of poplars out of Theophrastus.

The white poplar and the black, are of one fashion, they grow right up both. But the black poplar is longer and smother. They are both like in figure of leaf. They have also both white wood, when as they are cut down ….or Populus alpina, is not unlike unto the white poplar, both in bigness and by it spreads abroad with white boughs. It hath the leaf of an Jui, but in the one half without a corner, on the other side a long corner to a sharpness, with one color almost both upon the over part and nether part also. It hath a long footstalk and small, therefore it is not right out, but bowing in. The bark is rougher than the white poplars bark is and more scabbed as the bark of ….is, which Theodore turned a wild pine.

Thus write Theophrastus in the third book de historia plantarum and in the xiij. chapter. And in the xiii. chapter of the first book de historia plantarum he writes thus of the white poplar and not generally of every poplar (as Gaza translating not very well, Populus without any putting to white or black doth. The leaves (says he) in all other trees are in all points like themselves, but the leaves of the white asp, of the Jui tree, and of Palma Christi, are not like themselves, that is they have sometime one fashion of leaves and sometime another fashion. For when as they are young, they are round, but when they are olde they grow into corners. But it is not so with the Jui. For the Jui while it is young hath more cornered leaves, and when it comes to perfect age then are the leaves rounder. And this property belonged severally to the olive tree to the l Linde and to the white poplar tree, for they turn down their upper partes by and by after solstitial (which is after Aetius, the rxv. of Juny, after Plini the xxiiij. of Juny) and by that token the Nussbaumen know that the solstitial of summer is past. Theophrastus write in diverse places that the poplars grow by water sides, and in most places, as the noble Poet Virgil doth also.

There are three kinds of Populus, the white, the black and it that is called lybica, which is lest and blackest in the leaf, and most commended of all other, for baring of toadstools (or as the Northumberland’ s call them) bruches. The white hath a leaf of two colors, white above (which saying of Plini is not true until the solstitial be past fore that time, the upper part is green) and the under part is green. The rest that Plini write of the poplars, saving where as he taketh anything out of Theophrasta is not worthy the writing.

Populus nigra which is called in Greek….and in Italian Piopo nero, in France du tremble or Pepleur, in German Aspen, is not so common in England, as it is in Italy and high Germany. The Populus is called with us by two names, some call it a Poppler and other an Asp or an Esp tree. But not every tree in England called Poplar or Esp, is the right Populus nigra. For it that growth in the hills and dry woods both in England and Germany is not the Populus nigra, but rather kerkis or Populus alpina, of Theophrastus or Populus lybica in Plini. For both Theophrastus and Virgil appoint the water sides and meres’ s grounds unto populo nigræ. The poplar, also that growth in the woods of England (if my memory fails me not) have no such black taggers as the black poplar hath, which growth in Germany by the Rhine side, hard by the city called Lauterburgh. Plini also reckon the poplar amongst the other trees which have curled veynes in these words. Tarde illæ senescunt quarum crispa materies, ut acer, palma, populus. That is hole trees are long in coming to age, whose wood or timbre is curled ash maple tree, the date tree and the poplar tree. Hitherto Plini. I have seen in Germany many well favored things pertaining unto household stuff made of the black poplar which growth by the water sides, as spoons. tables, doors and chests with a marvelous fine curled grain and pleasant to look to. But the wood of our common poplar is nothing like unto it that I have spoken of, for it hath no such grain or curling, therefore it is not right black poplar of Plini and Theophrastus. Therefore, it were best to call Populus nigra a black poplar or a black asp or a water asp, and not by this word poplar, or asp alone.

As touching the white Asp, I remember not that ever saw it in any place of England. But I have seen it in great plenty in Italy by the river side of Padus, whereas it is called albera, and in hygh Germany by the Rhine side, whereas it is called saverbaum. If it be found in England, it may be called a white Asp or a white poplar, because the underside of the leaf is as white as any paper. The white Asp differed not only from the black in the whiteness of the one side of the leaf, but also in the form of the leaf. For the white Asp hath a leaf something indented or cut alter the manner of Palma Christi. But if any man cast against me, it that Theophrastus write of both the poplars in the 14. chapter of the third book de historia plantarum…………That is the figure or fashion of the leaf is like: I answer that this likeness is only when as the leaf’s com first furth and not afterward, for if they should be like afterward, then should Theophrastus be contrary unto himself, who in the first book de historia plantarum and in the xvi. chapter write these words:…….The leaves of the white poplar of the Jui and of it that is called Palma Christi, are unlike and diverse in figure. For when as they are young, they are round, but when as they are older, they have corners, there may ye see plainly that the leaves of the white poplar when as they are old are cornered. Which thing if it be true as I have sufficiently proved to be so, then err they very much and gyve other occasion of error, which set out in their herbals the white poplar with a round leaf without any corners at all. The third kind of poplar which is called of Theophrastus…. or as I guess rather …. and translated of Gaza populus alpina, and named of Plini populus lybica, is our common asp in England, or ells I know not what it is. The causes that make me to think that our common asp is populus lybica in Plini and populus montana in Theophrastus are these: First both the likeness of leaves that it hath with the black poplar and in many other so resembled the other poplars, that I think that there is no man that hath seen the other two kinds of poplar, that will deny but that this is a kind of poplar. Then when as it is nether the first kind nor the second, it is very like that it is the third kind when as no other tree can be found as yet for the third kind. Theodor Gaza being a man of much reding, would not call this kind populum alpinam except ether some reason or futurities that he had red, had moved him thereto. Then when as this common asp tree is much in high mountains, he seems in calling the third kind of the poplar populum alpinam, to mean that Theophrastus understand by ….that poplar that growth in hills and mountains. Then when as the common asp growth in such places it is like that our common asp should be kerkis, the third kind of Populus. Theophrastus maketh the third kind, like unto the white poplar in bigness and in spreading abroad of boughs, which two things may be found in our common asp with the scabbiness of the bark in old trees, except my memory fail may also be found: but as touching the property that he gives unto the foot stalk of…. I am sure agreed well with our common asp tree. But whether the leaves that Theophrastus give unto his…. agreeing with the leaves of our asp or no, the leaf that to be judged of them that are learned, but I doubt something that they do not in all points well agree, or ells I durst give sentence that our common asp were there …. in Theophrastus. But though it be not…of Theophrastus it seems unto me that it may well be the third kind of Populus in Plini which he called populum lybica. Plini maketh one kind of Populus to grow in the mountains and that is nether the white nor the black, wherefore it seems that it is the third kind of Populus. Plini also maketh his third kind of populus to have great toadstools growing upon it and he maketh the poplar tree to have a trembling foot stalk and leaves one cracking against another. Then when as the common poplar hath these properties more than any other poplar tree hath, it is very like that it should be the third kind of populus, which he called populum lybica.

The virtues and complexions of the Poplar or asp trees.

Diverse men are of diverse judgments concerning the degree and complexion of the black poplar. For diverse reasons it is hot in the third degree and other recon it hot only in the first degree. And some hold that it is plain cool and nothing hot at all. Aetius after the translation of Cornarius sayeth that it is hot in the third degree. And in some texts Galene maketh it also hot in the third degree. But in the best Greek texts and translations that we now have, it is reknit to be hot only in the first degree. The words of the translators of Galene are these: Acgyri flores facultate quidem sunt in primo recessu à temperatis. Sed & resina eius floribus similem facultatem obtinet, atq; etiam calidiorem. Then when as al these authors make the black poplar hot: some in one degree, and some in another: if sufficient authority of ancient writers may confuse any man, then is Amatus Lusitanus confused by the authority of the fore named authors whereas he holds stiffly that the black poplar is cold. These by the words of Amatus, lest any man should think that I report falsely of him unguentum populeum, prope tertium gradum frigiditatis, à doctissimis iudicatur. Proinde populum trigidam vel faltem non calidam esse necessarium est. And a little after he alleged Galene, Paul and Constantinus, which write that the poplar is but hot in the first degree. And when as he hath alleged them authority’s, he maketh this unheeded fill consequent Natura ipsa arboris, & proprietates, fatis iudicit calidam non esse, quibus magis credere debemus quam omnibus de ea hucusq; scribentibus. And afterward he maketh another conclusion of these forecited authors properties. Itaque populum ad frigiditatem potius quam ad caliditatem inclinare in confesso ett. Now because some take him for a man of great authority and worthy credit, lest men should be led from the truth by him and the opinion that they have of his learning, I will assay if I can for the defense of the truth confute his reasons where with he gone about to prove against the authority of the noble writers whom I have before rehearsed that the black poplar is cold, or at the least not hot. His first argument is this, populeum is judged of the most learned men to be cold about the third, ergo the poplar is cold. This argument is not good, because a little portion of a hot thing may go into a cold composition to lead the cold medicines to the diseased places or to correct or temper the vehemency of unwholesome cold simples, and yet it is not therefore necessary that the hot medicine should be cold for being menged with many cold medicines. Neither is it necessary that the cold composition should be made hot with a small portion of a hot simple medicine. It he had reasoned thus: the best learned men judge that the poplar is cold about the third degree, ergo they erred that hold that the poplar is hot, had bene a good argument. But they would I have denied his antecedent, I have said, that Galene, Aetius, Paulus, Oribasius, Serapio, Avicenna, were better learned then ever they were that hold that the poplar is so cold. For it is a false falcate and a sophistical argument to argue from a part to the hole. As thus there is sum part of the horse is white, ergo horse is white or all white. And the argument is this. If populus were hot then should populeum be hot: but it is cold, ergo populus is cold. When as there go into the ointment populeum only xviij. once’s of the poplar buds, there entre in xxxiij. once’s of all very cold herbs, which by manner once’s overcome the week hot of the poplar buds and so abide cold still, namely when as the poplars hot, is but in the first degree and the coldness of the other is cold for the most part of them all in the second or third degree and some of them be cold almost in the fourth degree. And therefore, it followed not. Populeum is very cold, ergo populus which is a part of it is also cold. But this is one great cause of his error that he did not consider that learned men did put sometimes sum portions of hot simples into medicines that take ache away, not to make the hole composition hot, but to convey the other cold simples into ground of the diseased places. Which thing Galene teaches in the ix. book of the composition of medicines after the places, in these words. Ex opij & hyosciami mixtura, somnum soporife rum, & ſsensitivæ partis stuporem inducere voluit. Quo vero citius diſsribuerentur, & totum affectarum partium profundum penetrarent: calefacientia admiscuit, pyrethrum, euphorbium & piper, quæ nocentes humors discutere posis int, & extergere viscosos, & iecare crassos, & ventosos flatus, attenuare. Then were not the poplars buds put in to make the hole medicine, called populeum hot or cold, but for this purpose now rehearsed. his second argument goth furth thus. Galene, Paulus and Constantinus write that the poplar is but hot in the first degree, ergo it is cold or not hot: but this argument is so unlearnedly made that it needed but small confutation. When as he ought by good logics to have reasoned be olde writers hold that populus nigra is hot in the first degree, ergo it is hot, and in no wise cold. For to be hot in the first degree is to be one degree to be one departed from it that I stepparent or cold. And therefore, Galene writing of heat of this tree, sayeth in these expressed words. The flowers of the black poplar are hot in working, in the first departing or going away, or degree from temperate simples, that is to say from such as are in a mean temper between hot and cold. Therefor seeing that he maketh his conclusion contrary unto his antecedent, that is a hot antecedent and is cold consequent, his argument is worthy to be refused.

His third argument is this: The poplar tree hath nether any notable smell nor taste in it, whereby it may be judged to be hot, ergo it is no wise hot. Here I deny his antecedent or ground of his argument, and I take witness of all learned men that have said and smelled of the young buds of the black poplar, whether they have very pleasant smell and an hot taste or no. I answer that the poplar buds, which I have tasted and examined, both in England, Germany and Italy, are hot, and that the gum that comet furth of the ends of buds is hot about the second degree, this shall any man that will try it, find true, namely at the first coming furth of the buds about the middles of march, in sum countries sooner. Therefore, for all the sayings and arguments of Amatus of the black poplar abided still hot in the first degree at the lest.

Comarius perceiving that the black poplar was so hot: he thought it best to take the knops of the white poplar. But whether he conceal right or other ways, if we had Nicolaus Alexandrinum in Greek, we should easily judge. For the Grecians have not one Greek word to betoken both the poplars, but they call the black asp….and the with… I would wish both for this cause and for diverse other that they that find any old Greek examples or copies of old authors and intend to translate them, that they should as well set out and cause to be printed the Greek texts as the our translations, for so might men the better examine they: translations, and the studios youth by comparing of the together might profit much more the Greek tong and practitioners might be more bold to work according to it that they have translated.

The virtues of the poplars out of Dioscorides.

The leaves of the black asp are good to be laide to with vinegar upon the places that are vexed with the gout. The rosin that cometh out of the poplar is menged oft times with softening and solving plasters. The seed is good to bark drunken with vinegar of them that have the falling sickness. A once of the: bark of the white poplar drunken is good for the sciatica and the strangury. The juice of the leaves of the white poplar poured into the ears is good for they ach. The round pills which com furth at the budding time, broken and laide to with honey hele the dullness of the eyesight.

Of the kyndes of lekes.

Porrum is named in ….in English a leke, in Duche een lauch, in French porrean. Dioscorides maketh mention but of two kyndes of lekes, and that in diverse chapters. But Plini maketh thre kyndes, Theophrast maketh mention of one kynde of leke, whiche is nether……in Latin porrum capitatu, is called in English a leke, wihout any addition, in Duch eyn lauch. The second kynde is called porrum sectivum in Latin, and in Greke…… as som writers have taught, and it is called in English a Frenche leke. I never saw thys kynd savyng only in Englande. The thyrde kynde is called of grecianes ….in Latin eve so, because they have no other name, it myght be called porrum vineale. The Duch men call it wild lauch, it may be called in English wilde leke. I never saw farer wilde lekes in all my life then I saw in the feldes about Wormes in high Germany. for they were much larger in the leves and greater heded then they were that I saw about Bon. The moste parte of the writers of herballes in Germany, teach that our fine which they call schnitlauch, is porrum sativum. But they ar all farr deceyved for theyr schnitlauch is gethium, which is numbred of Plini amongest the kyndes of vnyones, and is therfore no kynde of leke. For as all the kyndes of vniones have round open leves; so all the kyndes of lekes, have open leves bowyng in agayn from, as it wer a rydge, or bak, porrum sectiva as Plini writeth have litle crestes in theyr leves, and he sayeth that they differ only from other lekes, in the maner of dressyng and setting, and therfore he sayeth, if thow will have thy lekes sectiva, sow them thicker together out of thys place of Plini. I gather that of one kynd of leke sede, may com both capitule & sectiva porra. But there is no kynde of ryght lekes sede whych will bryng furth lines or schnitlauch after what soever fashion ye sow or sett it. Therefore seyng that our fine hath nether the leves of porri sectivi, nether groweth of the sede of any leke, it can not be any kynde of leke, allthough the Duche name of schnitlauch draweth nere unto the name of porri sectivi. Theophrast also semeth to make mention of porri sectivi in the vij. booke de historia plantarum, in the second chapter in these wordes after the translation of Gaza. Gethium (that is a fyne) spryngeth from the syde and the leke, bryngeth furthe als som the syde benethe as it wer a round knoppy hede from whence the leves spryng out, but they spryng not out untill the stalk be withered and the sede be taken away. And because theyr hedes ar litle worthe, therfore men gather them not to dry then, and therfore they ar never sowen.

Thus far Theophrast, it appereth that Theophrast speaketh here not of the comon leke which is called porrum capitatum for that is sowen, groweth of the aede, and ether never or seldum out the to warynges, that grow lyke litle knoppes, out of the rootes, but porro sectivo which groweth by pullyng away, settyng more comonly then by sowyng. Thys porrum sectivum which is called in English a French leke for the moste part allwayes groweth of settyng and not of sowynng. But I thynk if me wold let theyr leves and stalkes grow furth, and wold not cut them and wold ſer thynner: that they wold bryng furth sede and wold grow of the sede as other lekes do. But the wold they grow out of kynde, and shuld be no more sectiva porra, except they wer afterward cuttet thyk together as Plini whome I have above rehersed, teacheth there ryght playnly. By these places and resones, that I have sufficiently proved that our fine called in Duche schnitlauch is not porrum sativum but gethium.

The vertues of the lekes first of Dioscorides.

The heded leke, that is our comon leke, bredeth wynde, evel iuice, and maketh hevy dremes. It stereth a man to make water, and it is good for the belly (to louse it as som understand Dioscorides.) It maketh fyne but it dulleth the sight, it draweth doun floures. It hurteth the blader hath skin of the kydnees. If it be aodden with a ptisan and receyved with meat: It will bryng out those thynges that stick fast in the breste. But the overmost busshy toppes of the leves sodden with see water, and vinegre, ar good to sit over for the stoppyng and hardnes of the mother. If ye will sethe a leke in two waters and afterwarde stepe it, in cold water, it will be swete and less wyndye then it wase before. The sede is sharper or mote bytyng, it hat a certayn byndyng poure. Wherefore the iuice of it with vinegre stoppeth bloode, and specialli it that commeth furth of the nose if Frankincense or the fine flour of it be menged there with. It stereth up also the lust of a mannis body. And it is used agaynst all the diseases of the breste, licked in with hony after the maner of an electuari. It is also good against the psisik, when it is taken in meate. It scoureth also the wynde pype. But if it be eaten, it dulleth the syght and hurteth the stomack. The iuice dronken with hony is good against bytyng of venemus bestes. Ye the lyke layd to it self is good for the same purpose. The iuice of the leke poured in to the ear with vinegre, frankincense, milk or rose oyle, healeth the ach a soundyng there of. The leves layd to with sumach of the kitchin, take away varos (that is litle harde swelled lumpes in the face) and epinictidas (that is, wheles that com out on night) which somtyme beyng rede, if they be broken put furth blodi mater. If they be layde to with salt, they brynge away the crustes of sores. Two drammes of the sede with lyke weyght of myrtill berryes, if they be drunken they ar good for the casting out of blod of the breste. The wild leke or wynyard leke, is more hurtfull for the stomack them the comon leke. But it heteth more, and steret a man more to make water. It bryngeth also doun floures. And the use of it is good for them that ar bitten of venemus beastes.

Out of Simeon Sethi.

The leke is hote and dry in the first degre as Symeon Sethy wryteth, but I reken that it is hote at the leste in the seconde degre because it hath such vertues and working as one is but hote in the first degre can not have. And as many as ar folowers of Galenes learning in the boke of simple medicines, as soun as ever they tast of leves or sede, will iudge, that leke is ether hote in the thyde degre allmoste, or that the leste in the second in a tremite. Beside the propertie that Dioscorides geveth unto the leke Symeon writeth that it maketh hede ach, hurteth the liver, it is good for the emrodes, for such as have colde stomackes. And Galene generally writing of unyones and lekes, of all hote herbes conselleth all them ar of hote nature to avoyde suche as thet ar only good for them that have colde waterische humores or toughe. Or clammy humores in they stomackes.

Out of Aetius.

The heded lekes ar of a sharp taste as unyones ar. By resin where of, they heat the body, and make thin oz breke grosse humores and cut in peces toughe humores. They purge the blader. Paulus Aegineta techeth the sede of the leke is used to be put in medicines for the kydnees.

Out of Plini.

The be porrum sectivum stancheth blod in the nose, if ye breke the leke and meng it with gall or mynte, if ye stop the nose thrilles therwith. The iuice of the leke taken with weomes milke, stoppeth the isshue that commeth, when a woman hath had hyr byrth before hyr tyme. The leves ar good for burnyng if it they be layd to. So ar they good for the diseases of the eares with a gotis gall or lyke portion of honied wyne. Thys leke is also good for the iaundes, and for the dropsey. The iuice taken in the mesure of an acetable, that is about two unces and an halfe, with hony scoureth the mother, ith quencheth thurst, and dryveth away dronkennes and softeneth the belly. The great heded leke is stronger for all these purposes. The use of lekes is good for them that wolde have chylder. It is also good for the clerenes of the voice, taken with a ptisan, or if it be taken every other day raw, in the morneng fastyng. The lekes hedes twyse sodden, and the water changed, stop the belly.

Out of the Arabianes.

The leke bryngeth weomen theyr syknes, and scoureth the breste, and taketh away sour belchynges, and softeneth the belly. The leke destroyeth the tethe, and the goumes. The leke of a naturall propertie is good for a moyst and slymie mother. The sede of the leke is good to make a perfume of, to perfume the fundament ther with agaynst fistulas that ar in it.

Of the kinds of lekes. (Allium porrum, schoenoprasum and vineale)

Porrum is named in ….in English a leek, in German ein lauch, in French porrean. Dioscorides maketh mention but of two kinds of leeks and that in diverse chapters. But Plini maketh three kinds, Theophrastus maketh mention of one kind of leek which is nether……in Latin porrum capitatum, is called in English a leek, without any addition, in German ein lauch. The second kind is called porrum sectivum in Latin, and in Greek…… as some writers have taught, and it is called in English a Frenche leek. I never saw this kind saving only in England. The third kind is called of Grecians ….in Latin eve so, because they have no other name, it might be called porrum vineale. The Duch men call it wild lauch, it may be called in English wild leek. I never saw farer wild leeks in all my life then I saw in the fields about worms in high Germany. for they were much larger in the leaves and greater headed then they were that I saw about Bon. The most part of the writers of herbals in Germany teach that our fine which they call schnitlauch, is porrum sativum. But they are all far deceived for their schnitlauch is gethium, which is numbered of Plini amongst the kinds of onions and is therefore no kind of leek. For as all the kinds of onions have round open leaves; so all the kinds of leeks, have open leaves bowing in again from as it were a ridge or back, porrum sectiva as Plini write have little crests in their leaves and he sayeth that they differ only from other leeks in the manner of dressing and setting and therefore he sayeth if thou will have thy leeks sectiva sow them thicker together out of this place of Plini. I gather that of one kind of leek seed, may com both capitula & sectiva porra. But there is no kind of right leeks seed which will bring furth lines or schnitlauch after what soever fashion ye sow or sett it. Therefore, seeing that our fine hath nether the leaves of porrum sectivum, nether growth of the seed of any leek, it cannot be any kind of leek, although the German name of schnitlauch draweth near unto the name of porrum sectivum. Theophrastus also seem to make mention of porrum sectivum in the vij. book de historia plantarum, in the second chapter in these words after the translation of Gaza. Gethium (that is a fine) spring from the side and the leek brength furth as something besides beneath as it were a round knop head from whence the leaves spring out, but they spring not out until the stalk be withered, and the seed be taken away. And because their heads are little worth, therefore men gather them not to dry then and therefore they are never sown.

Thus far Theophrastus, it appeared that Theophrastus speaks here not of the common leek which is called porrum capitatum for that is sown, growth of the seed and ether never or seldom out the two wirings, that grow like little knops out of the roots, but porrum sectivum which growth by pulling away, setting more commonly then by sowing. This porrum sectivum which is called in English a French leek for the most part always growth of setting and not of sowing. But I think if me would let their leaves and stalks grow furth and would not cut them and would set thinner: that they would bring furth seed and would grow of the seed as other leeks do. But they would they grow out of kind and should be no more sectivum porrum, except they were afterward cut thick together as Plini whom I have above rehearsed, teaches there right plainly. By these places and reasons that I have sufficiently proved that our fine called in German schnitlauch is not porrum sativum but gethium.

The virtues of the leeks first of Dioscorides.

The headed leek, that is our common leek, breadth wind, evil juice and maketh heavy dreams. It steered a man to make water, and it is good for the belly (to louse it as some understand Dioscorides.) It maketh fine but it dulled the sight, it draweth down flowers. It hurt the blader hath skin of the kidneys. If it be sodden with a ptisan and received with meat: It will bring out those things that stick fast in the breast. But the over most bushy tops of the leaves sodden with see water, and vinegar are good to sit over for the stopping and hardness of the mother. If ye will seethe a leek in two waters and afterward steep it in cold water, it will be sweet and less windy than it wase before. The seed is sharper or more biting, it hath a certain binding power. Wherefore the juice of it with vinegar stopped blood and specially it that comet furth of the nose if Frankincense or the fine flour of it be menged there with. It steered up also the lust of a man’s body. And it is used against all the diseases of the breast, licked in with honey after the manner of an electuary. It is also good against the psisik, when it is taken in meat. It scoured also the winded pipe. But if it be eaten it dulled the sight and hurt the stomach. The juice drunken with honey is good against biting of venomous beasts. Ye the like laid to itself is good for the same purpose. The juice of the leek poured into the ear with vinegar, frankincense, milk or rose oil, health the ach sounding thereof. The leaves laid to with sumac of the kitchen, take away varos (that is little hard swelled lumps in the face) and epinictidas (that is, whiles that come out on night) which sometime being red, if they be broken put furth bloody mater. If they be laide to with salt, they bring away the crusts of sores. Two drachms of the seed with like weight of myrtle berries, if they be drunken, they are good for the casting out of blood of the breast. The wild leek or Wynyard leek is more hurtful for the stomach them the common leek. But it hot more and steered a man more to make water. It brength also down flowers. And the use of it is good for them that are bitten of venomous beasts.

Out of Simeon Sethi.

The leek is hot and dry in the first degree as Symeon Sethy write, but I reckon that it is hot at the lest in the second degree because it hath such virtues and working as one is but hot in the first degree cannot have. And as many as are followers of Galene’ s learning in the boke of simple medicines, as soon as ever they taste of leaves or seed will judge that leek is ether hot in the third degree almost or that lest in the second in a terminus. Beside the property that Dioscorides give unto the leek Symeon write that it maketh headache, hurt the liver, it is good for the hemorrhoids, for such as have cold stomachs. And Galene generally writing of onions and leeks of all hot herbs counselled all of them are of hot nature to avoid such as that are only good for them that have cold waterish humors or tough. Or clammy humors in their stomachs.

Out of Aetius.

The headed leeks are of a sharp taste as onions. By resin where off they heat the body and make thin or break grosses humors and cut in pieces tough humors. They purge the blader. Paulus Aegineta teaches the seed of the leek is used to be put in medicines for the kidneys.

Out of Plini.

The be porrum sectivum stanched blood in the nose, if ye break the leek and meng it with gall or mint, if ye stop the nose thrills therewith. The juice of the leek taken with women milk stopped the issue that comet when a woman hath had hir birth before her time. The leaves are good for burning if it they be laid to. So are they good for the diseases of the ears with a goat’s gall or like portion of honied wine. this leek is also good for the jaundice and for the dropsy. The juice taken in the measure of an acetable, that is about two once’s and a half, with honey scoured the mother, it quenched thirst and drive away drunkenness and softened the belly. The great headed leek is stronger for all these purposes. The use of leeks is good for them that would have children. It is also good for the clearness of the voice, taken with a ptisan, or if it be taken every other day raw, in the morning fasting. The leeks heads twice sodden and the water changed, stop the belly.

Out of the Arabians.

The leek brength women their sickness and scoured the breast and taketh away sour belching’s and softened the belly. The leek destroyed the teethe and the gums. The leek of a natural property is good for a moist and slimy mother. The seed of the leek is good to make a perfume of to perfume the fundament there with against fistulas that are in it.

Porcellayn.

Porcellayn is named in Greke andrachne, in Latin Portulaca, in Duch pursel of bursell. There ar two kyndes of porcellayn. The one is the come porcellayn that groweth in gardines with the brode leves.

The other groweth wilde in the wynyardes of Germany. They ar both so well knowen in all countrees that they nede no further description.

The vertues of porcellayn out of Dioscorides.

Porcellayn hathe a byndyng pour. If it be layd to emplaster wyse with percheth barley it is good for the headach, and for the burnynge heate of the eyes, and for other inflammationes and for the heat of the stomacke, and for the erysypelate called of som saynt Antonies fyre, healeth the payn of the bladder. The same if it be chowed after the maner of meat helpeth the teth, when as they ar an edged, the heat of the stomack guttes, and it stilleth the flowyng. It healeth the fretynges or exulcerationes of the kydnes and bladder. And it quencheth the outragius desypre to the lust of the body. So is the iuice also good if it be dronken in agues. It is also food for round wormes and agaynst the spittyng of blode, and the blody flix, and the emrodes, and the burstyng out of blode, if it be much sodden. It is also good agaynst the bytyng of a venemus beast, called seps not unlike unto it that is called in the north parte of England a swyfte. It is very good to be menged withe eymedicines. Men use to pour it in, agaynst the flyx of the guttes and the gnawyng or fretyng of the moother. Men use also to pour it upon the hede for the hede ach, that cummeth of hete, with rose oyle or other comon oyle. It is good also to rub the hed ther with, with wyne agaynste the ploukes or blaynes that ar in the hede. It is good to be layd unto rotten woundes that ar num with perched barley.

Out of Galene.

Porcellayn is of a moyst and colde complexion where unto is ioyned a litle tartnes. And therefore it dryveth bak flowynges of humores, and specially such as ar cholerik and hote. Besyde that it changeth and turneth them in to an other qualite, colyng wonderfully. For it is in the thyrde degre or departyng som medicines of mean and temperat complexion, coolyng: it is moyste in the second degre. By resin where of it helpeth them that have a great burnyng heat, if it be layd upon the stomack, and also over all the places about the midriff, specially in consuming agues, which ar called hectice. The iuice is much stronger then the rest of the herbe. Galene in an other book that he wrote de alimentorum facultatibus, writeth that som use porcellayn as a meat, that it is but of very small norisshment, and the iuice that commeth of it is moyst colde and clammy.

Out of Pliny.

Porcellayn restreyneth the poyson of venemus arrows of the serpentes, also called hemorrhoydes, and of them that ar called presteres: if it be taken in meat. And il it be layde upon the wound, it draweth the poyson out, when as they can not be gotten, the sede is as good to be used as it. It withstandeth the unholsommes of waters. It healeth sores if it be chowed with hony and layde to. And so is it good to be layde upon yong childers hedes and upon navelles go to farr out. If it be chowed raw, it helpeth the sores of the mouthe and swellynges of the goumes. It is also good for the tuth ache. It is good to fasten tethe. It streyngtheneth the iuice, dryveth thyrst away. It swageth the ach of the nek with lyke quantite of a gall and lynt sede. The sede sodden with hony is good agaynst the short wynde. When it is taken in sallates, it strengtheneth the stomack. Porcellayn is good to ſwage the ache of woundes with oyle and perched barley. It softeneth the hardnes of the synewes, it dryveth away the unclene dremes of Veneri. Plini writeth also that a certayn noble man by wearyng of the roote of porcellayn about hys nek, as delyvered from the vivula, where with he had bene longe before grevoussy vexed. Theses and many other properties doth Plinie write that porcellayn hath.

Out of the Arabianes.

Porcellayn hurteth the eysyght, cooleth the body and stoppeth vomytynge. Porcellayn pulleth down the lust of the body, it is colde in the thyrde degre, and moyste in the seconde, it mynisheth a mannis sede if he use it muche.

Porcellayn. (Portulaca oleracea)

Porcelain is named in Greek andrachne, in Latin Portulaca, in German pursel of bursell. There are two kinds of porcelain. The one is the come porcelain that growth in gardens with the brood leaves.

The other growth wild in the Wynyard’s of Germany. They are both so well known in all countries that they need no further description.

The virtues of porcelain out of Dioscorides.

Porcelain hath a binding power. If it be laid to plaster wise with perched barley it is good for the headache, and for the burning heat of the eyes and for other inflammations and for the heat of the stomach and for the erysipelas called of some saint Antonis fire, health the pain of the bladder. The same if it be chowed after the manner of meat helped the teethe, when as they are an edged, the heat of the stomach gutters and it stilled the flowing. It health the fretting’s or ulcerations of the kidneys and bladder. And it quenched the outrageous desire to the lust of the body. So is the juice also good if it be drunken in agues. It is also food for round worms and against the spitting of blood and the bloody flux and the hemorrhoids and the bursting out of blood if it be much sodden. It is also good against the biting of a venomous beast, called seps not unlike unto it that is called in the north part of England a swifte. It is very good to be menged withe eye medicines. Men use to pour it in, against the flux of the gutters and the gnawing or fretting of the mother. Men use also to pour it upon the head for the headache that comet of hot, with rose oil or other common oil. It is good also to rub the head there with, with wine against the pokes or blains that are in the head. It is good to be laid unto rotten wounds that are num with perched barley.

Out of Galene.

Porcelain is of a moist and cold complexion where unto is joined a little tartness. And therefore, it drives back flowing’s of humors and specially such as are choleric and hot. Besides that, it changed and turned them into another quality, cooling wonderfully. For it is in the third degree or departing some medicines of mean and temperate complexion cooling: it is moist in the second degree. By resin where of it helped them that have a great burning heat, if it be laid upon the stomach, and also over all the places about the midriff, especially in consuming agues, which are called hectic. The juice is much stronger than the rest of the herb. Galene in another book that he wrote de alimentorum facultatibus, write that some use porcelain as a meat, that it is but of very small nourishment and the juice that comet of it is moist cold and clammy.

Out of Plini.

Porcelain restrained the poison of venomous arrows of the serpents, also called hemorrhoids, and of them that are called presters: if it be taken in meat. And if it be laide upon the wound, it draweth the poison out, when as they cannot be gotten, the seed is as good to be used as it. It withstands the unwholesome of waters. It health sores if it be chowed with honey and laide to. And so is it good to be laide upon young children heads and upon navels go too far out. If it be chowed raw, it helped the sores of the mouth and swellings of the gums. It is also good for the toothache. It is good to fasten teeth. It strengthened the juice, drive thirst away. It swaged the ach of the neck with like quantity of a gall and lint seed. The seed sodden with honey is good against the short wind. When it is taken in salat it strengthened the stomach. Porcelain is good to swage the ache of wounds with oil and perched barley. It softened the hardness of the sinews; it drives away the unclean dreams of Veneri. Plini write also that a certain noble man by wearing of the root of porcelain about his neck as delivered from the uvula where with he had bene long before grievously vexed. These and many other properties doth Plini write that porcelain hath.

Out of the Arabians.

Porcelain hurt the eyesight, cooled the body and stopped vomiting. Porcelain pullet down the lust of the body, it is cold in the third degree, and moist in the second, it minish man’s seed if he uses it much.

Of the plum trees, bulles trees and slo trees.

Prunus which is called in Greke ….is named in Englishe a plum tre, in Duche ein plaumen baum, in Frenche un prumer. Plini writeth thus of the diversite of plum trees and plumes. Ingens turba prunorum, &c. Ther ar a great sorte of diverse kyndes of plumbes, one with a diverse color, an other black and an other whytishe. There ar other that they call barley plumbes of the folowyng of that corn. There ar other of the same color later and greter. They ar calle day ass plumbes of theyr vylenes. There ar also som that ar blak and more commendable, the wery and purple plumbes. These kyndes of gardin plumbes (if a man may trust Pliny) were not knowe in Itali in Catoes tyme. Dioscorides maketh mention also of wilde plumbes, and both Galene and Pliny. Galene sayeth that ……is called in Asia….and the fruite…..The Latines calle the plum tre spinum more then Prunum as far as I have red. For I rede only mention of prunus for a plum tre in Plini. For Virgil callet the the tre or bush that beareth plumes spinum in thys verse folowyng, Georgicum iii. Eduramq; pirum & spinos iam pruna ferentes. Palladius also in the thirde book of husbandrie calleth the plum tre spinum, and writeth that the apple tre may be grafted in to the spinum, that is in to the plum tre. But when as spinus semeth to have the name of prickes, that tre that hath mani prickes and beareth plummes, may well be called spinus, whether it be wilde or tame. Also as there ar many kyndes of gardin plumbes as Pliny hath tolde us before: and experience doth teache: ar there are also diverse kyndes of wilde plumbes and plum trees. Wher of I know two severall kyndes at the leste.“ The one is called the bulles tre or the bullessertrey and the other is called the slo tre or the blak thorn tre. The bulles tre is of two sortes, the one is removed in to gardines, and groweth to the bygnes of a good byg plum tre. The other growth in hedges, but it never groweth in to the bygnes of any grete tre, but abideth betwene the bygnes of a tre and a great bushe. I never saw in all my lyfe more plenty of thys sorte of bulles trees, then in Somerset shyre. Thys lesse bulles tre hat mo prickes then the greater hath, wherefore it deserveth better to be called spinus for the names sake then the greter bulles tre dothe. And so the slo tre havyng yet mo prickes, then ether of bothe hathe, may better be called spinus then any of them bothe may be namely wher as w the other, it beareth plumbes in form and taste lyke to the other sortes. But Cornarius holdeth contrary to the iudgement of all learned men of our age that our comon slo bushe is not spinus or prunus sylvestris, because it is not a greate tre able to be grafted in. For Palladius sayeth he maketh spinum to be a tre able to be grafted in. But seyng that the slo bushe is not byg inough to be grafted in, it can not be spinus. Thys argument doth folow very evel, for allthoughe Palladius iudgethe one spinum mete to be grafted in: yet for all that he maketh not every spinum able to be grafted in. For nether he nor Virgill deny that ther is any wilde kynde of spinus which may not be grafted in for litlenes. Nay it appeareth by Virgil that he taketh our slo bushe or the wild spino, whilse he writeth for the spineta do hyde the lyſertes in the hete of sommer. But spinetum hath not name in thys place of Virgill, nether of spina that is a thistle, for lyſertes use not to hyde them amongst thystelles, spina signifieth not a whyte hawthorn tre in good writers, except alba be put unto it, ye that only in Columella that I remembre. Spinetum can nether com of the gardin spino, nor of the wild, spino for they use not to grow in any place so thyk together that the numbre of them may be called spinetum, and so can not hyde the lifertes from the heat of the son. Therfore seyng that spinetum is a thicket of spinis, and is nether of the spinis herbaceis nether of the plumb trees, nether of the great wild spinis, it is lyke that he maketh his spinetum of our spinis sylvestribus minoribus, which ar slo bushes. And thys my opinion may well be confirmed, by the comparyng of Theocritus, Virgil together. For where as Virgil, a great folower and a translator of tymes of Theocritus hath, occultant soinera lacertos, that is the thicket of thornes hydeth the lyſertes. Theocritus hath after the translation of Eobanus Hessus. Et virides recubant subter cnfeyta lacerti. That is the grene ſylartes ly under the hedges. Marke where as the translator of Theocrytus hath conseyta. Theocrytus hath hys ownself in hys Greke verse… Virgil hath spinetum. But …. properly signifieth an hedge made of thornes and not of trees. Wherefore it appeareth that Virgill taketh also spinum for the blak thorne, which in moste places serveth to make hedges of. And Pliny semeth also to call the slo tre which is so co men in all places, prunum sylvestre. For he wryteth thus of pruno sylvestri. Certum est pruna sylvstre vbiq; nasci, that is to say, it is well knowen that wilde plumbes grow in every place whiche can not be veryfied of the bullesse tre. These ones well consydered: I can se no cause why but our slobush or blak thorn is one kynde pruni sylvestris, so spinus in old latin writers. And where as Cornarius holdeth stifli that our blak thorn is poterion in Dioscorides, and semeth to bryng in there upon, that it can not be prunus sylvestris, leste Dioscorides shuld intreat of one thyng in ij. places, contrari unto hys maner:

I will easely prove that poterion can not be for diverse causes our slo bushe, First the branches of the blak thorn ar not long, nether softe, nether bowyng lyke a band, for althoughe there be many branches upon the stalk of the top of the blak thorn, yet ar they not long, but short and hard, and bretle.

The ſloures ar ofno singulare good smel, when as they ar smelled, for they have ether very litle or none at all. Nether ar they sharp or byndyng and tarte, far from all sharpnes, where fore syng Dioscorides requireth all these thynges in poterion, and they can not be found in our blak thorn, it can in no wyse be poterion.

And where as he holdeth that our floures ar brabyla, if he will receve te autorite of Dioscorides and Pliny, he must nedes grant that hys opinion is not true. For Dioscorides writeth that the fruite of poterion, is good for nothyng: and Pliny writeth that the brabilla (for so hath my Pliny, and not brabyla) vim habet spissandi cotonei mali modo: that is, brabylla hath the pour to make thick as the quince hath. Then can not the fruit of poterion be brabyla. Thys maketh also agaynst Coronarius that Pliny writeth of brabylla in these wordes: vim spissasndi habet, nec amplius de ea tradunt autores: is it hath pour to make thyck, nether do old autores wryte any more of brabylla. For Pliny writeth in two places more of poterion, folowyng the autorite of olde writers /therefore after the autorite of Pliny, poterion or the fruite there of, and brabyla can not be all one. And so can not our slo bush be poterion, and the fruite of it brabyla. And where as the sayd Cornarius iudgeth that the plum tre, where of Theophrast maketh mention in the thyrde chapter of the fourth booke de hiistoria plantarum, is the bulles tre: he erreth as much there in, as he doth in pruno sylvestri, in brabylla and poterio. For the tre that Theophrast maketh mention of, is of a notable bygnes, and the leves fall never from it. But the leves fall from our bulles tre and from the Duch mennis bilsen, and the tre is of notable bygnes, therfoz our bulles tre called in Hessia bilsen, can not be prunus Theophrast writeth of, Therfore Cornarius deserveth no credit in these hys gessniges, thoughe other wayes he be well learned in the knowlege of the Greke tong, and a very good Grammarian there in.

The properties of the plum tre and hys fruite out of Dioscorides.

Plumbes ar evel for the stomacke, but they soften the belly. The plumbes of Syria, and specially they that grow tn Damasco, when as they ar dryed they ar good for the stomack and bynde the belly. The leves of the plum tre sodden in wyne, if a man will gargle with the wyne, stop the reum or flowyng of humores to the vuula, goumes and kirnelles under the iawes. The wild plumbes wil do the same when as they ar drved after that they be rype. If they be sodden with swete sodden wyne, they ar better for the stomack and fitter to stop op the belly. The gum of the plum tre gleweth together, if it be dronken with wyne, it breketh the stone, and healeth the skurfenes of childer.

Out of Galene de simplicibus medicamentis.

The fruite of te plum tre louseth the belly, but more when as it is moyst and fresh, lesse when it is dry. But I can not tell what made Dioscorides to wryte of dryed Damascene plumes do stop the belly when as they do manifestly louse the belly, but the are come ouf Spayne ar sweter. The trees answer in proportion of qualite with the fruites. The fruite of the wild plum tre is manpyfestly byndyng and stoppeth the belly.

Out of Galene of the poures of norishmentes or meates.

Thou shalt seldum fynde the plum tarte or sour or to have any unpleastnes, when it is fully rype, for plumbes before they cum to that rypenes, they have almost as, ether a souernes or a tartness. And other ar as it were bitter, the body getteth vut small norishment of the eating of plumes, but the ar good for them that intende measurably to moyste and cool theyr belly; for they louse the belly when the moystenes slymenes. Plumes when as they ar dryed may verse to be profitables as dryed figges be. Men say of all plumes they ar best which grow in a city of Syria calles Damascus. They gyve the second prayse to them that cum out of Spayne. But these shuw out no byndyng. But som of the Damascenes bynde very much. They ar best among them, that ar great, with a measurably byndyng and ar louse. But thet that ar little ones, and harde and harrish tarte, ar sterk noughts. Wheter ye wold eat them, or louse the belly with them, which lousyng of the belly foloweth them, that cum out of Spayn. If plumbes be sodden in honied water, wher in is a greater dele of hony, they louse the belly muche, allthough a man take them by them selves alone. And that do they muche more if a man sup mede or honyed water after them. It is playn that it helpeth much to the lousyng of the belly after that ye have taken them to drrnke swete wyne to them, and to let a certain tyme go between, and not by and after to go to dinner. And ye muss remembre that thys maner must be kept in all other such lyke as at taken to soften the belly.

Out of Plini lib.23.cap.7.

Sylvestrium prunorum baccæ, &c. the berryes of wilde Prunus on plumtre, or the bark of the roote, if they be sodden in tart byndyng wyne, so that of x. unces, the remain stop the belly and the gnawing there of, it is inough to take one cyate that is an once and an half, and a dram of one scruple of the brothe at one tyme. Hyther to Plini-of whose wordes it is playn that Cornelius erreth in denying the floes to be the fruyte of the wild Plum tre. For if that only great plumes had growen upon prunum sylvestrum, as Cornarius semeth to meane, Plini wold never have called the plumbes of Pruni sylvstris baccas, that is berries, which worde agreeth not unto so great fruites as the great bullesses ar.

Out of the Arabianes.

The plumes bothe the white and blake when they a rype they arc olde and moyste, they swage the heat of choler; they louse the belly. They hurt somthyng the mouth of the stomack, and take away mannis appetite.

Of the plum trees, bulls’ trees and sloe trees. (Prunus domestica, spinosa)

Prunus which is called in Greek ….is named in English a plum tree, in German ein plaumen baum, in French un prumer. Plini write thus of the diversity of plum trees and plumes. Ingens turba prunorum, &c. There are great sorts of diverse kinds of plumbs, one with a diverse color, another black and another whitish. There are other that they call barley plumbs of the following of that corn. There are other of the same color later and greater. They are call day ass plumbs of their vileness. There are also some that are black and more commendable, the wary and purple plumbs. These kinds of garden plumbs (if a man may trust Plini) were not know in Itali in Cato’ s time. Dioscorides maketh mention also of wild plumbs and both Galene and Plini. Galene sayeth that ……is called in Asia….and the fruit…..The Latines call the plum tree spinum more than Prunus as far as I have read. For I read only mention of Prunus for a plum tree in Plini. For Virgil calls the tree or bush that bear plumbs spinum in this verse following, Georgicum iii. Eduramq; pirum & spinos iam pruna ferentes. Palladius also in the third book of husbandry calleth the plum tree spinum and write that the apple tree may be grafted into the spinum, that is in to the plum tree. But when as spinus seem to have the name of prickers, that tree that hath mani prickers and bear plumbs may well be called spinus, whether it be wild or tam. Also, as there are many kinds of garden plumbs as Plini hath told us before: and experience doth teach: are there are also diverse kinds of wild plumbs and plum trees. Whereof I know two several kinds at the lest. The one is called the bulls tree or the bullessertree and the other is called the sloe tree or the black thorn tree. The bull’s tree is of two sorts, the one is removed into gardens and growth to the bigness of a good big plum tree. The other growth in hedges, but it never growth into the bigness of any great tree but abided between the bigness of a tree and a great bush. I never saw in all my life more plenty of this sort of bull’s trees then in Somerset shire. This lesser bull’s tree hats more prickers then the greater hath, wherefore it deserved better to be called spinus for the name’s sake then the greater bull’s tree doth. And so, the sloe tree having yet more prickers then ether of both hath, may better be called spinus then any of them both may be namely whereas the other, it bears plumbs in form and taste like to the other sorts. But Cornarius hold contrary to the judgment of all learned men of our age that our common sloe bush is not spinus or Prunus sylvestris, because it is not a great tree able to be grafted in. For Palladius sayeth he maketh spinum to be a tree able to be grafted in. But seeing that the sloe bush is not big enough to be grafted in, it cannot be spinus. this argument doth follow very evil, for although Palladius judged one spinum mete to be grafted in: yet for all that he maketh not every spinum able to be grafted in. For neither he nor Virgill deny that there is any wild kind of spinus which may not be grafted in for littleness. Nay it appeared by Virgil that he taketh our sloe bush or the wild spinum while he writes for the spineta do hide the leaves in the hot of summer. But spinum hath not name in this place of Virgill, nether of spina that is a thistle, for leaves use not to hide them amongst thistles, spina signified not a white hawthorn tree in good writers, except alba be put unto it, ye that only in Columella that I remember. Spinum can nether com of the garden spinum, nor of the wild, spinum for they use not to grow in any place so thick together that the number of them may be called spinetum and so cannot hide the leaves from the heat of the son. Therefore, seeing that spinum is a thicket of spines and is nether of the spinis herbaceis nether of the plumb trees, nether of the great wild spines, it is like that he maketh his spinum of our spinus sylvestribus minoribus, which are sloe bushes. And this my opinion may well be confirmed by the comparing of Theocritus, Virgil together. For whereas Virgil, a great follower and a translator of times of Theocritus hath, occultant soinera lacertos, that is the thicket of thorns hide the leaves. Theocritus hath after the translation of Eobanus Hessus; Et virides recubant subter confeyta lacerti. That is the green leaves lie under the hedges. Marke whereas the translator of Theocritus hath conseyta. Theocritus hath his own self in his Greek verse… Virgil hath spinetum. But …. properly signified a hedge made of thorns and not of trees. Wherefore it appeared that Virgill taketh also spinum for the black thorn, which in most places served to make hedges of. And Plini seem also to call the sloe tree which is so co men in all places, Prunus sylvestris. For he writes thus of Prunus sylvestri. Certum est pruna sylvstre vbiq; nasci, that is to say, it is well known that wild plumbs grow in every place which cannot be verified of the bull’s tree. These ones well considered: I can see no cause why, but our sloe bus or black thorn is one kind Prunus sylvestris, so spinus in old Latin writers. And where as Cornarius hold stiffly that our black thorn is Poterium in Dioscorides and seem to bring in there upon that it cannot be Prunus sylvestris, lest Dioscorides should intreat of one thing in ij. places, contrary unto his manner:

I will easily prove that Poterium cannot be for diverse causes our sloe bush. First the branches of the black thorn are not long, nether soft, nether bowing like a band, for although there be many branches upon the stalk of the top of the black thorn, yet are they not long, but short and hard and brittle.

The flowers are of no singular good smell when as they are smelled for, they have ether very little or none at all. Nether are they sharp or binding and tarte, far from all sharpness where fore seeing Dioscorides required all these things in Poterium and they cannot be found in our black thorn, it can in no wise be Poterium.

And whereas he holds that our flowers are brabyla, if he will receive the authority of Dioscorides and Plini, he must need grant that his opinion is not true. For Dioscorides write that the fruit of Poterium is good for nothing: and Plini write that the brabilla (for so hath my Plini, and not brabyla) vim habet spissandi cotonei mali modo: that is, brabylla hath the power to make thick as the quince hath. Then cannot the fruit of Poterium be brabyla. this maketh also against Coronarius that Plini write of brabylla in these words: vim spissasndi habet, nec amplius de ea tradunt autores: is it hath power to make thick, nether do old authors write any more of brabylla. For Plini write in two places more of Poterium following the authority of olde writers, therefore after the authority of Plini Poterium or the fruit thereof and brabyla cannot be all one. And so cannot our sloe bush be Poterium the fruit of it brabyla. And whereas the said Cornarius judged that the plum tree, where of Theophrastus maketh mention in the third chapter of the fourth book de historia plantarum, is the bulls tree: he erred as much there in as he doth in Prunus sylvestris, in brabylla and Poterium. For the tree that Theophrastus maketh mention of is of a notable bigness and the leaves fall never from it. But the leaves fall from our bull’s tree and from the German mennis bilsen and the tree is of notable bigness, therefore our bulls tree called in Hessia bilsen, cannot be Prunus Theophrastus write of, Therefore Cornarius deserved no credit in these his gassings, though other ways he be well learned in the knowledge of the Greek tong and a very good Grammarian therein.

The properties of the plum tree and his fruit out of Dioscorides.

Plumbs are evil for the stomach, but they soften the belly. The plumbs of Syria and specially they that growth in Damasco, when as they are dried, they are good for the stomach and bind the belly. The leaves of the plum tree sodden in wine, if a man will gargle with the wine, stop the rheum or flowing of humors to the uvula, gums and kernelless under the yaws. The wild plumbs will do the same when as they are dried after that they be ripe. If they be sodden with sweet sodden wine, they are better for the stomach and fitter to stop op the belly. The gum of the plum tree glew together, if it be drunken with wine, it breaks the stone and health the scurf of children.

Out of Galene de simplicibus medicamentis.

The fruit of the plum tree loused the belly, but more when as it is moist and fresh, lesser when it is dry. But I cannot tell what made Dioscorides to write of dried Damascene plumes do stop the belly when as they do manifestly louse the belly, but that come out Spain are sweeter. The trees answer in proportion of quality with the fruits. The fruit of the wild plum tree is manifestly binding and stopped the belly.

Out of Galene of the powers of nourishments or meats.

Thou shalt seldom find the plum tarte or sour or to have any unpleasant when it is fully ripe, for plumbs before they cum to that ripeness, they have almost as, ether a sourness or a tartness. And other are as it were bitter, the body get out small nourishment of the eating of plumes, but the are good for them that ineten measurably to moist and cool their belly; for they louse the belly when the moistens sliminess. Plumes when as they are dried may verse to be profitable as dried figs be. Men say of all plumes they are best which grow in a city of Syria called Damascus. They give the second prays to them that cum out of Spain. But these show out no binding. But some of the Damascenes bind very much. They are best among them that are great with a measurably binding and are louse. But they that are little ones and hard and harries tarte are stark noughts. Whether ye would eat them or louse the belly with them, which loosing of the belly followed them, that cum out of Spain. If plumbs be sodden in honied water, wherein is a greater deal of honey, they louse the belly much, although a man take them by themselves alone. And that do they much more if a man sup mee or honeyed water after them. It is plain that it helped much to the loosing of the belly after that ye have taken them to drink sweet wine to them and to let a certain time go between and not by and after to go to dinner. And ye muss remember that this manner must be kept in all other such like as at taken to soften the belly.

Out of Plini lib.23.cap.7.

Sylvestrium prunorum baccæ, &c. the berries of wild Prunus on plumb tree or the bark of the root, if they be sodden in tart binding wine, so that of x. once’s, the remain stop the belly and the gnawing thereof it is enough to take one kyats that is an once and an half, and a dram of one scruple of the broth at one time. Hitherto Plini-of whose words it is plain that Cornarius erred in denying the floes to be the fruit of the wild Plum tree. For if that only great plumes had grown upon Prunus sylvestris, as Cornarius seem to mean, Plini would never have called the plumbs of Pruus sylvestris baccas, that is berries, which word agreed not unto so great fruits as the great bulls are.

Out of the Arabians.

The plumbs both the white and black when they a ripe they are olde and moist, they swage the heat of choler; they louse the belly. They hurt something the mouth of the stomach and take away man’s appetite.

Of Psyllium of fleasede out of Dioscorides.

Psyllium hath a lefe lyke unto the herbe Ive, called coronopus, roughe and longer, it hath boughes a span log. The hole herbe is full of twygge, lyke hay. Hys bushy leves and branches, begin from the myd stalk upwarde. It hath two or thre title hedes drawen together in the top, where in is an harde blak sede, lyke unto a flea. It groweth in feldes and untilled groundes. Thus far Dioscorides.

Allthough I have sene thys herbe oft in Germany and in England, yet I never saw it grow wylde but onli in gardines. But hither to I could never learn the Englishe or Duche name of it. It may be well called fleasede or fleawort, because the sede is very lyke unto a fle.

The vertues of the sede out of Dioscorides.

The nature of the flesede is te coole. If it be layd to with rose oyl, vinegre and water, it healeth the ach of the ioyntes, the swellyng about the eares, hard and soft swellynges both, and places out of ioynt, and it swageth the hed ach. Fleasede layd to with vinegre healeth the burstyng of shylder, the goyng out of the navil, ye must take about two unces and an half of the sede and bruse it and atepe it in two quarte of water, and when the water is thick, then lay it on. It cooleth excedyngly. But if it be tast in to hote water, then will it stanche the heat very well. It is good for they burnyng heat called saynt Antonies fyre, and hote cholerik inflammationes. Som hold that if the herbe be broyght in to the house. it will let no flees brede there, the sede brused with grese, scoureth stingkyng and grevaus sores. The iuice of it is good with hony for the rynnyng of the eares a wormes ther in.

Out of the Arabianes.

Psyllium swageth the gwawynges and pryckynges of the belly, and it swageth the sharpnes or rawnes of the goumes. It taketh away the vayn desyre of goyng to the stool. It is good for the hed ach that commeth of hete. The iuice of the leves softeneth the belly by the reson of coldnes and moysture that ar in it. The harm that may come by the takyng of Psyllium, is remedied with hote medicines. Psyllium lowseth the belly taken in raw. But if it be perched or softened at the fyre, it stoppeth the belly, two drammes of the sede of Psyllium is inoughe to be put in water: when it hath bene long inoughe in the water, take the water, put white sugar unto it, and so receve it, let all men take hede that they take not to muche of it, for it wil kill a man as well as many other poysenes do. Galene writeth that Psyllium is colde in the second degre, that it is in a meant betwene moyste and dry.

Of Psyllium of fleasede out of Dioscorides. (Plantago psyllium)

Psyllium hath a leaf like unto the herb Ive, called coronopus, rouge and longer, it hath boughs a span log. The hole herb is full of twigs like hay. His bushy leaves and branches begin from the mis stalk upward. It hath two or three title heads drawn together in the top, where in is a hard black seed, like unto a flea. It growth in fields and untilled grounds. Thus far Dioscorides.

Although I have seen this herb oft in Germany and in England, yet I never saw it grow wild but only in gardens. But hither to I could never learn the English or German name of it. It may be well called fleaseed or fleawort, because the seed is very like unto a flea.

The virtues of flesaseed out of Dioscorides.

The nature of the fleaseed is too cool. If it be laid to with rose oil, vinegar and water, it health the ach of the joints, the swelling about the ears, hard and soft swellings both, and places out of joint and it swaged the headache. Fleaseed laid to with vinegar health the bursting of shoulder, the going out of the navel, ye must take about two once’s and a half of the seed and bruise it and step it in two quart of water and when the water is thick then lay it on. It cooled exceedingly. But if it be taste into hot water, then will it stanch the heat very well. It is good for they burning heat called saint Antonis’s fire and hot choleric inflammations. Som holds that if the herb be brought into the house.it will let no flees brede there, the seed bruised with grease scoured stinking and grievous sores. The juice of it is good with honey for the running of the ears and worms therein.

Out of the Arabians.

Psyllium swaged the gnawing’s and pricking’s of the belly, and it swaged the sharpness or rawness of the gums. It taketh away the vain desire of going to the stool. It is good for the headache that comet of hot. The juice of the leaves softened the belly by the reason of coldness and moisture that are in it. The harm that may come by the taking of Psyllium, is remedied with hot medicines. Psyllium lowest the belly taken in raw. But if it be perched or softened at the fire, it stopped the belly, two drachms of the seed of Psyllium is enough to be put in water: when it hath bene long enough in the water, take the water, put white sugar unto it, and so receive it, let all men take head that they take not too much of it, for it will kill a man as well as many other poisons do. Galene write that Psyllium is cold in the second degree, that it is in a meant between moist and dry.

Of the herbe called Ptarmica.

Ptarmica (as Dioscorides writeth) is a small bushlyng, and hath many small rounde twigges not unlike unto sothernwod, and about them grow leves lyke olive leves, long and many, and in the top a hede lyke unto camomyle, rounde and little, which with,| hys smel stereth a man to neese, where upon it hath the name. it groweth in mountaynes rocky places.

Diverse learned men holde that the herbe which is called in Duche Wilder Bertram, is Ptarmica in Dioscorides, whose diligence and iudgement ar rather to be commended, then dispraised. Although ther be two thynges in the description of Ptarmica, which can not be well found in Wilder bertram. For the wilde bertram hath not a lefe like on alive, but much sharper, smaller and longer, for the bygnes it hath, they ar also indented all about the edges of the lefe, therefore is it unlike unto the lefe of an olive. And Wylde bertram growth whersoever I have sene it, only about water sydes, in merische medowes, and never that I could se, in rockes, mountaynes, wherefore I dare not geve sentence with the fore named learned men. The wild bertram is the right Ptarmica of Dioscorides, although it differ very little or nothing at all, from the right Ptarmica, in working, and so little that a man may well use the one in the stede of the other.

The vertues of Ptarmica.

The leves of Ptarmica layd to with the fruite, have a propertie to dryve away swellynges and of hard lumpes, and to purge brused places. The floures make one neese excedringhe. Galena writeth that Ptarmica being grene is hote and drye in the second degre, and when it is dryed, that it is hote and dry in the thyrde degre.

Of the herb called Ptarmica. (Achillea ptarmica)

Ptarmica (as Dioscorides write) is a small bush and hath many small round twigs not unlike unto southernwood and about them grow leaves like olive leaves, long and many, and in the top a head like unto chamomile, round and little, which with his smell steered a man to sneeze, where upon it hath the name. it growth in mountains rocky places.

Diverse learned men hold that the herb which is called in German Wilder Bertram, is Ptarmica in Dioscorides, whose diligence and judgment are rather to be commended, then dispraised. Although there be two things in the description of Ptarmica which cannot be well found in Wilder Bertram. For the wild bertram hath not a leaf like on olive, but much sharper, smaller and longer for the bigness it hath, they are also indented all about the edges of the leaf, therefore is it unlike unto the leaf of an olive. And wild bertram growth wheresoever I have seen it, only about water sides, in meres meadows and never that I could see in rocks, mountains, wherefore I dare not give sentence with the fore named learned men. The wild bertram is the right Ptarmica of Dioscorides, although it differs very little or nothing at all, from the right Ptarmica, in working, and so little that a man may well use the one in the stead of the other.

The virtues of Ptarmica.

The leaves of Ptarmica laid to with the fruit have a property to drive away swellings and old hard lumps and to purge bruised places. The flowers make one sneeze excitingly. Galena write that Ptarmica being green is hot and dry in the second degree and when it is dried that it is hot and dry in the third degree.

Of Penny ryall.

Pulegium is named in Greke……, in Englishe Penny ryall or pudding grasse, in Duche Polez, in Frenche Pouliot. Dioscorides describeth nor Penny ryall where as he intreteth of it, but he descrybing dictamnum, maketh it to have leves lyke unto Penny ryall, but greater. Then when of dictamnus is well knowen to have round leves, so must also Pulegium have. It crepeth much upon the ground and hath many lytle round leves, not unlike unto the leves of merierum gentil, but that they a little longer and sharper, and also little indented rounde about, and greener, then the leves of merierum ar. The leves grow in little branches, even from the roote, out of certain ioyntes, by equall spaces one devyded from an other. Where as the leves grow in litle tuftes upon the over partes of the branches, if the lower partes touch the ground, righte over agaynst the tuftes of the leves they take rootes in the grounde, and grow as well as the first rootes do: our comon Penny ryall hath purple floures, but there is an other kynde mentioned in Pliny, whych hath a white flour, which he calleth the male, as he called the comon one the female . Penny ryall groweth much with out any settyng besyd hundsley upon the heth, beside a watery place. It groweth also much wylde in Germany in such pooles as ar full of water in wynter, ar al or for the moste parte dryed up in sommer.

The vertues of Penny ryall out of Dioscorides.

Penny ryall maketh subtil, heateth and maketh ripe. When it is drunken, it draweth furth floures, secondes, and the birthe. Penny ryall dronken with hony and salt, bryngeth furth such thynges as ar about the lunges. And it is good for the cramp. It it be dronken with vinegre and water, it swageth the lothsomnes, and the bytyng of the stomack. It bryngeth furth Melancholi throughe the belly. If it be dronken with wyne, it is good for the of venemus bestes. It refressheth them that swowne, if it be layd to the nose with vinegre. If it be dryed and broken into pouder and burnt, it streyngtheneth the goumes: it is good for the gout, layd to by it self untill the skin wer red. The brothe of it, taketh away ach, if the place that acheth be wasshed with it. It is good for the wyndynes, hardnes, and the turnyng or rysyng up of the mother, if the patient sit in the brothe of it.

Out of Pliny.

Penny ryall droweth furth dede chylder, it is good for the fallyn siknes geven in the measur of and unce and a half, in vinegre. It thouw must nedes drynk unholsum water, then put Penny ryall in to it. The floures of the grene herbe set in a fyre, kylleth flees with the smell of it.

Out of the Arabianes.

Penny ryall that groweth about watery places, is hote and dry in the thyrde degre, because it is made of a fyrie substance with som burnt erthly part. And that doth the sharpnes of it shew with a litle bitternes. The second workynges of it to dissolve, to make subtil, and to drye. The thyrd ar to provoke water. Som holde that it is good agaynst the lepre and for them that ar bitten of venummes bestes, chefely if it be layd upon the bytynges. And it killeth also wormes, which brede in the eares. And it of the mountain, is stronger and better then the other.

Of Penny ryall. (Mentha pulegium and cervina)

Pulegium is named in Greek……, in English Penny rial or pudding gras, in German Polez, in French Pouliot. Dioscorides described nor Penny rial where as he intreated of it, but he is describing Dictamnus, maketh it to have leaves like unto Penny rial, but greater. Then when of Dictamnus is well known to have round leaves, so must also Pulegium have. It creped much upon the ground and hath many little round leaves, not unlike unto the leaves of marjoram gentil, but that they a little longer and sharper and also little indented round about, and greener, then the leaves of marjoram are. The leaves grow in little branches, even from the root, out of certain joints, by equal spaces one divided from another. Whereas the leaves grow in little tufts upon the over partes of the branches, if the lower partes touch the ground right over against the tufts of the leaves they take roots in the ground and grow as well as the first roots do: our common Penny rial hath purple flowers, but there is another kind mentioned in Plini which hath a white flour which he calleth the male as he called the common one the female . Penny rial growth much without any setting beside Hindsley upon the heat beside a watery place. It growth also much wild in Germany in such pools as are full of water in winter, are al or for the most part dried up in summer.

The virtues of Penny rial out of Dioscorides.

Penny rial maketh subtill, heath and maketh ripe. When it is drunken, it draweth furth flowers, seconds and the birth. Penny rial drunken with honey and salt brength furth such things as are about the lunges. And it is good for the cramp. If it be drunken with vinegar and water, it swaged the loathsomeness and the biting of the stomach. It brength furth Melancholy through the belly. If it be drunken with wine, it is good for the of venomous beasts. It refreshed them that swooned, if it be laid to the nose with vinegar. If it be dried and broken into powder and burnt, it strengthened the gums: it is good for the gout, laid to by itself until the skin were red. The broth of it taketh away ach, if the place that ached be washed with it. It is good for the windiness, hardness and the turning or rising up of the mother, if the patient sits in the broth of it.

Out of Plini.

Penny rial drowned furth dead children, it is good for the fallen sickness given in the measure of a once and a half, in vinegar. If thou must need drink unwholesome water, then put Penny rial into it. The flowers of the green herb set in a fire, killed flees with the smell of it.

Out of the Arabians.

Penny rial that growth about watery places, is hot and dry in the third degree, because it is made of a fire substance with some burnt earthly part. And that doth the sharpness of it shews with a little bitterness. The second workings of it to dissolve, to make subtill and to dry. The third are to provoke water. Som holds that it is good against the leper and for them that are bitten of venom’s beasts, chiefly if it be laid upon the biting’s. And it killed also worms which brede in the ears. And it of the mountain is stronger and better than the other.

Of Pyrethro out of Dioscorides.

Pyrethrum is an herbe whiche hath a stalk and leves like unto fenell or wilde Daucus, and a shaddowy or spokye top with a round circle, as dyll. The roote is as great as a mannis thumb. It is excedyng hote, draweth out waterish fleme. Thus far Dioscorides. Nether it that Fuchsius, Matthiolus ſst furth for Pyrethro, nether it that is comenly sold for Pyrethro, agreeth hole with the description of Dioscorides. For it that they set out, as theyr figures shew, hath only a top and floures lyke to camomyle, and no spoky top like dyl. And nether the rout of theyr herbe, nether of it that is comonly solde is so byg as a mannis thumb. Therefore the other new kynde of pylletori, refused of Matthiolus, for hys great excedyng heat, lyketh me better, if it have leves als other partes agreyng with the rest of the description,/then theyr Pyrethrum doth. What mervel is it if the lately found Pyrethrum be very hote, when as Galene geveth a blysteryng and burnyng nature unto Pyrethro. And Dioscorides writeth that the root of it is servidissima, that is moste hote or burnyng. Therfore I se no cause why that Matthiolus shuld refuse it, for the great heates sake, other markes and properties beyng present. And therefore I wisshe that we myght have the other Pyrethrum. For it agreeth better with the description of Dioscorides, as far as I have heard or red of it, then comon pilletori doth.

The vertues of Pyrethro out of Dioscorides.

Pylletoris is good for the tuth ach if the tuth be wasshed with vinegre wher in it sodden. It bringeth furth waterish fleme if it be chowed. if the body be there with anoynted and with oyle, it stereth a man to ſsete. It is good for long cold shakyng. It is excellently good for any parte of the body fundied or foundered or made allmost num, with to much colde, and such as ar stycken with the palsey.

Of Pyrethro out of Dioscorides. (Anacyclus pyrethrum)

Pyrethrum is an herb which hath a stalk and leaves like unto fennel or wild Daucus and a shadowy or spoke top with a round circle as dill. The root is as great as a man’s thumb. It is exceeding hot, draweth out waterish flehm. Thus far Dioscorides. Nether it that Fuchsius, Matthiolus set furth for Pyrethrum nether it that is commonly sold for Pyrethrum agreed hole with the description of Dioscorides. For it that they set out, (Achillea ptarmica) as their figures shew hath only a top and flowers like to chamomile and no spooky top like dill. And neither the root of their herb, nether of it that is commonly sold is so big as a man’s thumb. Therefore, the other new kind of pellitory, refused of Matthiolus, for his great exceeding head like me better, if it has leaves as other partes agreeing with the rest of the description then their Pyrethrum doth. What marvel is it if the lately found Pyrethrum be very hot, when as Galene give it a blistering and burning nature unto Pyrethrum. And Dioscorides write that the root of it is servidissima, that is most hot or burning. Therefore, I see no cause why that Matthiolus should refuse it, for the great heat’s sake, other marks and properties being present. And therefore, I wish that we might have the other Pyrethrum. For it agreed better with the description of Dioscorides, as far as I have heard or read of it then common pellitory doth.

The virtues of Pyrethrum out of Dioscorides.

Pellitory is good for the toothache if the teeth be washed with vinegar wherein it is soddened. It bringeth furth waterish flehm if it be chowed. if the body be there with anointed and with oil, it street a man to sweat. It is good for long cold shaking. It is excellently good for any part of the body funded or foundered or made almost num, with too much cold, and such as are stick with the palsy.

Of diverse kyndes of Pear trees and Peares.

Pyrum is named in Greke… in English a Peare, in Duche ein Byr, in Frenche un Poyre. Dioscorides writeth of two kindes of Pear trees of the orciard Peartre, which is comenly called in Greke … and of the wyld Pere tre or chouke Pere, or worry Pee tre, whych is called in Greke … in Latin Pyrus sylvestris, or Pyraster. Bothe these kyndes ar so well knowen that they nede no description. We have many kyndes of gardin Peares with us in Englande, and som kyndes better then ever I saw in Germany so holsomnes, and som in Germany more pleasant and greater then ever I saw in England. I have red in no old writer so many kyndes of peares, as I rede of in Plini, where of I will show certayn Latin names, compare them with our Englise peares and Duche peares, as well as I can. Pyra superba, that is to say, proud peares, are litle and sonest rype, and these are called in Cambridge, midsummer peares. Falerna pira have ther name (sayeth Pliny) of drinck, because they be ful of iuice. These are called in som places watery peares or moyst peares. Dolobelliana are the peares that have the long footstalkes. I remembre not how they be named in England. Fanoniana are rede peares, a litle bigger then the midsummer peares. Autumnalis pira, that is the peares of the autumne, whiche beginneth in the Septembre, are pleasant with a sour tast. Volema wherof Virgil maketh mention in the second boke of hys Georkes or husbandry in thys verse; crustumijs Syrijtq́; piris grauibusq́; nolemis; They are named also of Cato, as Pliny writeth, sementina and mustea. These because they are very hevy as Virgil sheweth, and very greate, as theyr name betokeneth for they seme to have they name of Vola, that is the holow place or loose of a mannis hand, because they be as big as a man can grype in the palm of loose of his hande. These are comenly called in English wardena, hey have a bynding, and be rede, when as they ar rosted, and indure unto Marche or February. It appeareth that they have theyr namee of long keping, for warden in Duche whence our English came, is to kepe Serotina pira, are they that hang upon theyr mother until winter, and were rype with the frost. These are partely our wardens, and partely other long during peares, which are called in Duch winter biren, and they may be wel called in English winter peares. Pliny maketh mention of diverse other sortes of peares whereunto because I can not compare any of our peares, thinke it best to passe them over in silence, leste I should talke of such things, as I have no perfit knowledge of.

The vertues of pere trees and peares out of Dioscorides.

Ther ar many kindes of peares, al ar binding, for the cause they ar used to be put into emplasters, which stop the course of humors that rin to any place. The broth of dried peares, stop the bellye. They ar evel if they be eaten fasting: the iuice of peare tre leaves is good for biting of venemus bestes. Wild peares ar more stoppyng and byndyng, then the gardin peares ar. And so lykewyse ar theyr leves more byndyng. The asshes of the Peare tree, ar good agaynst the stranglyng that commeth of todestooles or mushrummes. And when as wilde Peares ar sodden with toodstoles they will not hurt that eat them.

Out of Aetius

The leves and twigges of the Pear tre, ar byndyng an tarte. The fruite hath a certayn waterishe swetenes, where by a man map learn to know that the complexion of it is not a like, in all partes. The Peares ar good for the stomack, quenche the thyrste, if they be taken in meat. But when as Peares ar put in to emplasters they drye and could mesurablely, so that I know that a wound was healed there by.

Out of the Arabianes.

Great Peares have mee streingthe or vertu then litle Peares have. And Peares norish mor then quinces do. A syrope made of the iuice of Peares stoppeth the isshue of chole, or cholerik flix. And they make skin in the stomack if it be gone of. Peares of theyr propertie that they have brede the colike. Therefore they that eat Peares, must drynk wyne sodden with hony and spices or any good hypocras made of wyne sugar and other warme spices. Unryp Peares ar colde and drye. But rype Peares ar temperat, in a mean betwene heat and cold, or they bow a litle to coldnes. Peares ar very swete (as Rasis writeth) cool not, neverthelesse they bynde all. But if they be taken after meat, they help to dryve furthe it that is in the guttes, but yet for all that, they stopp afterwardes.

Out of the Phisiciones of Salern.

Adde pyro potum nux est medicina ueneno,

Fert pyra nostra pyrus sine uino sunt pyra virus:

cum coquis antidotum pyra susnet, sed cruda venenum,

Cruda gravant stomac hum, relevant pyra cotta granatum,

Post pyra da potum, post pomaq uade cacatum. That is, after Peares drynk a walnut, is a remedy agaynst poyson. Our peartre bryngeth furth Peares, but peares ar poyson with out wyne. When as thow sethest Peares, they ar a triacle or preservative: but raw they ar poyson. Raw Peares burden the stomack, but rosted or sodden, relese and lighten the stomak. After Peares give drynk, but after apples go to the stool.

Out of Symeon Sethi.

Peares ar colde in the first degre, and drying in the second: But they that ar sweter and ripe, they have som parte of heate and moysture. But they that have a menged nature, whether they be sete and byndyng, or sourish or whether they have a litle dryness, if they be taken before meat, they stopp the belly. If a man fill hym self with peares of tymes, they brede the colik, but they ar good for hote stomackes. The granes that ar found in Peare, of a certayn propertie that they have, ar 

good for the kydnees.

Of diverse kinds of Pear trees and Peares. (Pyrus communis)

Pyrum is named in Greek… in English a Peare, in German ein Byr, in French un Poyre. Dioscorides write of two kinds of Pear trees of the orchard Pear tree, which is commonly called in Greek … and of the wild Pere tree or choke Pere, or worry Pee tree, which is called in Greek … in Latin Pyrus sylvestris, or Pyraster. Bothe these kinds are so well known that they need no description. We have many kinds of garden Pears with us in England, and some kinds better than ever I saw in Germany so wholesomeness, and some in Germany more pleasant and greater than ever I saw in England. I have read in no old writer so many kinds of pears as I rede of in Plini where of I will show certain Latin names, compare them with our English pears and German pears as well as I can. Pyrus superba, that is to say, proud pears, are little and soonest ripe and these are called in Cambridge midsummer pears. Falerna pira have their name (sayeth Plini) of drink, because they be full of juice. These are called in some place’s watery pears or moist pears. Dolobelliana are the pears that have the long footstalks. I remember not how they be named in England. Fanoniana are red pears, a little bigger than the midsummer pears. Autumnalis pira, that is the pears of the autumn which begin in the September are pleasant with a sour taste. Volema whereof Virgil maketh mention in the second boke of his Georkes or husbandry in this verse; crustumijs Syrijtq́; piris grauibusq́; nolemis; They are named also of Cato, as Plini write, sementina and mustea. These because they are very heavy as Virgil shew and very great as their name betokened for, they seem to have they name of Vola, that is the hollow place or loose of a man’s hand, because they be as big as a man can gripe in the palm of loose of his hand. These are commonly called in English warden; they have a binding and be rede hen as they are roosted and endure unto Marche or February. It appeared that they have their name of long keeping, for warden in German whence our English came, is to keep. Serotina pira, are they that hang upon their mother until winter and were ripe with the frost. These are partly our wardens and partly other long during pears which are called in German winter biren, and they may be well called in English winter pears. Plini maketh mention of diverse other sorts of pears whereunto because I cannot compare any of our pears, think it best to passe them over in silence, lest I should talk of such things as I have no perfect knowledge of.

The virtues of pear trees and pears out of Dioscorides.

Ther are many kinds of pears, al are binding, for the cause they are used to be put into plasters which stop the course of humors that ran to any place. The broth of dried pears stops the belly. They are evil if they be eaten fasting: the juice of pear tree leaves is good for biting of venomous beasts. Wild pears are more stopping and binding then the garden pears ar. And so likewise are their leaves more binding. The ash of the Peare tree are good against the strangling that comet of toadstools or mushrooms. And when as wild Pears are soddened with toadstools, they will not hurt that eat them.

Out of Aetius

The leaves and twigs of the Pear tree are binding and tarte. The fruit hath a certain waterish sweetness whereby a man map learns to know that the complexion of it is not a like in all partes. The Pears are good for the stomach, quench the thirst if they be taken in meat. But when as Pears are put into plasters they dry and could measurably, so that I know that a wound was healed there by.

Out of the Arabians.

Great Pears have mee strength or vertu then little Pears have. And Pears nourish mor then quinces do. A syrup made of the juice of Pears stopped the issue of chole or choleric flux. And they make skin in the stomach if it be gone off. Pears of their property that they have brede the colic. Therefore, they that eat Pears must drink wine sodden with honey and spices or any good hippocras made of wine sugar and other warm spices. Unripe Pears are cold and dry. But ripe Pears are temperate, in a mean between heat and cold, or they bow a little to coldness. Pears are very sweet (as Rasis write) cool not, nevertheless they bind all. But if they be taken after meat, they help to drive furth it that is in the gutters, but yet for all that, they stop afterward.

Out of the Physicians of Salerno.

Adde pyro potum nux est medicina ueneno,

Fert pyra nostra pyrus sine uino sunt pyra virus:

cum coquis antidotum pyra susnet, sed cruda venenum,

Cruda gravant stomac hum, relevant pyra cotta granatum,

Post pyra da potum, post pomaq uade cacatum. That is, after Pears drink a walnut, is a remedy against poison. Our pear tree brings furth Pears, but pears are poison without wine. When as you seethe Pears they are a treacle or preservative: but raw they are poison. Raw Pears burden the stomach, but roosted or sodden release and lighten the stomach. After Pears give drink, but after apples go to the stool.

Out of Symeon Sethi.

Pears are cold in the first degree and drying in the second: But they that are sweeter and ripe, they have some part of heat and moisture. But they that have a menged nature, whether they be seethe and binding or sourish or whether they have a little dryness, if they be taken before meat, they stop the belly. If a man fills himself with pears oft times, they brede the colic, but they are good for hot stomachs. The grains that are found in Peare, of a certain property that they have, are good for the kidneys.

Of the oke tre.

Althoughe quercus in Latin be the tre which is caled in English an an Oke tre, or in the North counte an Eike tre, in Duche ein Eichbaum, yet…and… in Greke, and glans in Latin: are comon unto many mo trees then unto the oke and to his fruite. For this is comon unto divers kindes of trees, as Dioscorides & Thephrast beare witnes. And balanos is comon to al their fruites, and so is glans comon unto many fruites of trees, firste to the fruite of the oke and to the fruit of roboris, esculi, cerris suberis. For all these trees bryng furth glandes, and are called in Latin, arbores glandifere. But none of all these grow in England, savinge only the oke whose fruite we call an Acorn, or an Eykor, that is the corne or fruit of an Eike. Som make two kindes of okes, the one that beareth only akornes, and oke apples. And an other kind, that is much lesse (as they saye) then the comon oke, that we use comonly to bylding of houses. I have not sene any galles in Englan growing upon oke leves. But I have sene them growing upon oke leves, not only in Italy, but also in very great plenty in East Fresland, in a wod a litle from Aurike:

The galles of Italye come to perfection, and are at leyngth harde, but they of Freslande, beyng ones taken with cold wether, and moyste, are never hard but soft. Not withstanding I have proved that they serve well to make ynke of. Indede the okes that have the galles growynge upon theyr leves in Fresland, are lesse then our okes be. But I thynk that the cause is ether that they are but yong trees, and have bene but of late set, or they are so oft shewen doune, for there is very small store of wod in all Fresland that they can not come unto any perfit greatnes. If there be such diversite of okes, that som will beare galles, and som will beare none: it were wel done, to fetche som from Fresland, and to plant them in som hote sunnpe place of England, to se whether the ayr of the countre or kind of tre or no is the cause that galles grow upon som oke leves, and not upon other som. It was told me by a learned man, frende of myne, that in the year of our lorde M. D. L V I I. that there was a great plentye of galles found upon oke leves in the North countre of England, and namely about Hallyfax. Wherefore it appeareth that the heate helpeth much to the binge furth of galles. But howsoever the matter is: it were good to prove whether if Frese oke wolde also wyth us bring furth galles or no, as they do in Freseland, If they will bring furth such, then shall they bring great profit to the realm: if they bring not furth, there is not past an halfe croyne ist, and experience worth thre crounes should be learned therby.

The vertues of the oke tre and the fruyt thereof.

Every kinde of oke hath a binding and stopping nature, and specially that part that groweth betwene the bole or body of the tre and the bark lyke a filme or a rim. The filme also that is under the shelle of the akorne, bindeth also. The broth of these are geven unto them that have the blodye flixe, to stop blood. The same made after the maner of a suppositorie, and put into the convenient place, stoppeth the isshue of weomen. The akornes are of the same vertue that the skinnes be of: they make water come furth. If they be eaten they brede winde and make the headach. The same eaten withstande the byting of venemous beastes. The broth of the barke, with kowes milke drunken, is good agaynst posyson. Akornes raw if they be broken and layd to, swage hote burninges. They are good with salt and swynes grese for versore hard lumpes and sores very hard to be healed. A gall is the fruite of an oke, and specially of the lefe. Ok galles jare two sortes, the one is called omphacitis, and it is but little, and hath the for of a mannes knuckle, or of the ioynte of a man: and it is found, hath no hole. The other is smooth and hath no hole in it. But it that is called omphacitis, is to be chosen whych hath moste streynght. They binde both very much: they hold doune, when as they are broken and layd to: the outgrowynges of fleshes of ishues of the mouth that childer have moste comonlye. The inner parte of the gall within the shell put into the holes of the teth, swage the ach of thet. The same burnt upon the cooles, and quenched wyth wyne or vinegre, or bzyne made with vinegre, stoppe blood. It is good for weomen to sit in the broth of them agaynst the fallyng of the mother, and agaynst the isshue of the same. They are good for the blody flix, and the other also, ether layed to with wine or water. To conclude ye may use galles as oft as ye have nede to stop and to drye.

Out of Galene.

Al partes of the oke are bindinge or stoppinge. I remembre that ones I healed a wounde, that was made with an hatchet, with the leves of an oke, when as ther was no other medicine at hand. I ground the leafes upon a smoth stone, I laid the brused lefe upon the wounde, about every place about it. The fruite of the oke hath lyke pour with the leves. Som use the fruyte of the oke agaynst inflammationes at the firste beginninge of them. For such inflammationes as are very great nede not bindinge medicines. The gall is drye in the thyrde degre, and colde in the seconde. The gall, if it be sodden by itself, and afterwarde broken, and made after the maner of an emplaster, is a good remedy agaynst the inflammation or burning heat of the fundament, and for the fallyng dowone of the same. When as ye will first the gall, if the disease requyre great astriction, or bindyng, then sethe it in wyne. If it requyre but little, then sethe it in water. And if ye will have it yet more binding, seth it in rough of harrish wyne.

Out of Simeon Sethi.

Acorns are harde of digestion and norishe very much. But they go slowly doune, and they make raw humores. Wherefore we forbid the use of them for meates.

Of the oke tree. (Quercus robur)

Although Quercus in Latin be the tree which is called in English an Ook tree, or in the North country an Eike tree, in German ein Eichbaum, yet…and… in Greek, and glans in Latin: are common unto many more trees then unto the oak and to his fruit. For this is common unto divers kinds of trees as Dioscorides & Theophrastus bear witness. And balanos is common to all their fruits, and so is glans common unto many fruits of trees, first to the fruit of the oak and to the fruit of robur, esculus, (Quercus frainetto) cerris and suber. For all these trees bring furth glandes and are called in Latin arbores glandifera. But none of all these grow in England, saving only the oak whose fruit we call an Acorn or an Eikon, that is the corn or fruit of an Eike. Som makes two kinds of oaks, (Quercus petraea) the one that bear only acorns and oak apples. And another kind, that is much lesser (as they say) then the common oak that we use commonly to building of houses. I have not seen any galls in England growing upon oak leaves. But I have seen them growing upon oak leaves, not only in Italy, but also in very great plenty in East Friesland, in a wood a little from Aurik:

The galls of Italie come to perfection and are at length hard, but they of Friesland being ones taken with cold weather and moist are never hard but soft. Notwithstanding I have proved that they serve well to make ink of. Indeed, the oaks that have the galls growing upon their leaves in Friesland are lesser than our oaks be. But I think that the cause is ether that they are but young trees and have bene but of late set or they are so oft showed down for there is very small store of wood in all Friesland that they cannot come unto any perfect greatness. If there be such diversity of oaks that some will bear galls and some will bear none: it were well done to fetch some from Friesland and to plant them in some hot sunned place of England, to see whether the air of the country or kind of tree or no is the cause that galls grow upon some oak leaves and not upon other som. It was told me by a learned man, friend of me, that in the year of our lord 1557 that there was a great plenty of galls found upon oak leaves in the North country of England and namely about Hallifax. Wherefore it appeared that the heat helped much to the binge furth of galls. But howsoever the matter is: it were good to prove whether if Frese oak would also with us bring furth galls or no as they do in Friesland, If they will bring furth such, then shall they bring great profit to the realm: if they bring not furth, there is not past an half crone is and experience worth three crones should be learned thereby.

The virtues of the oak tree and the fruit thereof.

Every kind of oak hath a binding and stopping nature and specially that part that growth between the bole or body of the tree and the bark like a film or a rim. The film also that is under the shell of the acorn bind also. The broth of these are given unto them that have the bloody flux to stop blood. The same made after the manner of a suppository and put into the convenient place, stopped the issue of women. The acorns are of the same virtue that the skins be of: they make water come furth. If they be eaten, they brede wind and make the headache. The same eaten withstand the biting of venomous beasts. The broth of the bark, with cow milk drunken is good against poison. Acorns raw if they be broken and laid to, swage hot burnings. They are good with salt and swine’s grease for sore hard lumps and sores very hard to be healed. A gall is the fruit of an oak and specially of the leaf. Oak galls are two sorts, the one is called omphacites, and it is but little, and hath them for of a man’s knuckle or of the joint of a man: and it is found hath no hole. The other is smooth and hath no hole in it. But it that is called omphacites is to be chosen which hath most strength. They bind both very much: they hold down when as they are broken and laid to, the outgrowing’s of flesh of issues of the mouth that children have most commonly. The inner part of the gall within the shell put into the holes of the teethe swage the ach of teeth. The same burnt upon the cool and quenched with wine or vinegar or brine made with vinegar stop blood. It is good for women to sit in the broth of them against the falling of the mother and against the issue of the same. They are good for the bloody flux and the other also, ether laid to with wine or water. To conclude ye may use galls as oft as ye have need to stop and to dry.

Out of Galene.

Al partes of the oak are binding or stopping. I remember that ones I healed a wound that was made with a hatchet with the leaves of an oak, when as there was no other medicine at hand. I ground the leaves upon a smooth stone, I laid the bruised leaf upon the wound, about every place about it. The fruit of the oak hath like pour with the leaves. Some use the fruit of the oak against inflammations at the first beginning of them. For such inflammations as are very great need not binding medicines. The gall is dry in the third degree and cold in the second. The gall, if it be sodden by itself and afterward broken and made after the manner of a plaster, is a good remedy against the inflammation or burning heat of the fundament, and for the falling down of the same. When as ye will first the gall, if the disease requires great astriction or binding, then seethe it in wine. If it requires but little, then seethe it in water. And if ye will have it yet more binding, seethe it in rough of harries wine.

Out of Simeon Sethi.

Acorns are hard of digestion and nourish very much. But they go slowly down, and they make raw humors. Wherefore we forbid the use of them for meats.

Of Cinkfoly, or fine fingred grasse.

Ciinquefolith is named in Greke…..I English Cinkfoly or syve fyngred grasse or herbe or syve lefe, in Duch funffinger kraut, in Frenche quintefuille. Herbe fyvelefe, as Dioscorides writeth, hath small strawish branches a span longe. And in them groweth the fruite or sede as som translate here in this place ……It hath leves lyke minte, five growing oute of every lefe stalk, and seldom more, divided or grapped lyke a saw, and it hath a floure whitish pale, with the lykenes of gold. It groweth in watery places, besyde diches and condites: it hath a long redish roote, thicker then it of black hellebor. Thus far Dioscorides.

Dioscorides maketh but one kinde of Cinkfolye, but other after him, have founde out foure kindes; wherof they make sanicle one kinde, but without reason in my iudgement. I know thre notable kindes. The first is the comon fyveleved grasse that groweth every where. The second kind is many partes greate, and groweth only in pooles, and merrish groundes commonly overflowen with water. The thirde kinde is it as I gesse that Pliny speaketh of where he maketh cinkfoly to bere strauberries I found ones this kinde except I be deceyved growing upon the walles of a citye called Cour, in the land of rhetia, a litle from the Mayn alpes. The leves and stalkes were all rough, the floures were yelow. And where as the floures were fallen of, there saw I in som litle knoppes lyke untos strawberries, which upon the one syde were whitish, and upon the other sede redish, as far as I can remembre, whych as I thought by the tokens I sawe then appearing, if they mighte have crommed unto them: ripenes, shoulde have bene ether ryght strawberries, or ellis a fruyte much lyke them. But because I saw not the fruite rype in his perfection: dare not geve sentence that it was a ryght strawberry. But it is very lykely that the often syght of such, made Pliny iudge, that Cinkfoly dyd bring furth strawberries.

The vertues of herbe fyve lefe out of Dioscorides.

The broth of the rote sodden untill the thyrde parte be sodden away, and stanche the tuth ache if it beholden in the mouth. The same stoppeth the rotting sores of the mouth, if it be washed therewith. It healed the roughnes of sharpnes, the blody flix and other flixes. Also if it be drunken, it is good for the payn of the ioyntes, and in the hucklebone, called Sciatica. The same sodden and broken and layd to, stayeth and holdeth back crepinge sores called Herpetas, it driveth away wennes and hard swellinges and windy swellings, and healeth the enlarginges of wind or puls veynes, called aneurismata, impostemes, hote inflamations called eryspelata, agwayles in the fingres, or toes, hard lumpes that put furth blood in the fundament of the mother, and also scabbes and scurvines. The iuice of the yong roote is good for the diseases of the liver and lunges, and are also good for deadly poyson. The leves are dronken with mede, or honyed wate, or with watered wyne, and a litle peper agaynst agues that come agayne at certayne tymes. Dioscorides sayeth further (but me thynk that it smelleth of superstition) that in a quartayn, the leves of four stalkes ought to be taken, in a tertian the leves of thre, and in a quotidiane the leves of one stalk, if it be dronken xxx. dayes together: it is good for the falling siknes. The iuice of the leves dronken in the mesure of thre ciates that is in v. unces or thereabout: healeth quickly the iaundes or guelsought. If it be layed to with honye and salt, it is good for fiſstues and woundes: it is al good for the brekinge or bursting of the bowelles, both layd to without and also drunken, and so is it also good for the bursting out of blood.

Out of Galene.

The roote of the fiveleved grasse dryeth exceedingly, and is veyre litle sharpe. Wherefore it is greatly used, as all other be, which beynge of fyne and subtil partes yet drye with all.

Of Cinquefoil or fine fingred grasse. (Potentilla reptans, recta, sterilis, Comarum palustris)

Cinquefoil is named in Greek….In English Cinquefoil or five fingered gras or herb or five leaf, in Duch funffinger kraut, in French quintefuille. Herb five leaf, as Dioscorides write, hath small straws branches a span long. And in them growth the fruit or seed as some translate here in this place ……It hath leaves like mint, five growing out of every leaf stalk and seldom more, divided or gripped like a saw and it hath a flower whitish pale, with the likeness of gold. It growth in watery places, beside diches and conduits: it hath a long reddish root, thicker than it of black hellebore. Thus far Dioscorides.

Dioscorides maketh but one kind of Cinquefoil, but other after him, have found out four kinds; whereof they make sanicle one kind, but without reason in my judgment. I know three notable kinds. The first is the common five leaved gras that growth everywhere. The second kind is many partes great and growth only in pools and meres grounds commonly overflown with water. The third kind is it as I guess that Plini speaks of where he maketh Cinquefoil to bear strawberries I found ones this kind except I be deceived growing upon the walls of a city called Cour, in the land of Rhaetia, a little from the Mayn Alpes. The leaves and stalks were all rough, the flowers were yellow. And where as the flowers were fallen of, there saw I in some little knops like unto strawberries, which upon the one side were whitish and upon the other side reddish, as far as I can remember, which as I thought by the tokens I saw then appearing if they might have come unto them: ripeness, should have bene ether right strawberries or ells a fruit much like them. But because I saw not the fruit ripe in his perfection: dare not give sentence that it was a right strawberry. But it is very likely that the often sight of such, made Plini judge that Cinquefoil did bring furth strawberries.

The virtues of herb five leaf out of Dioscorides.

The broth of the rote sodden until the third part be sodden away and stanch the toothache if it beholden in the mouth. The same stopped the rotting sores of the mouth, if it be washed therewith. It healed the roughness of sharpness, the bloody flux and other fluxes. Also, if it be drunken, it is good for the pain of the joints and in the hucklebone, called Sciatica. The same sodden and broken and laid to stayed and hold back creping sores called Herpestes, it drive away wennes (Ichthyosis?) and hard swellings and windy swellings and health the enlarging’s of wind or pols veins, called aneurismata, impostemes (pus), hot inflammations called erysipelas, agnails in the fingers or toes, hard lumps that put furth blood in the fundament of the mother and also scabbles and scurvies. The juice of the young root is good for the diseases of the liver and lunges and are also good for deadly poison. The leaves are drunken with mee, or honeyed water or with watered wine and a little pepper against agues that come again at certain times. Dioscorides sayeth further (but me think that it smells of superstition) that in a quartan, the leaves of four stalks ought to be taken, in a tertian the leaves of three, and in a quotidian the leaves of one stalk, if it be drunken xxx. days together: it is good for the falling sickness. The juice of the leaves drunken in the measure of three Kyats that is in v. once’s or thereabout: health quickly the jaundice or geel sought. If it be lay to with honey and salt, it is good for fistulas and wounds: it is also good for the breaking or bursting of the bowels, both laid to without and also drunken and so is it also good for the bursting out of blood.

Out of Galene.

The root of the five leaved gras dry exceedingly and is everywhere little sharp. Wherefore it is greatly used, as all other be, which being of fine and subtill partes yet dry with all.

Of radice or radish,

The herbe whiche is called in English, radice or radish, in Duche Rettich, in Frenche, Rave or Refort, is named in Greke, …..and…….in Latin radix, and of som radicula. But som of the old Greke writers used this worde…….for cole, wherof Pliny toke occasion of error, gyve unto radice that which belonged unto cole.

The description.

Radice hath leaves lyke unto rapes leaves, mustarde leaves, but there are more spred upon the grounde: the stalk is great, round: the floures are whyte, the sede which is browne and turning a littel to reddishe, is conteyned in litle coddes, there are two kindes of gardin radice, whereof one with a longe row, which is very common in England, and in law Duche lande: and this kind is called of some Radix cleonia, and of other Radix algidensis, and of others with a round root, not muche unlyke unto a rape. Thys kinde is more common aboute Strasbourg in highe Germany, then in an other place that ever I came in: this kinde is called of som Radir Beotia, and of other Radix Syriaca, it is seldom sene in Englande, but it may be named rounde radice, or rape radice, or Almayne radice.

There is yet an other kinde of radice, wherof Dioscorides and Pliny make mention of, and it is called in Greke…. in Latin Armoratia, in Italian, as Matthiolus sayeth Ramoracia. Dioscorides writeth that wilde Radice hath leaves lyke unto the gadin radish, savinge that they are more lyke the herbe called Lapsana: If this be true, all they have erred, which have taughte that the greate herbe, whiche hath leaves lyke unto a great dock, and a verye sharpe, and biting route, called in Duche Merettich, and in Englishe redcole, should be Armoracia or radix sylvestris, for there is no lykenes betwene the lefe of a dock, and tame or gardin radice. Therefore seynge that Dioscorides maketh the leaves of the wilde radishe lyke unto the leaves of the gardin radice and to lampsana, whyche I take to be a kynde of carlok, thys herbe wyth the dockes leaves can not be radix sylvestriss. The same Dioscorides writeth that the wilde radice hath a smale tender or softe route, and somthinge sharpe or bitinge as the common Greke textes hath, but better textes have in stede of malache, niakra, that is longe. But the red cole, whych manye of the Germaynes take for wilde radice, and Armoracia hath a great and a very sharpe or bytinge route, wherfore it can not be radix sylvestris Dioscorides.

Nowe it wil be requyred of me, what I do take for the wilde radice: surelye I take for it an herbe which is named aboute Weissenburg, where as I dyd dwell, Weissen hederich, and of som Wildt rettich: this herbe groweth alwayes in that countrey amongest the rapes: It is very lyke the carlock, but it is lower, and it hath a white floure, and a smale route, but somthinge of the taste, and somthynge of the forme of the longer radishe: the leaves are cut, and indented, as the gardin radice leaves are, and somthynge ſofther, then the carlocks leaves. It appeareth that Pliny toke thys herbe for Lapsana lib. rr. cap .ix. and falsely set it among the kyndes of kole, when as he ought to have set it amongest the kindes of radice, for Pliny in diverse places, nameth it radice, that he shoulde name cole, as he doeth in the eleuvnth booke, and thre and twintigest chapter, and in the sevententh booke, and four and twintigest chapter, and so it appeareth, that he taketh cole also in the sede of radice, and confoundeth the one with the other. |

The wordes of Pliny that make me iudge thus of him, are these. Inter sylvestres brassicas Lapsana, erst pedalis altitudinis, hirsutis foliis, napi similimis, nisi candidior esset flore. I moved with these wordes with Pliny a great while toke wilde radice or hederick, for Lapsana, but after more diligent examination, founde that it was radix sylvestris in Dioscorides, that lapsana was an other herbe.

The vertues of radice or radish.

The radice bredeth wynde, and heateth: it is plesant to the mouth, and evell for the stomack. It moveth belchynge, and it maketh a man make water, and is good for the belly, that is to make a man go to the stoole. If it be taken before meat, it holdeth up, wherfore it is good for them that wolde vomite, if it be taken before: it quickeneth the wittes of senses, it is good for an old cough, and for them that brede grosse humores in theyr brestes, if it be sodden and eaten. If the barke of it be taken with honied vinegre, it stereth vomit the more. It is fit for the dropsey. It is alſo good to be layd upon them that are diseased in the milt, with hony it stayeth freting sores, and taketh awaye blewe markes. It helpeth them also thar are bitten of a viper or adder. It filleth up with agayne the places that were bared with scaldnes: and with the mele of darnell it wasteth awaye frickelles. Both in meat and drincke it is good for them that are allmoste strangled with todstoles, and bringeth weomen downe theyr floures, the sede stereth on to vomit, and maketh one pisse well: the same droncken, wasteth the milt:it is good for the squinsey, if ye seth it with honied vinegre, and gargle with the broth of it, beynge hote in youre mouth: it is remedy agaynst the biting of the best called Cerastes, if it be dronken with wine. The same layed to with vinegre, doth mightely stowre awape gangrenes, or extreme hote sores.

The nature of the wilde radice.

The wilde radice heateth and provoketh a man to make water, and it is full of heat, the rootes and leaves are sodden and eaten after the maner of other eatable herbes.

Out of Galene.

The radice is hote in the thyrde degre, and drye in the seconde. But the wilde is stronger in both those qualities, wherefore there semeth to be a faut in the text of Dioscorides, where as he hath …..because also Dioscorides sayeth his self afterward………..

The sede also is stronger then the herbe. It hath the powre make rype: and therefore it is good for brused, and suche lyke blewe places. Townes men or citizens usevle to eat radice raw, with a salte sauce lyke salte fishe bryne, without vinegre, at the beginning of theyr dynner or supper to make theyr bellies soluble: mavel not onely at unlearned, but also at Phisicones, which eat radices after supper and that raw to helpe their digestion: they saye that they have experience that it will do so: yet for all that theyr hath bene no man which hath fooled them without hurt: hetherto Galene.

Of radice or radish. (Raphanus sativus)

The herb which is called in English radice or radish, in German Rettich, in French Rave or Refort, is named in Greek, ….and…….in Latin radix and of some radicula. But some of the old Greek writers used this word……. for Cole, whereof Plini toke occasion of error, give unto radices that which belonged unto Cole.

The description.

Radice hath leaves like unto rapes leaves, mustard leaves, but there are more spread upon the ground: the stalk is great, round: the flowers are white, the seed which is brown and turning a little to reddish, is contained in little pods, there are two kinds of garden radices, whereof one with a long row, which is very common in England, and in law German land: and this kind is called of some Radix cleonia, and of other Radix algidensis, (Var. radicula) and of others with a round root, not much unlike unto a rape. This kind is more common about Strasbourg in high Germany then in another place that ever I came in: this kinde is called of some Radir Boeotia and of other Radix Syriaca, it is seldom seen in England, but it may be named round radish or rape radish or Allemagne radish.

There is yet another kind of radish whereof Dioscorides and Plini make mention of, and it is called in Greek…. in Latin Armoracia, in Italian, as Matthiolus sayeth Ramoracia. (Armoracia rusticana) Dioscorides write that wild Radice hath leaves like unto the garden radish, saving that they are more like the herb called Lapsana: If this be true, all they have erred, which have taught that the great herb which hath leaves like unto a great dock and a very sharp and biting root, called in German Merettich and in English red Cole, should be Armoracia or radix sylvestris, for there is no likeness between the leaf of a dock and tame or garden radish. Therefore, seeing that Dioscorides maketh the leaves of the wild radish like unto the leaves of the garden radish and to Lapsana, which I take to be a kind of Carlock, this herb with the dock’s leaves cannot be radix sylvestris. The same Dioscorides write that the wild radish hath a small tender or softer root and something sharp or biting as the common Greek texts hath, but better texts have instead of malache, niakra, that is long. But the red Cole which many of the Germans take for wild radish and Armoracia hath a great and a very sharp or biting root wherefore it cannot be radix sylvestris Dioscorides.

Nowe it will be required of me what I do take for the wild radish: surely I take for it an herb which is named about Weissenburg where as I did dwell, Weissen hederich, and of some Wildt rettich: (Raphanus raphanistrum) this herb growth always in that country amongst the rapes: It is very like the Carlock, but it is lower and it hath a white flower and a small root, but something of the taste, and something of the form of the longer radish: the leaves are cut and indented as the garden radices leaves are and something softer then the cardlocks leaves. It appeared that Plini toke this herb for Lapsana lib. xxx. cap. ix. and falsely set it among the kinds of Cole when as he ought to have set it amongst the kinds of radish, for Plini in diverse places name it radish that he should name Cole as he doeth in the eleventh book and three and twenty chapter and in the seventeenth book and four and twenty chapter and so it appeared that he taketh Cole also in the seed of radish and confounded the one with the other. The words of Plini that make me judge thus of him are these. Inter sylvestres brassicas Lapsana, erst pedalis altitudinis, hirsutis foliis, napi similimis, nisi candidior esset flore. I moved with these words with Plini a great while toke wild radish or hederick for Lapsana, but after more diligent examination, found that it was radix sylvestris in Dioscorides that Lapsana was another herb.

The virtues of radices or radish.

The radices breadth wind and heath: it is pleasant to the mouth and evil for the stomach. It moved belching and it maketh a man make water,and is good for the belly, that is to make a man go to the stool. If it be taken before meat it holds up wherefore it is good for them that would vomit, if it be taken before: it quickened the witness of senses, it is good for an old cough and for them that brede grosses humors in their breasts, if it be sodden and eaten. If the bark of it be taken with honied vinegar it steered vomit the more. It is fit for the dropsy. It is also good to be laid upon them that are diseased in the milt, with honey it stayed fretting sores and taketh away blue marks. It helped them also thar are bitten of a viper or adder. It fills up with again the places that were bared with scaliness: and with the mele of darnel it wasted away freckles. Both in meat and drink it is good for them that are almost strangled with toadstools and bringeth women down their flowers, the seed steered op to vomit and maketh one piss well: the same drunken waste the milt: it is good for the quinsy, if ye set it with honied vinegar and gargle with the broth of it, being hot in your mouth it is remedy against the biting of the beast called Cerastes, if it be drunken with wine. The same laid to with vinegar, doth mightily stow again gangrenes or extreme hot sores.

The nature of the wild radish.

The wild radish heat and provoked a man to make water and it is full of heat, the roots and leaves are sodden and eaten after the manner of other eatable herbs.

Out of Galene.

The radish is hot in the third degree and dry in the second. But the wild is stronger in both those qualities, wherefore there seem to be a faut in the text of Dioscorides, where as he hath …. because also Dioscorides sayeth his self afterward……

The seed also is stronger than the herb. It hath the power makes ripe: and therefore, it is good for bruised and such like blue places. Towns men or citizens usably to eat radish raw with a salt sauce like salt fish brine, without vinegar , at the beginning of their dinner or supper to make them bellies soluble: marvel not only at unlearned, but also at Physicians which eat radices after supper and that raw to help their digestion: they say that they have experience that it will do so: yet for all that their hath bene no man which hath fooled them without hurt: hitherto Galene.

Of the rape or turnepe.

Rapum named in Greke and is called in English of them of the South countre, turnepe of other countre men a rape, in Duche ruben, in French nauvau, in Spanishe nabos, in Italian rape.

There are thre kindes of rapes, one gardin rape whiche is rounde and verye great, and an other gardin rape, whiche goeth oute abrode, as Pliny writeth and the thyrde which is called the wilde rape, and it rinneth furth and long.

Theophrast divideth the rape into the male, and the female, and writeth that they grow both of one sede, and that the rapes sawen, set thicke together, grow al into males, and if they be thynner set, they grow into females, where upon a man may gather that the great headed ones, are the females, and the longer and smaller headed, are the males, because thicke setting of headed routes commonly maketh them small, and the thinne setting, maketh them greater, as the fat ground also maketh greater, and the leaner ground the lesse and thinner. The great round rape/called commonly a turnepe, groweth in very great plenty in all Germany, and more about London, then in any other place of England that I knowe of: but the long rooted rape, groweth very plenteously a litle from Linne, where as much oyle is made of the sede of it.

The gardin rape is so well knowen that it nedeth no description, there fore Dioscorides doth not describe it.

And allthough Dioscorides doth describe the wilde rape, yet could I never fynde any herbe that answered in all poyntes unto that description. And though I folowyng my maisters, have thought that the common rapuncel should be the rapiſstrum sylveste, yet after more streit examinacion I founde the description of Dioscorides in diverse poyntes dyd not agre wit.

The vertues of the rape.

The out of the rape sodden, norishet and bredeth winde, maketh a lous fleshe, stirreth a man to venery. The broth of rape is good to be poured upon gouty members, and kybed or moolde heles. But the rape it selfe, broken, and layed to, is also good for the same purpose: if ye make an hole in the rape, and put in it the cerat of roses, and set it in ashes untill it be molten, it is very good for the kybes or mooles ye have the skin of. If ye eat sperage with rapes, then it wil provoke a man to make water: the sede is very mete to be in preservatives and triacles, and such compositiones as stanche ox lysse ake. The same drunken is a present remedy agaynst poysened and deadly drinkes. The same sede of rapes stereth up also the pleasure of the bodye: the rape layd up in bryne, norisheth less, but it maketh a man to have an appetite to meat. Dioscorides maketh no mention of any norishement, of the wild rape shoulde gyve, but that it serveth for scouring oyntmentes, and sores, for the beautyfyeng of the face, and other places of the body.

Out of Galene.

All that standeth out of the ground, is fit to be eaten as an eatable herbe, the roote which is in ground is harde not mete to be eaten, but when it is sodden in water, it is mervell, if any of the lyke kindes of herbes norish lesse, it maketh a iuice in the body grosser then measurable: wherefore if a man eat of it out of measure, it engendreth a raw iuice, specially if the stomack receyveth it be weyke: it requireth long seething, and it is moste to be commended that is twise sodden: if it be taken somthing to raw, it is harder to digest, and it is full of winde, and hurtful to the stomack, and somtyme it grypeth or biteth the stomack.

Out of Simeon Sethi.

The rapes are hote in the second degre, and moyst in the first, they norish sufficiently, provoke urine, and ingendre much sede, swage the roughnes of the throt and breast. If they be eaten with salt and vinegre, they stere up an appetite: Rapes of a certayne property that they have by them selves, are good for the whyt flaw, and such lyke diseases of the nayles.

Out of Avrrois,

Rapes are hote, and moyst, and brede winde, and stere up pleasure of the bodye, because they heat the kidnes, and they have a marvelous propertye to lyght the eyes, or to make the eye sight clere.

Of the rape or turnepe. Brassica rapa subsp. rapa)

Rapum named in Greek and is called in English of them of the South country, turnip of other country men a rape, in German ruben, in French nauvau, in Spanish nabos, in Italian rape.

There are three kinds of rapes, one garden rape which is round and very great, and another garden rape, which goth out abroad, as Plini write and the third which is called the wild rape and it rennet furth and long.

Theophrastus divided the rape into the male and the female and write that they grow both of one seed and that the rapes sown set thick together grow al into males, and if they be thinner set they grow into females, where upon a man may gather that the great headed ones are the females and the longer and smaller headed are the males, because thick setting of headed routes commonly maketh them small, and the thin setting maketh them greater, as the fat ground also maketh greater and the leaner ground the lesser and thinner. The great round rape, called commonly a turnip growth in very great plenty in all Germany and more about London then in any other place of England that I know of but the long-rooted rape, growth very plenteously a little from Linne, where as much oil is made of the seed of it.

The garden rape is so well known that it needed no description, therefore Dioscorides doth not describe it.

And although Dioscorides doth describe the wild rape, yet could I never find any herb that answered in all points unto that description. (Rapunzel and Campanula sorts) And though I am following my meisters have thought that the common Rapunzel should be the rapistrum sylvestre, yet after more Streit examination I found the description of Dioscorides in diverse points did not agree with.

The virtues of the rape.

The out of the rape sodden nourished and breadth wind, maketh a lousy flesh, stirred a man to venery. The broth of rape is good to be poured upon gouty members and kibe or molds heles. But the rape itself broken and laid to is also good for the same purpose: if ye make a hole in the rape and put in it the cerate of roses and set it in ashes until it be molten, it is very good for the kibe or molds ye have the skin of. If ye eat asperge with rapes, then it will provoke a man to make water: the seed is very mete to be in preservatives and treacles, and such compositions as stanched or lesser ache. The same drunken is a present remedy against poisoned and deadly drinks. The same seed of rapes steered up also the pleasure of the body: the rape laid up in brine nourished less, but it maketh a man to have an appetite to meat. Dioscorides maketh no mention of any nourishment of the wild rape should give, but that it served for scouring ointments and sores, for the beautifying of the face, and other places of the body.

Out of Galene.

All that stand out of the ground is fit to be eaten as an eatable herb, the root which is in ground is hard not mete to be eaten, but when it is sodden in water, it is marvel, if any of the like kinds of herbs nourish lesser, it maketh a juice in the body grosser then measurable: wherefore if a man eat of it out of measure, it engendered a raw juice, especially if the stomach received it be weak: it required long seething and it is most to be commended that is twice sodden: if it be taken something to raw it is harder to digest and it is full of wind and hurtful to the stomach and sometime it griped or bit the stomach.

Out of Simeon Sethi.

The rapes are hot in the second degree and moist in the first, they nourish sufficiently, provoke urine and engender much seed, swage the roughness of the throat and breast. If they be eaten with salt and vinegar, they stere up an appetite: Rapes of a certain property that they have by themselves, are good for the whit flaw and such like diseases of the nails.

Out of Averroes,

Rapes are hot, and moist and brede wind and stere up pleasure of the body, because they heat the kidneys, and they have a marvelous property to light the eyes or to make the eyesight clear.

Of Crowfoot kingeur or gollande.

Ranunculus is called in Greke…., in Englishe Crowfoot of kingeur, or in som mother places gollande, is named in Duch hanenfuss. There are many kindes of crowfootes, but they have all one streynght, that is byting and very blystring: one of them hath leaves lyke unto Coriander, but broder, somthing whitish and fat, a yelowe floure, and somtyme purple, a stalke not thick, but of a cubite height, litle route, whyte, whyche hath litle things, lyke smale thredes, cominge out after the maner of hellebore or nese worte, it groweth besyde ryvers: there is also an other kynde, whych is more hory and with a longer stalk, whych hath many cuttinges or iagginges in the leaves, it groweth much in Sardinia, it is very sharpe and they call it also wide persely. The thyrd kind is verye little, and hath a grevous smell: the floure of it is lyke unto golde. The fourth kynd is lyke unto it, with a floure ot the color of milke.

Beside the kindes of Crowfoot, whiche Dioscorides hath here described: there are fyve other kindes at least, wherof the first kind hath round and somthynge indented leaves lyke unto tunhove, with a roote verye trunde, having littel tassels, in that place that is next to the ground lyke a leke. Thys kinde groweth plenteously in my orchard at Wyssenburg.

The seconde kinde hath leves lyke the head of a lance, and it is called of som lanceola, and in som places of England, Spere worte, it groweth alwaves in moyste and watery places.

The thyrd kinde is lyke the common soft in all poyntes, saving that it is so swete, that it is eaten as asallet herbe about Mentz in Germany, where as it is called smalt wort, and sues hanfuss.

The fourth kinde is one of the two with a white floure, wherof the one groweth in woddes and shadish places, in April, the other kinde swimmeth about the water in poules, for the most parte of Summer: for when as Dioscorides maketh but one kinde of Ranunculus with a white floure, the one of them therefore before named, must be none of his Ranunculus, but an other.

The fyfte kinde is it that may be called for the great numbre of leaves it hath: in the floure Ranunculus polyanthos, and I do not dout, but beside these there are yet mo kindes of Crowfoote, then Dioscorides hath made mention of.

The propertye of Crowfoot out of Dioscorides.

The leaves and tender yong stalkes, if the be layd unto any place, so make blisters and a scabby crust with payn: it taketh away rough scabby nayles, and the scabbes them selves, it putteth awayce also printes of woundes, litle markes like pickes, also if they be layd to, within a lit le whyle they take away hanging wartes and suche as have the forme of pysumpres, and they take also away the head, it is good to washe the mouldnes of ones heles, with the broth of it. The drye pouder of the rout in ones nose, provoketh nesing, if it be layd to ones toth, it will ease the payne, but it will breake the toth.

Of Crowfoot kingeur or gollande. Ranunculus repens, sceleratus, pratensis, aquatilis, auricomus, arvensis)

Ranunculus is called in Greek…., in English Crowfoot of kingeur or in some mother places gollande, is named in German hanenfuss. There are many kinds of crowfoots, but they have all one strength, that is biting and very blistering: one of them hath leaves like unto Coriander, but brooder, something whitish and fat, a yellow flower, and sometime purple, a stalk not thick, but of a cubit height, little route, white, which hath little things, like small threads, coming out after the manner of hellebore or sneezewort, it growth beside rivers: there is also another kind which is more hoary and with a longer stalk, which hath many cuttings or jagging’s in the leaves, it growth much in Sardinia, it is very sharp and they call it also wide parsley. The third kind is very little and hath a grievous smell: the flower of it is like unto gold. The fourth kind is like unto it, with a flower of the color of mile.

Beside the kinds of Crowfoot which Dioscorides hath here described: there are five other kinds at least, whereof the first kind hath round and something indented leaves like unto tunhoof with a root very round having little tassels, in that place that is next to the ground like a leek. This kind growth plenteously in my orchard at Wisenberg.

The second kind hath leaves like the head of a lance, and it is called of some lanceolata and in some places of England, Spere wort, it growth always in moist and watery places.

The third kind is like the common soft in all points, saving that it is so sweet, that it is eaten as sallet herb about Mentz in Germany, whereas it is called smalt wort and sues hanfuss.

The fourth kind is one of the two with a white flower, whereof the one growth in woods and shadow places in April, the other kind swim about the water in poules, for the most pare of Summer: for when as Dioscorides maketh but one kind of Ranunculus with a white flower, the one of them therefore before named, must be none of his Ranunculus, but another.

The fifth kind is it that may be called for the great number of leaves it hath: in the flower Ranunculus polyanthus, and I do not doubt, but beside these there are yet more kinds of Crowfoot then Dioscorides hath made mention of.

The property of Crowfoot out of Dioscorides.

The leaves and tender young stalk, if the be laid unto any place so make blisters and a scabby crust with pain: it taketh away rough scabby nails and the scabbles themselves, it putted away also print of wounds, little marks like picks, also if they be laid to, within a little while they take away hanging warts and such as have the form of pismires and they take also away the head, it is good to wash the mold of ones heles, with the broth of it. The dry powder of the rout in one’s nose, provoked nosing, if it be laid to one’s teeth it will ease the pain, but it will break the teeth.

Of the bushe called Rhamnus.

Rhamnus is a bushe that groweth about hedges, hath twigges that grow right up, and sharpe prickes as the hawthorn hath, it hath litle leaves. And somthinge long, and somthinge fat and softe, there is an other kinde that is whiter, and the thyrde kinde hath black leaves and a broder, with a certayn light rednes, and roddes of fyve cubites high more ful of prickes, but the prickes are weaker and not so styffe, but the fruit is brode, whyte, thin, and as it were litle vesselles made to holde sede in, lyke unto a whorle.

Of these thre kindes of Rhamnus, when I was in Italy, I sawe but one kind, that is the kind, which hath the round leaves, wher as I sawe it, it was called Christes thorne, as though Christe had bene crouned wit rhamnus, I never sawe it in de Englande, and therefore I knowe no the name of it. But it maye be called ether Christes thorne or buklars thorne, of the fashion of the fruyt or rounde ramnes, of the brodnes of the leaves in comparison of the other two kindes, it groweth in the mounte Appennine a litle from Bononye: Matthiolus setteth two kindes furth that I never sawe.

The vertues of Rhamnus.

The leves if they be laid to, are good for wild fires, and greate hote inflammationes, som holde that the bowes of it set at mennes dores, or windows, do dryve awape sorcery, inchantementes, that wyches and sorcerers do use agaynst men.

Of the bushe called Rhamnus. (Rhamnus cathartica, infectorius, saxatiles)

Rhamnus is a bush that growth about hedges, hath twigs that grow right up and sharp prickers as the hawthorn hath, it hath little leaves. And something long, and something fat and soft, there is another kind that is whiter and the third kind hath black leaves and brooder with a certain light redness and rods of five cubits high more full of prickers, but the prickers are weaker and not so stiff, but the fruit is brood, white, thin and as it were little vessels’ made to hold seed in, like unto a whorl.

Of these three kinds of Rhamnus, when I was in Italy, I saw but one kind that is the kind which hath the round leaves whereas I saw it it was called Christus thorn, as though Christus had bene crooned wit Rhamnus, I never saw it in England, and therefore I know no the name of it. But it may be called ether Christus thorn or bucklers thorn of the fashion of the fruit or round rams of the broadness of the leaves in comparison of the other two kinds, it growth in the mount Apennine a little from Bologna: Matthiolus set two kinds furth that I never saw.

The virtues of Rhamnus.

The leaves if they be laid to, are good for wildfires and great hot inflammations, some hold that the bows of it set at men’s door or windows, do drive away sorcery, enchantments, that Wyche’s and sorcerers do use against men.

Of the bushe called Sumach out of Dioscorides.

Rhus is called of the Trabianes and apothecaries Sumach, it may be called in English also. The Sumach which is used for a sauce unto meates, which som call rede: is the fruyte of the lether Sumach, whiche hath the name of lether, because men use it to thick lether there with: it is a littel tre growinge in rockes of two cubites high, wherein are longe leves, somthinge redish, indented roundabout lyke a saw, the fruite is lyke unto small clusters of grapes, of the bignes oft a turpentine and a litle broder.

Out of Galene.

Sumach is a busshye shrub, and doth binde together and drieth, for the lether dyers, or tannares use this same bushe to drye and to binde together, physiciones use chefely the berryes therof and the iuice whyche is of a verye tarte taste and bindinge with all, it is deye in the thyrd degre, and cold in the second,

Thys Sumach that Dioscorides and Galen maketh mention of. Growth in no place of England or Germany that ever I saw, but I have sene it in Italy, a little from Bonony in the mounte Appennine, it may be called in English Sumach, as the Appotecaries and Arabianes do,

The vertues of Sumach.

The leaves have a bindinge poure and serve for the same purpose that Acacia serveth for. The broth of them maketh ones heyre black, and they are good to be poured in or to be sitten over, or to be drunken so: the bloody flixe, they ar good to be poured into the eares that have water runninge oute of them, if they be layed to with vinegre or honye, they staye and holde in aguayles, and deadly burning sores, called gagrenes: but the iuice or broth of the withered leaves sodden in wate, untill they come to the thicknes of honye, they serve for the same purpose that Licium doeth: the fruyte can do all the same things, and is fit in sauces for meat, for them that have the comon flixe or bloody flixe, it defendeth from inflammation or burning, it be layed to with water, brused places, and the uttermost places, whych pared of, and blew places also. It scoureth away the roughnes of the toung, menged with hony, it stayeth also the whyte floures and healeth the emrodde or flowing of the blood of the fundament, layed to with the cole of an oke tre, beaten into pouder: but the broth of this is sodden and congeled together, and after a maner doeth better than the same things, then the fyrste doth. It bringeth also furth a gum whiche is good to be put in a hollowe toth, to stanche the ake thereof.

Of the bushe called Sumach out of Dioscorides. (Rhus coriaria or Coriaria myrtifolia)

Rhus is called of the Trabianes and apothecaries Sumach, it may be called in English also. The Sumach which is used for a sauce unto meats, which some call red: is the fruit of the leather Sumach which hath the name of leather, because men use it to thick leather there with: it is a little tree growing in rocks of two cubits high wherein are long leaves, something reddish, indented roundabout like a saw, the fruit is like unto small clusters of grapes of the bigness oft a turpentine and a little brooder.

Out of Galene.

Sumach is a bushy shrub and doth bind together and dried, for the leather dyers, or tanners use this same bush to dry and to bind together, physicians use chiefly the berries thereof and the juice which is of a very tarte taste and binding with all, it is dry in the third degree and cold in the second.

This Sumach that Dioscorides and Galen maketh mention of. Growth in no place of England or Germany that ever I saw, but I have seen it in Italy, a little from Bologna in the mount Apennine, it may be called in English Sumach, as the Apothecaries and Arabians do.

The virtues of Sumach.

The leaves have a binding power and serve for the same purpose that Acacia served for. The broth of them maketh ones hair black and they are good to be poured in or to be sit over, or to be drunken so: the bloody flux, they are good to be poured into the ears that have water running out of them, if they be laid to with vinegar or honey, they stay and hold in agnails and deadly burning sores, called gangrenes: but the juice or broth of the withered leaves sodden in water until they come to the thickness of honey, they serve for the same purpose that Lycium doeth: the fruit can do all the same things and is fit in sauces for meat, for them that have the common flux or bloody flux, it defended from inflammation or burning, it be laid to with water, bruised places, and the uttermost places, which pared of and blue places also. It scoured away the roughness of the tong, menged with honey, it stayed also the white flowers and health the hemorrhoids or flowing of the blood of the fundament, layer to with the cool of an oak tree, beaten into powder: but the broth of this is sodden and congealed together and after a manner doeth better than the same things, then the first doth. It bringeth also furth a gum which is good to be put in a hollow tooth to stanch the ache thereof.

Of the herbe called in Englishe palma Christi.

Ricinus is called in Greke Cici, or Croton, in English palma Christi, or ticke sede because it is like a tycke, it is called in Duch Wonder baum, Kreutz baume, and zekkern korner, in French Palma Christi. It groweth onelye in gardines, so far as ever as I coulde se. Palma Cristi whiche hath the name of a mannes hande, with the fingers stretched out, when it is growen up: it is lyke unto a yonge figge tre, hath leaves lyke unto a playne tre and hollow, stalkes lyke a riede, the sede groweth in clustars whyche are roughe and sharpe without: but when the huske is of then it looketh very lyke a dogge louse, which is called a tyke: it groweth often tymes so high, as though it were a tre, but as soune as the froste commeth, it perisheth sodenly. Som call this herb al Cataputiam maiorem, and som call it Karuam.

The vertues of palma Christi.

Men use to presse out of the sede of Palma Christi an oyle, called in Latin oleum cicimum and riciminum, whiche is nothing mete for meat, but for lampes and enplasters, xxx. cornes pilled, broken and drunken, drive thorough by the belly, fleme color and water, they provoke also a man to vomit, but this purging is very unpleasant, and overthrow the stomacke, the same kirnnelles brused and layed to, scoure away freckelles and little harde swellings, and suche spottes as come by the heat of the same; but the leaves broken and brused, and layd to with the mele of perched barley, swage the swellings and inflammations of the eyes, the same layd to ether by them selves, or with vinegre, swage the brested or pappes swelling, with so muche plenty of milke, and the grievous inflammation, called saint Antonies fyre.

Of the herb called in English palma Christi. (Ricinus communis)

Ricinus is called in Greek Cici or Croton, in English Palma Christi, or tick seed because it is like a tick, it is called in German Wonder baum, Kreutz baume, and zekkern korner, in French Palma Christi. It growth only in gardens, so far as ever as I could see. Palma Cristi which hath the name of a man’s hand, with the fingers stretched out when it is grown up: it is like unto a young fig tree, hath leaves like unto a plane tree and hollow, stalks like a reed, the seed growth in clusters which are rough and sharp without: but when the husk is of then it looked very like a dog louse which is called a tyke: it growth often times so high as though it were a tree, but as soon as the frost comet it perished soddenly. Some call this herb al Cataputiam maiorem, and some call it Karuam.

The virtues of Palma Christi.

Men use to press out of the seed of Palma Christi an oil, called in Latin oleum cicimum and riciminum, which is nothing mete for meat, but for lamps and plasters, xxx. corns pilled, broken and drunken drive thorough by the belly, flehm color and water, they provoke also a man to vomit, but this purging is very unpleasant and overthrow the stomach, the same kernelless bruised and lay to scour away freckles and little hard swellings and such spots as come by the heat of the same; but the leaves broken and bruised and laid to with the mele of perched barley, swage the swellings and inflammations of the eyes, the same laid to ether by themselves or with vinegar swage the breast or pappa swelling, with so much plenty of milk and the grievous inflammation, called saint Antonis fire.

Of the Rose.

Rosa is named in Greke Rodon, in English a rose, In Duche ein rosen, in French un rose. The rose is so wel knowen that it nedeth no description. Dioscorides maketh mention but of one kinde of roses, but Mesue maketh two kindes, that is of the whyt and rede: but sence Mesues tyme, there are found divers other kindes as Damaske roses, incarnation roses, muske roses, with certayn other kindes, whereof is no mention in any olde writer.

The propertye of the rose out of Dioscorides.

The rose cooleth and bindeth. But the drye roses do binde more, the iuice oughte to be pressed out of the tender roses, after that whiche is named the nayle, be cut awaye: for that parte is it whiche is whyte in the leafe, the reste of it should be pressed and brused in a morter in the shadow unto it be growen together, and so should it be layd up so eye medicines, so are the leaves also dryed in the shaddowe, so that they be oft turned that they moulde not, it is pressed out of the dryed roses sodden in wine. It is good for head ache, the ache of the eyes, of the eares, of the gummes, of the fundament, of the right gutte, of the mother, if it be layed to with a fether, or poured on. But if they be layed to after that they are brused without any pressing, they are good for the outragious heat of the midryf, and against the lousenes of the stomack that commeth of moystur, and agaynste saint Antonies fyre, when as they are dried and broken, they are sprenched amongest the thyghes or shares, they are mengled with medicines called anthera, and preservative medicines for woundes. But the floure that is founde in the middes of the rose, is good agaynst the reume or flowing of the gummes, if it be layed on drye. But the heades drunken, stop the belly, and casting out of blood.

Out of Galene.

The rose is of a waterish hote substance, ioyned with two other qualites, that is to wete binding and bitter, the floure is more binding then the roses selves be: and therefore it drieth more.

Out of Mesue.

The rose is colde in the fyrtste degre, and drye in the seconde, and is compounded and made of two divers and separable substances of a watery. whyche is measurable of an erthly bynding, unto it much matter, but of an aerish swete and spicye and fyre and fyne, of whych commeth the bitternes, the leves the perfection and the for or rbeautye. But the power of the fyrie substance whych hath driven in the beautye the rednes, stronger then it that brought in the bitterne, and for this cause with only dryinge: this propertye is softe, which the other abyde still whych it they perishe, it shall be no more a rose, then a dede man, is a man, yet the grene roses are more bitter then binding, by the reaſsn of this bitternes, grene or moyste roses purge, and that cheflye with theyr iuice, but when they are dryed, the heat beyng resolved, whiche maketh the bitterne, they shewe a substance binding or drawing together. The iuice of roses is hote almost in the fyrste degre, because it is syfted and sondred from the earthly and colde substance, it purgeth and resolveth, openeth and scoureth, but the drye rose is colder and more binding, it that yet more whiche was not yet fullye growen: and the whyte more, then the rede: the rose also resolveth and quencheth out hote distemperatures, and stirrith and bindinge together the partes, and doth it most with the sede and litle heyres that are founde in the middes of the sede vesselles: when as there are rede roses and whyt, and of both the kindes, som have manye leaves, and som fewe, som have playne leaves, have curved, in both the kindes, that is better whose natural color is per fitter, and hath fewer leaves and playner. The whyte roses purge nothynge at all, or ellis verye little, but they binde and strenghten more then the rede do. The iuice of them that are full rype, are better, and is the water better wherein the rype roses are steped in. It scoureth the blood of the veynes and arteries, from yelow choler of galle, it is good for the iaundes, for it openeth and scoureth awaye the stoppinges of the stomack and lyver, strengeneth more the hart and stomack, and healeth trimbling of the hart: the cause beyng emptied out before. It is good for cholerick agues: Rose oyle conforteth the same partes that the stilled water of roses doth, they streinghe the louse substance in driving them together, and fortifye the holding poure, they put out all hote burning, and stanche the ache that commeth thereof, they make a man slepe, but they provoke a man to neese, and stere a man to the pose, and they are evell for rheumatike persones, theysfaſten the uvula and the throppel or throte, and strenghten them and take dronkennes away. The rose seyng that it is a gentle medicine, but weyke in purging, it hath nede a helper as whay, hony: for an unce of the iuice of roses, with two or thre unces of whay, with a little spicknarde, doth purge well, the levues of roses infused in whay and pressed out with honye purge also without any grefe.

The syrop of the iuice of roses, and of roses themselves doth purge also gently: Roses condited in honye, scour, purge and strengthen: but condited with sugar, they scoure lesse, but they strengthen more. The water wherein roses have ben infused, clengeth, sccoureth and purgeth. And distilled water strenghteneth, but it purgeth not, forthe purging and scouringe virtue, bevause the subtil heat of it, is dissolved awaye with the fyre. Vinegre of roses staunche all kindes of inflammaciones and hote burninges, it cutteth in sonder, and scoureth and conforteth of strengeneth. The roses specially being freshe, can abyde no seething, for they purging and scouring vertue is dryven awaye by the fyre: the iuice of roses by measurable sethynge, is made more fyner, and scoureth more myghtely. Oyl that is made of unrype olives, set in the son wyth unripe leaves of roses doth myghtely resolve: the iuice of roses is gyven from an unce unto ij: the syrop wyth the iuice of them is taken from two unces unto fyve.

Of the Rose. (Rosa x alba, centifolia, gallica, damascena)

Rosa is named in Greek Rodon, in English a rose, in German ein rosen, in French un rose. The rose is so well known that it needed no description. Dioscorides maketh mention but of one kind of roses, but Mesue maketh two kinds, that is of the white and red: but since Mesue’ s time there are found divers other kinds as Damaske roses, incarnation roses, musk roses, with certain other kinds whereof is no mention in any olde writer.

The property of the rose out of Dioscorides.

The rose cooled and bind. But the dry roses do bind more, the juice ought to be pressed out of the tender roses, after that which is named the nail, be cut away: for that part is it which is white in the leaf, the rest of it should be pressed and bruised in a mortar in the shadow unto it be grown together and so should it be laid up so eye medicines, so are the leaves also dried in the shadow so that they be oft turned that they mold not, it is pressed out of the dried roses sodden in wine. It is good for headache, the ache of the eyes, of the ears, of the gums, of the fundament, of the right gut of the mother, if it be laid to with a feather or poured on. But if they be laid to after that they are bruised without any pressing, they are good for the outrageous heat of the midriff and against the lousiness of the stomach that comet of moisture and against saint Antonis fire, when as they are dried and broken, they are sprangled amongst the thighs or shares, they are mingled with medicines called anther, and preservative medicines for wounds. But the flower that is found in the middles of the rose is good against the rheum or flowing of the gums, if it be laid on dry. But the heads drunken stop the belly and casting out of blood.

Out of Galene.

The rose is of a waterish hot substance, joined with two other qualities, that is to wet binding and bitter, the flower is more binding than the roses selves be: and therefore, it dried more.

Out of Mesue.

The rose is cold in the first degree and dry in the second and is compounded and made of two divers and separable substances of a watery. which is measurable of an earthly binding unto it much matter, but of an airish sweet and spice and fire and fine of which comet the bitterness, the leaves the perfection and they for or beauty. But the power of the fire substance which hath driven in the beauty the redness, stronger then it that brought in the bitterness and for this cause with only driving: this property is soft which the other abide still which if they perish, it shall be no more a rose, then a dead man, is a man, yet the green roses are more bitter then binding, by the reason of this bitterness, green or moist roses purge, and that chiefly with their juice, but when they are dried the heat being resolved which maketh the bitterness, they shew a substance binding or drawing together. The juice of roses is hot almost in the first degree, because it is sifted and sundered from the earthly and cold substance, it purged and resolved, opened and scoured, but the dry rose is colder and more binding, it that yet more which was not yet fully grown: and the white more than the red: the rose also resolved and quenched out hot distemperatures, and stirred and binding together the partes and doth it most with the seed and little hairs that are found in the middles of the seed vessels’: when as there are red roses and whit and of both the kinds, some have many leaves, and some few, some have plane leaves, have curved in both the kinds, that is better whose natural color is per fitter and hath fewer leaves and plainer. The white roses purge nothing at all or ells very little, but they bind and strengthen more than the red do. The juice of them that are full ripe are better, and is the water better wherein the ripe roses are steeped in. It scoured the blood of the veins and arteries, from yellow choler of gal, it is good for the jaundice, for it opened and scoured away the stoppings of the stomach and liver, strength more the heart and stomach and health trembling of the heart: the cause being emptied out before. It is good for choleric agues: Rose oil comforted the same partes that the stilled water of roses doth, they strengthen the louse substance in driving them together and fortify the holding power, they put out all hot burning, and stanch the ache that comet thereof, they make a man sleep, but they provoke a man to sneezing and stere a man to the pose and they are evil for rheumatic persons, they fasten the uvula and the trope or throat, and strengthen them and take drunkenness away. The rose seeing that it is a gentle medicine, but weak in purging, it hath need a helper as whey, honey: for an ounce of the juice of roses, with two or three once’s of whey, with a little spikenard doth purge well, the leaves of roses infused in whey and pressed out with honey purge also without any grief.

The syrup of the juice of roses and of roses themselves doth purge also gently: Roses candied in honey, scour, purge and strengthen, but candied with sugar, they scour lesser, but they strengthen more. The water wherein roses have ben infused, clanged, scoured and purged. And distilled water strengthened, but it purged not, forth purging and scouring virtue, because the subtill heat of it, is dissolved away with the fire. vinegar of roses staunched all kinds of inflammations and hot burnings, it cut in sonder and scoured and comforted of strength. The roses specially being fresh, can abide no seething, for their purging and scouring virtue is driven away by the fire: the juice of roses by measurable seething, is made finer and more scoured more mightily. Oil that is made of unripe olives, set in the son with unripe leaves of roses doth mightily resolve: the juice of roses is given from a once unto ii: the syrup with the juice of them is taken from two once’s unto five.

Of Madder.

Rubia is named in Greke Erithrodanon, in Englishe madder, in Duche rote ant, farber rote, in Frenche garace. Rubia is a rede dying rout, whereof one kinde is wild, and an other kind is set and trimmed: the stalkes of madder are foure squared, longe, rough, lyke unto the stalkes of gooshareth, but in all pointes greater and stronger, having leaves by certaine spaces, goyng betwene one oeder of leaves, and an other in every ioynte or kne lyke unto sterres goyng roundabout. The sede is round, fyrst grene, and after rede, and last when it is rype black. The route is smal, long, rede, and provoketh a man to make water. The greater kinde of the madder whych used to be set and planted, groweth verye plenteously in many places of Germany, but in greatest plenty that I know about Spyre. The wilde kinde groweth plenteousſly both in Germanye in woddes, and also in Englande, and in the most that ever I sawe, is in the yle of Wyght. But the farest and greatest that ever I saw/ groweth in the lane of besyde Mynchester, in the way to South hampton,

The vertue of Madder.

The rote causeth a man to make water: wherfore if it be dronken wyth mede, it healeth the guelsought or iaundes. It healed also the siatica and the palsey. It driveth out muche and grosse urine, and somtyme blood. But they that drinke it dayly ought to be washed in a bath, and to se the difference of those thynges that are emptied furth, the iuice dꝛonken w the leves, is good for them that are bitten of venemous beastes. The sede dronken with honied vinegre, called oximell, melteth awaye the milt. The roote layed to: dryveth furth both the byrth and the floures, and also the seconds, if it be layed to wyth vinegre, it healeth whyte freckelles.

Of Madder. (Rubia tinctorum)

Rubia is named in Greek Erithrodanon, in English madder, in German rote ant, farber rote, in French garace. Rubia is a red dying rout, whereof one kind is wild, and another kind is set and trimmed: the stalks of madder are four squared, long rough, like unto the stalks of Goosegrass, but in all pointes greater and stronger, having leaves by certain spaces, going between one other of leaves and another in every joint or knee like unto star going roundabout. The seed is round, first green, and after rede, and last when it is ripe black. The route is small, long, red and provoked a man to make water. The greater kind of the madder which used to be set and planted, growth very plenteously in many places of Germany, but in greatest plenty that I know about Spyre. The wild kind growth plenteously both in Germany in woods and also in England, and in the most that ever I saw is in the isle of Wight. But the fairest and greatest that ever I saw/growth in the lane of beside Manchester, in the way to Southhampton,

The virtue of Madder.

The rote caused a man to make water: wherefore if it be drunken with mee, it health the geel sought or jaundice. It healed also the sciatica and the palsy. It drives out much and grosses urine and sometime blood. But they that drink it daily ought to be washed in a bath, and to see the difference of those things that are emptied furth, the juice drunken with the leaves is good for them that are bitten of venomous beasts. The seed drunken with honied vinegar called oxymel melt away the milt. The root laid to drive furth both the birth and the flowers, and also the second, if it be laid to with vinegar it health white freckles.

Of the Bramble bushe or blaak berrye bushe.

Rubus is alls called in Latin Sentis, in Greke Batos, in English a bramble bushe or a black berrye bushe, in Duche ein Bromber, in French Ronce. There are two kindes of this bramble, one that groweth commonlye in hedges and with other bushes, and an other kinde that groweth in small ylandes of freshe waters, and about rivers sydes, and also in corne feldes. This is called of som Chamebatos. As the great kinde hath alwayes black berries when they are rype, and full of sedes: so the lesser kinde hath somtyme rede berries, when as they are ripe and but a few sedes. But that they are much pleasanter to eat then the greater berries be.

The vertues of the bramble bushe and berries.

The bramble bindeth, drieth and dieth heyre. The broth of the branches if it be drunken, it stoppeth the belly, and stayeth the isshew that weomen have, and it is good for the biting of the serpent called preſter: they strengthen the goumes: and the leves chewed, heale the diseases of the mouth. They staye rinninge sores, they heale rining sores in the head and are also a remedy for the eyes that fall doune, the leaves are good to be layd upon hard swellinges of the fundament, to the emrodes, the leaves are also good to be used agaynst the ache of the stomack, and for the diseases called Cardiaca passio. The stalkes or branches use to be brused with the leaves and the iuice to be pressed out, and to be dryed up in the sonne into an hard lumpe, which is singularely good agaynst the diseases before named.

The iuice othe berry of a bramble bushe, if it be full rype, is fit for medicines of the mouth. The bellye maye be stopped by eating of the berry halfe rype, and also with the floure dronken in wine. Galene besyde all these properties that he confesseth that the bramble hath, writeth also that the barke of the route of the bramble, breaketh also the stone.

Of the Bramble bushe or blaak berrye bushe. (Rubus fruticosus, chamaemorus)

Rubus is also called in Latin Sentis, in Greek Batos, in English a bramble bush or a black berry bush, in German ein Bromber, in French Ronce. There are two kinds of this bramble, one that growth commonly in hedges and with other bushes and another kind that growth in small islands of fresh waters and about rivers sides and also in corn fields. This is called of some Chamebatos. As the great kind hath always black berries when they are ripe and full of seeds: so the lesser kind hath sometime red berries, when as they are ripe and but a few seeds. But that they are much pleasanter to eat then the greater berries be.

The virtues of the bramble bush and berries.

The bramble bind, dried and dyed hair. The broth of the branches if it be drunken, it stops the belly and stayed the issue that women have and it is good for the biting of the serpent called prester: they strengthen the gums, and the leaves chewed heal the diseases of the mouth. They stay running sores, they heal running sores in the head and are also a remedy for the eyes that fall dons, the leaves are good to be laid upon hard swellings of the fundament, to the hemorrhoids, the leaves are also good to be used against the ache of the stomach and for the diseases called Cardiaca passio. The stalks or branches use to be bruised with the leaves and the juice to be pressed out and to be dried up in the son into a hard lump which is singularly good against the diseases before named.

The juice of the berry of a bramble bush if it be full ripe is fit for medicines of the mouth. The belly may be stopped by eating of the berry half ripe and also with the flower drunken in wine. Galene beside all these properties that he confessed that the bramble hath write also that the bark of the root of the bramble break also the stone.

The description of the Hep tre.

Of the Brere bushe or Hep tre or Brere tre.

Rubus canis or canirubus is named in Greke Kynosbatos, in English a Brere bushe, or of other som an help tre, in Duche Wilde rosen, or heck rosen. The hep tre is a bushe lykke a tre much greater then a black berry, or bramble bush, it hath leaves muche broder then the myrtell hath, with strong prickes about the bowes, it hath a whyte floure, a long fruyte, lyke unto the kyrnell of an olive, whiche when as it is rype, is fayre rede, and within it hath doune lyke flackes. By thys description of Dioscorides maye diverse errores be confuted, fyrst theyrs that take rubum canis, for the bramble and theres also holde that holde styflye, that rubus canis is our hawthorn, for nether the fruyt of the black berry bushe is long, nether hath any downe in it, nether hath the fruyt of the hawthorn any downe or flockes with in it, wherefore seyng that the fruyt of rubi canini hath downe in it, and nether the fruyte of the black berry tre, nether of the hawe tre hath any in it, nether of these can be rubus canis. As touchynge the Eglentine I take it to be a sevevrall kinde from the brere, and reken it to be the bushe that is called of good writers Kynorodon, or rosa canina.

The vertues of the Brere tre, or Hep tre.

The fruite of the brere called an Hep, if it be dryed, and the downe that is wtihin taken out, stoppeth the belly, wherby a man may gather that it bindeth strongly. But the leaves binde weykely. Ye must beware that ye eat none of the downe that is within. For it is very perilous for the throte and winde pype. Let them therfore take hede that make tartes of Heppes, that they purge them well from the down.the tartes made onlye of Heppes seve well to be eaten of them that vomit to much, or have any flixe, wheter is the blody flixe or the common flixe.

Of the Brere bushe or Hep tree or Brere tree. (Rosa canina)

Rubus canis or canirubus is named in Greek Kynosbatos, in English a Briar bush or of other some a help tree, in German Wilde rosen, or heck rosen.

The description of the Hep tree.

The hep tree is a buss like a tree much greater than a black berry or bramble bush, it hath leaves much brooder then the myrtle hath, with strong prickers about the boughs, it hath a white flower, a long fruit, like unto the kernel of an olive which when as it is ripe is fayre red and within it hath dons like flacks. By this description of Dioscorides may diverse errors be confuted, first theirs that take Rubus canis for the bramble and there’s also hold that hold stiffly, that Rubus canis is our hawthorn, for nether the fruit of the black berry bush is long, nether hath any down in it, nether hath the fruit of the hawthorn any down or flocks with in it, wherefore seeing that the fruit of Rubus canis hath down in it and nether the fruit of the black berry tree, nether of the haw tree hath any in it, neither of these can be Rubus canis. As touching the Eglantine I take it to be a several kinds from the briar and recon it to be the bush that is called of good writers Kynorodon or Rosa canina.

The virtues of the Brier tree or Hep tree.

The fruit of the briar called a Hep if it be dried and the down that is within taken out stopped the belly whereby a man may gather that it binds strongly. But the leaves bind weekly. Ye must beware that ye eat none of the down that is within. For it is very perilous for the throat and windpipe. Let them therefore take head that make tartes of Hep’ s that they purge them well from the down. the tartes made only of Hep’ s serve well to be eaten of them that vomit to much or have any flux whether is the bloody flux or the common flux.

Of the busshe called raspis or hindberry.

Rubus ideus is named in Greke Batos idea, in Englishe Raspis or Raspices, and in the North countre Hyndeberries, in Duche Hyndbere, in Frenche Frambois. Rubis ideus as Dioscorides writeth, hath that name because it groweth very plenteously in the hyll Ida. This bushe is muche tenderer, then the comon bramble bushe, and is roughe or sharpe, with fewer prickes, howbe it, it may be found in som places withoute anye prickes at all. The bushe that I take for the ryght Rubo ideo, groweth in the greate hygh hilles a littel above Bone, and in East Fresland in a wod beside Aurik, and in many gardines of England. It hath much smother stalkes then the bramble, and no great howky prickes at all, the berries are rede.

Matthiolus writeth that there is in the mountaynes of Trent, a kinde that hath rede berries and very pleasant, and without kirnelles, which som of the later writers have iudged to be rubum ideum. But he sayeth he can not se how, that it can be proved to be so. For when as Dioscorides sayeth, that rubus ideus hath the name of idea, he supposth that ther upon it may be well gathered, perchante not unadvisedly that rubus ideus groweth no where ellis, but in Ida, as radix idea doth, and as dittany, the righte groweth only in Candy, except a man take this word idam, for growing upon the mountayn. Because this kinde of argument is oft used of Matthiolus, I thinke nowe that is mete, because the place requireth to confute this kind of argumente, because he useth it in confuting the truth, whiche other men found that he could understande and consent unto. It this be a good argument, rubus ideus groweth in plenty in Ida, therefore it grow no where ellis: then this is also a good argument, Stechas groweth only in the ylandes of Frenche agaynst Massilia, which are called Stechades, wher upon it hath the name, therfore there is no Stachas, but it that groweth in those ylandes. Therefore it that groweth in Arabia. and it that groweth in Spayne and Italy, is no Stechas. This must also be a good argument. Dioscorides saveth that Aconitum lycoctonon groweth plenteously in Italy in the Justine mountaynes: ergo, wheresoever any herbe having the forme and properties of Aconiti lycoctoni, be founde if it grow not in Italy, it is not Aconitum lycoctonum. But seyng that these be noughty argumentes so is it that Pliny and Matthiolus mate, alsoo noughty. Rubus ideus hath the name, because it groweth very plenteously in the hill Ida: ergo it groweth only in Ida. For Dioscorides sayeth not. that rubus ideus groweth only in Ida: but that it groweth there in plenty, and therefore denieth not, but it may grow also in other places as well as there.

Conradus Gesnerus writing of suche herbes as are in mounte Fracto, sheweth a bushe to grow there, which he calleth Rubum ideum, and he describeth it thus. Rubus ideus is there almost with a fruyt of a black berrie without any prickes, low with a woddish or hard roote, with leaves like the bramble or strawberry, with litle kirnelles two together or thre together, or one alone in one berrie. The tast of it is soure, it groweth upon a rock.

The vertues of Raspis.

The Raspis hath the same vertues that the common bramble hath, and beydes also the floure of it brused with honye, and layed to, is good for the inflammationes and hote humores gathered together to the eyes, and it quencheth the hote burninges, called erisypelata: it is good to be geven with water unto them that have weyk stomackes. It were good to kepe some of the iuice of the berries, and to put it into som pretty wodden vessel, and to make of it as it were raspis wine, which doutlesse should be good for many purposes, both for a weyke stomack, and also for the flixe, and diver diseases of the goumes, teth uvula tong, and pallat and other places thereabout.

Of the busshe called raspis or hindberry. (Rubis idaeus)

Rubus idaeus is named in Greek Batos idea, in English Raspis or Raspices and in the North country Hindeberries, in German Hyndbere, in French Frambois. Rubis idaeus as Dioscorides write, hath that name because it growth very plenteously in the hill Ida. This bush is much tenderer then the common bramble bush and is rough or sharp with fewer prickers, howbe it, it may be found in some places without any prickers at all. The bush that I take for the right Rubus idaeus growth in the great high hills a little above Bonn and in East Friesland in a wood beside Aurik and in many gardens of England. It hath much smother stalks then the bramble and no great hooky prickers at all, the berries are red.

Matthiolus write that there is in the mountains of Trent a kind that hath rede berries and very pleasant and without kernelless which some of the later writers have judged to be Rubis idaeus. But he sayeth he cannot see how that it can be proved to be so. For when as Dioscorides sayeth, that Rubus idaeus hath the name of Idea, he supposed that there upon it may be well gathered perchance not unadvisedly that Rubus idaeus growth nowhere ells but in Ida as radix idea doth and as dittany, the right growth only in Candy, except a man take this word ida for growing upon the mountain. Because this kind of argument is oft used of Matthiolus, I think now that is mete, because the place required to confute this kind of argument, because he used it in confuting the truth which other men found that he could understand and consent unto. It this be a good argument, Rubus idaeus growth in plenty in Ida, therefore it grows nowhere ells: then this is also a good argument, Stoechas growth only in the islands of Frenche against Massilia, which are called Stechades, where upon it hath the name, therefore there is no Stoechas, but it that growth in those islands. Therefore, it that growth in Arabia and it that growth in Spain and Italy is no Stoechas. This must also be a good argument. Dioscorides said that Aconitum lycoctonum growth plenteously in Italy in the Justine mountains: ergo, wheresoever any herb having the form and properties of Aconitum lycoctonum be found if it grows not in Italy, it is not Aconitum lycoctonum. But seeing that these be naughty arguments so is it that Plini and Matthiolus mate, also naughty. Rubus idaeus hath the name because it growth very plenteously in the hill Ida: ergo it growth only in Ida. For Dioscorides sayeth not that Rubus idaeus growth only in Ida: but that it growth there in plenty, and therefore denied not, but it may grow also in other places as well as there.

Conradus Gesner writing of such herbs as are in mount Fracto shew a bush to grow there which he calleth Rubus idaeus and he described it thus. Rubus idaeus is there almost with a fruit of a black berries without any prickers, low with a woods or hard root, with leaves like the bramble or strawberry, with little kernelless two together or three together or one alone in one berry. The taste of it is sour, it growth upon a rock.

The virtues of Rasp.

The Rasp hath the same virtues that the common bramble hath and bide also the flower of it bruised with honey and laid to is good for the inflammations and hot humors gathered together to the eyes, and it quenched the hot burnings, called erysipelas: it is good to be given with water unto them that have weak stomachs. It were good to keep some of the juice of the berries and to put it into some pretty wooden vessel, and to make of it as it were rasp wine which doubtless should be good for many purposes, both for a weak stomach and also for the flux and diver diseases of the gums, teethe, uvula, tong and palate and other places thereabout.

Of the kindes of Dockes.

Rumex is called in Greke Lapatho, in Englishe a Dock, in Duche Menwelwortz, in Frenche de la parelle. Of the kindes of Dockes, they call one Oxilapathon, and in the uppermoste partes, it is harde and somthing sharp, and it groweth in poo les and diches: the seconde is it of the garding, not lyke unto thys. The thyrde is a wilde kinde, and it is small and lyke unto plantayne softe and lowe. There is also the fourth kinde, whiche is called of som Oxalis or Anaraxis or Lapathum agrestis, whose leaves are lyke unto the leaves of the littel wild dock, the stalke is not great, the sede is somthinge sharpe, round rede, and byting, and it is found in the stalke and outgrowing twigges: hetherto hath Dioscorides written. To whose writing som of the later Grecianes do not fully consent, and namelye in the descriptiones of Oxilapathi and Oxalidos, for som of the later Grecianes seme to take Oxilapathum, as though it had the name of the sour and sharp taste, and not of the sharpnes of the overmoste part of the top of the leafe. Aetius in the healing of the falling sicknes, writeth these wordes after the translacion of Cornarius of Oxalis: Oxallidem sive rumicem acutum, viridem presertim quontidie dato a primo luna usque ad trigesimam, in whiche wordes he semeth to confound and make all one of Oxilapathum and Oxalis. The same Aetius writeth thus of Oxalis in the healing of the iaundes. Oxalis est rumex acri sapore, folijs ranulis et folijs caude quadrangulari, etv. Ye may se that Aetius geveth here uno the tast of Oxalis sharpnes, wyth bytinge as this worde Acris doth signifie, a four cornered stalke, whereof nether of both Dioscorides geveth unto his Oxalis, nether to his Oxilapatho. As for my parte I do not remember that ever I sawe anye such sorel as Aetius describeth. Nowe as concerning the kindes of dockes whereof Dioscorides writeth, I am sure, have the same, and also more then he made mention of, we have the great kinde of Dock, which the unlearned toke for Rebarbe, is called of som Rubarbarum monachorum, and this do the common herbaries of this tyme take so: the garding Dock of Dioscorides,we have a kinde of Dockes that groweth in shallow diches and watery places, wyth a very sharp leafe, wyth a taste lyke unto other Dockes, and thys do I take to be Oxalapathum in Dioscorides. There is an other kind of Dockes that groweth in moyste and watery grounde, with a leafe muche rounder then it that I spake last of, it hath a very soure taste lyke sorel, and this do I take for Oxalapatho of Aetius and other of hys tyme

We have two kindes of wild Dockes, the one with the form and lykenes of plantain, whych groweth in middowes and in bare grenes and an other kind with a leafe not much unlyke the leafe of Aran: and so many kindes have we also of Oxalis or Sorell, for the one hath a rounder leafe, and the other sharper. With sharpe thinges resembling abrode arrow head. We have also an other kind of dock growing in orchards and gardines, about tounes and suche places as the oxes and other beastes use commonly to haunt and stand in.

Thys kinde for the form that it hath with the garding dock, maye seme to be a kinde of it. But by it that groweth without settinge or sowynge, it maye seme to be a kinde of wilde docke. But it maketh no great matter of what kinde it be of, seynge it is knowen by experience to have the vertue that other dockes have.

The vertues of the Dockes.

The leaves of all the kindes of dockes, when they are sodden soften the belly. The leafe layd to raw with rose oyl or safron, driveth awaye melicirides, which are apostemes, which have an oylish thyng within them lyke unto honye. The sede of the wilde dockes, and of the diche dock with the sharpe leafe, and of the sorrel, is good to be dronken in water or wine agaynste the bloodye flixe or other flixes, and agaynst the lothsomnes of the stomack, and agaynst the biting of a scorpion. If any man drinke any of these sides, and after channce to be bitten, he shall have no hurt of it. But the routes of them, sodden wyth vinegre, and also though they be raw, if they be layd to heale lepres or foule scurve evelll, and rough scabby nayles. But the place must be rubbed before in the sonne with nitre and vinegre. The broth also if the itchinge places be bathed ther with, driveth awaye the itche. They swage also the payn of the teth if they be sodden in wyne, and the teth be washed there with, they swage also the payn of the eares, they dryve also away harde lumpes and wennes if they be sodden in wine and layd therto. The same layd to stop the isshue of weomen, if they be sodden in wyne and drunken, they heale the iaundes, and breake stones in the bladder, and provoke doune floures, and they are good for them that are bitten of a scorpion. The great dock called in Greke Hippolampathon, which groweth in meres and great pooles, hath the same nature that other have. The old writers appoynt no certayn degre unto the kindes of dockes, but Aetius writeth that the dock is partaker ok heat, naminge no certayn kinde. But Rasis under the name of Acetisa, whyche worde the Arabianes interpretes without all discretion use for al kindes of dockes, sayeth that acetosa is cold and drye, but he telleth not in what degre, but I suppose that Rasis writeth of sorell rather then of any other kind. But my iudgement is that sorell is colde at the least in the first degre, and that the other kindes are not manifestly hote, but rather bowynge to coldness, then to any notable heat.

Of the kinds of Dockes. (Rumex acutus, patientia, hippolapathum, acetosa, conglomeratus, scutatus, acetosella and sanguineus)

Rumex is called in Greek Lapathum, in English a Dock, in German Menwelwortz, in French de la parelle. Of the kinds of Docks, they call one Oxilapathon and in the uppermost partes, it is hard and something sharp and it growth in pools and diches: the second is it of the garden, not like unto this. The third is a wild kind and it is small and like unto plantain soft and low. There is also the fourth kind which is called of some Oxalis or Anaraxis or Lapathum agrestis, whose leaves are like unto the leaves of the little wild dock, the stalk is not great, the seed is something sharp, round red and biting and it is found in the stalk and outgrowing twigs: hitherto hath Dioscorides written. To whose writing some of the later Grecians do not fully consent and namely in the descriptions of Oxilapathum and Oxalidos, for some of the later Grecian’s seme to take Oxilapathum, as though it had the name of the sour and sharp taste and not of the sharpness of the over most part of the top of the leaf. Aetius in the healing of the falling sickness write these words after the translation of Cornarius of Oxalis: Oxallidem sive rumicem acutum, viridem presertim quontidie dato a primo luna usque ad trigesimam, in which words he seems to confound and make all one of Oxilapathum and Oxalis. The same Aetius write thus of Oxalis in the healing of the jaundice. Oxalis est rumex acri sapore, folijs ranulis et folijs caude quadrangulari, etv. Ye may see that Aetius give here unto the taste of Oxalis sharpness, with biting as this word Acris doth signified, a four cornered stalk, whereof nether of both Dioscorides give unto his Oxalis, nether to his Oxilapathum. As for my part I do not remember that ever I saw any such sorel as Aetius described. Nowe as concerning the kinds of docks whereof Dioscorides write, I am sure, have the same, and also more then he made mention of, we have the great kind of Dock which the unlearned toke for Rhabarbarum, is called of some Rhabarbarum monachorum, and this do the common herbarizes of this time take so: the garden Dock of Dioscorides, we have a kind of Docks that growth in shallow diches and watery places with a very sharp leaf, with a taste like unto other Docks and this do I take to be Oxilapathum in Dioscorides. There is another kind of Docks that growth in moist and watery ground with a leaf much rounder then it that I speak last of it hath a very sour taste like sorel and this do I take for Oxilapathum of Aetius and other of his time

We have two kinds of wild Docks, the one with the form and likeness of plantain, which growth in meadows and in bare greens and another kind with a leaf not much unlike the leaf of Arum: and so many kinds have we also of Oxalis or Sorel, for the one hath a rounder leaf and the other sharper. With sharp things resembling a broad arrowhead. We have also another kind of dock growing in orchards and gardens, about towns and such places as the ox’s and other beast use commonly to haunt and stand in.

This kind for the form that it hath with the garden dock may seem to be a kind of it. But by it that growth without setting or sowing, it may seem to be a kind of wild dock. But it maketh no great matter of what kind it be of, seeing it is known by experience to have the virtue that other docks have.

The virtues of the Docks.

The leaves of all the kinds of docks, when they are sodden soften the belly. The leaf laid to raw with rose oil or saffron drive away melicirides, which are apostemes (pus), which have an oil’s thing within them like unto honey. The seed of the wild docks, and of the dich dock with the sharp leaf and of the sorrel is good to be drunken in water or wine against the bloody flux or other flux’s and against the loathsomeness of the stomach, and against the biting of a scorpion. If any man drink any of these sorts and after chance to be bitten, he shall have no hurt of it. But the routes of them, sodden with vinegar and also though they be raw, if they be laid to heal lepers or foule scurf evil and rough scabby nails. But the place must be rubbed before in the son with niter and vinegar. The broth also if the itching places be bathed there with drive away the itch. They swage also the pain of the teethe if they be sodden in wine and the teethe be washed there with, they swage also the pain of the ears, they drive also away hard lumps and wennes (Ichthyosis?) if they be sodden in wine and laid thereto. The same laid to stop the issue of women, if they be sodden in wine and drunken, they heal the jaundice and break stones in the bladder and provoke down flowers and they are good for them that are bitten of a scorpion. The great dock called in Greek Hippolapathon, which growth in meres and great pools hath the same nature that other have. The old writers appoint no certain degree unto the kinds of docks, but Aetius write that the dock is partaker ok heat, naming no certain kind. But Rasis under the name of Acetosa, which word the Arabians interpreters without all discretion use for all kinds of docks sayeth that acetosa is cold and dry, but he tells not in what degree, but I suppose that Rasis write of sorrel rather than of any other kind. But my judgment is that sorrel is cold at the least in the first degree and that the other kinds are not manifestly hot, but rather bowing to coldness, then to any notable heat.

Of the bushe or shrub, called Kneholme, or Buchers browme,

Ruscus is named in Greke myrsine agria, that is myrtus sylvestris, in Barbarus latin bruscus, in English Kneholme, or knehull, and of other Bucher brouwe, and of som Petigrem, I never saw it in Germany, therefore I know not the Duche name of it.

Ruscus is called of Dioscorides Myrtus sylvestris, hath a leafe lyke unto a myrtell tre, but broder, lyke in fashion unto a lance, sharp in the top. It hath a rounde fruyte in the middes of the lefe rede, when it is ripe with a harde kirnel within. The twigges are bowing lyke vinde branches, which come out of the route, they are tough a cubit high full of leaves, the routes are lyke unto grasse, binding, tarte in taste, and somthing bitter. This bushe groweth very plenteously in Essex and in Kent and in Barke shyre, but I could never se it in Germany.

The vertues of kneholm.

The leaves and the berries dronken in wine, do move a man to make water, and bring weomen ther floures, and breake the stone of the bladder, they heale also the iaundes the Stranguria and head ache, the broth wherin the routes are sodden, can do the same. The yong stalkes use to be eaten for sperage, after the maner of a worte or eatable herbe, but they are bitter and provoke urine.

Of the bushe or shrub, called Kneholme, or Buchers browme, (Ruscus aculeatus)

Ruscus is named in Greek myrsine agria, that is Myrtus sylvestris, in Barbarous Latin bruscus, in English Knee holly or knehull and of other Butcher broom and of some Pettigrew, I never saw it in Germany, therefore I know not the German name of it.

Ruscus is called of Dioscorides Myrtus sylvestris, hath a leaf like unto a myrtle tree, but brooder, like in fashion unto a lance, sharp in the top. It hath a round fruit in the middles of the leaf red, when it is ripe with a hard kernel within. The twigs are bowing like vine branches, which come out of the route, they are tough a cubit high full of leaves, the routes are like unto gras, binding, tarte in taste, and something bitter. This bush growth very plenteously in Essex and in Kent and in Barke shire, but I could never ese it in Hermany.

The virtues of knee holly.

The leaves and the berries drunken in wine do move a man to make water and bring women their flowers and break the stone of the bladder, they heal also the jaundice the Strangury and headache, the broth wherein the roots are sodden can do the same. The young stalk uses to be eaten for asperge, after the manner of a wort or eatable herb, but they are bitter and provoke urine.

Of Rue.

Ruta is named in Greke Pygnanon, in Englishe Rue or herbe grace, in French rue de gardin, in Duch Weinraut. Ther ar two kindes of Rue, the gardin Rue is soo well knowen in all countrees, that it nedeth no description. But the wilde Rue is so gessen and skant, that I could never find it in all my life time, nether in Germany nor in England, saving one tyme in Weissenburg, and the sede of that, was sent me from Zurich by doctor Gesner, it hath much smaller and longer leaves, then the common Rue hath, or ellis much lyke in other poyntes unto it.

The vertues of Rue out of Dioscorides.

The wilde Rue that groweth in woddes and mountaynes, is more sharp or biting, then the gardin or sowen or set Rue, it is not fit to be eaten. Amongest the kindes of gardin Rue, is moste fit to be eaten that groweth besyde a figge tre: they have both a burning propertie: they heat, bring of the ski, provoke water and drive floures. And both they, whether they be taken in meat, or drinke: they stop the belly, it is a soaconitumferayne medicine or preservative agaynste poyson, if an acetable of thes sede of it be taken with wine: yea the leaves taken aforehand by themselves, and with nuttes, and with dried figges, make poysoned medicines to wante theyr strength. If be taken after the same maner, they are good agaynst serpentes. Rue both in meat, and in drinke, destroyeth the naturall sede. If it be sodden with dryed dyll, and drunken, it stancheth the gnawinge in the bellye. If it be dronken as is sayed before: it is good for the ache of the sydes and of the breſt, agaynst pursines and shortnes of breath, agaynst coughes, agaynst the inflammation of the lunges, agaynst the sciatica and the ache of the ioyntes, and agaynst the colde that commeth agayn by certayn fittes or courses. If it be poured in with oyle, it is good for the windines of the great gut, and of the mother, and of the great gut. The same broken with honye, and put into the secret place a good waye uo, delivereth weomen of the stranglinge of the mother. If it be heated with oyle and drunken, it killeth wormes. Som use to laye it to with honye or the ache of the ioyntes, and som use to laye it to with kygges agayst the dropsey: yea if it be drunken, it is good for the same. Also if it be sodden in wine to the consumption of the halfe, and rubbed on, it will do the same. It quickeneth the syght both raw, and condited, if it be receyved in meat: it swageth the ache of the eyes, if it be layed to with the floure of parched barlye. With rose oyle and and vinegre it helpeth them that have the head ach: if it be brused and put into the nose thrilles, it stoppeth the bursting out of blood out of the nose: if it be layed to with bay leves, it swageth the inflammation and swellinges of the stones, and it heleth wheales with smert, and a treat made of waxe: if ye rub the place with wine, peper and nitre, it healeth the whyte morphew. But if it be layd to emplaster wise, with the same, it taketh awaye litle rede lumpes with litle knoppes of tyme and wartes allo lyke pyssineres: if it be layed to with hony and allome, it healeth the foule scorvy evell. The iuice of Rue made hote in the pyll of a pomgranat, poured in, is good for the ake of the eares. The same healeth dull eares, layd to with the iuice of fennel and hony: if it be layed to with vinegre, whyte lead and rose oyle, it healeth hote and cholerick inflammationes and runinge sores, and tetteres, and the rinning sores of the head.

Yf rue be eaten aſterward, it dilayeth and stancheth the biting or sharpnes that commeth of the eating ofgarlyk and onyones.

The Rue of the mountaynes if it be eaten, it kylleth a man. But the sede of the wilde Rue dronken is good for in warde diseases, and is fit to be menged with preservatives and triacles.

The sede also of Rue perched, if it be geven seven dayes to drinke to him that pissed his bed, he shall do no more so.

The root of thys is called moly of the mountaynes.

The wilde rue is lyke unto it of the gardin, and it is good in drinke for the falling siknes, and for the sciatica, it driveth doune floures, but it killeth the byrt, for it is sharper then it of the gardin, yet it may not be eaten, because it is hurtfull in meat.

Out of Galene.

Wilde rue is hote in the fourth degree, the gardin rue is hote in the thyrde; it hath not only a biting taste, but alto a bitter. Wherby it may make rype and cut insonder grosse and tough humores, and for that propertye it may drive urine, it is good for windiness, and thertore restreyneth and bridleth the appetite and desyre of the pleasure of the body, it maketh ripe and dryeth migytely.

Out of Simeon Sethi.

It is good for the windye and wateryre dropsey: it is good for them that have drunken the iuice of poppye called opium, or the poyson of Aconitum or Liberdis baye, if it be dronken it is good for the colick, and so is it good also in a clister, men holde that it quickeneth the eysyght, and therefore paynters use it muche: if ye seth it it with oyle and bath the bladder therwith, it is a remedye agaynst the stopping of water. Both taken in above in drinke and beneth in a clister. It is good for the lithargie or forgetfull disease: it is also good for them that have the goute or payne in the knees of waterishe humores: it strenghteneth the guttes not by the heat alone, but of a natural propertye. But they that are cholerick of nature, and are syck of cholerick diseases, ought to absteyne from rue, so it heateth them to much, and melteth away the fyne blood, and leaneth the grosse, and maketh it melancolick: the iuice of this herbe is evell for weomen with chylde, he that eateth rue in the morning shall be fre all the day after from venem and poyson.

Of Rue. (Ruta graveolens, Ruta montana, Peganum harmala)

Ruta is named in Greek Pygnanon, in English Rue or herb grace, in French rue de gardin, in German Weinraut. There are two kinds of Rue, the garden Rue is so well known in all countries that it needed no description. But the wild Rue is so gegessen and scant that I could never find it in all my life time, nether in Germany nor in England, saving one time in Weissenburg, and the seed of that was sent me from Zurich by doctor Gesner, it hath much smaller and longer leaves then the common Rue hath or ells much like in other points unto it.

The virtues of Rue out of Dioscorides.

The wild Rue that growth in woods and mountains, is more sharp or biting, then the garden or sown or set Rue, it is not fit to be eaten. Amongst the kinds of garden Rue is most fit to be eaten that growth beside a fig tree: they have both a burning property: they heat, bring of the skin, provoke water and drive flowers. And both they, whether they be taken in meat or drink: they stop the belly it is a sovereign medicine or preservative against poison, it an actable of the seed of it be taken with wine: yea the leaves taken aforehand by themselves, and with nuts and with dried figs make poisoned medicines to want their strength. If be taken after the same manner, they are good against serpents. Rue both in meat and in drink destroyed the natural seed. If it be sodden with dried dill and drunken, it stanched the gnawing in the belly. If it be drunken as is said before: it is good for the ache of the sides and of the breast, against purines and shortness of breath, against coughs, against the inflammation of the lunges, against the sciatica and the ache of the joints and against the cold that comet again by certain fits or courses. If it be poured in with oil, it is good for the windiness of the great gut and of the mother and of the great gut. The same broken with honey and put into the secret place a good way unto delivered women of the strangling of the mother. If it be heated with oil and drunken, it killed worms. Som uses to lay it to with honey or the ache of the joints and some use to lay it to with kegs against the dropsy: yea if it be drunken, it is good for the same. Also, if it be sodden in wine to the consumption of the half and rubbed on, it will do the same. It quickened the sight both raw and candied, if it be received in meat: it swaged the ache of the eyes, if it be laid to with the flower of parched barley. With rose oil and vinegar it helped them that have the head ach: if it be bruised and put into the nose thrills it stopped the bursting out of blood out of the nose: if it be laid to with bay leaves it swaged the inflammation and swellings of the stones, and it health wheals with smart and a treat made of wax: if ye rub the place with wine, pepper and niter, it health the white morphea. But if it be laid to plaster wise with the same, it taketh away little rede lumps with little knops of time and warts also like pismires: if it be laid to with honey and alum it health the foule scurvy evil. The juice of Rue made hot in the pill of a pomegranate poured in is good for the ache of the ears. The same health dull ears, laid to with the juice of fennel and honey: if it be laid to with vinegar, white lead and rose oil, it health hot and choleric inflammations and running sores and tatters and the running sores of the head.

If rue be eaten afterward, it delayed and stanched the biting or sharpness that comet of the eating of garlic and onions.

The Rue of the mountains if it be eaten, it killed a man. But the seed of the wild Rue drunken is good for inward diseases and is fit to be menged with preservatives and treacles.

The seed also of Rue perched, if it be given seven days to drink to him that pissed his bed, he shall do no more so.

The root of this is called moly of the mountains.

The wild rue is like unto it of the garden and it is good in drink for the falling sickness and for the sciatica, it drives down flowers, but it killed the birth, for it is sharper than it of the garden, yet it may not be eaten, because it is hurtful in meat.

Out of Galene.

Wilde rue is hot in the fourth degree, the garden rue is hot in the third; it hath not only a biting taste, but alto a bitter. Whereby it may make ripe and cut in sonder grosses and tough humors and for that property it may drive urine, it is good for windiness and therefore restrained and bridled the appetite and desire of the pleasure of the body, it maketh ripe and dried mightily.

Out of Simeon Sethi.

It is good for the windy and watery dropsy: it is good for them that have drunken the juice of poppy called opium or the poison of Aconitum or Leopards bane, if it be drunken it is good for the colic and so is it good also in a clyster, men hold that it quickened the eyesight and therefore painters use it much: if ye seethe it with oil and bath the bladder therewith, it is a remedy against the stopping of water. Both taken in above in drink and beneath in a clyster. It is good for the lethargy or forgetful disease: it is also good for them that have the gout or pain in the knees of waterish humors: it strengthened the guts not by the heat alone, but of a natural property. But they that are choleric of nature and are sick of choleric diseases ought to abstain from rue, so it heat them too much and melt away the fine blood and leaned the grosses and maketh it melancholic: the juice of this herb is evil for women with child, he that eat rue in the morning shall be free all the day after from venom and poison.

Of Savin.

Sabina is named in Greke Brathys, in Duche Sevenbaume, in Frenche Savinera or Saviner.

There are two kindes of Savine as Dioscorides writeth: the one hath leaves lyke a Cypres tre, but more pucky with a grevous smell, byting and burning: for it is a short tre spreding it ſelle more out in breath: and som use the leaves for perfumes: the other heath leaves lyke Tamarisk. I have sene both these kindes in Germany, and the one plenteously in Englande, that is the lesse, and the greater I saw in Wormes in Germany in a preachers gardin.

The vertues of Savin.

The leaves of both the Savines staye and stop woundes that spede for a brode and consume fleshe as they go, and if they be layed to, they swage inflammationes. Also if they be layed to with honye, they scoure awaye blacknes and filthiness, and they burste carbuncles. But if they be dronken with wine, they dryve blood by the urine, and dryve furth also the byrth: the same thynge will they do if they be layed to, or ministred in a perfume, they use to be menged with heating oyntmentes, and namely wyth the oyntment called unguentum gleucinum.

Out of Galene.

Savin is of the nombre of them that drye myghtely, and that accordinge unto thre qualities, whiche it sheweth in taste lyke unto the Cypres tre, but that it is more biting, and as a man woulde saye more spicye or better smelling: therfore it hath the qualite that I spake of, that is a bytin sharpnes, standing in an hote complexion and bitternes, and a darcker or more unfelable binding, then the cypresse tre hath: for in suche as it excedeth in that, so more myghtely doth it make rype, and therefore it can not glew together woundes, for the strenght of the dryness, and the heate that it hath, or it hath so much of both the qualities, that it doth stretche out and bringe inflammation or burning: it may as well be occupyed aboute rottenes as the Cypres maye, speciallye when they are stronger and longer, for these without anye avoyance can abyde the strenght of medicines: it louseth or dissolveth carbuncles. This is a medicine that is hote in the thyrd degre, and drye in the same, and hath verye subitl parte, and for that cause it is put in to oyntementes. Some use to put twyse as muche of it in the stede of one parte of Cinnamuni; for if it be dronken and maketh fyne and subtil.

Of Savin. (Juniperus sabina and tamariscifolia)

Sabina is named in Greek Bra this, in German Sevenbaume, in French Savinera or Saviner.

There are two kinds of Savine as Dioscorides write: the one hath leaves like a cypress tree, but more picky with a grievous smell, biting and burning: for it is a short tree speeding it fells more out in breath: and some use the leaves for perfumes: the other heath leaves like Tamarisk. I have seen both these kinds in Germany and the one plenteously in England, that is the lesser, and the greater I saw in Worms in Germany in a preacher’s garden.

The virtues of Savin.

The leaves of both the Savin’ s stay and stop wounds that speed for a brood and consume flesh as they go, and if they be laid to the swage inflammations. Also, if they be laid to with honey, they scour away blackness and filthiness and they burst carbuncles. But if they be drunken with wine, they drive blood by the urine and drive furth also the birth: the same thing, will they do if they be laid to or ministered in a perfume, they use to be menged with heating ointments, and namely with the ointment called unguentum gleucinum.

Out of Galene.

Savin is of the number of them that dry mightily and that according unto three qualities, which it shew in taste like unto the cypress tree, but that it is more biting and as a man would say more spicy or better smelling: therefore it hath the quality that I speak of, that is a biting sharpness, standing in an hot complexion and bitterness, and a darker or more unfillable binding then the cypress tree hath: for in such as it exceeded in that, so more mightily doth it make ripe and therefore it cannot Glew together wounds for the strength of the dryness, and the heat that it hath, or it hath so much of both the qualities that it doth stretch out and bring inflammation or burning: it may as well be occupied about rottenness as the cypress may, especially when they are stronger and longer, for these without any avoidance can abide the strength of medicines: it loused or dissolved carbuncles. This is a medicine that is hot in the third degree and dry in the same and hath very subtill part and for that cause it is put into ointments. Some use to put twice as much of it in the stead of one part of Cinnamomum, for if it be drunken and maketh fine and subtill.

Of the elder tre, and of the bushe called Walworte or Daynwurt,

Sambucus is called in Grek Akti,in English Elder or Bourtre, in Duche Holder, or Hollnder, in French Sus or Suin. Ther ar two kindes of Acte, saypeth Dioscorides, the one is called Acke, and it riseth up into the fashion of a tre, and thys is named in English Elder, and it stretched out twigges like redes rounde, somthing hollow, somthing whitish and long, there growe iii. or iiii. leves together by certayn spaces goyng between, lyke the Walnut tre leaves of stinkinge savor, and more indented: in the top of the stalkes or bowes are round shaddowye clusters, having whyte floures, a fruyt lyke the Turpentin tre, somthing purple in black, full of berries, ful of iuice, and of wine. The other kinde is called in Greke Chameacte, and in Latin Ebulus, in English Wallwurte or Daynworte, and in Duche Attich. This is low and lesse, and more like an herbe, and it hath a foure squared stalke, parted with many ioyntes, the leaves grow with certayn spaces goyng between, hanging about every ioynte after the maner of fethers. Lyke unto the leaves of an almonde tre, indented roundabout, but longer, evell smellinge, with a shaddowy clustred top lyke the other kind, and even so a floure and a fruyt. It hath a long rout, of the bignes of a mannes finger: thus far Dioscorides. Besyde these two kindes, I founde the third kind growinge in the alpes with rede berries, in other poyntes lyke unto the former kind called Elder.

The vertues of Elder.

Both the kindes have one propertie and serve for one purpose, they dry and dryve water, and are evell for the stomack, the leaves sodden and eaten as an eatable herbe, dryve out choler, and thynne fleme, and the yong stalkes sodden in a pot do the same. The root sodden in wyne, and geven in before meat, helpeth the dzropsey:if it be dronken after the same maner, it is good for them that are bitten of the viper, the same sodden in water, if a woman sit over it, it softeneth the mother and openeth it, and it amendeth suche hurtes as are commonly about it: the fruut dronken with wine, doth thesame: the same layd to, maketh the heyre black. The tendre and freshe leaves, swage inflammaciones layd to emplasterwise with perched barley, and they are good for burning and the bitinges of dogges: the same glewe together hollowe sores that gape after the maner ofa fistula: they ae also good for them that have the gout, if they be layd to with bulles tallowe or gote buckes swet.

Of the elder tree, and of the bushe called Walworte or Daynwurt, (Sambucus nigra, racemosa and ebulus)

Sambucus is called in Greek Acte, in English Elder or Bourtree, in German Holder, or Hollunder, in French Sus or Suin. There are two kinds of Acte, said Dioscorides, the one is called Acte and it rise up into the fashion of a tree, and this is named in English Elder, and it stretched out twigs like redes round, something hollow, somthing whitish and long, there grow iii. or iiii. leaves together by certain spaces going between, like the Walnut tree leaves of stinking savor and more indented: in the top of the stalks or bows are round shadowy clusters, having white flowers, a fruit like the Turpentine tree, something purple in black, full of berries, full of juice and of wine. The other kind is called in Greek Chamaecte, and in Latin Ebulus, in English Walworth or Danewort and in German Attich. This is low and lesser and more like an herb, and it hath a four squared stalk parted with many joints, the leaves grow with certain spaces going between, hanging about every joint after the manner of feathers, like unto the leaves of an almond tree, indented roundabout, but longer, evil smelling, with a shadowy clustered top like the other kind and even so a flower and a fruit. It hath a long root, of the bigness of a man’s finger: thus far Dioscorides. Besides these two kinds, I found the third kind growing in the Alpes with red berries, in other points like unto the former kind called Elder.

The virtues of Elder.

Both the kinds have one property and serve for one purpose, they dry and drive water and are evil for the stomach, the leaves sodden and eaten as an eatable herb drive out choler and thin flehm and the young stalks sodden in a pot do the same. The root sodden in wine, and given in before meat, helped the dropsy, if it be drunken after the same manner, it is good for them that are bitten of the viper, the same sodden in water, if a woman sit over it, it softened the mother and opened it and it amended such hurts as are commonly about it: the fruit drunken with wine doth the same: the same laid to, maketh the hair black. The tender and fresh leaves, swage inflammations laid to plaster wise with perched barley and they are good for burning and the biting’s of dogs: the same Glew together hollow sores that gape after the manner of a fistula: they are also good for them that have the gout, if they be laid to with bulls’ tallow or goat bukes sweet.

Of the willow or Sallow tre.

Salix is named in Greke Itia, in English a Wyllow tre or a Sallow tre, in the Northern speache a Saugh tre, in Duch, Ein weiden baum, in Frenche un Saulge. Salix as Columella writeth is devided in to two principal kinds: the one is called perticalis, the other is called viminalis. Perticalis Salix is a great willow tre, which hath long rodes growing on it. Viminalis is an oysier tre such as bryng furth roddes, baskattes ar made of. Viminalis is of diners sorten. The first is called Salix greca, the second gallica: the thyrde Sabina. Salix greca which is yelowe in color, groweth much in East Fresland about a cytye called Aurik. Salix gallica which hath rede twigges, groweth in many places of Englande and Germany also. Salix sabina which is also called amerina, groweth onely in Italy and in East Fresland, so far as I have founde hetherto.

The vertues of the willow tre.

The sede, the leaves and the barke, and the iuice of the willowe tre have poure and vertue to binde together. The leaver broken and with a litle pepper dronken in wine, are od for the Iliaca passio, of the gnawing of the small goutes.

The sede broken, is good for them that spitte blood, the barke is good for the same purpose: the same barke burned and knodded with vinegre, layd to emplasterwise taketh awaye harde lumpes, litle sellinges like nayle hedes. The iuice of the leaves and the barke, made hote in the pill of a pomgranat with rose oyle, healeth the ake of the eares, the broth of the same is good to bathe goutye places, and to be poured upon the same: the same driveth awaye scurfe and scales: the tyme of taking of the iuice of it is, when that it floureth by cutting of the barke: this hath poure to scoure awaye those things, which bringe darcknes unto the apple of the eye.

Out of Galene.

A man may well use the leaves of the willow tre for to glew woundes together, the moste part of Physiciones use the floures of the willowe tre most of all for the preparing of a drying emplaster, for the poure therof is to drye, for besyde that it byteth not, it hath also a certayn binding, ther are certayn also, whiche presse out the iuice of it, kepe it as a medicine without all byting and drying up very profitable for many things, for ye can not finde any thinge more profitable for many thinges then a medicine is, which driveth without byting, doth binde a little, but the barke hath the like poure, with the floures and the leaves: but that it is of a dryer complexion as all barkes be. Som men do burne the barke and use the ashes of it, for all thinges that had nede of a mighty dryer.

Of the willow or Sallow tree. Salix alba and viminalis)

Salix is named in Greek Itia, in English a Wyllow tree or a Sallow tree, in the Northern speech a Saugh tree, in German Ein weiden baum, in French un Saulge. Salix as Columella write is divided into two principal kinds: the one is called perticalis, the other is called viminalis. Perticalis Salix is a great willow tree which hath long rods growing on it. Viminalis is an osier tree such as bring furth rods, baskets are made of. Viminalis is of diver’s sorts. The first is called Salix graeca, the second gallica: the third Sabina. Salix graeca which is yellow in color, growth much in East Friesland about a city called Aurik. Salix gallica which hath rede twigs, growth in many places of England and Germany also. Salix sabina which is also called amerina, growth only in Italy and in East Friesland, so far as I have found hitherto.

The virtues of the willow tree.

The seed, the leaves and the bark and the juice of the willow tree have power and virtue to bind together. The leaver broken and with a little pepper drunken in wine are of for the Iliaca passio, of the gnawing of the small gouts.

The seed broken, is good for them that spit blood, the bark is good for the same purpose: the same bark burned and knotted with vinegar laid to plaster wise taketh away hard lumps, little selling’s like nail heads. The juice of the leaves and the bark, made hot in the pill of a pomegranate with rose oil, health the ache of the ears, the broth of the same is good to bathe gouty places and to be poured upon the same: the same drive away scurf and scales: the time of taking of the juice of it is, when that it floweret by cutting of the bark: this hath power to scour away those things, which bring darkness unto the apple of the eye.

Out of Galene.

A man may well use the leaves of the willow tree for to Glew wounds together, the most part of Physicians use the flowers of the willow tree most of all for the preparing of a drying plaster, for the power thereof is to dry, for beside that it byte not, it hath also a certain binding, there are certain also which press out the juice of it, keep it as a medicine without all biting and drying up very profitable for many things, for ye cannot find anything more profitable for many things then a medicine is, which drive without biting, doth bind a little, but the bark hath the like power, with the flowers and the leaves: but that it is of a drier complexion as all barks be. Some men do burn the bark and use the ashes of it for all things that had need of a mighty drier.

Of Sage.

Salvia is called in Greke Elilishpacos, in English Sage or Savig, in Duche Salben or Selce, in Frenche Saulge. Sage is a long bushe full of bowes and branches, having twigges four square, somthyng whitish, and leaves lyke the Quince tre, but longer, rough, thicker, and prively resembling horenes of a worne cloth, whyte under, smellinge wonderfully, but the smell is grievous, it hath sede lyke the hormium in the top of the stalke, it groweth in rough places. Hetherto Dioscorides.

Dioscorides maketh but one kinde of Sage, but Theoprast maketh two kindes of Sage, one wyth a rougher, and the other wyth a smoother leafe, but nowe are there found more kindes, the whyche though they differ one from an other muche in roughnes, and smoothnes, in greatnes and smallines, and in diversite of coloures, yet in my iudgement do agre al in one vertue and propertie, and although som be stronger then other som be.

The vertues of Sage.

The broth wherein the leaves and branches are sodden, dryve fourth water, and bring furth floures, and draweth furth the byrth, and it healeth the pricking of the fishe, called in Latin pastinaca marina/ whych is lye unto a flath, with venemous prickes about hys tayle: It maketh here black, it is good for woundes, it stoppeth the blood, and scoureth wilde sores, the broth of the leaves and the branches wyth wine stancheth the iche of the privites, if they be washed there with.

Out of Galene.

Galene writeth that Sage is of an evident hote complexion, and somthing binding.

The vertues of Sage out of Aetius.

The heating poure of sage is evidently knowen, but the binding vertue is but small, but som wryte that if a perfume be made of sage over the coles, that it will stop the excessive flowing or womens floures: But Agrippa writeth that sage beyng a holy herbe, is eaten of lionesses beynge wyth yong, for it holdeth and stayeth the lively byrth. Wherfor if a woman drinke of the iuice of it wyth a litle salte at a certayne tyme, whiche Phisiciones can tell, if she do lye wyth her husbande, undoutingly she shall concevue. They saye when as the pestilence was in a place of Egypt called Coptos, that they that remayned alyve after the pestilence, compelled theyr wives to drinke much of thys iuice: and so they had in short tyme great encrease of chyldren. Orpheus sayeth that two cyates of the iuice of sage with one unce of honye, if it be geven unto a man with drink fasting, will stoppe the spitting of blood: but it is good agaynst the tysick and exculceration of the lunges: If it be dressed thus, take off spiknarde two drammes of the sede of sage perched, beaten, and sifted xiiii. drammes of pepper xij. drammes, mene all these together in the iuice of sage, and make pilles thereof and geve a dram at a tyme, in the morning to the patient fasting, and so much against night, and drinke water after the pilles.

Of Sage. (Salvia officinalis, viridis)

Salvia is called in Greek Elilishpacos, in English Sage or Savig, in German Salben or Selce, in French Saulge. Sage is a long bush full of bows and branches, having twigs four square, something whitish and leaves like the Quince tree, but longer, rough, thicker, and privily resembling hoariness of a worn cloth, white under, smelling wonderfully, but the smell is grievous, it hath seed like the horminum in the top of the stalk, it growth in rough places. Hitherto Dioscorides.

Dioscorides maketh but one kind of Sage, but Theophrastus maketh two kinds of Sage, one with a rougher and the other with a smoother leaf, but now are there found more kinds, the which though they differ one from another much in roughness and smoothness, in greatness and smallness, and in diversity of colors, yet in my judgment do agree al in one virtue and property, and although some be stronger than other some be.

The virtues of Sage.

The broth wherein the leaves and branches are sodden, drive fourth water and bring furth flowers, and draweth furth the birth, and it health the pricking of the fish, called in Latin pastinaca marina, which is lye unto a flat, with venomous prickers about his tail: It maketh hair black, it is good for wounds, it stopped the blood, and scoured wild sores, the broth of the leaves and the branches with wine stanched the ich of the privities, if they be washed there with.

Out of Galene.

Galene write that Sage is of an evident hot complexion and something binding.

The virtues of Sage out of Aetius.

The heating power of sage is evidently known, but the binding virtue is but small, but some write that if a perfume be made of sage over the cools that it will stop the excessive flowing or women’s flowers: But Agrippa write that sage being a holy herb, is eaten of lionesses being with young, for it hold and stayed the lively birth. Wherefore if a woman drink of the juice of it with a little salt at a certain time, which Physicians can tell, if she does lye with her husband undoubtingly, she shall conceive. They say when as the pestilence was in a place of Egypt called Coptos, that they that remained alive after the pestilence, compelled their wives to drink much of this juice: and so, they had in short time great increase of children. Orpheus sayeth that two kyats s of the juice of sage with one once of honey, if it be given unto a man with drink fasting, will stop the spitting of blood: but it is good against the physic and exulcerated of the lunges: If it be dressed thus, take off spikenard two drachms of the seed of sage perched, beaten, and sifted xiiii. drachms of pepper xij. drachms, meng all these together in the juice of sage, and make pills thereof and give a dram at a time in the morning to the patient fasting and so much against night and drink water after the pills.

Of Saverye.

Satureia or Cunila is called in Greke Thymbra, in English saverye, or saveraye, in Duche saturey, in Frenche sarriette; it is hote and drye in the thyrde degre, as the taste will teache you, wheresoever ye will revye it, for it biteth the tong myghtely. Although diverse and great learned men have made one herbe of Thymbra and saturya, yet it is playne by the autorite of Columella, and other olde writers, that there are two severalll herbes.

And because Dioscorides maketh two kindes of thymbra, it is not unlike, that the one that is called thymbra, of the Grekes and som Latines, and the other it is that is called of the Grecianes thymbra, and of the Latines satureia.

The wilde kinde is greater and hoter, and the gardin thymbra is lesse, then the other and more gentler, and therefore more fit to be eaten as Dioscorides writeth.

The wilde thymbra after the iudgement of Matthiolus, is Satureia hortensis of Columella. wherof he maketh mention in hys verses.

As for the fyrste kinde that Dioscorides describeth, I thinke it shall be harde to fynde any suche in Englande, when as Matthiolus compleyneth that he can fynde none suche in Italy.

And allthough we have here in England two kindes of saverye, one that dyeth every yeare, and is commonly called saverey, and an other kinde that is called winter saverye in English, and closter hysope in Duche, which dureth both summer and winter. Yet nether of these answer unto the description of Dioscorides, for it Dioscorides describeth it thus, described it groweth in rough places, and in a bare grounde, it is like tyme, but lesse, tenderer, it beareth an eare full of floures, they of an herbish or grene color.

The vertues of Saverye.

Dioscorides wryteth no more of the vertues of saverye, but; it serveth so the same purposes, that thyme serveth for, wherefore if ye wil know what vertues savery hath, loke them out in the chapter of thyme.

Of Saverye. (Satureja hortensis and thymbra)

Satureja or Cunila is called in Greek Thymbra, in English savory or saveraie, in German saturey, in French sarriette; it is hot and dry in the third degree, as the taste will teach you wheresoever ye will receive it, for it bit the tong mightily. Although diverse and great learned men have made one herb of Thymbra and Satureja, yet it is plane by the authority of Columella and other olde writers, that there are two several herbs.

And because Dioscorides maketh two kinds of thymbra, it is not unlike that the one that is called thymbra of the Greeks and some Latines and the other it is that is called of the Grecians thymbra and of the Latines Satureja.

The wild kind is greater and hotter and the garden thymbra is lesser then the other and more gentler and therefore more fit to be eaten as Dioscorides write.

The wild thymbra after the judgment of Matthiolus, is Satureja hortensis of Columella whereof he maketh mention in his verses.

As for the first kind that Dioscorides described, I think it shall be hard to find any such in England, when as Matthiolus complained that he can find none such in Italy.

And although we have here in England two kinds of savory, one that died every year and is commonly called savory and another kind that is called winter savory in English and closter hysope in German, which endured both summer and winter. Yet neither of these answer unto the description of Dioscorides, for it Dioscorides described it thus, described it growth in rough places and in a bare ground, it is like time, but lesser, tenderer, it bears an ear full of flowers, they are of an herbiest or green color.

The virtues of Savery.

Dioscorides write no more of the virtues of savory, but it served so the same purposes that thyme served for, wherefore if ye will know what virtues savory hath, loke them out in the chapter of thyme.

Of the herbe called Satyrion.

Satyrion is named in latine Satyrium, it maye be named in English, whyt Satyrion, or whyte hares coddes, or in other more unmanerly spreche, hares ballockes.

Dioscorides describeth Satyrion thus: Satyrion whiche som call Threleafe, because it hath thre leaves, bowing doune toward the earth lyke unto a dock, or a lyly leafe, but lesse, rede, the stalk is of a cubit hyght, and bare. It hath a whyte floure like a lyly, and a knoppy roote of the bignes of an appel, broune in color without, and within white as an eg, in tast swete, and not unplesant unto the mouth. I have very seldom sene this kinde of Satyrion that Dioscorides describeth here. For I never saw it, saving twyse in Germany, and twyse in England. In Germany I have sene it growing in great plenty besyde Bonne, and aboute Meissenburg in hygh Almany, and in England in Soffock. It hath a leafe broder then a lyly leafe, but shorter and rounder. The floures are very whyte, and the stalck is longer then any kinde of Orchis called Testiculus canis. Besyde thys greater kinde, I have sene about Charde in Sommeretshyre, a litle kinde of Satyrion with whyte floures, and rounder leaves, and broder for the quantite, then the lilye leaves are. They are moste lyke yong plantayn leaves of the greater kinde. The rootes are longer, then the rootes of the greater kinde, and are in taste not all swete, but a litle turninge to som darcke bitternes, and a litle heate. The floures grew very thyck together, as they were writhen about the stalcke. I have sene about the last ende of August, this kinde in the floures, when as all other kindes of Orchis and Satyrion are far dede awaye, savinge an other litle kinde with a purple flour, which is called of som our ladies traces.

The vertues of Satyrion:

Dioscorides writeth that the roote of Satyrion dronken in tarte and rede wine, is good for the bowyng back of the neck, and that it is supposed to stere men to the lust of the body.

Out of Galene.

Galene writeth that Satyrion is hote and moyst in complexion, and that not withstanding that it hath an overflowyng and windy moisture, by reason whereof it stirreth up the lust of the body. The herbe and roote are both of lyke streyngth in doynge of these thinges.

Of the herb called Satyrion. (Orchis latifolia and maculata, Spiranthes autumnalis)

Satyrion is named in Latin Satyrium, it may be named in English white Satyrion or white hares’ pods or in other more unmannerly speech hares bullocks.

Dioscorides described Satyrion thus: Satyrion which some call Three leaf, because it hath three leaves, bowing dons toward the earth like unto a dock or a lily leaf, but lesser, red, the stalk is of a cubit high and bare. It hath a white flower like a lily and a knops root of the bigness of an apple, brown in color without and within white as an egg, in taste sweet, and not unpleasant unto the mouth. I have very seldom seen this kind of Satyrion that Dioscorides described here. For I never saw it, saving twice in Germany and twice in England. In Germany I have seen it growing in great plenty beside Bonn and about Meissenburg in high Almany and in England in Suffolk. It hath a leaf brooder then a lily leaf, but shorter and rounder. The flowers are very white, and the stalk is longer than any kind of Orchis called Testiculus canis. Besides this greater kind I have seen about Charde in Somersetshire a little kind of Satyrion with white flowers, and rounder leaves, and brooder for the quantity then the lily leaves are. They are most like young plantain leaves of the greater kind. The roots are longer, then the roots of the greater kind and are in taste not all sweet, but a little turning to some dark bitterness and a little heat. The flowers grew very thick together, as they were written about the stalk. I have seen about the last end of August, this kind in the flowers, when as all other kinds of Orchis and Satyrion are far died away, saving another little kind with a purple flour which is called of some our ladies traces.

The virtues of Satyrion:

Dioscorides write that the root of Satyrion drunken in tarte and rede wine is good for the bowing back of the neck and that it is supposed to stere men to the lust of the body.

Out of Galene.

Galene write that Satyrion is hot and moist in complexion and that notwithstanding that it hath an overflowing and windy moisture, by reason whereof it stirred up the lust of the body. The herb and root are both of like strength in doing of these things.

Of Rye.

These manye yeares both Physicianes and Scoolmaysters have taught that our Rye which is called in Duch Rogge, is Siligo in Latin. But they have ben both deceyed themselves, and other also. For Siligo is not Rye, but a kinde of light wheat, as it may be easily proved by the authorite of Columella and Pliny. Yet wihout all dout, they taught first that Siligo was Rye had great occasion geven them to iudge so, even by Columella, who writeth thus of Siligo: Nec nos tanquam optabilis agricolis, salat Siligo: nam hoc tritici vitium est. Et quanvis candore præstet, pondere vincitur. Verùm in humido statu cæli, rectè provenit: & ideo locis manantibus, magis apta eit. Nec tamen ea longè nobis, aut magna difficultate requirenda est. Nam omne triticum solo uliginoso, post tertiam sationem convertitur in ſiliginem. For thys I do know, that in a countre where as I have ben, wythin the Dukedom of the Duke of Cleve, called Sourlant, that wheat if it be sown in that sourlande, as it is truely called, the fyfte yeare it will bring furth wheat, and in the second yeare, if the wheat that grew there, be sowen in the same place agayne, that it turneth into rye, and that the same rye sowen in the same ground, within two yeares goeth out of kinde into darnell, and suche other naughty wedes, as rye, sowen in som place of Saxony, as I heard say, when I was in Germany, within few yeare sowen in some feldes, is turned into good wheat.

Yet for all thys, there are two places in Columella, that will not suffer filiginem to be our rye. The fyrst place is where as he sayeth: quamuis candore præstet, pondere tamen vincitur. That is, allthough it excelle in whytenes, yet in hevines or weyght other excede it. Who dyd ever se rye whyter then wheate, and is it not most commonly sene, rye bread is hevyer then the wheat. Therefore siligo whyche is whyter then the common and best wheat, and lighter also, can not be our rye. The seconde place is in the seconde booke of Columella, in the first chapter, where as he wryteth these wordes: We know many kindes of wheat, but that is moste to be sowen of all other, that is called robus, because it doth excelle both in weyght and in shyning or clerenes. Ye ought secondely to regarde ſiliginem, whose chefe kinde wanteth weyght in bread. Pliny also in the x bij. boke of hys naturall historye writeth, that Siligo spicam semper erectam habet, & pariter nunquam maturescit. That is, siligo hath the ear ever standing ryght up, and it never wereth rype alltogether. But whether oure rye groweth with the eares dounwarde or no, and whether it be rype al at one tyme or no, I reporte me unto them that are housband men, and have skyl in corn, and both sowe it and mowe it.

By these places I trust, that I have sufficiently proved, that siligo of the olde wryters, is not our rye, as the Phisiciones and Grammarians have taught certain hundred years.

But som will are of me, seyng that siligo is not rye, what thynkest thou was it called of any old wryter. To them I answer, that I fynde nothinge lyke unto our rye, then it whych is called of Sicale: wherof he writeth thus: The taurines that dwell under the alpes, cal sicale Astane: it is the worst of al other and is only mete to dryve hungre awaye. It hath a plenteous, but a small stalke, it is ugly to be be sene for the blacknes, but it passeth in hevynes. Then when as our rye hath these propertyes, and the Italianes in som places call rye Segale, the French men call it segle, whych countremen hold certayn remnantes of the old Latin tonge: I thynke I gather a misname our rye was named secale of the old wryters. Thys also maketh somthing for the same purpose, that som of the Northen men call rye breade, aussem brede, as though it had the name of affius.

The nature of Rye.

By comon experience we fynde that rye bread is cold, windy, and hard of digestion, a breder of melancholy, namelye in al such persones, as want exercise of the body. But it helpeth to kepe the body soluble, such as are disposed to be hard bellied. But the medicine is grosse, and bringeth as much and more then it doth good all thinges well considered. Som of the later wryters have taught that the yong blades of rye distilled, are good for the stone, and for great heat in any parte of the membre of the body. But here of, because I have no experience as yet, I dare not warrant anye man, that they have that vertue and propertye, it were good that som man that hath leasure, shoulde ones prove it.

Of Rye. (Secale cereale)

These many years both Physicians and Schoolmasters have taught that our Rye which is called in Duch Rogge, is Siligo in Latin. But they have ben both decayed themselves and other also. For Siligo is not Rye, but a kind of light wheat, as it may be easily proved by the authority of Columella and Plini. Yet without all doubt, they taught first that Siligo was Rye had great occasion given them to judge so, even by Columella, who write thus of Siligo: Nec nos tanquam optabilis agricolis, salat Siligo: nam hoc tritici vitium est. Et quanvis candore præstet, pondere vincitur. Verùm in humido statu cæli, rectè provenit: & ideo locis manantibus, magis apta eit. Nec tamen ea longè nobis, aut magna difficultate requirenda est. Nam omne triticum solo uliginoso, post tertiam sationem convertitur in filiginem. For this I do know that in a country where as I have ben within the Dukedom of the Duke of Cleve, called Sourlant that wheat if it be sown in that Sourlant as it is truly called, the fifth year it will bring furth wheat and in the second year, if the wheat that grew there be sown in the same place again that it turned into rye and that the same rye sown in the same ground, within two years go out of kind into darnel and such other naughty weeds as rye, sown in some place of Saxony, as I heard say, when I was in Germany, within few year sown in some fields is turned into good wheat.

Yet for all this, there are two places in Columella, that will not suffer filiginem to be our rye. The first place is where as he sayeth: quamuis candore præstet, pondere tamen vincitur. That is, although it excelled in whiteness, yet in heaviness or weight other exceed it. Who did ever see rye whiter than wheat, and is it not most commonly seen, rye bread is heavier than the wheat. Therefore, siligo which is whiter then the common and best wheat and lighter also cannot be our rye. The second place is in the second book of Columella, in the first chapter, whereas he writes these words: We know many kinds of wheat, but that is most to be sown of all other that is called robus, because it doth excelled both in weight and in shining or clearness. Ye ought to be secondly to regard filiginem, whose cheap kind wanted weight in bread. Plini also in the x vij. boke of his natural history write that Siligo spicam semper erectam habet, & pariter nunquam maturescit. That is, siligo hath the ear ever standing right up and it never wear ripe all together. But whether our rye growth with the ears downward or no, and whether it be ripe al at one time or no, I report me unto them that are husband men and have skill in corn and both sow it and mow it.

By these places I trust that I have sufficiently proved that siligo of the olde writers is not our rye, as the Physicians and Grammarians have taught certain hundred years.

But some will be of men, seeing that siligo is not rye, what thinks thou was it called of any old writer. To them I answer that I find nothing like unto our rye, then it which is called of Secale: whereof he writes thus: The taurine’s that dwell under the Alpes call Secale Astane: it is the worst of all other and is only meted to drive hunger away. It hath a plenteous, but a small stalk, it is ugly to be seen for the blackness, but it passed in heaviness. Then when as our rye hath these properties and the Italians in some places call rye Segale, the French men call it segle, which countrymen hold certain remnants of the old Latin tong: I think I gather a misname our rye was named Secale of the old writers. This also maketh something for the same purpose, that some of the Northen men call rye bread, auf brede, as though it had the name of affius.

The nature of Rye.

By common experience we find that rye bread is cold, windy and hard of digestion, a breeder of melancholy, namely in all such persons as want exercise of the body. But it helped to keep the body soluble, such as are disposed to be hard bellied. But the medicine is grosses and bringeth as much and more then it doth good all things well considered. Som of the later writers have taught that the young blades of rye distilled are good for the stone and for great heat in any part of the member of the body. But here of, because I have no experience as yet, I dare not warrant any man that they have that virtue and property, it were good that some man that hath leisure should ones prove it.

Of the herbe called Scandix.

Scandix is supposed of som to bet he herbe which is called in English Pinke nedle or storkes bill. And I have iudged it to be an herbe groweth in the corne with a fayre whyte floure, leaves lyke unto, chervel. The later herbe in iudgement draweth nerer unto the bitternes and heat. Dioscorides requireth of scandix. But because nether of them both, hath so much heat and bitternes, as Dioscorides semeth to geve unto scandix: I dare not certaynly geve sentence, that ether of them should be scandix in Dioscorides.

Of the vertues of Scandix.

I rede no other vertue of scandix hath, but it is good for the kidnees bladder, lyver, saving that Galene sayth it is good to provoke a man to pisse, to deliver al inward bowelles from stoppinge. The same Galene writeth, it is hote and drye in the second degre.

Of the berbe called Scandix. (Scandix pecten-veneris)

Scandix is supposed of some to bet he herb which is called in English Pinke needle or stork’s bill. And I have judged it to be an herb growth in the corn with a fayre white flower, leaves like unto chervil. The later herb in judgment draweth nearer unto the bitterness and heat that Dioscorides required of Scandix. But because neither of them both hath so much heat and bitterness as Dioscorides seem to give unto Scandix: I dare not certainly give sentence that ether of them should be Scandix in Dioscorides.

Of the virtues of Scandix.

I read no other virtue of Scandix hath, but it is good for the kidney’s, bladder, liver, saving that Galene said it is good to provoke a man to piss, to deliver al inward bowels from stopping. The same Galene write, it is hot and dry in the second degree.

Of the sea unyon called squilla.

Scilla, is named in Greke Skilla, of the Apothecaries Squilla, of the hygh duch. meus zwybel: it may be called in English, sea unyon or Squilla or Squill unyon. The rote of the Squilla is like a great union, covered with a thin skin as an unyon is. Within that ar many pille, one growing above an other, but not hole as unyones be: the stalke cometh first furth of the roote, afterward commeth a flour whyte or yelowe. And a long tyme after that come out leves, after the maner of an union, bowyng dounward the grounde. It groweth much in Spayn and Apulia, by the sea syde, but no other where, saving in suche like places without settinge or sowing. For it greweth not from the sea of hym selfe.

The vertues of squilla.

Squilla hath a sharpe and hote nature, but when it is rosted it is made profitable for manye thynges. And it ought to be rosted after thys maner. Take the squilla, and cover it round about wyth clay or paste, and put it into an over, or cover it in the coles or ashes, untill the past be baked inough. When as ye have taken that away, wyth the squilla be not tendre, and rosted inough, cover it with new paste, or new clay, and roste it as ye dyd before. It that is not thus dressed, is evel for the inner partes. It maye be also baked by settinge it in a pot well covered use only the inner partes, and cast away the outer partes: It may also be sodden in water after that it is cut in peces, the fyrst water casten oute, and freshe water put unto it, untill the water be no more bitter. Men use it also to sklife it, and to hange it on a trede, so that one pece touche not an other, and so drye them in the shaddow. And we use it that is cut, to make oyle of it, and wyne and vinegre. One parte of the raw squilla heate in oyle or melted rosen, is good to be layd upon the riftes of the fete. If it be sodden in vinegre, and layd to emplaster wyse, it is good for them that are bitten of a veper or adder. We use to take one parte of the rosted squilla, and to put unto it vi partes of brused salt, and here of we use to geve a spounful or two to a man fasting, soften hys bellye. We put it also into drinkes and spicye compositiones, and into such drinkes, where wyth we provoke water, and in suche drinkes as we wold helpe the dropsey with, and help them in whose stomakes the meat swimmeth above, or such as have the iaundes or geelsought, and have gnawynge in the bodye, and them that are vexed wyth a longe cough, them that ar short winded, and them that spit blood: one scruple and an half is inough to be taken at one tyme wyth honye. We use to sethe it with honye, and to geve it to be eaten for the same purpose, and so dresses in is good to help digestion. It dryveth away slympe mater lyke shavinges of the guttes. If it be rosted and layd to, it is good for hangyng wartes, and for kybed or mould heles. The sede taken in a fyg or wyth honye, louseth the belly. They that have any exulceration or place that hath the skinne of and raw, had nede to take hede that they use not the squilla. Som autours write, that if the squilla be hanged up hole above the dore, that no wychecrafte nor sorcerye shall take any place there.

Out of Mesue.

The sea unyon or squilla is two wayes profitable, both because it maketh rype and redy the matter to be furth, dryveth furth such maters as are made redy. It is best that groweth wyth an other a not alone. For it that groweth alone and besyde hote bathes, is venemous. The best is bitter and sharp, and hath shyning pilles, and it groweth in a fre felde. It prepareth thick and tough humores, and melancholy by cutting of them making of them subtile, and by scouring, they may more easely come furth, doth most spedely oxymel or honied vinegre, made of squilla: the same purgeth out the forsayd humores. Wherefore it is good for diseases of the head, as the head ach, for the falling siknes, for dusines of the head, for the disease of the snewes, ioyntes, longes and breſts. And that doth speciallye he electuarye made of the iuice of it with honye, if it be licked in. The same maketh a clere voice, and so doth the honyed vinegre, made with squilla, and the vinegre alone made with the same. The same helpeth the stoping of the milt and the swelling thereof. And it hindreth putrefaction to be gendred in a mannes body. And therefore it kepeth a man in heath, and maketh a mannes body continew still in yong state, but they make a man leane. The squilla helpeth the louse goomes, and the vinegre of it maketh fall teth that are louse, if the mouth be washed therewyth. It taketh awaye the stinking of the mouth, and maketh the breath swete. It stancheth the ache of the stomack, it helpeth digestion, and maketh a man well colored. It maketh a louse body fast and compact, howsoever it be taken. The sodden drinck of it, may be geven from ten drammes unto thre unces. Mesue maketh the sea unyone hote in the thyede degre, and drye almost in the same.

Out of Pliny.

The use of squilla quickeneth the eyesight, if it be taken with vinegre and honye. It kylleth wormes in the bellye. If it be freshe layd under the tonge, it quencheth the thyrst of them that have the dropsey. It is good to be layd to with honye agaynst the payne of the sciatica.

Out of Galene.

The squilla hath a mervelous cutting poure, but not for all that very hote, so that a man may iudge it to be hote in the second degre. It is beste to be taken sodden or rosted and not raw, and so is the greate vehementye or strength abayted. Averois also an Arabian, writeth that Squilla is hote in the second degre, though Mesue write that it is hote in the thyrde degre: wherefore seyng thar Galene and Averois hold, that it is no hoter, and I have by tasting founde it no hoter: I had lever holde with Galene, that it is hote onlye in the second degre, then with Mesue, that maketh it hote in the thyrde degre.

Of the sea unyon called squilla. (Urginea maritima)

Scilla is named in Greek Scilla, of the Apothecaries Squilla, of the high Germany meus zwybel: it may be called in English, sea onion or Squilla or Squill onion. The root of the Squilla is like a great onion, covered with a thin skin as an onion is. Within that are many pills, one growing above another, but not hole as onion be: the stalk cometh first furth of the root, afterward comet a flour white or yellow. And a long time after that come out leaves, after the manner of a onion bowing downward the ground. It growth much in Spain and Apulia, by the seaside, but no otherwhere, saving in such like places without setting or sowing. For it growth not from the sea of himself.

The virtues of squilla.

Squilla hath a sharp and hot nature, but when it is roosted it is made profitable for many things. And it ought to be roosted after this manner. Take the squilla and cover it roundabout with clay or paste and put it into an over or cover it in the cools or ashes until the past be baked enough. When as ye have taken that away with the squilla be not tender and roosted enough, cover it with new paste or new clay and roosted it as ye did before. It that is not thus dressed, is evil for the inner partes. It may be also backed by setting it in a pot well covered use only the inner partes and cast away the outer partes: It may also be soddened in water after that it is cut in pieces, the first water cast out and fresh water put unto it, until the water be no more bitter. Men use it also to stiff it and to hang it on a tread so that one piece touch not another and so dry them in the shadow. And we use it that is cut, to make oil of it and wine and vinegar. One part of the raw squilla heat in oil or melted roses is good to be laid upon the rifts of the feet. If it be sodden in vinegar and laid to plaster wise it is good for them that are bitten of a viper or adder. We used to take one part of the roosted squilla, and to put unto it vi partes of bruised salt and here of we use to give a spoonful or two to a man fasting soften his belly. We put it also into drinks and spicy compositions and into such drinks where with we provoke water and in such drinks as we would hele the dropsy with and help them in whose stomachs the meat swim above or such as have the jaundice or geel sought and have gnawing in the body and them that are vexed with a long cough, them that are short winded and them that spit blood: one scruple and an half is enough to be taken at one time with honey. We used to seethe it with honey and to give it to be eaten for the same purpose and so dresses in is good to help digestion. It drives away slimy mater like shavings of the gutters. If it be roosted and laid to it is good for hanging warts and for kibe or mold heles. The seed taken in a fig or with honey loused the belly. They that have any ulceration or place that hath the skin of and raw had need to take head that they use not the squilla. Som auteurs write that if the squilla be hanged up hole above the door that no witchcraft nor sorcery shall take any place there.

Out of Mesue.

The sea onion or squilla is two ways profitable, both because it maketh ripe and ready the matter to be furth, drive furth such matters as are made ready. It is best that growth with another a not alone. For it that growth alone and beside hot bathes, is venomous. The best is bitter and sharp, and hath shining piles, and it growth in a free field. It prepared thick and tough humors and melancholy by cutting of them making of them subtle and by scouring, they may more easily come furth, doth most speedily oxymel or honied vinegar made of squilla: the same purged out the foresaid humors. Wherefore it is good for diseases of the head as the headache, for the falling sickness, for dustiness of the head, for the disease of the sinews, joints, lunges and breast. And that doth specially the electuary made of the juice of it with honey, if it be licked in. The same maketh a clear voice, and so doth the honeyed vinegar made with squilla, and the vinegar alone made with the same. The same helped the stopping of the milt and the swelling thereof. And it hindered putrefaction to be gendered in a man’s body. And therefore, it kept a man in health and maketh a man’s body continue still in young state, but they make a man lean. The squilla helped the louse gums and the vinegar of it maketh fall teethe that are louse, if the mouth be washed therewith. It taketh away the stinking of the mouth and maketh the breath sweet. It stanched the ache of the stomach; it helped digestion and maketh a man well colored. It maketh a louse body fast and compact, howsoever it be taken. The sodden drink of it may be given from ten drachms unto three once’s. Mesue maketh the sea onion hot in the third degree and dry almost in the same.

Out of Plini.

The use of squilla quickened the eyesight, if it be taken with vinegar and honey. It killed worms in the belly. If it be fresh laid under the tong it quenched the thirst of them that have the dropsy. It is good to be laid to with honey against the pain of the sciatica.

Out of Galene.

The squilla hath a marvelous cutting power, but not for all that very hot, so that a man may judge it to be hot in the second degree. It is best to be taken sodden or roosted and not raw, and so is the great vehemently or strength abated. Averroes also an Arabian, write that Squilla is hot in the second degree, though Mesue write that it is hot in the third degree: wherefore seeing that Galene and Averroes hold that it is no hotter and I have by tasting found it no hotter: I had lever hold with Galene that it is hot only in the second degree then with Mesue, that maketh it hot in the third degree.

Of water Germander.

Scordium is named in Greke scordion, in Duche Wasser bettenich, it maye be called in English Water germander, or merrish germander or Garleke germander. It groweth in Oxforthshyre and in Cambridge shire in good plenty.

The description of the noble herbe called Scordium out of Dioscorides.

Scordium groweth in mountaines and in merrise grounde: it hath leaves lyke unto Germander, but greater, and not so muche indented about. In smell somthing resembling Garleke, binding, and in taste bitter. It hath litle stalkes, four squared, where upon grow floures somthinge redishe.

The vertues of water Germander out of Dioscorides.

Water Germander hath the pour to heate, and to make a man make water. The grene herbe and also dried, if it be sodden wich wine, is good to be dronken against the bitinge of serpentes, and agaynst poyson. If it be taken in the quantite of two drammes with mede, it is good for the gnawing of the stomack, agaynst the blody flixe, and for them that can not make water easely. It scoureth out also thicke and watery gear out of the brest. If ye will take the drye herbe, and menge it with gardin cresses, honye and rosin, and make an electuary therof, and geve it to be leked up of the patient, it will helpe the olde cough, and such places as are bursten and shronke together. The same herbe menged with acerat or treat, made of waxe, and layd to the myd ryf, it will swage the longe heat or inflamination of them, the same is also good for the gout, it it be layd to ether with sharpe vinegre or with water, with hony. Also it ioyneth together woundes and scoureth old sores and covereth them with a skin, and when it is dried, it holdeth doune the fleshe that growth to much. Men use also to drinke the iuice of it, pressed out for all the forsayd diseases, the scordium or water germander that groweth in Pontus or in Candy, is of most vertue and streinght.

Out of Galene.

Scordium is made of divers both tastes and poures, for it hath som bitternes, som tartness, and som sharpnes, which is lyke unto garleke, called scorodon, where upon I thinke that scordium hath hys name.

It scoureth out and warmeth the inward bowelles also, it driveth oute both water and also floures. Also if it be drunken. it healeth the partes that are bursten and shronken together, the payn of the syde if it come of stoppinge: of colde: The same Galene in hys booke de antidotis, that is of triacle or preservative medicines agaynst poyson, wryteth further of scordium thus: The beste scordium is brought from Candis, howbeit it is not to be misprised that groweth in other countrees. It is writen by men of great gravitte, that so many dead bodyes of certayn men that were killed in a battel, as fel upon scordium, namely sſuch partes as touched it, were much lesse putrified, then the other were, sſm came into the beleve that scordium was good against the putrifying poyson of venemous beastes, and of other poysones,

Of water Germander. (Teucrium scordium)

Scordium is named in Greek scordion, in German Wasser bettenich, it may be called in English Water germander or mere’s germander or garlic germander. It growth in Oxfordshire and in Cambridge shire in good plenty.

The description of the noble herb called Scordium out of Dioscorides.

Scordium growth in mountains and in mere’ s ground: it hath leaves like unto Germander, but greater, and not so much indented about. It smells something resembling garlic, binding, and in taste bitter. It hath little stalks four squared, where upon grow flowers something reddish.

The virtues of water Germander out of Dioscorides.

Water Germander hath the pour to heat and to make a man make water. The green herb and also dried, if it be sodden with wine, is good to be drunken against the biting of serpents and against poison. If it be taken in the quantity of two drachms with mee it is good for the gnawing of the stomach, against the bloody flux and for them that cannot make water easily. It scoured out also thick and watery gear out of the breast. If ye will take the dry herb and meng it with garden cresses, honey and rosin and make an electuary thereof and give it to be licked up of the patient, it will help the olde cough and such places as are bursting and shrunken together. The same herb menged with acerate or treat, made of wax and laid to the midriff, it will swage the long heat or inflammation of them, the same is also good for the gout, if it be laid to ether with sharp vinegar or with water, with honey. Also, it joint together wounds and scoured old sores and covered them with a skin, and when it is dried it hold down the flesh that growth too much. Men use also to drink the juice of it, pressed out for all the foresaid diseases. The scordium or water germander that growth in Pontus or in Candy is of most virtue and strength.

Out of Galene.

Scordium is made of divers both tastes and powers, for it hath some bitterness, some tartness and some sharpness which is like unto garlic, called scorodon, where upon I think that scordium hath his name.

It scoured out and warmth the inward bowels also, it drives out both water and also flowers. Also, if it be drunken it health the partes that are bursting and shrunken together, the pain of the side if it come of stopping of cold: The same Galene in his book de antidotis, that is of treacle or preservative medicines against poison, write further of scordium thus: The best scordium is brought from Candy, howbeit it is not to be misprized that growth in other countries. It is written by men of great gravitate that so many dead bodies of certain men that were killed in a battel as fell upon scordium, namely such partes as touched it, were much lesser putrefied then the other were, some came into the belief that scordium was good against the putrefying poison of venomous beasts and of other poisons.

Of the herbe called Securidaca.

Securidaca is called in Greke Edisseron or Pelikinon, I have sene this herbe only in gardines in England, wherefore I could never learne any English name of it: but lest it should be without name, call it Arsede or Axwurt or Axsich, because Dioscorides sayeth the sede of securidata is lyke unto a two edged axe.

The description of Securidaca out of Dioscorides.

Securidaca is a litle bushe havinge leaves lyke a ciche, called in Latin Cicer, coddes lyke unto litle hornes, wherin is rede sede, lyke unto a two edged are, wherupon it hath the name: the sede is in tast bitter, but dronken is pleasant to the stomack, I have sene ij. kindes of Axwurt, both wyth the leaves of a Ciche. But the one grewe wilde in Germanye, and had coddes very little, bowed in an other kinde wyth coddes so bowyng inward, that they might be compared unto a bowe of ayock, this kind dyd I never se, but in gardins. Dioscorides writeth it groweth amangest barly and wheat.

The nature of Securidaca.

Dioscorides writeth although it be better in tast, yet it is pleasant unto the stomack, it is put into triacles, preservatives. Of other good properties, he maketh no further mention: Galene writeth beside these, that it openeth the stopping of the inward partes, and that all the buddes and branches do the same.

Out of Aetius.

The sede of Axsich is most pleasant to the stomack, it is most fit for all the inward bowelles. In hoter complexions, the sede of Axwurt ought to be menged with the emplasters, yhat are made for the hardnes of the milt. Howbeit also in colde complexiones, and in all other it is very excellent.

Of the herb called Securidaca. (Securigera varia. Hedysarum coronarium)

Securidaca is called in Greek Edisseron or Pelikinon, I have seen this herb only in gardens in England, wherefore I could never learn any English name of it: but lest it should be without name call it Arseed or Ax wort or Axsich, because Dioscorides sayeth the seed of securidata is like unto a two-edged axe.

The description of Securidaca out of Dioscorides.

Securidaca is a little bush having leaves like a chick, called in Latin Cicer, pods like unto little horns wherein is red seed, like unto a two edged are, whereupon it hath the name: the seed is in taste bitter, but drunken is pleasant to the stomach, I have seen ij. kinds of Ax wort, both with the leaves of a Chick. But the one grew wild in Germany and had pods very little, bowed in another kind with pods so bowing inward that they might be compared unto a bow of Aycock, this kind did I never see, but in gardens. Dioscorides write it growth amongst barley and wheat.

The nature of Securidaca.

Dioscorides write although it be better in taste. Yet it is pleasant unto the stomach, it is put into treacle’s, preservatives. Of other good properties, he maketh no further mention: Galene write beside these, that it opened the stopping of the inward partes, and that all the buds and branches do the same.

Out of Aetius.

The seed of Axsich is most pleasant to the stomach, it is most fit for all the inward bowels. In hotter complexions, the seed of Ax wort ought to be menged with the plasters that are made for the hardness of the milt. Howbeit, also in cold complexions and in all other it is very excellent.

Of Housleke.

Sedum is called also in Latin Sempervivum, and in Greke Aeizoon. There are iiij. kindes of sempervivum; the fyrste kinde is called in Latin Sedum magnum, in Greke Aeizoon mega, in English Housleke, and of som Singren, but it ought bet er to be called Aygrene, in Duche it is called Gros hauswurtz, in French Jubarb. The seconde kinde is called in English, thrift stone crop, in Latin Sedum minus. The thyrde kinde is called of som late wryters Vermicularis, in English Mous tayle or litle tone crop, and in Duche Maurpfeffer.

The description of the kindes of Sempervivum.

Housleke hath the name of Sempervivum in Latin, and of Aeizoon in Greke, the leaves are grene: wherfore me thynke that Aygrene as I sayed before, is a better name for it then Singrene. The first or great kinde hath a stalk a cubit hygh or higher, as thycke as your thumb, fatt, fayre grene, havinge litle cuttinges in it as Tithimalus characias hath: the leaves are fatt, or thyck, of the bignes of a mannes thumb, at the poynt lyke a tonge. The nethermoste leaves lye wyth there bellyes upward, and the poyntes dounwarde: but they that are toward the top, beyng drawen together, resemble a circle with the figure of an eye. It groweth in mountaunes, and hylly places, som use to set it upon theyr houses.

But the lesse Sempervivum, that we call thrift or great stone crop, groweth in walles, rockes, mud walles, and shaddowy diches, it hath manye stalkes comming from one root, small, full of rounde leaves, fat and sharpe in the ende, it bringeth furth a stalk in the middes a span long, whyche hath a bushye and shaddowy top, and small grene floures.

There semeth to be a thrirde kinde of Aygrene, som call it Porcellayne, or Teliphium, the Romaynes call it Illicibram, it hath leaves thycker and rough, drawyng nere unto the leaves of Porcellayn, thys kind groweth in rockes.

The vertues of the kindes of aygrene.

The great kinde hath a cooling nature and binding: the leaves by them selves and layd to perched barley mele, are good for the burning heat of swelled places, called Erispilata, or of other saynt Antonies fyre, agaynst sores and fretinge sores, the ague of the inflammationes of the eyes burning and hote goutes. It is good to poure upon the head that aketh, the iuice of Houſleke wyth perched barley mele and rose oyle, the same to be geven in drinke unto them that are bitten of the felde spider. It is also geven unto them that have a great lax, or the blody flixe, if it be dronken wyth wine, it driveth out of the bellye brode wormes: if it be served after maner of a suppositorie unto weomen, as the place inquireth, it stoppeth the issue of weomen: the iuice also is good for them that are blare eyed, if it come of blood. The leaves of the second kinde, called stone crepe, hath the same nature that Housleke hath.

The thyrde kinde called Vermicularis, hath an hote nature, and sharpe and blistering, and power to dryve awaye wennes, if it be layed to with swynes grese.

Of Housleke. Sempervivum tectorum, Sedum reflexum, album and acre)

Sedum is called also in Latin Sempervivum, and in Greek Aeizoon. There are iiij. kinds of sempervivum; the first kind is called in Latin Sedum magnum, in Greek Aeizoon mega, in English Houseleek and of some Singreen, but it ought beter to be called All green, in German it is called Gros hauswurtz, in French Jubarb. The second kind is called in English thrift stone crop, in Latin Sedum minus. The third kind is called of some late writers Vermicularis, in English Mouse tail or little tone crop and in German Maurpfeffer.

The description of the kinds of Sempervivum.

Housleke hath the name of Sempervivum in Latin and of Aeizoon in Greek, the leaves are green: wherefore me think that All green as I say before, is a better name for it then Singreen. The first or great kind hath a stalk a cubit high or higher, as thick as your thumb, fat, fayre green, having little cuttings in it as Tithimalus (Euphorbia) characias hath: the leaves are fat or thick, of the bigness of a man’s thumb, at the point like a tong. The nethermost leaves lye with their bellies upward and the points downward: but they that are toward the top, being drawn together, resemble a circle with the figure of an eye. It growth in mountains and hilly places, some use to set it upon their houses.

But the lesser Sempervivum, that we call thrift or great stone crop, growth in walls, rocks, mud walls and shadowy diches, it hath many stalks coming from one root, small, full of round leaves, fat and sharp in the end, it bringeth furth a stalk in the middles a span long, which hath a bushy and shadowy top and small green flower.

There seem to be a third kind of All green, some call it Porcelain or Telephium, the Romanes call it Illicibram, (Illecebrum is knot gras, that cannot be, well Sedum reflexum) it hath leaves thicker and rough, drawing near unto the leaves of Porcelain, this kind growth in rocks.

The virtues of the kinds of ay green.

The great kind hath a cooling nature and binding: the leaves by themselves and laid to perched barley mele are good for the burning heat of swelled places, called Erispilata, or of other saint Antonis’s fire, against sores and fretting sores, the ague of the inflammations of the eyes burning and hot gouts. It is good to power upon the head that ached, the juice of Houseleek with perched barley mele and rose oil, the same to be given in drink unto them that are bitten of the field spider. It is also given unto them that have a great flux or the bloody flux, if it be drunken with wine, it drive out of the belly brood worms: if it be served after manner of a suppository unto women, as the place inquired, it stopped the issue of women: the juice also is good for them that are blare eyed, if it come of blood. The leaves of the second kind, called stone crepe, hath the same nature that Houseleek hath.

The third kind called Vermicularis, hath an hot nature and sharp and blistering, and power to drive away wennes (Ichthyosis?), if it be laid to with swine’s grease.

Of the corne called Spelt.

Semen is called in Greke Zeia, in Italian Spelta pixra biada and alga, in Duche speltz, it may in Englishe be called spelt: howbeit I never sawe it in England. There are two kindes of zea, whereof the one is called single. And the other two cones, because it hath the sede ioyned together in two chaffy coveringes. The fyrst kind is called in Duche Tinkel. The seconde kinde is called speltz, and is comon about Meissenburg in hygh Almany, viii. duch myle of thys syde of Strasburg. And there all men use it in the stede of wheat, for there groweth no wheat at all. Yet I never saw fayer and pleasanter bread in any place in all my lyfe, then I have eaten there, made only of this spelt, the corn is muche lesse then wheat and shorter then rye, but nothing so black.

The vertues of Spelt.

Dioscorides writeth that spelt is food for the stomacke, and that if it be taken in bread, it norisheth more then barley, and lesse then wheate. It any man desyre to knowe any more of the fashion and properties of spelta. Let hun rede Galene of the poures of wheates and norishmentes, and Theophrast in the seventh booke of plantes, there he shall have it, that he desyreth.

Of the corn called Spelt. (Triticum spelta)

Semen is called in Greek Zea, in Italian Spelta pixra biada and alga, in German speltz, it may in English be called spelt: howbeit I never saw it in England. There are two kinds of zea, whereof the one is called single. And the other two corns, because it hath the seed joined together in two chaffy coverings. The first kind is called in German Dinkel. (Triticum monococcum) The second kind is called speltz and is common about Meissenburg in high Almany, viii. German mile of this side of Strasburg. And there all men use it in the stead of wheat, for there growth no wheat at all. Yet I never saw it more fray and pleasanter bread in any place in all my life then I have eaten there, made only of this spelt, the corn is much lesser than wheat and shorter than rye, but nothing so black.

The virtues of Spelt.

Dioscorides write that spelt is food for the stomach, and that if it be taken in bread, it nourished more than barley and lesser than wheat. It any man desire to know any more of the fashion and properties of spelta. Let him read Galene of the powers of wheat’ s and nourishments and Theophrastus in the seventh book of plantes, there he shall have it that he desired.

Of Groundsel.

Senecio is named in Greke Erigeron, in Englishe Groundsel or groundiswil, in Duche kreutzwurtz.

Groundsel hath a stalk a cubit, somthyng rede, little leaves growyng together, indented in the outermost partes, after the maner of the leaves of rocket, but muche lesse. It hath yelowe floures, whyche shortly ryve, and wyther into doun, wher upon it hath the name in Greke of erigeron, because the floures after the maner of heare ware hory in the spring of the yeare. The roote is nothinge wurth, it groweth most in mudwalles and about cyties.

The vertues of groundsel.

The leaves and the floures have a cooling nature, wherefore if they be brused, and layed to wyth a litle wyne, they heale the burninge heat or inflammation of the sores, and of the fundament, the same thinge wil they do, if they be layed on alone: but layed to wyth the fyne pouder of Frankincense, it healeth both the woundes, and of the synewe, and other places, the downe also of it, layd to wyth vinegre alone, is good for the same purpose,/but the frese downe if it be drunken, strangleth the hole stalke sodden wyth water, and dronke wyth malvesey, healeth the ake of the stomack that ryseth of choler.

Of Groundsel. (Senecio vulgaris)

Senecio is named in Greek Erigeron, in English Groundsel or groundswell, in German kreutzwurtz.

Groundsel hath a stalk a cubit, something red, little leaves growing together, indented in the outermost partes, after the manner of the leaves of rocket, but much lesser. It hath yellow flowers, which shortly rive and wither into down, whereupon it hath the name in Greek of erigeron, because the flowers after the manner of hair ware hoary in the spring of the year. The root is nothing worth, it growth most in mud walls and about cities.

The virtues of groundsel.

The leaves and the flowers have a cooling nature, wherefore if they be bruised, and laid to with a little wine, they heal the burning heat or inflammation of the sores and of the fundament, the same thing will they do if they be laid on alone: but laid to with the fine powder of Frankincense, it health both the wounds and of the sinew, and other places, the down also of it, laid to with vinegar alone is good for the same purpose, but the fresh down if it be drunken, strangled the hole stalk sodden with water, and drunken with malvasia health the ache of the stomach that rise of choler.

Of wild thyme.

Both Dioscorides and Pliny make two kindes of Serpyllum, that is of crepinge thyme. But they do not agre in the description of them: for Dioscorides describeth Serpillum thus, one kinde of Serpillum groweth in gardines, and resembleth Mergerum in smell, and it is used to be put in garlandes, it hath the name of serpendo, that is of crepinge, because whatsoever parte of it toucheth the grounde, it fasteneth rootes therein. It hath leaves and branches lyke Organem called of som wide Mergerum, but wthyter, but if it be set about hedges, it groweth more lustely: the other kind is wild, and is called zigis. This doth not crepe, but standeth right up, and it putteth furth small stalkes, after the maner of a vind, whych are full of leves lyke unto rue, but the leaves are narrower, longer and harder, the floures have a bytinge taste, the smell of it is very pleasante. the roote is nothynge wurth. It groweth more stronger in rockes, and it is hoter, then it of the gardine, and is fitter for physick. But Pliny wryteth thus of Serpillum: Men thynke that it hath the name of serpendo, that is of crepinge, whyche thynge it chanseth in the wilde, and speciallyy upon rockes, the gardine serpillum crepeth not, but groweth unto the hyght of a span: it is fatter that groweth of hys owne wil, and hath whyter leaves and boughs, and it is good against serpentes: Hetherto Pliny. Nowe ye se the contrary iudgement of these two greate learned men, wherof the one sayeth the gardin serpillum creypeth not, but groweth ryght up. It is harde to tell to whether of a man should stick: the authorite of Dioscorides moveth me to stande of hys syde, but som experience as I shall declare hereafter, maketh me rather leane unto Pliny, for as I have seldom sene anye serpyllum, though it had ben brought furth of the feldes, and set in the gardine, crepe and take routes from the ioyntes of the branches: I never sawe anye in the ſelde that grew alltogether streyght up, from the ground specially, if it were of any age, but dyd alwayes crepe and grow along by the grounde: howbeit I grant that even the wilde serpyllum, when as it bringeth furth hys top and floure, hath a litle stalke above the ground about vi. inches longe, or therabout: it is possible that Dioscorides loking upon the wilde serpyllum, about the tyme of flouringe, and not considering it at other tymes, dyd therefore geve sentence that the wilde serpillum dyd not crepe, but that it of the gardine should crepe, and take routes in the the ioyntes, it is contrarye to my experience, except he mean of such as is brought from the feldes, and is planted in the gardin, for allthough it busheth largely, and groweth somthyng aside, yet it fastneth very seldom any rootes in the grounde, whereof the cause maye be, that the gardineres will not let it growe so long that it maye crepe upon the ground, and so will not suffer it to take roote. It is also lyke it that Pliny calleth the small kind of tyme, that is comon in our gardines in Englande, serpillum hortense, and if that be his meaninge, then is hys opinion very true, for that never crepeth. And that there are two kyndes of tyme, and not one alone as som holde, wherof Pliny may call the one serpillum hortense, these wordes of Dioscorides in Epitimo beare wytnes. Epithmum is the floure of an harder thyme, and lyke unto savery. Plinye also maketh two kindes of thyme, but he divideth them not as Dioscorides doth, but he divideth the one into the whiter, and the other into the blacker, where as Dioscorides divideth thys thymes into the harde, whych is greater, and into the softer and lesse kinde, wherefore the lesse and softer kinde, may be the gardine serpillum of Pliny, no kinde of Plinyes thymes. And these do I saye rather by the waye of serching for the truth, then for any determination, leving the mater to the iudgemente of the learned and discret reader.

Serpillum that is in gardines, is called in the moste parte in Englande creping thyme, and about Charde pulimountayn. It that is abroade in the feldes, is called wilde thyme in English, and in Duche Quendel, in Netherland, unser liever frawen betstro, in Frenche du Serpolet, in Italian serpilio, in Spanish, serpolho.

The vertues of wilde thyme or rinning thyme.

Rinning thyme drunken, bringeth doun a womans sikenes, and dryveth furth water. It is also good for the gnawyng and wringing in the bellye, or bursten places and drawen together, against the inflammationes of the lyver, and against serpentes, both dronken and also layd to wythout. The same sodden wyth vinegre, and afterward mixed with rose oyle, will swage the head ache, if the broth be poured upon the head. It is mervelous good, for the forgetfull evell called of som letharge, and for the phresesye. The iuice of it dronken in the quantite of itii; drammes wyth vinegre, stoppeth the vomiting of blood. Serpillum is more then hote in the seconde degre a greate deale. I take it to be hote in the thyrde degre.

Of wild thyme. (Thymus serpyllum and vulgaris)

Both Dioscorides and Plini make two kinds of Serpyllum, that is of creping thyme. But they do not agree in the description of them: for Dioscorides described Serpyllum thus, one kind of Serpyllum growth in gardens and resembled Margerum in smell and it is used to be put in garlands, it hath the name of serpendo, that is of creping, because whatsoever part of it touched the ground it fastened roots therein. It hath leaves and branches like Origanum called of some wide Margerum, but whiter, but if it be set about hedges, it growth more lustily: the other kind is wild, and is called zigis. This doth not crepe but stand right up and it putted furth small stalks, after the manner of a vine which are full of leaves like unto rue, but the leaves are narrower, longer and harder, the flowers have a biting taste, the smell of it is very pleasant. The root is nothing worth. It growth more stronger in rocks and it is hotter than it of the garden and is fitter for physick. But Plini write thus of Serpyllum: Men think that it hath the name of serpendo, that is of creping, which thing it chanced in the wild and specially upon rocks, the garden serpyllum creped not, but growth unto the high of a span: it is fatter that growth of his own will and hath whiter leaves and boughs, and it is good against serpents: Hitherto Plini. Nowe ye se ethe contrary judgment of these two great learned men whereof the one sayeth the garden serpyllum creep not, but growth right up. It is hard to tell to whether of a man should stick: the authority of Dioscorides moved me to stand of his side, but some experience as I shall declare hereafter, maketh me rather lean unto Plini, for as I have seldom seen any serpyllum, though it had bene brought furth of the fields and set in the garden crepe and take routes from the joints of the branches: I never saw any in the field that grew all together straight up from the ground specially, if it were of any age, but did always crepe and grow along by the ground: howbeit, I grant that even the wild serpyllum, when as it bringeth furth his top and flower, hath a little stalk above the ground about vi. inches long or thereabout: it is possible that Dioscorides looking upon the wild serpyllum, about the time of flowering and not considering it at other times, did therefore give sentence that the wild serpyllum di not crepe, but that it of the garden should crepe and take roots in the joints, it is contrary to my experience, except he mean of such as is brought from the fields and is planted in the garden, for although it bushed largely and growth something aside, yet it fastness very seldom any roots in the ground, whereof the cause may be, that the gardeners will not let it grow so long that it may crepe upon the ground, and so will not suffer it to take root. It is also like it that Plini calleth the small kind of time, that is common in our gardens in England, serpyllum hortense, and if that be his meaning, then is his opinion very true, for that never crept. And that there are two kinds of time and not one alone as some hold whereof Plini may call the one serpyllum hortense, these words of Dioscorides in Epithymum bear witness. Epithymum is the flower of a harder thyme and like unto savory. (Or Cuscuta epithymum?) Plini also maketh two kinds of thyme, but he divided them not as Dioscorides doth, but he divided the one into the whiter and the other into the blacker, whereas Dioscorides divided this thymes into the hard, which is greater, and into the softer and lesser kind, wherefore the lesser and softer kind may be the garden serpyllum of Plini, no kind of Plinius thymes. And these do I say rather by the way of searching for the truth then for any determination, leaving the matter to the judgment of the learned and discreet reader.

Serpyllum that is in gardens is called in the most part in England creping thyme and about Charde pulimountain. It that is abroad in the fields, is called wild thyme in English and in German Quendel, in Netherland, unser liever frawen betstro, in French du Serpolet, in Italian serpilio, in Spanish, serpolho.

The virtues of wild thyme or running thyme.

Running thyme drunken, bringeth down woman’s sickens and drive furth water. It is also good for the gnawing and wringing in the belly or bursting places and drawn together, against the inflammations of the liver and against serpents, both drunken and also laid to without. The same sodden with vinegar and afterward mixed with rose oil will swage the headache, if the broth be poured upon the head. It is marvelous, good for the forgetful evil called of some lethargy and for the phrenetic. The juice of it drunken in the quantity of itii; drachms with vinegar stopped the vomiting of blood. Serpyllum is more than hot in the second degree a great deal. I take it to be hot in the third degree.

Of Melilote or Italian Melilote.

Serta campana or Sertula campana, is named in Greke Melilotos, but howe it is called in Englishe I can not tell, for I never sawe it in England, but it may be called right melilote, or Italian melilote, som Duche men though it grow no more in Duch land, then it doth in England, call it in Duch, welsch steynklee.

I have sene two kindes of Melilote, where of the one came out of Italy, whych I reken was the true Melilote, and an other kinde whych came out of Spayn, whych Matthiolus maketh his Scorpioides, wyth sede in longe hornes, throw the whych a man myght se, how every sede dys lye.

Of Melilote out of Dioscorides.

The best Melilote groweth about Athenes, and in Cisik, and Chalcedonia, and it resembleth saffron, is well smelling. It growth also in Campania, aboute Nola, of the color of a quince, but of weyk smell. I fynde no larger description of melilote in Dioscorides, wherefor we muste gather the description by other meanes, then by hys description. It doth appeare by the name of Melilote, that it is a kinde of Lotus, and all the kindes of Lotus have thre leaves together, lyke a claver, where upon I gather that melilote ought to have leaves lyke to claver oz trifoly. Dioscorides also intreatinge of Ligustrum or appennine: lovage maketh the leaves of it lyke unto the leaves of melilote. But the ligusticum hath leaves speciallye them that are outermoste, thre growynge together lyke unto a clauer or trifolye, but longer, whereby and by the former description, a man may playnely gather, that the comon herbe that is used for melilote is not the ryght melilote. For the ryghte melilote must have longe leaves lyke Ligustik, whyche the comon hath not, and also it must resemble saffron, and have a good smell, whyche properties, because they can not be founde in the comon melilote, therefore it can not be the ryghte melilote, but a kynde of wilde lotus, whereof Theophrast maketh manye kindes.

The vertues of Melilote.

Melilote hath a poure to bynde together, and to soften every inflammation, speciallye about the eyes, the mother, the fundament and stones, with malvasey, and so layed to, ontyme there muste be menged withal, the polke of an egge rosted, or the mele of fenegreke, or linseed, or floure, or the heades of poppy, or succory, or endive sodden in water, it healeth newe Meliceridas, that is impostemes, havynge wythin them an humor lyke hony. It healeth also the rinninge sores of the head, if it be layed to wyth the earth of Cio, and wyne, or wyth a galle, both sodden wyth wyne, and also raw, layd with any of the fornamed, is swageth the ache of the stomack. The rawe iuice pressed oute and poured in wyth malvasey, healeth the ache of the eares. It healeth also the head ache if it be menged wyth vinegre and rose

oyle, and sprenckled upon the head. Galene wryteth that Melilote is of a mixed qualite, and that it is somthyng byndynge, and that it digesteth therewith, and maketh rype, and that the substance of it is more hote then colde.

Of Melilote or Italian Melilote. Melilotus officinalis and albus)

Serta campana or Sertula campana, is named in Greek Melilotos, but howe it is called in English I cannot tell, for I never saw it in England, but it may be called right melilote or Italian melilote, some German men though it grows no more in Germany then it doth in England, call it in German welsch steynklee.

I have seen two kinds of Melilote, where of the one came out of Italy, which I recon was the true Melilote and another kind which came out of Spain which Matthiolus maketh his Scorpioides, with seed in long horns, throw the which a man might see how every side dis lye.

Of Melilote out of Dioscorides.

The best Melilote growth about Athens, and in Cizek and Chalcedonica and it resembled saffron, is well smelling. It growth also in Campania, about Nola, of the color of a quince, but of weak smell. I find no larger description of melilote in Dioscorides, wherefor we must gather the description by other means then by his description. It doth appear by the name of Melilote, that it is a kind of Lotus, and all the kinds of Lotus have three leaves together, like a clover, where upon I gather that melilote ought to have leaves like to clover or trefoil. Dioscorides also entreating of Ligustrum or apennina: lovage maketh the leaves of it like unto the leaves of melilote. But the Ligusticum hath leaves specially them that are outermost, three growing together like unto a clover or trefoil, but longer, whereby and by the former description, a man may plainly gather, that the common herb that is used for melilote is not the right melilote. For the right melilote must have long leaves like Ligusticum which the common hath not, and also it must resemble saffron and have a good smell, which properties, because they cannot be found in the common melilote therefore it cannot be the right melilote, but a kind of wild lotus whereof Theophrastus maketh many kinds.

The virtues of Melilote.

Melilote hath a power to bind together and to soften every inflammation, specially about the eyes, the mother, the fundament and stones, with malvasia, and so laid to, on time there must be menged withal the yolk of an egg roosted, or the mele of fenugreek or linseed or flower or the heads of poppy or succory or endive sodden in water, it health new Meliceridas, that is impostemes, (pus) having within them an humor like honey. It health also the running sores of the head, if it be laid to with the earth of Chio and wine or with a gal, both sodden with wine and also raw laid with any of the forenamed is swaged the ache of the stomach. The raw juice pressed out and poured in with malvasia health the ache of the ears. It health also the headache if it be menged with vinegar and rose oil and sprinkled upon the head. Galene write that Melilote is of a mixed quality and that it is something binding and that it digested therewith and maketh ripe and that the substance of it is more hot then cold.

Of the herbe called Sesamum.

Sesamum is not described of Dioscorides, therefore many erre about the knowledge of it. I wil thefore gather as muche as I can of other old autores, wherby it may here after be serched and better found out and more perfitly knowen. Theophrast rekeneth milium panicum and sesamum together, in the viij. boke and fyrst chapter, and in| the iij. chapter, and many other places. Columella where as he speaketh of the sowyng of milium and panicum, immediatlye maketh mention also of sesama as a thing, lyke one to an other. Pliny in diverse places doth the same, as in the xvit boke and vii. chapter, and in the xxij boke, and xv. chapter, and Dioscorides by and by after milium and panicum writeth of sesame, as of a thyng lyke unto them, where upon a man may gather that there is greate lykenes between milium, panicum and sesam. Theophrasti lib. viii, cap. iii. Writeth that sesame hath such a stalke as the ferula hath, whiche is holowe, and lyke unto a homlok, and in the v, chapter he sayeth, that ther that ther is one kinde of sesama that is whyte, he wryteth also that no beast will eat sesama when it is grene, because it is so bitter. Pliny also in the xviij. boke, vij. chapter writeth that sesama hath a stalk lyke ferula, and that the sede of it is kept in litle vessels, and in the x. chapter of the same boke he writeth sesama was fetched out of Inde, and that the sede of it serveth to make oyle of, and that the chaff of milium, panicum and sesame, is called Apluda. And as touching the leves, Pliny sayeth that sesama hath leaves blood rede.

I thynke that where as there are two herbes, that are nowe taken for sesama, nether of them have all these properties that Theophrast and Pliny geve unto sesama. The fyrst herbe whych is of long time hath ben taken for sesame, hath sedes in litle vesselles, and the sedes are full of oyle, but the leaves and stalke are not lyke sesame, nether is the hole herbe lyke unto milium or panicum. Thys herbe is lively set furth in Matthiolus and in Hieronymus Bock. It is called in Duch flackes totter, the leaves ar lyke a brode arrow head, the endes were not croked and to small, but they are not rede but grene, and the sede is redishe yelow. It groweth in Germany commonly amongest flachs, and men fede byrdes wyth the sede of it there, namelye fyskennes, and linnettes, and golde finches, and byrdes of Canaria. But for the causes above rehersed,it can not be sesama of the old wryters.

The other kinde or herbe, whych is moste commonly taken for the right and true sesame, have I also sene growyng as well as the former kinde, it hath leaves lyke basil, and a yelowish rede sede, all full of oyle, It is well set oute in the seconde edition of Matthiolus, but nether the leves of it, nether the stalke, nether anye lykenes that it hath wyth panicum or milium do agre wyth the markes that Theophrast and Pliny do geve unto them sasama, wherefore I can not se how ether of these can be the ryghte sesama of the olde wryters, allthough the sede of them both be verye oylishe, and in many thynges will serve in the stede of the ryght sesama.

The vertues of Sesama.

Sesama whyche maye be called in English oylesede, is evell for the stomack, and maketh ones breth stinke, when it sticketh in the teth while it is in eating, but if it be layed to, it dryveth away the grofnes of the synewes, and it helpeth brused eares, inflammations, hurtt places, the paynes of the iontes, and the biting of the serpent, called cerastes. Myth rose oyle it swageth the head ache that commeth of heat. The herbe sodden in wyne, doth the same. It is most fit for the inflammaciones and ache of the eyes, there oyle made of it, whyche the Egyptianes use.

Of the herb called Sesamum. (Sesamum indicum)

Sesamum is not described of Dioscorides, therefore many erred about the knowledge of it. I will therefore gather as much as I can of other old authors, whereby it may hereafter be searched and better found out and more perfectly known. Theophrastus reknit Milium panicum and Sesamum together in the viij. boke and first chapter and in| the iij. chapter and many other places. Columella whereas he speak of the sowing of Milium and Panicum immediately maketh mention also of sesame as a thing like one to another. Plini in diverse places doth the same, as in the xvii book and vii. chapter and in the xxij book and xv. chapter and Dioscorides by and by after Milium and Panicum write of sesame as of a thing like unto them, where upon a man may gather that there is great likeness between Milium, Panicum and sesame. Theophrastus lib. viii, cap. iii. write that sesame hath such a stalk as the Ferula hath, which is hollow and like unto a hemlock, and in the v, chapter he sayeth that there that there is one kind of sesame that is white, he writes also that no beast will eat sesame when it is green, because it is so bitter. Plini also in the xviij. book vij. chapter write that sesame hath a stalk like Ferula, and that the seed of it is kept in little vessels and in the x. chapter of the same boke he write sesame was fetched out of Inde, and that the seed of it served to make oil of, and that the chaff of milium, panicum and sesame, is called Apluda. And as touching the leaves, Plini sayeth that sesame hath leaves blood red.

I think that whereas there are two herbs that are now taken for sesame neither of them has all these properties that Theophrastus and Plini give unto sesame. The first herb which is of long time hath ben taken for sesame hath seeds in little vessels and the seeds are full of oil, but the leaves and stalk are not like sesame, nether is the hole herb like unto milium or Panicum. This herb is lively set furth in Matthiolus and in Hieronymus Bock. It is called in Germen flackes totter, (Cuscuta epilinum) the leaves are like a brood arrowhead, the ends were not crooked and to small, but they are not red but green and the seed is reddish yellow. It growth in Germany commonly amongst flax and men feed birds with the seed of it there, namely Fisken’s and linenettes and gold finches and birds of Canaria. But for the causes above rehearsed it cannot be sesame of the old writers.

The other kind or herb which is most commonly taken for the right and true sesame, have I also seen growing as well as the former kind, it hath leaves like basil and a yellowish red seed, all full of oil, It is well set out in the second edition of Matthiolus, but neither the leaves of it, nether the stalk, nether any likeness that it hath with Panicum or Milium do agree with the marks that Theophrastus and Plini do give unto them sesame, wherefore I cannot see how ether of these can be the right sesame of the olde writers, although the seed of them both be very oil’s and in many things will serve in the stead of the right sesame.

The virtues of Sesame.

Sesame which may be called in English oilseed is evil for the stomach and maketh ones breath stink when it sticked in the teethe while it is in eating, but if it be laid to it drive away the gruffness of the sinews and it helped bruised ears, inflammations, hurt places, the pains of the joints and the biting of the serpent, called cerastes. With rose oil it swaged the headache that comet of heat. The herb sodden in wine doth the same. It is most fit for the inflammations and ache of the eyes, there oil made of it which the Egyptians use.

Of Siler mountayn.

Seseli massiiliense is named of the Apothecaries siler montanum, it may be called in English siler mountayn. Dioscorides describeth it thus: Seseli of Massilia hath leaves lyke unto fenell, but grosser and a bigger stalke also and a spokye top lyke unto dill, wherein is long sede covered, and byting streyght way way after it is eaten. The rote is long and well smelling.

The vertues of Siler mountayn.

The roote and sede have an hote poure, if they be dronken, they heale the stranguriam, and the shorte winde, they are also good for the strangling of the mother.

Of Siler mountayn. (Seseli massiliense)

Seseli massiliense is named of the Apothecaries siler montanum, it may be called in English siler mountain. Dioscorides described it thus: Seseli of Massilia hath leaves like unto fennel, but grosses and a bigger stalk also and a spooky top like unto dill, wherein is long seed covered and biting straight way after it is eaten. The root is long and well smelling.

The virtues of Siler Mountain.

The root and seed have a hot power, if they be drunken, they heal the strangury and the short wind, they are also good for the strangling of the mother.

Of Hartis wurt.

Seseli Ethiopicum groweth in diverse partes of hyghe Germanye, where I have sene it both grene and drye, and som call it hartz wurt, but I never sawe it in Englande, wherefor we maye call it Hartwurt, wyth the Duche men, untyll we fynde a better name for it. It hath leaves lyke Nuy, but lesser, and longe of the fashion of wodbinde leaves. It is a great bushye herbe, a black bushse as my Greke texte hath, for it hath melas, and not megas, and it groweth two cubites high, wherein are branches two spannes long, and a top lyke dyll, the sede is black, thyck as wheat, but more byting and better smelling, and verye pleasant.

Seseli Peloponense hath leaves lyke unto Homlok, but broder and grosser of thycker. It hath a greater stalke then it of Massilia, of lykenes of ferula. And in the overmoste parte of it, is a spokye top, wherein is broder sede, and thycker, and well smelling. It groweth in rough places, in moyst places, an in hygh place, and also in Ida, it hath ths eme vertue wyth the other.

The figure that Matthiolus setteth out, for seseli Peloponnense, in my iudgement agreeth not wyth the description of Dioscorides: for the leaves of hys herbe, in the figure, are not lyke homloke, nether in one poynte nor other. The leaves of it that I saw growyng about Meissenburg in hygh Germany is somthinge lyke persely, wherefore som have taken it for petroselino, or apio montano, the roote is very long and great, and of a strong smell, but not utterly unpleasant.

Of Hartis wurt. (Laserpitium latifolium)

Seseli Ethiopicum growth in diverse partes of high Germany, where I have seen it both green and dry and some call it hart’s wort, but I never saw it in England, wherefor we may call it Harte wort, with the German men, until we find a better name for it. It hath leaves like Nuy, but lesser, and long of the fashion of woodbine leaves. It is a great bushy herb, black bushes as my Greek text hath, for it hath melas and not megas, and it growth two cubits high wherein are branches two spans long and a top like dill, the seed is black, thick as wheat, but more biting and better smelling, and very pleasant.

Seseli Peloponnese (Laserpitium peloponnese) hath leaves like unto Hemlock, but brooder and grosser of thicker. It hath a greater stalk then it of Massilia, of likeness of Ferula. And in the over most part of it is a spooky top, wherein is brooder seed and thicker and well smelling. It growth in rough places, in moist places, and in high place and also in Ida, it hath the seem virtue with the other.

The figure that Matthiolus set out for Seseli Peloponnese, in my judgment agreed not with the description of Dioscorides: for the leaves of his herb in the figure are not like hemlock, nether in one pointe nor other. The leaves of it that I saw growing about Meissenburg in high Germany is something like parsley, wherefore some have taken it for Petroselinum or Apium montanum, the root is very long and great and of a strong smell, but not utterly unpleasant.

Of the thre kindes of Sideritis.

Sideritis whyche is called of some Heraclea, is an herbe whyche hath leaves lyke unto horehound, but longer drawyng nere unto the lykenes of sage or an oke, but lesser and rougher: it hath four squared stalkes a span high, or hygher not unpleasant in taste, and after a maner somthyng binding, in them are round lyke whorles, certayn spaces goyng betwene as horehound hath, and ther in is black sede. It groweth in places somthyng rockye. Thys herbe that Dioscorides describeth here, groweth in the old walles of Colon, and also about the feldes of Wormes, not far from the harness mylles.

It hath longe small indented leaves, with a good smell. And I suppose that Fuchsius describeth the same herbe, and although Matthiolus doth reprove Fuchsius in taking thys herbe for the fyrst kinde of Sideritis, yet he setteth one for the fyrst kinde whych is much lesse agreyng wyth the description of Dioscorides, then it that Fuchsius setteth furth.F or except it be far begyled, (as I thinke i am not) he setteth out for the fyrst kinde of Sideritis, marrubium palustre Tragi, that is water horehound. That herbe groweth alwayes about water sydes, and it hath a stinking smell of garleke, it is a cubit high, and for the moste parte higher, wherfore it can not be the fyrste kinde of Sideritis, whyche groweth in rockye groundes, and hat a stalke but a span long, or not muche above. Thys kinde is called in Duche Glitkraut, it may be called in English Yronwurt or Rock sage.

The second kind hath branches two cubites high, but small. It hath many leaves in long footstalkes, lyke unto the leaves of a brake, and in the over parte cloven of eche syde. Out of the hyghst winges come furth certeyn outgrowynges, long and small, and in the hygh top of al, representing a rounde bowle, havinge a rough heade, wherein is sede, lyke the sede of bete, but rounder and harder.

I have sene no herbe more agreyng unto thys description, then the herbe that groweth in fennes, called of som Osmunda, but I am afrayd that the top of it and the sede will not suffer it to be Sideritim secundam.

Of the thyrde kinde of Sideritis.

The thyrd kinde groweth in walles and wyneyardes, and it hath many leaves, commyng from one roote lyke unto the leaves of Coriander, about litle stalkes, beyng a span high, smoth, tendre, and somthyng whytish. It hath rede floures, in taste bitter and clammye. If herbe Robert had had whyte floures as it hath rede, it myghte have well ben the thyrde kinde of Sideritis. But the other kinde that hath the whitish stalkes, after my iudgement is the thyrde kynde, whyche maye be called in Englishe Coriandre wounde wede.

The vertues of the kindes of Sideritis.

The leaves of the fyrste kinde layd to, do bynde woundes together, and defende them from inflammation. The leaves of the seconde kynde is also good for woundes. The thyrde kinde is also good for blodye and grene woundes.

Of the three kinds of Sideritis. (Sideritis hyssopifolia, montana and syriaca. (? Or some other, there are many Sideritis)

Sideritis which is called of some Heraclea, is an herb which hath leaves like unto horehound, but longer drawing near unto the likeness of sage or an oak, but lesser and rougher: it hath four squared stalks a span high or higher not unpleasant in taste and after a manner something binding, in them are round like whorls, certain spaces going between as horehound hath and there in is black seed. It growth in places something rocky. This herb that Dioscorides described here growth in the old walls of Colon and also about the fields of Worms, not far from the harness mills.

It hath long small, indented leaves with a good smell. And I suppose that Fuchsius described the same herb and although Matthiolus doth reprove Fuchsius in taking this herb for the first kind of Sideritis, yet he set one for the first kind which is much lesser agreeing with the description of Dioscorides, then it that Fuchsius set furth. For except it be far beguiled, (as I think I am not) he set out for the first kind of Sideritis Marrubium palustre Tragi, that is water horehound. (Lycopus europaeus) That herb growth always about water sides, and it hath a stinking smell of garlic, it is a cubit high and for the most part higher, wherefore it cannot be the first kind of Sideritis which growth in rocky grounds and hat a stalk but a span long or not much above. This kind is called in German Glitkraut, it may be called in English Iron wort or Rock sage.

The second kind hath branches two cubits high, but small. It hath many leaves in long footstalks, like unto the leaves of a brake, and in the over part cloven of each side. Out of the highest wings come furth certain outgrowing’s, long and small, and in the high top of all representing a round bowel, having a rough head wherein is seed, like the seed of beet, but rounder and harder.

I have seen no herb more agreeing unto this description then the herb that growth in fens, called of some Osmunda, but I am afraid that the top of it and the seed will not suffer it to be Sideritis secunda.

Of the third kind of Sideritis.

The third kind growth in walls and vineyards and it hath many leaves, coming from one root like unto the leaves of Coriander, about little stalks, being a span high, smooth, tender and something whitish. It hath rede flowers, in taste bitter and clammy. If herb Robert had had white flowers as it hath red it might have well been the third kind of Sideritis. But the other kind that hath the whitish stalk after my judgment is the third kind, which may be called in English Coriander wound weed.

The virtues of the kinds of Sideritis.

The leaves of the first kind aid to do bind wounds together and defend them from inflammation. The leaves of the second kind are also good for wounds. The third kind is also good for bloody and green wounds.

Of the Carob tre.

The fruyte of the tre, that is called in Greke Keratonia, is named in Greke Keration, in Latin Siliqua, of the later Grecianes Xyloceraton, in Italian Carobe, in Frenche Carouge, in Spanishe Farobas, in Duch ant Johans brot: but howe that it is named in Englishe I can not tell, for I never sawe it in England, yet I have had the tre of it, growing in my gardin at Colon in High Germanye, and I have sene the fruyt in diverse places of Italy, where as it is called Carobe. Yet allthough thys fruyte be not, nether hath ben in England that I have heard of, for all that all the interpretours that have interpreted the new Testament, have Englished siliquas coddes, not wythout a greate error. For siliqua allthough it signifye som tyme a cod or an huske of beanes or pease, and suche other like pulse, yet it signifieth in the xv. of Luke, the fruyte of a tre, and not simply a cod or a huska wythoute anye addition, whereof it is a cod, for it is named in Greke of Luke Keration. The tre is a talle tre, and it hath leaves in suche ordre as the asshen leaves growe in, but they are muche rounder and shorter, and in dede the branche of the Carob tre is lykest unto a bean, both in fruyt and leaves of any tre or pulse that I know. The fruyt is lyke a longe flat beane, in color rede, in taste when it is ripe and dryed, swete, but unpleasant whyilse it is grene

These thynges beynge so, it were better to Englishe siliquas Carob coddes, then coddes alone. The tre may be named in Englishe a Carob tre, and the fruyt a Carob, or the tre maye be named a bean tre, and the fruyt a Carob beane. If any man can fynde any better or fitter name, I shal be wel content there wyth.

The vertues of the Carob.

Freshe and grene Carobes are evell for the stomack, but louse the bellye: the same drye stop the belly, and become better for the stomack. They provoke also urine, and specially suche as are layd up in the stones of grapes.

Out of Galene. |

The Carob beane ingendreth but a noughty iuice, and it is full of wod, by reason whereof it must nedes be hard of digestion, and thys is an evell propertye that it hath, that it will not lightlye go doune. Terefore it wer better that they were no more brought the East countrees, where as they grow hyther into thys countre. He wryteth also: The carob tre called Cerotonia, is of a binding and drying nature, as the fruyte is, whych is called Ceratium, and it hath som swetenes in it. The carob hath one thing, lyke unto a chycorye, for whylse it is grene, it louseth the bellye more, and when it is dryed, it stoppeth the bellye more, because the moisture is spent awaye, and it that is of a grosse substance, doth onlye remayne.

Of the Carob tree. (Ceratonia siliqua)

The fruit of the tree that is called in Greek Keratonia is named in Greek Keration, in Latin Siliqua, of the later Grecians Xyloceraton, in Italian Carobe, in French Carouge, in Spanish Farobas, in German Sant Johans brot: but howe that it is named in English I cannot tell, for I never saw it in England, yet I have had the tree of it growing in my garden at Colon in High Germany and I have seen the fruit in diverse places of Italy whereas it is called Carobe. Yet although this fruit be not, nether hath ben in England that I have heard of, for all that all the interpreters that have interpreted the New Testament, have English siliquas pods, not without a great error. For siliqua although it signifies some time a cod or a husk of beans or peas and such other like pulse, yet it signified in the xv. of Luke the fruit of a tree and not simply a cod or a husk without any addition, whereof it is a cod, for it is named in Greek of Luke Keration. The tree is a tall tree and it hath leaves in such order as the ash leaves grow in, but they are much rounder and shorter and indeed the branch of the Carob tree is like unto a bean, both in fruit and leaves of any tree or pulse that I know. The fruit is like a long flat bean, in color red, in taste when it is ripe and dried sweet, but unpleasant whiles it is green

These things being so, it was better to English siliquas Carob pods then pods alone. The tree may be named in English a Carob tree and the fruit a Carob, or the tree may be named a bean tree and the fruit a Carob bean. If any man can find any better or fitter name, I shall be well content there with.

The virtues of the Carob.

Fresh and green Carob’s are evil for the stomach but louse the belly: the same dry stop the belly and become better for the stomach. They provoke also urine, and specially such as are laid up in the stones of grapes.

Out of Galene. |

The Carob bean engendered but a naughty juice and it is full of wood, by reason whereof it must needs be hard of digestion and this is an evil property that it hath, that it will not lightly go down. Therefore, it was better that they were no more brought the East countries, whereas they grow hither into this country. He writes also: The carob tree called Cerotonia, is of a binding and drying nature as the fruit is, which is called Ceratium and it hath some sweetness in it. The carob hath one thing, like unto a chicory, for while it is green it loused the belly more and when it is dried it stopped the belly more, because the moisture is spent away, and it that is of a grosses substance doth only remain.

Of Mustarde.

Mustarde is nether divided into kindes, nether described of Dioscorides, because it was so well knowen in hys tyme. And now it is so well knowen, that it nedeth but a shorte description, whiche is metely well set furth in Pliny. So he in the xix. boke and viij. chapter writeth thus of mustarde. Mustarde is of thre kindes, whereof one kinde is verye small. The other kinde hath leaves lyke a rape. The thyrde kind hath leaves lyke rocket. Thys is the division ioyned wyth a shorte description. There maye be made an other division of mustarde by the sede, wher of one kynde is whyte, and the other blackish broune or redish. It that hath the whyte sede, is muche shorter, then the other kindes that have the broun sede. It that groweth in the gardin, groweth unto a greate hyght, and it hath verye manye and longe branches. It that groweth in the corne in Somersetshyre, a litle from Glassenberrye, is muche shorter then the gardine mustarde is, but nothynge behynde it in biting and sharpnes. Mustarde is named in Greke, Napi or sinep, or sinapi in Englishe, Frenche, and Lowe duche mustarde, in hygh Duche Senfe, in Latin Sinapi or Sinapis.

The vertues of Mustarde.

The best mustard is it that is not wethered nor wrinkled, and is rede and full growen, and when it is broken, it is grene within, and as it were ful of iuice, and as it were graye in color, for suche it is freshe and of a perfect age. The vertue of mustarde is to heate, to make subtil, and to draw unto it, and when it is chowed, to draw doune thynne fleme from the head: but the iuice of it menged wyth mede, if it be gargled wyth all, it is good for the diseases of the almondes aboute the rootes of the tonge, and for longe roughnes, and hardnes of the wynde pypes. If it be broken and put into the nose thrilles, it maketh a man to nese: it is good for them that have the fallinge siknes, and it stereth up weomen that are strangled of the mother.

It is also good to be layd upon the heades of them that have the drowsey evell, or forgetfull siknes, called lethargus, after that the heare is shaven of. If it be menged wyth a fygge, and layed upon the place untill that it be rede, it is good for the sciatica, and for the milte, and to be shorte so everye olde ache, where as by the greffe of an other parte, we will remove anye thynge from the deye, unto the skinne, it healed also scalled heades, where as the stalke is rede, and the heare falleth of. If it be layd upon the sore place, it scoureth allo the face, and taketh awaye blewe markes that come of brusynge, if it be layd to wyth honye or fat, or wyth a cerote mayd of waxe. If it be layed to wyth vinegre, it is good for sores and wilde scabbes, and rynninge scurffe. It is good to be dronkensso agues whyche returne as gayn, by course at a certayne tyme, so that it be sprenkled or put into the drynke after the maner of perched barle mele. It is also good to be menged wyth drawynge emplasters, and wyth suche as are prepared against scabbes. And the same broken wyth fygges, and put into the eares, it is good for them that are hard of hearinge. And it is good for the soundyng or noyse of the heade. The iuice of it, if it be layed to wyth honye, is good for the dulnes of sight, and for the roughnes of the eybrees. Men use to press out the iuice of it, whylse it is grene, and then to drye it in the sun. Galene sayeth that mustard is hote and drye in the fourth degre.

Out of Pliny.

Pithagoras dyd iudge that mustarde was moste principall of all those thynges, whose vertue were caried up into the head, because that there is nothynge that percheth more the nose and the brayne then it doth. And it setteth furth his poure and strengeth very far abrode. If that to greate a slepe vexe them that have the forgetfull syknes, it is good to be layd to emplaster wyse, ether upon the heade or the skynnes, wyth a fygge and vinegre. It healeth by making of blisteres by the reason of the burning heat, anye parte of the bodye out of the whych evel humores and faultes of the body ought to be drawen oute, from the depe unto the skin, and taketh away olde aches of the breste, ioynes and hippes, by the foresayd meanes. In a greate hardnes it is layed on wythout a fygg, but if greater burninge be loked for, it is layd on a double cloth, goynge betwene.

Of Mustarde. (Of diverse kinds as Eruca sorts, Sinapis alba, Brassica nigra and others of the cruciferous family)

Mustard is nether divided into kinds, nether described of Dioscorides, because it was so well known in his time. And now it is so well known that it nineth but a short description which is meetly well set furth in Plini. So, he in the xix. book and viij. chapter write thus of mustard. Mustard is of three kinds, whereof one kind is very small. The other kind hath leaves like a rape. The third kind hath leaves like rocket. This is the division joined with a short description. There may be made another division of mustard by the seed whereof one kind is white and the other blackish brown or reddish. It that hath the white seed is much shorter than the other kinds that have the brown seed. It that growth in the garden growth unto a great high and it hath very many and long branches. It that growth in the corn in Somersetshire, a little from Glastonbury is much shorter than the garden mustard is, but nothing behind it in biting and sharpness. Mustard is named in Greek Napi, sinep or sinapi in English, Frenche and Lowe Germany mustard, in high Germany Senfe, in Latin Sinapi or Sinapis.

The virtues of Mustard.

The best mustard is it that is not withered nor wrinkled and is red and full grown and when it is broken it is green within and as it were full of juice and as it were gray in color for such it is fresh and of a perfect age. The virtue of mustard is to heat, to make subtill and to draw unto it and when it is chowed, to draw down thin flehm from the head: but the juice of it menged with mee, if it be gargled with all, it is good for the diseases of the almond about the root of the tong and for long roughness and hardness of the wind pipes. If it be broken and put into the nose thrills it maketh a man to sneezing, it is good for them that have the falling sickness, and it stirred up women that are strangled of the mother.

It is also good to be laid upon the heads of them that have the drowsy evil or forgetful sickness, called lethargy, after that the hair is shaven of. If it be menged with a fig and laid upon the place until that it be red, it is good for the sciatica and for the milt and to be short so every olde ache, whereas by the grief of another part it will remove anything from the dye unto the skin, it healed also scaled heads whereas the stalk is red and the hair falleth of. If it be laid upon the sore place, it scoured also the face and taketh away blue marks that come of bruising, if it be laid to with honey or fat or with a cerate maid of wax. If it be laid to with vinegar it is good for sores and wild scabbles and running scurf. It is good to be drunken so agues which return as gain by course at a certain time, so that it be sprinkled or put into the drink after the manner of perched barley mele. It is also good to be menged with drawing plasters and with such as are prepared against scabbles. And the same broken with figs and put into the ears it is good for them that are hard of hearing. And it is good for the sounding or noise of the head. The juice of it, if it be laid to with honey, is good for the dullness of sight and for the roughness of the eyebrows. Men use to press out the juice of it while it is green and then to dry it in the sun. Galene sayeth that mustard is hot and dry in the fourth degree.

Out of Plini.

Pythagoras did judge that mustard was most principal of all those things whose virtue were caried up into the head, because that there is nothing that perched more the nose and the brain then it doth. And it set furth his power and strength very far abroad. If that to great sleep vexed them that have the forgetful sickness, it is good to be laid to plaster wise, ether upon the head or the skin with a fig and vinegar. It health by making of blisters by the reason of the burning heat any part of the body out of the which evil humors and faults of the body ought to be drawn out, from the deep unto the skin and taketh away olde aches of the breast, joins and hips by the foresaid means. In a great hardness it is laid on without a fig, but if greater burning be look for it is laid on a double cloth, going between.

Of the herbe called Sion.

The herbe that is named in Greke Sion, and in Latin Sium is supposed to be called of Pliny laver. The same is called of som in English, but falsely, water cresses, and of other belragges; but to have som sure and common name, it is best to call it water persely, or salat persely. It is named in Duch Brunnen Peterlin, or wasser merk, in Italian Gorgolestro, as Matthiolus sayeth, and in Spanish Rabacas, in Frenche Berle.

Sion as Dioscorides describeth it, groweth in the water, and is a smal bushye herbe, growynge ryghte up and fat, it hath brode leaves lyke unto Alexander, but lesser, and of a spicye smell. By this description they are confuted, that hold that brooklen, called in Duch Bachpungen, should be sion, when as it hath nether leaves lyke unto Alexander, nether groweth ryght up, but groweth low by the ground sydelinges, so are they also confuted to take water Kresse or burn kresse to be sion, when as it hath no leaves lyke unto Alexander. Ether Matthiolus knoweth not the right sion, or ellis I knowe it not. For the Sion that I knowe hath not sede in litle coddes, but in the toppe after the maner of anise, and the roote is not lyke the rootes of water cresses. I am far deceived, except the figure that Matthiolus setteth out, be not lyke the monstre that Horace maketh mention of whych hath a mannis head, set upon a horse neck, and many diverse fethers upon them, so I have gone thorow England, hygh Germany and low Germany, and a great deale of Italy, where as I sought diligentlye all kindes of herbe, but I could never fynde yet any such herbe as Matthiolus setteth furth for sion, for his sion hath the verye true rootes and coddes of water cresses, whych never man, as I thynke dyd se in sion. Let men that are learned in the history of herbes iudge, whether I iudge ryght or no.

There are two kindes of herbes besyde this, wherof the greater is in all thynges, savinge the bignes is like unto sion, the other kinde is of a cubite hyght, and hath leaves verye lyke perselye in figure, savinge that they are a great deal bigger. I iudge that thys kinde is called of Pliny silans, whyche as he sayeth, nascitur in glareosis & perennibus fluvijs, apij similitudine.

The vertues of water persely, called in Latin Sium or Laver.

The leaves of water persely, whether they be eaten rawe, or sodden, do breake the stone, and drive it out, and they also provoke a man to make water, and they dryve oute of a womannis bodye, both her burdin and her floures. Galene grannteth also that Sion is so muche hote, as it is well smelling, when it is tasted.

Of the herb called Sion. (Sium angustifolium or latifolium)

The herb that is named in Greek Sion, and in Latin Sium is supposed to be called of Plini laver. The same is called of some in English, but falsely, water cresses, and of other belragges; but to have some sure and common name, it is best to call it water parsley or salat parsley. It is named in German Brunnen Peterlin or wasser merk, in Italian Gorgolestro, as Matthiolus sayeth, and in Spanish Rabacas, in French Berle.

Sion as Dioscorides described it, growth in the water and is a small bushy herb, growing right up and fat, it hath brood leaves like unto Alexander, but lesser, and of a spicy smell. By this description they are confuted, that hold that brookline, called in German Bachpungen, (Veronica beccabunga) should be Sium, when as it hath nether leaves like unto Alexander, nether growth right up, but growth low by the ground sidelines, so are they also confuted to take water Kresse or burn cress to be Sion, when as it hath no leaves like unto Alexander. Ether Matthiolus know not the right Sion, or ells I know it not. For the Sion that I know hath not seed in little pods, but in the top after the manner of anise, and the root is not like the roots of water cresses. I am far deceived, except the figure that Matthiolus set out, be not like the monster that Horace maketh mention of which hath a man’s head set upon a horse neck and many diverse feathers upon them, so I have gone thorough England, high Germany and low Germany and a great deal of Italy where as I sought diligently all kinds of herb, but I could never find yet any such herb as Matthiolus set furth for Sion, for his Sion hath the very true roots and pods of water cresses, which never man, as I think did see in Sion. Let men that are learned in the history of herbs judge whether I judge right or no.

There are two kinds of herbs beside this whereof the greater is in all things, saving the bigness, is like unto Sion, the other kind is of a cubit high and hath leaves very like parsley in figure, saving that they are a great deal bigger. I judge that this kind is called of Plini silans, which as he sayeth, nascitur in glareosis & perennibus fluvijs, apij similitudine.

The virtues of water parsley, called in Latin Sium or Laver.

The leaves of water parsley, whether they be eaten raw, or sodden, do break the stone and drive it out and they also provoke a man to make water, and they drive out of a woman’s body, both her burden and her flowers. Galene granted also that Sion is so much hot as it is well smelling when it is tasted.

Of Persnepes and Skirwurtes.

Both Fuchsius, Matthiolus set furth two kindes of Siser, but as they agre in the seconde kind, which is oure skir wurt, so they differ much in the former kinde: for wher as Fuchsius maketh the former kind of siser, to be our persnepe, Matthiolus setteth furth in his figure a kinde of carot, whyche he sayeth is called in Duche, gurlin or gergelim, in French cheruc, gyroles, but his description afterwards, agreeth not wyth the figure of the herbe he painteth for siser, for he describeth siser thus. Siser habet folia olus. A tre etc. Siser hath the leaves of Alexander with a stalke and a shaddowy top lyke unto the herbe, called pastinaca, wyth rootes a span long, having wyth in it a sine with in it a fine wishe pith, somthynge bitter in taste, and in color somthing of saffron and pleasant unto the mouth. This de description agreeth with nether of the figures of Matthiolus that he hath set, and yet he made the description hym selfe.

It agreeth not wyth the fyrste kinde, for it hath not leaves lyke unto Alexander, nether any suche lyke leaved herbes, but it hath leaves lyke unto a Carot. And it agreeth not wyth the second figure, for the rootes of the herbe, that is oure Skyrwurt, hath not rootes a span long, for they are not four inches long. Therefore the description that Matthiolus maketh, agreeth wyth nether kynde of the herbes, whyche he setteth in hys pictures.

Pliny lib. xxr. cap. v. maketh two kyndes of Siser, and sayeth thus: Siser erraticum sativo simile est et effectu. That is Siser the wilde is lyke unto the tame, and also in workynge. And in the xix. boke and fyfte chapter, he partely describeth Siser thus: Inest longitudine nervus, qui decoctis extrahitur, emaritudinis tamen magna parte relicta: nevuus idem & pastinace maiori, duntaxat aniculæ. That is, there goeth a synew and a pythe a longe thorowe the Siser, whyche after that it is sodden, it is drawen oute, and yet a greate parte of the bitternes abydeth still, the greater pastinaca hath the same sinewe, but onlye after that it is a yeare olde.

These be Plinyes worde, whose autorite, if we were bounde to geve credit to, then shoulde nether oure Persneye ether anye kynde of oure Carotes be Siser, for I have diligentlye fasted both oure persnepe and oure carottotes, but I can fynde no bitternes at all, nether in the oute parte of them, nether in the pith or synwe, as Pliny calleth it. I have also tasted the scirwurte roote, and in it I have founde verye litle bitternes, not wythstandynge som, but not so much as Pliny semeth to require, and whyilse I tasted it, found it heter then bitterer, but I founde suche propertyes in it, that I dare recken surelye, that thys is a kynde of siser.

But as for oure persnepe, as it can not be siser of Plinye, so knowe I no cause, why that it maye not be siser in Diorscore, savynge that the greate swetenes maye seme to hinder it, for it that is verye swete, is not wont to provoke an appetite, but rather to take it awaye.

The vertues of Siser.

The roote of Siser sodden, is pleasant to the mouth, and profitable for our stomack. It doth styre a man to make water, and it ingendreth an appetite.

Of the berbe called Sison.

Sison whyche is called both of Pliny and diverse both newe and olde Grecians, sison is no otherwise describeth of Dioscorides, buth that it hath sede lyke persely, longe and hote in taste, and that it hath as it were little corners in the top. I fynde no herbe in any place that ever I have ben in, so well agreynge unto thys short description as the herbe whyche some have abused for Amomo, and is called of som black perselye. It groweth aboute and lynes wyth leaves lyke a persnep, a prettye longe swete roote, warme in taste, and black sede, whyche in dede is warm, but not verye hote: wherfore I dare not saye, that the herbe is the right sison, or ellis I durft have ben bolde to have pronounced that it had ben the right sison, but it may be a kinde of it.

The vertues of Sison.

It is good to be dronken agaynste the diseases of the milte, for them that can no well make water, and for weomen that want theyr natural siknes. The inhabiters of Syria where as it growth use it for a sauce, recyvinge it with a sodden gourd and vingere.

Of Persnepes and Skirwurtes. (Pastinaca sativa and Sium sisarum)

Both Fuchsius, Matthiolus set furth two kinds of Siser, but as they agree in the second kind, which is our skirr wort, so they differ much in the former kind: for whereas Fuchsius maketh the former kind of siser to be our parsnip, Matthiolus set furth in his figure a kind of carrot which he sayeth is called in German, gurlin or gergelim, in French cheruc, gyroles, but his description afterwards agreed not with the figure of the herb he painted for siser, for he described siser thus. Siser habet folia olus. A tree etc. Siser hath the leaves of Alexander with a stalk and a shadowy top like unto the herb called Pastinaca, with roots a span long, having with in it a sine with in it a fine whitish pith, something bitter in taste and in color something of saffron and pleasant unto the mouth. This de description agreed with nether of the figures of Matthiolus that he hath set, and yet he made the description himself.

It agreed not with the first kind for it hath not leaves like unto Alexander, nether any such like leaved herbs, but it hath leaves like unto a Carrot. And it agreed not with the second figure, for the root of the herb, that is our skirret, hath not roots a span long, for they are not four inches long. Therefore, the description that Matthiolus maketh agreed with nether kind of the herbs, which he set in his pictures.

Pliny lib. xxr. cap. v. maketh two kinds of Siser and sayeth thus: Siser erraticum sativo simile est et effectu. That is Siser the wild is like unto the tame and also in working. And in the xix. book and fifth chapter he partly described Siser thus: Inest longitudine nervus, qui decoctis extrahitur, emaritudinis tamen magna parte relicta: nevuus idem & pastinace maiori, duntaxat aniculæ. That is, there go a sinew, and a pith long throw the Siser, which after that it is sodden it is drawn out and yet a great part of the bitterness abided still, the greater Pastinaca hath the same sinew, but only after that it is a year olde.

These be Plinius words whose authority, if we were bound to give credit to, then should nether our Parsnip ether any kind of our Carottes be Siser, for I have diligently fasted both our parsnip and our carottes, but I can find no bitterness at all, nether in the outer part of them, nether in the pith or sinew, as Plini calleth it. I have also tasted the skirret root, and in it I have found very little bitterness, notwithstanding some, but not so much as Plini seem to require, and while I tasted it, found it hotter then bitterer, but I found such properties in it that I dare reckon surely that this is a kind of siser.

But as for our parsnip, as it cannot be siser of Plini, so know I no cause why that it may not be siser in Dioscorides, saving that the great sweetness may seem to hinder it, for it that is very sweet, is not wont to provoke an appetite, but rather to take it away.

The virtues of Siser.

The root of Siser sodden is pleasant to the mouth and profitable for our stomach. It doth stir a man to make water and it engendered an appetite.

Of the herb called Sison.

Sison which is called both of Plini and diverse both new and olde Grecians, siser is not otherwise described of Dioscorides, but that it hath seed like parsley, long and hot in taste and that it hath as it were little corners in the top. I find no herb in any place that ever I have been in so well agreeing unto this short description as the herb which some have abused for Amomum and is called of some black parsley. It growth about and lines with leaves like a parsnip, a pretty long sweet root, warm in taste and black seed, which indeed is warm, but not very hot: wherefore I dare not say, that the herb is the right siser, or ells I have ben bold to have pronounced that it had been the right siser, but it may be a kind of it.

The virtues of Sison.

It is good to be drunken against the diseases of the milt, for them that cannot well make water, and for women that want their natural sickness. The inhibiters of Syria whereas it growth use it for a sauce, receiving it with a sodden gourd and vinegar.

Of the kindes of Sisimbrium.

Dioscorides maketh two kindes of sisymbrium, whereof one groweth on the lande, and the other in the water. The fyrste kinde whyche groweth in the lande, is named of som as Dioscorides writeth serpillum sylvestre, and it groweth in lande, that is not plowed or digged. It is lyke unto minte of the gardine, but it hath broder leaves and better smellyng. Dioscorides in the description of menthe sylvestris, or menthestri, maketh it to have leaves greater then sisymbrium. Of thys description of Dioscorides, a man maye gather that sisymbrium is lyke unto penny ryall, ether both in leafe, and the maner of crepyng and growynge, or at the least in crepyng, and that it muste have greater leaves then gardine minte, and lesser leaves then the wilde minte, called mentastrium. Matthiolus in hys later edition sayeth, that sisymbrium is called in Duche Bachmuntz, or wass muntz, whyche can not agree wyth the description that he writeth thus over hys sisymium hortense. For howe can wasser muntz, that is water mint, or bachmuntz, that is brook minte, be gardine sisymbrium.

Howe also can sisymbrium be called well Hortense, seynge that Dioscorides writeth that it groweth in places unmanered or plowed, or untrimmed, when as gardines are manered and digged. Therefore I doute whether Matthiolus knoweth the ryght sisymbrium or no. I take sisymbrium for a kinde of mint, that is called in English baum mynte, whether it grow in the felde, or be broughte into the gardine, it is of a middel bignes betwe ne horse minte and fyne gardin minte.

The seconde kynde of sisymbrium is called cardamine also, in Englishe water cresses, in Duche brun kressen, or wasser kressen, in Frenche cresson.

The water cresse is a water herbe, and growth in the same places that sion of water perselye growth in. it is called cardamine, because it resembleth cardamum, that is gardin cresses in taste. It hath leaves first rounde, but after be growen furth, the are indented lye the leaves of rocket.

The vertues of both the herbes called Sisimbria.

The sede of the herbe calles sisymbrium primum in Latin, and in English baum mint, if it be drunken with wyne, it is good for the dropping out of the water, and it is good also for the stone, it stancheth also the gnawing or wringing in the bellye, and the hichcock, other wayers calleth the iskinge. The leaves are good to be layed to the temples and forhead for the head ache: they are also good for the stynginge of waspes and bees. If it be drunken, it stoppeth perbreakynge. This herbe is of an hote nature, even hote and drye in the second degre, when it is grene, hote and drye in the thyrde degre: when it is dryed, and in the same degre is the fomer sisymbrium.

Of the kinds of Sisimbrium. (Mentha aquatica)

Dioscorides maketh two kinds of Sisymbrium, whereof one growth on the land and the other in the water. The first kind which growth in the land is named of some as Dioscorides write serpillum sylvestre, and its growth in land that is not plowed or dunged. It is like unto mint of the garden, but it hath brooder leaves and better smelling. Dioscorides in the description of menthe sylvestris, or menthastrum, maketh it to have leaves greater then Sisymbrium. Of this description of Dioscorides, a man may gather that sisymbrium is like unto pulegium, ether both in leaf and the manner of creping and growing or at the least in creping, and that it must have greater leaves then garden mint and lesser leaves then the wild mint, called menthastrum. Matthiolus in his later edition sayeth that Sisymbrium is called in German Bachmuntz or wasser muntz, which cannot agree with the description that he write thus over his Sisymbrium hortense. For howe can wasser muntz, that is water mint, or bachmuntz, that is brook mint, be garden Sisymbrium.

Howe also can Sisymbrium be called well Hortense, seeing that Dioscorides write that it growth in places unmannered or plowed or untrimmed, when as gardens are mannered and digger. Therefore, I doubt whether Matthiolus know the right sisymbrium or no. I take Sisymbrium for a kind of mint, that is called in English balm mint, whether it grow in the field or be brought into the garden, it is of a middle bigness between horse mint and fine garden mint.

The second kind of Sisymbrium is called Cardamine also, (Rorippa officinale) in English water cresses, in German brun kressen or wasser kressen, in French cresson.

The water cress is a water herb and growth in the same places that sion of water parsley growth in. It is called Cardamine because it resembled cardamum, that is garden cresses in taste. It hath leaves first round, but after being grown furth, they are indented lye the leaves of rocket.

The virtues of both the herbs called Sisymbria.

The seed of the herb called Sisymbrium primum in Latin and in English balm mint, if it be drunken with wine, it is good for the dropping out of the water, and it is good also for the stone, it stanched also the gnawing or wringing in the belly and the Hitchcock, other way calleth the hisking. The leaves are good to be laid to the temples and forehead for the headache: they are also good for the stinging of wasps and bees. If it be drunken, it stopped pairbreaking. This herb is of a hot nature, even hot and dry in the second degree, when it is green hot and dry in the third degree: when it is dried and in the same degree is the former Sisymbrium.

Of the puls called smilax hortensis, and in English Kidney Beane.

Smilax of the gardin, whose fruytes are called lobia, that is coddes or huskes or shales, is called sperage. It hath leaves lyke unto Yuy, but softer and smaller stalkes, and claspers wounden in bushes, whereunto they are set, which increase to that greatnes, that they make arbores and thynges lyke tentes. It hath a fruyte lyke Fenegreke, but longer and more notable, wher in are sedes like unto kydnes, not all of one color, but are for a parte somthynge redeshe,

The vertues of Kydney beanes.

The fruyte is sodden with the sede, and it is eaten after the maner of a wurt or eatable herbe, as sperage is eaten, it maketh a man make water, and causeth hevy dreames.

The sharpe smilax hath leaves lyke unto wodbinde, and many smal branches, full of prickes, lyke unto Paliurus or the bramble. It windeth it self aboute trees, crepinge up and doune. It beareth a fruyt full of berryes, as a litke cluster, growyng out of the top mal branches, which is rede, when it is rype, and bitter a little in tast. It hath an harde roote and thyck. It groweth in merrish and in roughe groundes.

The vertues of the sharp Smilax.

The leafe and fruyte of thys, are a preservative or triacle agaynst dedlye poysone, whether they be taken before or after. Som write that if anye man geve a litle of these broken into pouder unto a newe borne chylde, that he shall never be hurt whith any deadly poyson. It is also put in preservative medicines to helpe agaynst deadly poysones.

Of the smooth Smilax or great arbor wynde.

The smoth Smilax, whyche maye be called in English Arbor winde or great winde, or withwunde, hath leaves lyke to Juy, but softer and smoother, and thinner, and longe branches, as the rough smilax, whyche are wythout prickes. Thys doth also wind it self aboute trees as the other. It hath a fruyte lyke a Lupine, black and little. It hath above manye whyte floures, and rounde thorowe oute all the branches: and there of are made arbores or summer houses, But in Autumne, the leafes fall of; Thus far Dioscorides. As for the sharpe smilax, I have sene it diverse tymes, and I am sure the description of Dioscorides agreeth well wyth it: hetherto have I founde no herbe, where wyth the hole description of smilax levis doth agre, For although the greate wynde wyth the great bell floure be in all other partes agreynge wyth the description of Dioiscorides: yet the fruyt agreeth no, for it is not lyke unto the fruyte of a lupine. Aetius also in the healinge of a dropsy, sayeth that the smilax, whyche groweth in the hedges by the water syde, bringeth furth coddes as the kidney beane doth, called gardin smilax. But I never sawe anye kinde of wynde, or wyth winde, or arbor winde, have anye suche cod, wherefore I must confesse, that I never sawe the rygt herbe, whyche is called smilax levis. The herbe that Matthiolus setteth furth in hys figure for smilax levis, hath nether a sede lyke Lupine, yet coddes lyke unto the puls, called smilax hortensis: wherefore it can not be smilax levis in my iudgement, excepte that there be other kindes of Lupine, then ever I have sene, and other kindes of coddes or huskes of the gardin smilax, then have cummed to my syght. The herbe that Matthiolus setteth furth for smilax levis, is in my iudgement the fyrtste kinde of Volubilis in Mesue, where of he writeth thus: Thyere is one great kinde of wynd or wythwinde, whych hath mylke in it, and is called in Latin Funis arboreum, that is the rope of trees, it hath a whyte floure lyke unto a bell. Dioscorides taketh it for a temporat herbe, or ellis a litle hoter, then temporate, and to be drye in the second degre. It resolveth, rypeth, scoureth, louseth and openeth the mouth of the vesselles of the vaynes, and therefore it is geven wyth tragagant, mastick, spicknard, and whaye, it delivereth men from the stoppinge of the liver and the vaynes, that goeth betwene the liver and the guttes, and therefore it healeth iaundes wyth the iuice of persely, and sicorye or whaye, it purgeth gentely burnt choler, and therefore it helpeth rotten agues, and speciallye suche as are longe cholerick agues, it scoureth also awaye the excrementes and outcastes of the brestes and lounges, and therefore it is good for them that are short winded.

Of the puls called smilax hortensis, and in English Kidney Beane. (Phaseolus vulgaris, Smilax aspera)

Smilax of the garden whose fruits are called lobia, that is pods or husks or shales, is called asperge. It hath leaves like unto Yui, but softer and smaller stalks and claspers wound in bushes, whereunto they are set which increase to that greatness that they make arbores and things like tents. It hath a fruit like Fenugreek, but longer and more notable, wherein are seeds like unto kidneys, not all of one color, but are for a part something reddish.

The virtues of Kidney beans.

The fruit is soddened with the seed, and it is eaten after the manner of a wort or eatable herb, as asperge is eaten, it maketh a man make water, and caused heavy dreams.

The sharp Smilax hath leaves like unto woodbine and many small branches, full of prickers, like unto Paliurus or the bramble. It winded itself about trees, creeping up and down. It bears a fruit full of berries, as a little cluster, growing out of the top mal branches, which is red when it is ripe and bitter a little in taste. It hath an hard root and thick. It growth in meres’ and in rough grounds.

The virtues of the sharp Smilax.

The leaf and fruit of this, are a preservative or treacle against deadly poison, whether they be taken before or after. Som writes that if any man gives a little of these broken into powder unto a new borne child that he shall never be hurt with any deadly poison. It is also put in preservative medicines to help against deadly poisons.

Of the smooth Smilax or great arbor wind.

The smooth Smilax, which may be called in English Arbor wind or great wind or with wind, hath leaves like to Jui, but softer and smoother and thinner and long branches as the rough Smilax which are without prickers. This doth also wind itself about trees as the other. It hath a fruit like a Lupine, black and little. It hath above many white flowers and round throw out all the branches: and thereof are made arbores or summer houses. But in Autumne, the leaves fall of. Thus far Dioscorides. As for the sharp Smilax, I have seen it diverse times, and I am sure the description of Dioscorides agreed well with it: hitherto have I found no herb, where with the hole description of Smilax laevis doth agree. For although the great wind with the great bell flower be in all other partes agreeing with the description of Dioiscorides: yet the fruit agreed not, for it is not like unto the fruit of a lupine. Aetius also in the healing of a dropsy sayeth that the Smilax which growth in the hedges by the waterside bringeth furth pods as the kidney bean doth, called garden Smilax. But I never saw any kind of wind or with wind or arbor wind have any such cod, wherefore I must confess that I never saw the right herb which is called Smilax laevis. The herb that Matthiolus set furth in his figure for Smilax laevis hath nether a seed like Lupine, yet pods like unto the pulse called Smilax hortensis: wherefore it cannot be Smilax laevis in my judgment, except that there be other kinds of Lupine, then ever I have seen and other kinds of pods or husk of the garden Smilax then have come to my sight. The herb that Matthiolus set furth for Smilax laevis is in my judgment the first kind of Volubilis in Mesue where of he writes thus: There is one great kind of wind or with wind which hath milk in it and is called in Latin Funis arboreum, that is the rope of trees, it hath a white flower like unto a bell. (Convolvulus sort?) Dioscorides taketh it for a temperate herb or ells a little hotter, then temperate and to be dry in the second degree. It resolved, ripest, scoured, loused and opened the mouth of the vessels’ of the veins and therefore it is given with tragacanth, mastic, spikenard and whey, it delivered men from the stopping of the liver and the veins that go between the liver and the guts and therefore it health jaundice with the juice of parsley and chicory or whey, it purged gently burnt choler and therefore it helped rotten agues and specially such as are long choleric agues, it scoured also away the excrement’s and outcastes of the breasts and lounges and therefore it is good for them that are short winded.

Of Nighte shad.

Nighte shad or Petemorell is called in Greke Strichnos, in Latin Solanum, in Barbarus latin Solatrfium, in Duche Nacht schad, in Frenche Morelle. Night shad is a bushy herbe, whyche is used to be eaten, it is not very great, it hath many holes lyke unto Arne holes at the setting of the branches and the stalk.

It hath black leaves and greater then basil, and broder: it hath a rounde berrye, the berrye is ether black or rede, when it is rype the herbe hath a gentle taste wythout hurt.

The vertues of Nyghte shad.

The nature of it is to coole, wherefore the leaves layd to wyth perched barley mele, is good for saint Antonies fyre, that is a colerick inflammation: and it is good against tetters. It the leaves be layd to by them selves, they are good to heale the inflammation in the corner of the eye, called Egelopa, whyche is disposed to brede a fistula, and also the head ache: they are also good for an hote or boylinge stomack. They dryve awaye the hote imposteme behynde the eare, called Parotis, if they be broken and layd to wyth salt. The iuice is also good for the hote inflammation, and tetters and such lyke rinnyng sores or hote scurf of scabbes, if it be layd to wyth whyte lede rose oyle and litarge, and wyth bread, it heleth the disease of the eye called Egilopa. It is good for children that have burning in the head, for the inflammation of the brayn, a fylmes, skinnes that go about it. If it be poured wyth rose oyle upon ones head, it is menged wyth ey medicines in sede of water or of an egge, whyche are layd to against sharpe flowynges of the eyes. If it pe poured in, it is good for the ache of the eares if it be layd to wyth wool, it stoppeth the ishhue that weomen have.

There is an other kind of Solanum, called Halicacabus and Phisalis, it hath leaves lyke vuto nyghte shade, buy yet broder. When hys stalkes are fully growen, they bowe to the ground: it hath the fruyte in litle side vesselles lyke unto bladders round and rede lyke golde, and also smouth lyke a grape or wynberry, whyche the garlande makers use in making of garlandes.

The vertues of Alkakinge,

It hath the same vertue that in nyghstshad but that it is not to be eaten, the fruyte of it drunken, healeth the iaundes, and provoketh water. The iuice of both the herbes called Solanum, is used to be pressed furth, and when it is dried, it is set up in the shadowe, and when it is dressed after this maner, it is good for all these purposes above named.

Of Nighte shad. (Solanum nigrum, Physalis alkekengi)

Nightshade or Petemorell is called in Greek Strychnos, in Latin Solanum, in Barbarous Latin Solatrum, in German Nachtschad, in French Morelle. Nightshade is a bushy herb, which is used to be eaten, it is not very great, it hath many holes like unto arm holes at the setting of the branches and the stalk.

It hath black leaves and greater than basil and brooder: it hath a round berry, the berry is ether black or red when it is ripe the herb hath a gentle taste without hurt.

The virtues of Nightshade.

The nature of it is to cool wherefore the leaves laid to with perched barley mele, is good for saint Antonis’s fire, that is a choleric inflammation: and it is good against tetters. It the leaves be laid to by themselves they are good to heal the inflammation in the corner of the eye, called Egelopa, which is disposed to brede a fistula and also the headache: they are also good for a hot or boiling stomach. They drive away the hot imposteme (pus) behind the ear called Parotis, if they be broken and laid to with salt. The juice is also good for the hot inflammation, and tetters and such like running sores or hot scurf of scabbed, if it be laid to with white led rose oil and litharge and with bread, it health the disease of the eye called Egilopa. It is good for children that have burning in the head, for the inflammation of the brain, a film, skins that go about it. If it be poured with rose oil upon one’s head, it is menged with eye medicines in seed of water or of an egg which are laid to against sharp flowing’s of the eyes. If it pe poured in, it is good for the ache of the ears if it be laid to with wool, it stopped the issue that women have.

There is another kind of Solanum, called Halicacabus and Physalis, it hath leaves like unto nightshade, buy yet brooder. When his stalk is fully grown, they bow to the ground: it hath the fruit in little side vessels’ like unto bladders round and rede like gold and also smooth like a grape or wineberry, which the garland makers use in making of garlands.

The virtues of Alkekengi,

It hath the same virtue that in nightshade, but that it is not to be eaten, the fruit of it drunken, health the jaundice and provoked water. The juice of both the herb’s called Solanum is used to be pressed furth and when it is dried it is set up in the shadow and when it is dressed after this manner, it is good for all these purposes above named.

Of the kindes of Sorbus.

Dioscorides maketh mention but of one kind of Sorbus, Theophrast writeth of two of, the male and female, but Pliny maketh mention of iiti. kindes, wherof I have sene iii. kindes, but one kinde I confesse that I never saw unto my remembrance. The two fyrste whyche I know, have leaves so lyke as can be, set wyse as the asshe leaves grow, indented, but they differ in the fruit. The former of them hath rede berryes lyke corall bedes, growing in greate clusters, which the byrdes eat in the beginning of the winter, the tre growth in moyst woddes, and it is called in Northumberlande a rowne tre, or a whitken tre, in the South partes of England, a quick beame tre.

The second kinde hath a fruyt of the bignes of a small crabbe or a wilde peare, a litle longer then a crab, but not full of the fashion of a pear. This tre groweth very plenteously in hygh Almany, where as the fruit ts called sorbere or sorbeffel, and spierlin: it may be called in English sorb appel.

The thyrde kinde which is called of Pliny sorbus torminalis, hath a lefe much lyke unto a playn tre leafe. Thys tre is called in English a servyse tre, as though a man wold say a sorbus tre. The fruyte is almost as small as are haw, in color broun, in taste binding, as the other two kindes are. And thys kinde even as the sorb appel is verye pleasant to be eaten untill it be rotten, but then it is very pleasant, but not so plesant by a greate deale as the sorb appel is.

The vertues of the thre kindes of Sorbus.

The sorb appels beyng yelow in colour before they be full type, if they be cut in peces, and dryed in the sonne if they be then eaten, they will stop the belly. Also the pouder of them, after they be beten or ground, if it be taken in the aſtede of perched barley mele, and taken in and the broth of them doth the same.

Of the kinds of Sorbus. (Sorbus aucuparia, domestica, torminalis),

Dioscorides maketh mention but of one kind of Sorbus, Theophrastus write of two of, the male and female, but Plini maketh mention of iiii. kinds, whereof I have seen iii. kinds, but one kind I confess that I never saw unto my remembrance. The two first which I know have leaves so like as can be, set wise as the ash leaves grow, indented, but they differ in the fruit. The former of them hath rede berries like coral beds, growing in great clusters which the birds eat in the beginning of the winter, the tree growth in moist woods and it is called in Northumberland a rowan tree or a whitken tree, in the South partes of England a quick beam tree.

The second kind hath a fruit of the bigness of a small crab or a wile pear, a little longer than a crab but not full of the fashion of a pear. This tree growth very plenteously in high Almany, whereas the fruit is called sorbere or sorbeffel and spierlin: it may be called in English sorb apple.

The third kind which is called of Plini Sorbus torminalis, hath a leaf much like unto a plain tree leaf. this tree is called in English a service tree, as though a man would say a sorbus tree. The fruit is almost as small as are haw, in color brown, in taste binding as the other two kinds are. And this kind even as the sorb apple is very pleasant to be eaten until it be rotten, but then it is very pleasant, but not so pleasant by a great deal as the sorb apple is.

The virtues of the three kinds of Sorbus.

The sorb apples being yellow in color before they be full type, if they be cut in pieces and dried in the son if they be then eaten, they will stop the belly. Also, the powder of them after they be beaten or ground, if it be taken in the stead of perched barley mele and taken in and the broth of them doth the same.

Of the herbe called Sparganium.

Sparganium hath leaves lyke unto the herbe whyche is called in Latin gladiolus, and the Greke xiphion, and that is small after the maner of a mall sege or sheregrasse, called in Latin carex: but the leaves are yet narrower, then the leaves of it that is called gladiolus, and more bowynge, the top of the stalk are rounde knoppes lyke bedes, where in is sede. Thys herbe groweth most commonly in waters and fennes, the knoppes are full of litle tuftes. Thys herbe is comon in England and in many places of Germany, but I never heard anye Duche nor English name of it: but untill we can happen upon a better name, it maye be called bede sedge or knop sedge.

The vertues of Sparganium.

The roote to be geven wyth wyne agaynste the poyson of serpentes.

Of the herb called Sparganium. (Sparganium erectum or emersum)

Sparganium hath leaves like unto the herb which is called in Latin gladiolus, and the Greek xiphion (name for Iris sort!) and that is small after the manner of a mall seg or sheer gras, called in Latin Carex: but the leaves are yet narrower, then the leaves of it that is called gladiolus and more bowing, the top of the stalk are round knops like beads where in is seed. This herb growth most commonly in waters and feens, the knops are full of little tufts. This herb is common in England and in many places of Germany, but I never heard any German nor English name of it: but until we can happen upon a better name, it may be called bead sedge or knop sedge.

The virtues of Sparganium.

The root to be given with wine against the poison of serpents.

Of French or Spanish brome.

Spartium is called in Greke spartion, in Engtlish, spanish brome or Frenche brome: spartium is not ginista of the Latines, I have sufficiently proved before intreating of the brome bushe.

The description of Spanish brome.

Spartium is a bushe, having longe twigges without leaves founde, very tough, and som binde vyndes with them. It beareth coddes, lyke unto phasels, wher in are sedes lyke unto lentilles. It hath a floure lyke unto wall gelover, called of som Hartis ease, this bushe growth in diverse gardines in England, in Spayn, and Italy wylde. It greweth in my Lorde Cobhammes gardin al Cobham hall. And also at Shene in the gardine. It hath leves in dede, but so small that I suppose that Dioscorides toke them for no leaves, or elles Dioscorides looked upon the branches, which at that tyme had no leaves. And that thys is lyke to have bene so the affirming of Dioscorides, that Dictamnus of Candy had no floures nor sede, may bring credit unto my. For it is well knowen, that it hath bothe floures and sedes, thoughe Dioscorides neve sawe them.

The vertues of Spanish brome.

The sede and floures of the Spanish brome are good to be dronken with mede in the quantite of two scruples and an halfe, to pourge strongly, but without iepardy bywarde; but the sede purgeth dounward. If the twigges be steped in water; and the iuice be pressed out, after they be well brused, a ciat of it will heale the diseases of sciatica, the squynansie or chokes, if it be dronken fasting, som use to stepe them in bryne, and poure them in by a clister, to them that have the sciatica, by this meanes it driveth furth blody matter and full of stringes or ragged peces.

Of French or Spanish brome. (Spartium junceum)

Spartium is called in Greek spartion, in English, Spanish brome or Frenche brome: Spartium is not Genista of the Latines, I have sufficiently proved before intreating of the brome bush.

The description of Spanish brome.

Spartium is a bush, having long twigs without leaves founded, very tough and some binding winds with them. It bears pods like unto Phaseolus wherein are seeds like unto lens. It hath a flower like unto wall glover, called of some Hartis ease, this bush growth in diverse gardens in England, in Spain and Italy wild. It grew in my Lorde Cobhammes Garden al Cobham Hall. And also, at Shene in the garden. It hath leaves indeed, but so small that I suppose that Dioscorides toke them for no leaves or ells Dioscorides looked upon the branches which at that time had no leaves. And that this is like to have bene so the affirming of Dioscorides, that Dictamnus of Candy had no flowers nor seed, may bring credit unto me. For it is well known, that it hath both flowers and seeds, though Dioscorides never saw them.

The virtues of Spanish brome.

The seed and flowers of the Spanish brome are good to be drunken with mee in the quantity of two scruples and a half, to purge strongly, but without leprous beware; but the seed purged downward. If the twigs be steeped in water; and the juice be pressed out after they be well bruised, a kyat of it will heal the diseases of sciatica, the squinancy or chokes, if it be drunken fasting, some use to steep them in brine and power them in by a clyster to them that have the sciatica, by this means it drive furth bloody matter and full of strings or ragged pieces.

Of the berbe called Spartum or Sparta.

Beside the bushe that is called in French brome, whych is called spartum. There is an herbe also called spartum, and of som writers sparta as in thys proverbe; Sparta, in nactus es, hanc adorna. for Pliny in the xix. boke and second chap. maketh mention in these wordes folowyng of the herbe spartum or sparta; Herba & hic sponte nascens, & quæ non queat seri, iuncus quod proprid aridi ſoli: uni terræ dato vitio, nanque id malum telluris est necliud ibi seri aut nasci potesſt, &c. And a litle after, in sicco preferunt cannabi funes, spartum alitur demersum, veluti natalium sitim pensens, &c. And a litle after: lunco Grecos ad funes usos nomini credamus, quo herbam eam appellant, postea palmarum folijs, philuraque manifestum eſst: & inde translatum a pœnis, perq; simile veri est. Thus farre Plinye. Out of these wordes I gather that the herbe that he writeth of, is a kind of sea bente or sea rishe, whereof the frayles are made, that figges and rasines are caried hether in out of Spayne. The same bent or sea rishe have I sene in Northumberland, besyde Ceton Dalavale, ther they make hattes of it. I have also snne it in great plenty in ij. ylandes of Easte Freslande, whereof the one is called the iust, and the other mordenie: there men use thys onelye for to make ropes of it (as Pliny writeth) and to cover houses wyth it. It may be named in Englishe Sea ben, or sea rishe, or frayl rishe. I have not rede in anye good autor, that it hath anye vertue to heale any disease.

Of the herb called Spartum or Sparta. (Juncus maritimus or other sorts?)

Beside the bush that is called in French brome which is called Spartium. There is an herb also called Spartium and of some writers sparta as in this proverb; Sparta, in nactus es, hanc adorna. for Plini in the xix. book and second chap. maketh mention in these words following of the herb Spartium or sparta; Herba & hic sponte nascens, & quæ non queat seri, iuncus quod proprid aridi ſoli: uni terræ dato vitio, nanque id malum telluris est necliud ibi seri aut nasci potesſt, &c. And a little after, in sicco preferunt cannabi funes, spartum alitur demersum, veluti natalium sitim pensens, &c. And a little after: lunco Grecos ad funes usos nomini credamus, quo herbam eam appellant, postea palmarum folijs, philuraque manifestum est: & inde translatum a pœnis, perq; simile veri est. Thusfarre Plini. Out of these words I gather that the herb that he writes of is a kind of sea bent, or sea rise whereof the frails are made that figs and raisins are caried hither in out of Spain. The same bent or sea rise have I seen in Northumberland, beside Ceto Daleville, there they make hats of it. I have also seen it in great plenty in ij. islands of Easte Friesland whereof the one is called the just and the other mordenite: there men use this only for to make ropes of it (as Plini write) and to cover houses with it. It may be named in English Sea ben, or sea rise or frail rise. I have not read in any good author that it hath any virtue to heal any disease.

Of the herbe called Spondilion.

Spondilium is named in Greke Sphondilion, in Duch Berklaw or wild Pasteney, it maye be called in Englishe Kow persshepe or middow persnepe. It groweth in moyst middowes, about hedges sydes, but not in the hedges.

The description of Spondilium out of Dioscorides.

Spondilium hath leaves after a maner lyke unto a playn tre leaves, drawyng very unto the lykenes of the leaves of Ponax. The stalke is a cubit long or longer lyke unto fenels stalke: it hath sede lyke unto siseli, dubbel, broder, whiter, fuller of chaff, of a stronge or grevous smell. It hath a roote lyke a radice, it groweth in merrish and watery groundes.

He sede of cowe persnep dronken, scoureth oute flegmatike mater thorow the belly and guttes. It healeth also them that are diseased in the liver, the iaundes, them that are short winded, the falling siknes, the stranglinge of the mother. If a man that is fallen in to depe a slepe, receyve perfums of it, it wil waken him agayne. It a mannis head be anoynted wyth the oyle wherein it is sodden, it will heil them that have the phrenesye, the drowsey or forgetfull evell, and the heade ache. If it be layed to wyth rue, it holdeth and stayeth creping sores and tetters. The root also is good for the disease of the lyver, and for the iaundes. The same shaven, and put in, wasteth away the hardnes of fistules or false woundes. The iuice of the flemes beynge grene, is good for mattery cares. Thys iuice maye be dryed in the sonne, and layd up as other iuices be.

Of the herb called Spondilion. (Heracleum spondylium)

Spondylium is named in Greek Sphondilion, in German Berklaw or wild Pasteney, it may be called in English Cow parsnip or meadow parsnip. It growth in moist meadows, about hedges sides, but not in the hedges.

The description of Spondylium out of Dioscorides.

Spondylium hath leaves after a manner like unto a plain tree leaf, drawing very unto the likeness of the leaves of Panax. The stalk is a cubit long or longer like unto fennels stalk: it hath seed like unto Seseli, double, brooder, whiter, fuller of chaff, of a strong or grievous smell. It hath a root like radices, it growth in meres and watery grounds.

The seed of cow parsnip drunken scoured out phlegmatic mater thorough the belly and gutters. It health also them that are diseased in the liver, the jaundice, them that are short winded, the falling sickness, the strangling of the mother. If a man that is fallen into deep sleep, receive perfumes of it it will waken him again. If a man’s head be anointed with the oil wherein it is soddened, it wills heil them that have the frenetic, the drowsy or forgetful evil and the headache. If it be laid to with rue, it holds and stay creping sores and tetters. The root also is good for the disease of the liver, and for the jaundice. The same shaven and put in wasted away the hardness of fistulas or false wounds. The juice of the flehms being green is good for mattery ears. this juice may be dried in the son and laid up as other juices be.

Of certayn kindes of thistelles.

Spina in Latin, is properly called a thistle, and in Greke Acantha. Howbe it is called unproperly after a metaphoricall maner, spina is taken for a prick, because thistelics or spine are most full of prickes. First that acantha signifieth a thystell, and not an hawthorn, or a thorne wythout anye addition, as the most part of scoolmaysters and translatours Englishe it: I am able to prove, not only by good Greke authours, but also by the best Latin wryters, that acantha in Greke signifteth a thystell, it maye be proved by the autorite of Aristotel in the viij. boke of the history of living and sensible substances, and in the third chapter, who writeth these wordes: ……That is to saye, these are spiniuora, that is thistel eaters, and under the name of the thystell, he understandeth the sede of a thistle, as when we saye, a man eateth more wheat then rye, we meane nether the blade of wheat, nether the straw nor chaff, but onlye the sede of wheate. If acantha ought to be Englished a thorn or an hawthorne, let us se which byrdes they be, that Aristotel calleth acanthophagas, and as diverse interpretours Englishe them thorn eaters Aristotel sayeth that Linetes and Goldfinches, and Grene finches, are acanthophage: who ever sawe any of these thre kindes of byrdes eat thornes, or the fruytes of thornes? Therefore I maye saye unto them, that Englishe acantham and spinam, a thorn or an haw, whych is the fruyt of a whyte thorn. Erratis philosophiam & plantarum historiam ignorantes. For besyde this place now alledged: Dioscorides in the chapter wher as he intreateth of the tre called Rododendron, wryteth thus: Merion bringeth furth a fruyte lyke an Almonde, as it were a certayn horne, hen as it is opened, it is full of a wolly nature, lyke unto the down of thistelles. The Greke hath……Who heard ever tell, that anye thorn tre, had any down or anye wollye nature, lyke unto the downe of a thistell? Plinye also writynge of the herbe called Erigeron, whyche we call in Englisse Groundsell, sayth thus: The head of Grounsell is diversely divided wyth a down, qualis est spina. What is spina here? an hawthorne or a thystel? when have ye sene the thorne tre have any down? by these places it is playne that acantha in Greke, and spina in Latin signifye a thistle, and no thorn, as our scoolmasters, translatours use to English it now a dayes. The same word acantha doth S. Luke use in the parable of the sower in the viii. chapt, and all the translatours turn acantham spina, but the translators of the Latin in to English, not wythout a great error, turn spino into a thorn, when as ſpina betokeneth not a thorne, but a thistel. For Luke writeth thus: Aliud cecidit super spinas, & simul enatæ spinæ, suffocauerunt illud. And som fell upon: what? the thornes, or upon the thistelled sede? and wared or grew up with it, and chouked it. Who useth to sow upon thornes, whether thornes signifye thorn trees, or the sede of fruit of the thorne tre? who dare saye that a thorne tre in one year can growe so hyghe, that it maye be able to choke the corne? Is a thorne able to grow wyth the corne, as Luke sayeth so hygh in one year? I trow nay. Therefore let men learne to Englishe acantham or spinam a thistle, when as there is nothyng put to them.

Of two other kindes of thystelles.

Dioscorides writeth of two herbes, whyche have lyke names, but unto all that differ in description, and in substance, the one is called in Greke acantha leuke: and the other is called leucacantha. The former called spina alba, groweth in Italye and in som places of German, and besyde Sion in England. I know no English name for it, but it may be called in English whyt thistel. The other kind called in Greke leucacantha, in latin spina alba, is supposed to be the herbe, named of comon Herbaries Carduus marie, and in Englsh, milk thistel or maries thistel.

The vertues of these two kindes of thystelles.

The whyte thystel called spina alba, hath a root good for the spitting of blood, for them that are diseased in the stomak and guttes. It provoketh water, and it is good to be layd to emplaster wise for swellinges. The broth of it is good to washe the teth with, or the teth ach. These of it drunken, is good for chylder that have the crampe, and for the byting of serpentes.

Leucacantha oz spina alba, named in English milkthystel, hath a roote good to be chowed in a mannis mouth for the teth ache, the broth of it, taken in the quantite of thee iars wyth wyne, is good for longe pleuresies, for them have the sciatica, for partes that are bursten or shronken together.

Of certayn kinds of thistles. (Carlina, Cirsium and other sorts)

Spina in Latin, is properly called a thistle, and in Greek Acantha. Howbe it is called unproperly after a metaphorical manner, spina is taken for a prick, because thistles or spine are most full of prickers. First that acantha signified a thistle and not a hawthorn or a thorn without any addition, as the most part of schoolmasters and translators English it: I am able to prove, not only by good Greek authors, but also by the best Latin writers that acantha in Greek signified a thistle, it may be proved by the authority of Aristotle in the viij. book of the history of living and sensible substances and in the third chapter who write these words: ……That is to say, these are spiniuora, that is thistle eaters and under the name of the thistle he understand the seed of a thistle as when we say, a man eat more wheat then rye, we mean nether the blade of wheat, nether the straw nor chaff, but only the seed of wheat. If acantha ought to be English a thorn or a hawthorn, let us see which birds they be that Aristotle calleth acanthophagas, and as diverse interpreters English them thorn eaters Aristotle sayeth that Linnets and Goldfinches and green finches are acanthophage: whoever saw any of these three kinds of birds eat thorns or the fruits of thorns? Therefore, I may say unto them that English acantha and spina, a thorn or a haw, which is the fruit of a white thorn. Erratis philosophiam & plantarum historian ignorantness. For beside this place now alleged: Dioscorides in the chapter whereas he entreated of the tree called Rhododendron write thus: Merion bringeth furth a fruit like an Almond, as it were a certain horn, when as it is opened, t is full of a woolly nature like unto the down of thistles. The Greek hath……Who heard ever tell, that any thorn tree had any down or any woolly nature, like unto the down of a thistle? Plini also writing of the herb called Erigeron, which we call in English Groundsel say thus: The head of Groundsel is diversely divided with a down, qualis est spina. What is spina here? A hawthorn or a thistle? When have you seen the thorn tree have any down? By these places it is plane that acantha in Greek and spina in Latin signify a thistle and not a thorn as our schoolmasters, translators use to English it nowadays. The same word acantha doth S. Luke use in the parable of the Sower in the viii. chap. and all the translators turn acantha in spina, but the translators of the Latin into English, not without a great error, turn spina into a thorn when as spina betokened not a thorn, but a thistle. For Luke write thus: Aliud cecidit super spinas, & simul enatæ spinæ, suffocaverunt illud. And some fell upon: what? The thorns or upon the thistle seed? And wared or grew up with it and choked it. Who used to sow upon thorns, whether thorns signify thorn trees or the seed of fruit of the thorn tree? Who dare say that a thorn tree in one year can grow so high that it may be able to choke the corn? Is a thorn able to grow with the corn, as Luke sayeth so high in one year? I throw nay. Therefore, let men learn to English acantha or spina a thistle, when as there is nothing put to them.

Of two other kinds of thistles.

Dioscorides write of two herbs which have like names, but unto all that differ in description and in substance, the one is called in Greek acantha leuke: and the other is called leucacantha. The former called spina alba, growth in Italie and in some places of Germany and beside Sion in England. I know no English name for it, but it may be called in English white thistle. The other kind called in Greek leucacantha, in Latin spina alba, is supposed to be the herb, named of common Herbarizes Carduus Marie, and in English milk thistle or Marie’ s thistle. (Silybum marianum)

The virtues of these two kinds of thistles.

The white thistle called spina alba, hath a root good for the spitting of blood, for them that are diseased in the stomach and gutters. It provoked water and it is good to be laid to plaster wise for swellings. The broth of it is good to wash the teethe with or the toothache. These of it drunken is good for children that have the cramp, and for the biting of serpents.

Leucacantha or spina alba, named in English milk thistle, hath a root good to be chow in a man’s mouth for the toothache, the broth of it, taken in the quantity of thee jars with wine, is good for long pleurisies, for them have the sciatica, for partes that are bursting or shrunken together.

Of the hawthorn tre.

The hawthorn tre is called in Greke Oxyacantha, in Latin spina acuta, in Duche Hagen dorne. Many have iudged that Oxyacantha or spina acuta was the berbery tre, other wyse called a piridge tre. But Matthiolus hath brought good resons to prove, Oxyacantha is our hawthorn, and not berberies, and I have nothynge to saye agaynst his arguments, saving that Theophrast rekeneth Oxyacantha among the trees, whose leaves fall not of in winter: oure hawthorn leaves do all of in winter, then it semeth that our hawthorn is not oxyacantha in Theophrast. If thys were answered to, then durst I more boldly pronounce oure hawthorn were oxyacantha. It appeareth by it is written in Columella our hawthorn tre whych hath very whyte floures, a rede fruyte, whyche sooyne desyre very much to eat, for he writeth thus: Suibus nemora sunt convenientissima, quæ vestiuntur quercu, subere, sago, corylis, pomiferisq́; sylvestribus, us slunt albæ spine, Græcè siliquæ, iuniperus, lotus, prunus & achrades pyri.

That is the great woddes are fit for swine, whyche are acorned wyth okes, corke trees, beche trees, and wyld trees, that bring furth fruytes wyth stones in them, as are spina albam, that is as I iudge whyte thornes, Greke carobes, the Juniper, the wilde lote tree, and the slo tree, and the wylde peare tre.

In these wordes I understand under the name of spine albe, the haws thorn tre, whych hath a fruyte as all men knowe, verye fit to swyne. And here is also to be noted, that there is a wild prunus agaynste som that have holden the contrary, whyche prunus is the slo tre oz black thorne tre or the wilde bulles tre.

Of the hawthorn tree. (Crataegus monogyna)

The hawthorn tree is called in Greek Oxyacantha, in Latin spina acuta, in German Hagen dorne. Many have judged that Oxyacantha or spina acuta was the barberry tree, otherwise called a piridge tree. But Matthiolus hath brought good reasons to prove Oxyacantha is our hawthorn and not Berberis and I have nothing to say against his arguments, saving that Theophrastus reknit Oxyacantha among the trees whose leaves fall not of in winter: our hawthorn leaves do fall of in winter, then it seems that our hawthorn is not oxyacantha in Theophrastus. If this were answered to, then durst I more boldly pronounce our hawthorn were oxyacantha. It appeared by it is written in Columella our hawthorn tree which hath very white flowers, a red fruit, which soon desire very much to eat for he writes thus: Suibus nemora sunt convenientissima, quæ vestiuntur quercu, subere, sago, corylis, pomiferisq́; sylvestribus, us slunt albæ spine, Græcè siliquæ, iuniperus, lotus, prunus & achrades pyri.

That is the great woods are fit for swine which are with acorns, with oaks, cork trees, beech trees and wild trees that bring furth fruits with stones in them, as are spina alba, that is as I judge white thorns, Greek carobes, the Juniper, the wild lotus tree and the sloe tree and the wild pear tree.

In these words, I understand under the name of spina alba the hawthorn tree, which hath a fruit as all men know very fit to swine. And here is also to be noted that there is a wild Prunus against some that have holden the contrary, which Prunus is the sloe tree or black thorn tree or the wild bull’s tree.

Of the herbe called Stachis,

Stachys. Is a little bushe lyke unto hore hounde. It hath many leaves rough, one far from an other, harde, horye, of a pleasant smell, and many twigges, cumminge furth from one rote whyter then hore hounde: it groweth in hygh hilles, and in rough places, I have sene one kind of this herbe, growyng in London in Master Richardes gardin, but no where ellis in England. The other kynd dyd my frende master Fauconer she we me after that he came oute of Italy. Thys laste kinde agreeth better wyth the hardnes of the leafe that Dioscorides speaketh of but it wanteth the smell that the same Dioscorides requireth in Stachi, exccept the age toke away the smell from the herbe that he shewed me. Thys may be called in English long hore hounde, or wilde horehounde.

The vertues of Stachis.

Stachis hath a byting and hote nature, by reason whereof the broth of the leaves drunken,drawe doune to weomen theyr floures, and dryve oute the secondes.

Of the herbe called Stachis, (Stachys sylvatica or germanica)

Stachys. Is a little bush like unto horehound. It hath many leaves rough, one far from another, hard, hoary, of a pleasant smell and many twigs cummings furth from one rote whiter than horehound: it growth in high hills and in rough places, I have seen one kind of this herb growing in London in Master Richards Garden, but nowhere ells in England. The other kind did my friend master Fauconer shew me after that he came out of Italy. This last kind agreed better with the hardness the leaf that Dioscorides speak of, but it wanted the smell that the same Dioscorides required in Stachys, except the age toke away the smell from the herb that he shewed me. This may be called in English long horehound or wild horehound.

The virtues of Stachys.

Stachys hath a biting and hot nature, by reason whereof the broth of the leaves drunken draw down to women their flowers and drive out the second.

Of Stavis aker,

Staphis agria, is called in Duche Beis munt oder Lauskraut, in Englishe, stavis aker. I never sawe it growynge out of Italy, but only in gardines.

Stavis akre hath leaves cloven lyke unto the wilde wynde: it hath litle streyght stalkes, soft and black, and a floure lyke wadde, and a sede with litle grene coddes, or sede vesselles as the cich hath, in figure tresquared, rough, in black somthyng dunne rede, whyte within, and sharp in tast.

The vertues of Stavis aker.

If a man geve to any body ten or fyften of the sedes of it in mede, or honyed water, they will bringe oute grosse matter by vomit. They that have dronken them, must walke after the takinge of them: and they must take hede, that they geve oft tymes mede, because they bringe a man in ieperdy of strangling, and burne the thrott. The herbe it selfe broken, and layd to wyth oyle, is good for the lousey evel, agapist itching or yuking and scabbes. If it be chowed, it bringeth doune muche waterishe fleme. If it be sodden wyth vinegre, and the teth be washed there with, it is good for the teth ach, and it fasteneth louse goumes. It healeth the hote sores of the mouth wyth hony.lepard

Of Stavis acher. (Delphinium staphisagria)

Staphisagria is called in German Beis munt oder Lauskraut, in English, stavis acher. I never saw it growing out of Italy, but only in gardens.

Stavis acher hath leaves cloven like unto the wild wind: it hath little straight stalks, soft and black and a flower like woad, and a seed with little green pods, or seed vessels as the chic hath, in figure tree squared, rough, in black something thin red, white within and sharp in taste.

The virtues of Stavis acher.

If a man gives to anybody ten or fifteen of the seeds of it in mee or honeyed water, they will bring one grosses matter by vomit. They that have drunken them, must walk after the taking of them: and they must take head that they give oft times mee, because they bring a man in Leopardi of strangling and burn the throat. The herb itself broken and laid to with oil is good for the lousy evil, agapist itching or yoking and scabbed. If it be chowed, it bringeth down much waterish flehm. If it be sodden with vinegar and the teethe be washed there with, it is good for the toothache and it fastened louse gums. It health the hot sores of the mouth with honey.

Of the herbe called Stichades of the apothecariese.

Stechas groweth in the ylandes of France, over against Massilia, whiche are called Stechades, where upon the herbe gat the name. It is an herbe wyth a small branche, and hath a busshye top lyke unto thyme, but the leaves are longer, and it is in taste sharp, and somthyng bitter. There are two kindes of Stechados, for there is an other kinde called Stechas arabica, besyde it that Dioscorides maketh mention of. It of Arabia is less then the other, and blewer in the floures of the ear or top. The Stichas of Province or the ylandes of France is greater and brouner. I have sene besyde these, in the mount Appennine an other kinde of Stechas, which is called in Bonony Stechas montana, it hath small branches all full of litle leaves, amongest the whyche grow oute diverse very long small leves, nothing liyke the other. And because that all the kindes olfLavander are both lyker in fashion and figure, and also in properties in stoechas, then other unto spike celtik, or spike of Inde, I had lever call them pseudo stichade, and to bring them under the kindes of stichados, then to name them spicas germaticas or Italicas as Fuchsius and Matthiolus do, folowynge rather the rude sorte who hath geven them that name of spikes, because they have spicas, that is long (spikes or eares. Stichas is named in Greke stechas or stichas, and the Latines useve the same names, and the apothecaries call it stichados. The stechas that Dioscorides writeth of, is very plenteous in the toune of Poule, and in divers places of the West country, where as it is called Cassidonia or spanish lavandar, and about London it is called Frenche lavander.

The vertues of Cassidonia oute of Dioscorides.

The broth of stichados, as the broth of hysope, is profitable and good for the diseases of the breste. It is also good to be wyth triacles and preservatives. It delivereth from stopping. It maketh fyne, scoureth and strengtheneth all the bowelles or in warde partes, and the hole bodye, and the hole complexion. They that are disposed to know more of the nature of stichados, let them rede Mesue de simplicibus, ther they shal fynd inough.

Of the herb called Stichades of the apothecaries. (Lavandula stoechas)

Stoechas growth in the islands of France, over against Massilia, which are called Stechades where upon the herb gat the name. It is an herb with a small branch and hath a bushy top like unto thyme, but the leaves are longer, and it is in taste sharp and something bitter. There are two kinds of Stoechas, for there is another kind called Stoechas arabica, beside it that Dioscorides maketh mention of. It of Arabia is less than the other and bluer in the flowers of the ear or top. The Stoechas of Province or the island of France is greater and browner. I have seen beside these, in the mount Apennine another kind of Stoechas which is called in Bologna Stoechas montana, (Parietaria montana) it hath small branches all full of little leaves, amongst the which grow out diverse very long small leaves, nothing like the other. And because that all the kinds of Lavander are both liker in fashion and figure and also in properties in stoechas then other unto spike celtic or spike of Inde, I had lever call them pseudo stichade and to bring them under the kinds of stichados then to name them spicas germanica or Italica as Fuchsius and Matthiolus do, following rather the rude sort who hath given them that name of spikes, because they have spicas, that is long (spikes or ears. Stoechas is named in Greek stechas or stichas, and the Latines use the same names, and the apothecaries call it stichados. The stoechas that Dioscorides write of is very plenteous in the town of Poule and in divers places of the West country whereas it is called Cassidonia or Spanish lavender and about London it is called Frenche lavender.

The virtues of Cassidonia out of Dioscorides.

The broth of stoechas, as the broth of hyssop is profitable and good for the diseases of the breast. It is also good to be with treacle’s and preservatives. It delivered from stopping. It maketh fine, scoured and strengthened all the bowels or in warded partes and the whole body and the hole complexion. They that are disposed to know more of the nature of stoechas, let them rede Mesue de simplicibus, there they shall find enough.

Of Comfrey.

Dioscorides maketh two kindes of Symphytum, wherof the former

kinde is called symphiton petreon, and hereof I intend not to write, because it groweth not in England that I know of. The other kinde is called symphyton alterum, in Duche swartz wurtzel, in Englishe comfrey, of the comon herbaries consolida magna. Thys hath a stalke two cubites hygh or higher, smoth, thicke, full of cornes, holow empty and the stalk of sowthistel is, about the which stalke, are rough leaves (great spaces goyng between) narrow, and drawyng nere unto the likenes of winter borrage. The stalke also certayn out of thynne leaves, cleving about the corners stretched furth from the holow and of every leafe. The floures are yelow, the sede is about the stalk as mollen sede is. The hole stalke and leaves have a litle sharp horynes, whych when it is touched, make a man iche or yuke. The rootes are wythoute black, whyte within, and they are also profitable and much to be used.

The rootes are good if they be broken and drunken for them that spitte bloode; and are bursten. The same layd to, are good to glewe together freshe woundes. They are also good to be layd to inflammations, and specially of the fundament with the leaves of groundsell.

Of Comfrey. (Symphytum officinale)

Dioscorides maketh two kinds of Symphytum whereof the former

kind is called Symphytum petraea and hereof I intend not to write, because it growth not in England that I know of. The other kind is called Symphytum alterum, in German swartz wurtzel, in English comfrey, of the common herbarizes consolida magna. This hath a stalk two cubits high or higher, smooth, thick, full of corners, hollow empty and the stalk of sow thistle is about the which stalk are rough leaves (great spaces going between) narrow and drawing near unto the likeness of winter borage. The stalk also certain out of thin leave, cleaving about the corners stretched furth from the hollow and of every leaf. The flowers are yellow, the seed is about the stalk as Mollen seed is. The hole stalk and leaves have a little sharp hoariness which when it is touched, make a man ich or yuck. The roots are without black, white within, and they are also profitable and much to be used.

The roots are good if they be broken and drunken for them that spit blood and are bursting. The same laid to are good to Glew together fresh wounds. They are also good to be laid to inflammations and specially of the fundament with the leaves of groundsel.

Of the Ughe tre.

Taxus is called in Greke smilax, in Duche eibenholtz, in English Ughe. The Ughe tre is of the bignes of a fyre tre, and hath leaves lyke unto the same. It growth in Italy and in Narbone of France, whyche is nexte unto Spayn. The byrdes that eat the berries of the Italian Ughe are made black: and men that eate the same, are cast into a flixe. The Ughe of Narbone is so full of poyson, that if any shepe under it, or sit under the shadow of it, are hurt, ofte tymes dye. Wherefore I have written these wordes of the Ughe tre. that men should beware of it. Thus far Dioscorides. Virgil also in hys Egloges signifieth that the Ughe tre is full of poyson, wher as he writeth thys verse:

Sic tua cyrneas fugiant examina taxus. Galene also writeth that the Ugh tre is of a poysoned nature.

Of the Ughe tree. (Taxus baccata)

Taxus is called in Greek smilax, in German eibenholtz, in English Ughe. The Ughe tree is of the bigness of a fire tree and hath leaves like unto the same. It growth in Italy and in Narbonne of France which is next unto Spain. The birds that eat the berries of the Italian Ughe are made black: and men that eat the same are cast into a flux. The Ughe of Narbonne is so full of poison that if any sheep under it or sit under the shadow of it are hurt and of times dye. Wherefore I have written these words of the Ughe tree that men should beware of it. Thus far Dioscorides. Virgil also in his Egloges signified that the Ughe tree is full of poison whereas he writes this verse:

Sic tua cyrneas fugiant examina taxus. Galene also write that the Ugh tree is of a poisoned nature.

Of the Turpentine tre.

Terebinthus is named in Greke Terminthos, I have not sene the tre in England, and therfor I have heard no name of it: but lesse it shuld be without a name, I call it Turpentine tre, because Turpentine cometh oute of it. I have sene both the leaves and berries of turpentine, whyh grow in Italy, but I have not sene the tre it selfe. Because Dioscorides describeth not Terebinthum, and Theophrast describeth it at large. I will translate unto you the description of the turpentin tre out of Theophrast. Of Turpentine trees one is male, a an other is the female. The male is barun, of the females one bringeth furth fruyte by a by sede of bignes of a lentil, whych can not be made ripe, the other bringeth furth a grene one and dieth after rede, maketh it at the last black, when as it wareth rype, wyth grape, what is of the bignes of a beane full of rosin, brimstony. The tymbre of turpentine tre is tough, the rootes are mighty in the ground: thys tre is taken hole to be uncurrupt. It hath a floure like unto the olive tre, but of a rede color. The leaves are for the most parte all about one litle stalke, lyke unto bay leaves, growyng by payres together one agaynst an other, as the sorbapple tre leaves grow, it y is in the outermost ende of the pares of leaves, is od, but the leaves are not so cornered. as the sorb tre is, and in the goyng about, they are more lyke unto the bay tre leafe, then the sorb tre leafe.

The vertues of the Turpentine tre, and of the Turpentine.

The leaves, the fruyte, the bark of the turpentine tre, have a bindinge poure, are good for all thinges the mastik tre is good for, they are prepared after the same maner, are taken after the same maner. Som eat the fruyte, but it is evel for the stomack, maketh a man pisse well, heateth, doth very much stir a man to the procreation of childer. If it be dronken with wyne, it is goof for the biting of the feld speder. The rosin or turpentin that commmeth out of it, is brought from Arabia Petrea. It groweth also in Jewry, Cyrus, in Africa and in Ciclad ylandes, which is better then all the rest, is circle and thorow feable, whyte, like a glasse blewish gray, well smelling, and resembling in smell the turpentine tre. Amongest all rosines, the rosin called turpentine, is principal, mastic, deserveth the second place. The rosin of the pyne tre foloweth mastik in goodness, after the which folow the rosines of rede firre tre, of it is called strobylus: som take strobilus for a tre, other as Galene, take it for the pyne apple. But everye rosin softeneth, heateth, poureth abrode, scoureth, is good in electuaries by it selfe, or honye for coughes. It scoureth also away it that sticketh in the breste. It stereth a man also to make water, maketh rype, and softeneth the belly, it is good for lepres, wyth vert gresse, coperus, naturall salpeter and with honye and oyle it is good for matter rinninge oute of the eares, and agaynst the itche of the privye partes. If it be layd to by it selfe, it is good for the ache in the syde.

Of the Turpentine tree. (Pistacia terebinthus)

Terebinthus is named in Greek Terminthos, I have not seen the tree in England, and therefore I have heard no name of it: but lesser it should be without a name, I call it Turpentine tree, because Turpentine cometh out of it. I have seen both the leaves and berries of turpentine, which grow in Italy, but I have not seen the tree itself. Because Dioscorides described not Terebinthus and Theophrastus described it at large. I will translate unto you the description of the turpentine tree out of Theophrastus. Of Turpentine trees one is male and another is the female. The male is baren, of the females one bringeth furth fruit by a by seed of bigness of a lentil, which cannot be made ripe, the other bringeth furth a green one and died after rad, maketh it at the last black, when as it was ripe with grape, what is of the bigness of a bean full of rosin, brimstony. The timbre of turpentine tree is tough, the roots are mighty in the ground: this tree is taken hole to be uncorrupt. It hath a flower like unto the olive tree, but of a red color. The leaves are for the most part all about one little stalk, like unto bay leaves, growing by pares together one against another, as the sorb apple tree leaves grow, it y is in the outermost end of the pares of leaves, is od, but the leaves are not so cornered. as the sorb tree is and in the going about, they are more like unto the bay tree leaf then the sorb tree leaf.

The virtues of the Turpentine tree and of the Turpentine.

The leaves, the fruit, the bark of the turpentine tree have a binding power, are good for all things the mastic tree is good for, they are prepared after the same manner, are taken after the same manner. Some eats the fruit, but it is evil for the stomach, maketh a man pisses well, heat, doth very much stir a man to the procreation of children. If it be drunken with wine, it is goof for the biting of the field spider. The rosin or turpentine that come out of it is brought from Arabia Petrea. It growth also in Jewry, Cyrus, in Africa and in Cyclades islands which is better than all the rest, is circle and thorough feeble, white, like a glass blueish gray, well smelling, and resembling in smell the turpentine tree. Amongst all rosins, the rosin called turpentine, is principal mastic, deserved the second place. The rosin of the pine tree followed mastic in goodness, after the which follow the rosins of rede fir tree of it is called strobilus: some take strobilus for a tree, other as Galene, take it for the pineapple. But every rosin softened, heath, poured abroad, scoured, is good in electuaries by itself or honey for coughs. It scoured also away it that sticked in the breast. It stirred a man also to make water, maketh ripe and softened the belly, it is good for lepers, with vert grease, copper, natural saltpeter and with honey and oil it is good for matter running out of the ears and against the itch of the privies partes. If it be laid to by itself, it is good for the ache in the side.

Of Adders grasse and other of that kindes

Testiculus is called in Greke orchis, cynosorchis; it hath the leaves sprede by the ground, about the stalk and the bottom, much lyke unto a soft olive leafe, but narrower, and smother and longer. The stalk is a span long, wher in are purple floures, and a knobby root, somewhat longer, two growing together, narrow lyke an alive berry, the one above, and the other beneth, and the one of them iss full, and the other soft, and full of wrinkelles,

There are divers kindes of orchis, which are called in Latin testiculus, that is a stone. One kinde of them hath many spottes in the leafe, and is called adder grass in Northumberland: the other kindes ar in other countrees called for stones or hear stones, they may after the Greke be called dogstones.

Of the vertues of Adder grasse.

The roote of it, when it is sodden inough, is eatable as bulbus is, they write of thys herbe, that if the greater roote be eaten of men, it maketh men children, and if the roote be eaten of weomen, it maketh weomen childer. And moreover, this is also tolde of it, that the weomen of Thessalia geve it wyth gotes milk, to provoke the pleasure of the body, whylle it is tender, but they geve the drye one, to hinder and stop the pleasure of the bodye. And it groweth in stony places and in sandy groundes, There is an other kinde whych is called Serapias, as Andreas sayth so the manyfolde use of the root, it hath leaves lyke unto a lele, long, but broder and fat, bowynge inward about the setting on of the leaves and litle stalkes a span high, and floures somthyng purple: there is a roote in under lyke unto stones.

The vertue of the second kinde of Testiculus.

Thys layd to, hath the propertie of dryvng awaye swellinge and scouring of sores and to stay tetters. It putteth awaye fistules, and if it be layd to, it swageth places that are inflamed, set afyre. The same drye, stoppeth eating sores, and rotten sores, and it healeth the grevous sores that are in the mouth. It stoppeth also the bellye, if it be dronken wyth wyne. Men geve all the properties unto thys, are geven unto the former kindes.

Of Adders grasse and other of that kinds. (Anacamptis morio, Orchis sorts)

Testiculus is called in Greek orchis, cynosorchis; it hath the leaves spread by the ground, about the stalk and the bottom, much like unto a soft olive leaf, but narrower, and smother and longer. The stalk is a span long, wherein are purple flowers and a knobby root, somewhat longer, two growing together, narrow like an alive berry, the one above and the other beneath and the one of them is full and the other soft and full of wrinkleless,

There are divers kinds of Orchis, which are called in Latin testiculus, that is a stone. One kind of them hath many spots in the leaf and is called adder grass in Northumberland: the other kinds are in other countries called for stones or hear stones, they may after the Greek be called dog stones. (Orchis mascula)

Of the virtues of Adder grass.

The root of it, when it is soddened enough, is eatable as bulbus is, they write of this herb that if the greater root be eaten of men it maketh men children and if the root be eaten of women it maketh women children. And moreover, this is also told of it that the women of Thessalian give it with goat’s milk to provoke the pleasure of the body while it is tender, but they give the dry one to hinder and stop the pleasure of the body. And it growth in stony places and in sandy grounds, There is another kind which is called Serapias, (Serapias lingua) as Andreas said so the manyfold use of the root it hath leaves like unto a lily, long, but brood and fat, bowing inward about the setting on of the leaves and little stalks a span high and flowers something purple: there is a root in under like unto stones.

The virtue of the second kind of Testiculus.

This laid to hath the property of drying away swelling and scouring of sores and to stay tetters. It putted away fistulas and if it be laid to it swaged places that are inflamed, set afire. The same dr, stopped eating sores and rotten sores, and it health the grievous sores that are in the mouth. It stopped also the belly, if it be drunken with wine. Men give all the properties unto this that are given unto the former kinds.

Of triacle mustarde called Thlaspi.

Thlaspi is a litle herbe with strayte leaves, a finger long, turned to ward the ground, aboute the edge iagged, and somthynge fat. It hath a smal stalke, of the hyght of two spannes, whych hath a few furth growynges: and about the hole, the fruyt is somthyng brode from the top, wherein is sede lyke unto cresses, of the figure of a disshe or coyte as it were thyrst together, after the turnyng of Cornarius brzoken of, where upon it hath the name. It hath a floure somthynge whyte, and it groweth in wayes and about hedges, after the translation of Ruellius, whych is neter the Greke. Thlaspi is named in Latine thlaspium, in Duche bauren senff, it may be named in English triacle mustard, boures mustardor dishe mustarde. It groweth much in the corne both in England and in Almany, and I have sene it besyde Wormes grwyng besyde diches, and at Francseforth about the wall: the cytie and in moste plentye aboute Sion. In London it groweth in maister Riches gardin, and maister Morgaines also, and in maister Hamridges gardin in Summersedshyre as I remembre.

The vertues of triacle mustard.

The sede of it is sharp, or biting, and heateth, and it purgeth choler bywarde and doun warde, if it be dronken in the quantite of two unces and an half. It is also good to be put in by a clister, for the disease of the sciatica. Taken in drink, it driveth also blood, and it breaketh in warde impostemes, and bringeth doun to weomen theyr floures, and it is evell for weomen whych are wyth chylde.

Out of Galene.

The Thlaspi that is brought out of Candy, and groweth there, is betwene redish yellow, and pale yellow, in figure rounde. so litle som tyme that it is lesse then a corne of millet. The Thlaspi cometh out of Cappadocia, is toward blacknes, and the sede is not fully rounde, and it is muche greater then the forenamed is, and upon one syde it hath a litle thing, like as it wer a brusinge in, where upon it hath the name. That is rekened to be the beste groweth in savrot, and it is nether lyke it that groweth in Candy, nor it groweth commonly in other places. These wordes hath Galene written of Thlaspi. Matthiolus compleyneth that the thlaspi in Italy hath no indenting about, but in Englande we have no suche cause. For it hath litle cuttinges or taggynges about the edges of the leaves, and speciallye of them that are next unto the roote. And as touchyng the sede, I could never fynde it in any place as yet flat, but ever round and rede, and it that is written of the breakynge of it, and of the form of a dishe, after my iudgement ought rather to be understanded of the sede vesselles, then of the sede it selfe. For the sede vessel bringe hole, hath the for of a dishe, and the same a litle brused, is broken into two partes as into two halff dishes. Let every man folowe it that he fyndeth to be moste true, both by reason and by experience, in this mater.

Of triacle mustarde called Thlaspi. (Thlaspi arvense, Lepidium glabrum, Lepidium ruderale)

Thlaspi is a little herb with strait leaves, a finger long, turned toward the ground, about the edge jagged and something fat. It hath a small stalk of the high of two spans which hath a few furth growing’s: and about the hole, the fruit is something brood from the top wherein is seed like unto cresses, of the figure of a dish or coated as it were thirst together, after the turning of Cornarius broken of where upon it hath the name. It hath a flower something white and it growth in ways and about hedges, after the translation of Ruellius, which is nether the Greek. Thlaspi is named in Latine thlaspium, in German bauren senff, it may be named in English treacle mustard, bowers mustard or dish mustard. It growth much in the corn both in England and in Almany and I have seen it beside Worms growing beside diches and at Frankfort about the wall: the city and in most plenty about Sion. In London it growth in master Riches Garden and master Morgaines also and in master Hamridges Garden in Somersetshire as I remember.

The virtues of treacle mustard.

The seed of it is sharp or biting and heat and it purged choler upward and downward, if it be drunken in the quantity of two once’s and a half. It is also good to be put in by a clyster for the disease of the sciatica. Taken in drink, it drives also blood, and it breaks inward impostemes (pus), and bringeth down to women their flowers, and it is evil for women which are with child.

Out of Galene.

The Thlaspi that is brought out of Candy and growth there, is between reddish yellow and pale yellow, in figure round so little some time that it is lesser than a corn of millet. The Thlaspi cometh out of Cappadocia is toward blackness, and the seed is not fully round, and it is much greater than the forenamed is, and upon one side it hath a little thing, like as it were a bruising in, where upon it hath the name. That is reknit to be the best growth in Savory, and it is nether like it that growth in Candy, nor it growth commonly in other places. These words hath Galene written of Thlaspi. Matthiolus complained that the Thlaspi in Italy hath no indenting about, but in England we have no such cause. For it hath little cuttings or tagging’s about the edges of the leaves and specially of them that are next unto the root. And as touching the seed, I could never find it in any place as yet flat, but ever round and red and it that is written of the breaking of it and of the form of a dish, after my judgment ought rather to be understanded of the seed vessels’ then of the seed itself. For the seed vessel bring hole hath the form of a dish and the same a little bruised is broken into two partes as into two half dishes. Let every man follow it that he finds to be most true, both by reason and by experience in this matter.

Of the Linden tre.

Tilia is named in Greke philyra, in Duche ein Linden baume, in English a Lind tre. It groweth very plenteously in Essekes in a parke within two mile from Colichester, in the possession of one maister Bogges, it is also very comon in high Germany, it groweth so far abrode ther, that men set tables above in it, whereof som are so long that ten men maye sit well at one table, and yet roume remaynyng inough for many other besyde the table.

The description of tilia out of Theophrast.

Ther is one kind of tilia that is the male, and an other that is the femal. They differ in tember, in all the fashion of theyr bodies, because that the one of them beareth fruyt, and the other is barren, the timber of the male is harde and yeler, fuller of knottes and fuller of prickes, the tymber of the female is whiter, the male hath a thicker barck, and when it is drawen of, it is not bowyng by reason of the hardnes. The barck of the female is more whyte and more bowing, and therof they make cradelles. The bark of the female is better smelling, the male is barren and hath no floures: the female bringeth furth both fruyt and floures. The floure is covered wyth a litle covering. The fruyt is long, rounde of the bygnes of a great pease lyke unto the berrye of an Juy, divided into fyne corners as it were synewes, appearinge somthyng furth above the rest, drawyng themself into a sharp poynte. The leaves are lyke Juye in figure, saving that they are round, and have a sharper ende.

The commodites and properties of the Lynde tre.

The later writers hold that the distelled water of the floures of the Lind tre, is good for the growyng and griping of the bell, and for the blody flixe, som use the same agaynst the falling siknes. The coles of the Linde tre beaten into pouder, menged wyth the pouder of the eyes of cresses, dissolve clotted blood, and are good for them that are brused wyth a fall. The middel or inner bark layd in, stepe in water, hath a slymye moisture, whyche is knowen by experience to be good agaynst all kindes of burnyng: ther is no cole of any tre that serveth better to make gun pouder of, then the coles of the Linde tre.

Of the Linden tree. (Tilia cordata and europaea)

Tilia is named in Greek philyra, in German ein Linden baume, in English a Lind tree. It growth very plenteously in Essex in a park within two mile from Colchester in the possession of one master Bogges, it is also very common in high Germany, it growth so far abroad there that men set tables above in it whereof some are so long that ten men may sit well at one table, and yet room remaining enough for many other beside the table.

The description of Tilia out of Theophrastus.

Ther is one kind of Tilia that is the male and another that is the female. They differ in timber, in all the fashion of their bodies, because that the one of them bear fruit and the other is barren, the timber of the male is harder and yeller, fuller of knots and fuller of prickers, the timber of the female is whiter, the male hath a thicker bark and when it is drawn of it is not bowing by reason of the hardness. The bark of the female is more white and more bowing and thereof they make cradles. The bark of the female is better smelling, the male is barren and hath no flowers: the female bringeth furth both fruit and flowers. The flower is covered with a little covering. The fruit is long, round of the bigness of a great pea like unto the berry of an Jui, divided into fine corners as it were sinews, appearing something furth above the rest, drawing themself into a sharp pointe. The leaves are like Jui in figure, saving that they are round and have a sharper end.

The commodities and properties of the Linde tree.

The later writers hold that the distilled water of the flowers of the Lind tree is good for the growing and griping of the belly and for the bloody flux, some use the same against the falling sickness. The coal of the Linde tree beaten into powder, menged with the powder of cresses dissolve clotted blood and are good for them that are bruised with a fall. The middle or inner bark laid in, steep in water hath a slimy moisture, which is known by experience to be good against all kinds of burning: there is no coal of any tree that served better to make gun powder of then the coals of the Linde tree.

Of the kindes of tithymales or kindes of Spourges.

Dioscorides maketh vii, kindes of Tithymales or Spourges. The fyrst is the male called Chariacias, of other Comeles, of other Cobius or Amigdeloides. The stalkes of thys excede a cubit in hyght, in color rede, full of bitinge and whyte iuice. The leaves are about the twigges like u unto olive leaves, but longer and narrower. The roote is thyck and woddye. In the toppes of the stalkes there is a thyck busshy thynge lyke unto small twigges, and under them are holowe places lyke unto basynes and there in is sede. It groweth in roughe places and in mountaynes. Thys kinde have I sene in diverse places of England. Fyrst in Suffock in my lorde Wentfurthis parke besyde Nettelstede, afterward in Sion parke, above London, it maye be called woode spourge.

Thes econde kinde is the female, and is called myrtites, and it hath leaves lyke a myrtel tre, but greater and rounde, at the poynte sharp and prickye, it bringeth furth long branches a span longe. It bringeth furth everye other year a fruyte lyke a nut that gently biteth the tonge. Thys groweth also in sharp places. Thys kynde have I never sene growynge oute of gardines. I knowe no English name for it, but it may be called myrtle spourge.

The thyrde kynde is called Paralius, and it groweth aboute the sea syde as Dioscorides writeth, but I have sene the same not onlye in the wet countre besyde the sea syde, but also in Germany about the Rene syde, in very great plenty. Dioscorides also writeth that it hath boughes a span hight, somthing redish v. or vi. from the root, about which ar narrow long leves standinge in ordre like unto the leaves of flax, the head is round in the top, where in is sede lyke Orobus or a bitter fiche, of diverse colores. It hath whyte floures. But the hole bulse and the roote, is full of whyte iuice.

Thys kind in dede hath leaves lyke flaxe, but they are much broder and longer, and growe thycker together upon the branches. I knowe no English name that this hath, but untill we get a better, it maye be called ether sea spourge, or flax spourge.

The fourth is called Helioscopius. It hath leaves lyke unto porcellayne, but thinner, and rounder. It seth furth from the roote iiii· or v. branches, small, a span high, rede, full of much whyte licore. The top is lyke unto dyll, and the sede is as it were in litle heades, the overmost busshy top of it, is turned about, wyth the turnyng of the sonne: where upon it is called Heliscopius, that is sonturner. It groweth most comonly in olde wastes, and fallen dounwalles, and about cities. This kinde is called in diverse partes of England Wartwurt; maye be called son spourge, or son folowynge spourge. It groweth muche in the grounde, where as flaxe hath growen, shortely after that it is pulled up.

The fyft is called Cyparissias, and it hath a stalk a span long or longer, somthyng redish, out of the whych grow leaves lyke unto the pyne tre, but tenderer and to be short, it is lyke a yong pyne tree, lately sprung up, where upon it hath the name; thys hath also very muche whyte iuice.

Thys kinde growth much in the stuble after the corne is caried in, it is so lyke Chamapitis, that if a man take not hede, he mate be easely deceived in taking the one for the other. I have hetherto learned no English name of thys herbe, but for lack of a better name be called, pyne spourge.

The sixt is called Dendroides, it growth in rockes, above it is very large, and full of bushy leaved full of iuice. It hath branches somthyng rede, about the which are leaves lyke unto a small myrtle.

The sede is lyke the sede of wod spourge. I never sawe thys kinde that I remembre of.

The seventh kynde is called Platyphyllo, and it is lyke unto mullen, I remenbre not that I sawe whys kinde.

The vertues of the kindes of Spourges.

The fyrste hath a iuice whych hath the nature to purge the belly by neth driving out fleme and coler, taken in the quantite of a scruple wyth vinegre and water. But if it be taken wyth mede, it provoketh vomite. It taketh awaye wartes that are lyke unto pismires, and hangyng wartes, and great thyck ones, lyke the heades of tyme and scurfines. If it be layd to it is also good for aguayles and carbuncles and freting sores and fistels. The sede is gathered in Autumne, and dried in the son, and lightly brused, clanged, and it is layd up clean. The sede and the leaves do the same, that the iuice doth, if they be taken in the measure of an half aceptable. The rote cast into mede in the quantite of a dram, and drunken, driveth furth by the belly.

The seconde kinde hath lyke vertue wyth the former kinde, but that the former kinde is stronger in provoking of vomit.

The thyrd kinde is of lyke vertue wyth the former kindes.

The fourth is of the same nature wyth the former, but not so strong.

The fyft kinde and the six kinde is lyke the reste: and the seventh kinde killeth fishe, as all the other kindes do.

Of the kinds of tithymales or kinds of Spourges. (Euphorbia sorts)

Dioscorides maketh vii, kinds of Tithymales or Spurges. The first is the male called Chariacias, (Euphorbia amygdaloides) of other Comeles, of other Cobius or Amygdaloides. The stalks of this exceed a cubit in high, in color red, full of biting and white juice. The leaves are about the twigs like u unto olive leaves, but longer and narrower. The root is thick and woodie. In the tops of the stalks there is a thick bushy thing like unto small twigs and under them are hollow places like unto basins and there in is seed. It growth in rough places and in mountains. This kind have I seen in diverse places of England. First in Suffolk in my lord Wentfurthis Park beside Nettlestead, afterward in Sion Park above London, it may be called wood spurge.

The second kind is the female, and is called myrtites, (Euphorbia myrsinites) and it hath leaves like a myrtle tree, but greater and round, at the pointe sharp and prickle, it bringeth furth long branches a span long. It bringeth furth every other year a fruit like a nut that gently bite the tong. This growth also in sharp places. This kind have I never seen growing out of gardens. I know no English name for it, but it may be called myrtle spurge.

The third kind is called Paralius, (Euphorbia paralias) and it growth about the seaside as Dioscorides write, but I have seen the same not only in the wet country beside the seaside, but also in Germany about the Rhine side in very great plenty. Dioscorides also write that it hath boughs a span high, something reddish v. or vi. from the root, about which are narrow long leaves standing in order like unto the leaves of flax, the head is round in the top, where in is seed like Orobus or a bitter fiche of diverse colors. It hath white flowers. But the hole bulse and the root is full of white juice.

This kind indeed hath leaves like flax, but they are much brooder and longer and grow thicker together upon the branches. I know no English name that this hath, but until we get a better, it may be called ether sea spurge or flax spurge.

The fourth is called Helioscopius. (Euphorbia helioscopia) It hath leaves like unto porcelain, but thinner, and rounder. It set furth from the root iiii· or v. branches, small, a span high, red, full of much white liquor. The top is like unto dill and the seed is as it were in little heads, the over most bushy top of it, is turned about, with the turning of the son: where upon it is called Heliscopius, that is son turner. It growth most commonly in olde wastes and fallen down walls and about cities. This kind is called in diverse partes of England Wartwort; may be called son spurge or son following spurge. It growth much in the ground where as flax hath grown, shortly after that it is pulled up.

The fifth is called Cyparissias, (Euphorbia cyparissias) and it hath a stalk a span long or longer, something reddish, out of the which grow leaves like unto the pine tree, but tenderer and to be short, it is like a young pine tree lately sprung up, where upon it hath the name; this hath also very much white juice.

This kind growth much in the stubble after the corn is caried in, it is so like Chamaepitys, that if a man takes not head, he mate be easily deceived in taking the one for the other. I have hitherto learned no English name of this herb, but for lack of a better name be called, pine spurge.

The sixth is called Dendroides, (Euphorbia dendroides) it growth in rocks, above it is very large and full of bushy leaved full of juice. It hath branches something red, about the which are leaves like unto a small myrtle.

The seed is like the seed of wood spurge. I never saw this kind that I remember of.

The seventh kind is called Platyphyllos, (Euphorbia exigua) it is like unto mullein, I remember not that I saw this kind.

The virtues of the kinds of Spurges.

The first hath a juice which hath the nature to purge the belly beneath driving out flehm and choler, taken in the quantity of a scruple with vinegar and water. But if it be taken with mee, it provoked vomit. It taketh away warts that are like unto pismires and hanging warts and great thick ones, like the heads of time and scurf’s. If it be laid to it is also good for agnails and carbuncles and fretting sores and fistulas. The seed is gathered in Autumne and dried in the son and lightly bruised, clanged and it is laid up clean. The seed and the leaves do the same that the juice doth, if they be taken in the measure of a half acceptable. The root cast into mee in the quantity of a dram and drunken drive furth by the belly.

The second kind hath like virtue with the former kind, but that the former kind is stronger in provoking of vomit.

The third kind is of like virtue with the former kinds.

The fourth is of the same nature with the former, but not so strong.

The fifth kind and the six kind is like the rest: and the seventh kind killed fish, as all the other kinds do.

Of Thyme.

Thyme as Dioscorides sayeth is a litle bushe ful of branches, compassed round about wyth narrow leaves, and in the top it hath litle heades wyth floures, resemblinge a purple color. It growth moste in rocky groundes, and in leane or bare places. allthough Dioscorides maketh here mention but of one kinde of thyme, yet writing of epithymum, he semeth to make two kindes of thyme, where he sayeth that epithymum is the floure of an harder thyme lyke unto saverey. And Pliny maketh mention of two kindes of thyme, wherof the one is black, and the other whyte. And we se that the thime that cummeth from Venis and from Candy, is of an other kind then it that we have growing in England. Thyme is called in Greke thyme, in Latin thymus, in Duch thymian, or Welsch quandell.

The vertues of Thyme.

Thyme hath the poure to drive furth fleme throw the belly, if it be taken wyth vinegre and salt in a drinke. The broth of it wyth hony helpeth them that are short winded, and it bringeth oute wormes, and both floures and the seconds, and the chylde also at conveniente tyme received, it provoketh water also. But if it be menged wyth honye and licked in, it maketh good avoyding oute of a mannis brest. If it be put into an emplaster, it driveth away newe swellinges. It louseth in peces the lumpes of brused blood if it be taken wyth vinegre. It taketh awaye hanginge wartes, and those that are called thymi, of the lykenes that they have wyth the toppes of thyme. It is good for them that have the sciatica, layd to wyth wyne and perched barley mele. The same taken wyth meat, is good for eyes that are dull of syghte. And in the tyme of health, it is good for a sauce or a seasoner of meat. Thyme is hote in the thyrde degre.

Of Thyme. (Thymus capitatus and vulgaris)

Thyme as Dioscorides sayeth is a little bush full of branches, compassed roundabout with narrow leaves and in the top it hath little heads with flowers, resembling a purple color. It growth most in rocky grounds and in lean or bare places. Although Dioscorides maketh here mention but of one kind of thyme, yet writing of epithymum, he seems to make two kinds of thyme where he sayeth that epithymum is the flower of a harder thyme like unto savory. And Plini maketh mention of two kinds of thyme, whereof the one is black and the other white. And we see that the thyme that come from Venis and from Candy, is of another kind then it that we have growing in England. Thyme is called in Greek thyme, in Latin thymus, in German thymian or Welsch quendell.

The virtues of Thyme.

Thyme hath the power to drive furth flehm throw the belly, if it be taken with vinegar and salt in a drink. The broth of it with honey helped them that are short winded and it bringeth out worms, and both flowers and the seconds and the child also at convenient time received, it provoked water also. But if it be menged with honey and licked in, it maketh good avoiding out of a man’s breast. If it be put into a plaster, it drives away new swellings. It loused in pieces the lumps of bruised blood if it be taken with vinegar. It taketh away hanging warts and those that are called thymi of the likeness that they have with the tops of thyme. It is good for them that have the sciatica, laid to with wine and perched barley mele. The same taken with meat, is good for eyes that are dull of sight. And in the time of health, it is good for a sauce or a seasoner of meat. Thyme is hot in the third degree.

Of the herbes called Tribuli.

There are two kindes of herbes that have the name of Tribulus: the one that groweth upon the lande, and the other in the water or upon the water. The fyrst kinde is called in Greke Tribolos chersea: this kinde as Dioscorides describeth it, hath leaves lyke unto porcellayne, but smaller, and litle branches sprede upon the grounde, and in them are very tarte (meaning peradventure by tart sharp) prickes and harde. It groweth besyde waters and aboute olde houses and wayes.

The second kinde groweth in waters, wyth the top growynge above the water, but it hydeth the prick: the leaves are brode, and they have a long footstalk. The stalk is great in the over part and small beneth. It hath litle faselles lyke heares growynge up in the lykenes of eares. The fruit is hard as the other is.

The former kinde groweth in Italy aboute Bonony in plenty, where as I have sene it. And in dede the leaves are more lyke the leaves of ciches as Theophrast describeth Tribulus, then unto the leaves of porcellayn, but they have som lykenes unto the yong leaves of porcellayn. Nowe when as the one sayeth that Tribulus hath leaves lyke unto porcellayne, and the other leaves lyke unto a ciche, they erre verye sore, that ether Englishe Tribulus a thistle or a bramble, seynige that nether the leafe of a thistel nor of a bramble, is lyke unto the leafe of a ciche or the leafe of porcellayne. And as for the second kinde of Tribulus, nether can it be a bramble nor a thistle, except there be thistelles and brambles, that growe in and above the water whyth no man hetherto hath sene. If anye man woulde knowe or aske me, howe I would Engliſshe in Matthewes gospel thys worde Tribulus: I will trust my iudgement, in englishing of thys worde, I answere I had lever English Tribulus, a trible, or a ciche thistell, then englishe it is ether a thistel or a bramble.

The water tribulus is called in Duche Wasser nuss: and therefore we maye englishe it a water nut, or club nut, because the fruyt of it is lyke a club full of greate pykes. But som perchance will saye that Theoprast an older autour, maketh two kindes of grounde Tribulus, and therefore it is possible that though a thisthell or a barmble have not a leafe lyke unto ciche, yet it maye be lyke unto the leaves of a thistle, and so maye tribulus be a thistle. For Theophrast sayeth; Tribuli duo sunt genera, unus folio exit ciceris, alter sinous constat foliatus, ambo terreni. Lo here Theophrast maketh one kinde of tribulus terrestris that hath pricky leaves: therefore tribulus allthough it can not be a bramble, yet it may be a thistell. To thys I answere, that Theophrast in the first boke and fyft chapter writeth: serius germinat qui spinosus, el, semen præcoquis sesame vicinum, serotini rotundum nigricans septum in silliqus. That is tribulus that hath the prickes in the leaves doth spruit or bud oute later. The sede of them that are hastely rype, is lyke unto the sede of Sesama, but the sede of it that wareth rype late, is rounde, blackishe, closed upon a cod. If ye will then have the seconde kinde of tribuli terrestris of Theophrast hath to be a thistel or a bramble, ye must shewe som thistel or bramble that hath round sede in a cod, or ellis I must thynke that ye erre very much that English tribulum ether a thistell or a bramble.

The vertues of the two kindes Tribulus.

They are both binding, and do coole, and are good to be made playsters of for anye kinde of inflammation, with hony they heale the hote sores of the mouth, the sore kyrnelles about the rootes of the tong, and all rotting in the mouth, and the sore goumes. There is also pressed out of them a iuice for eye medicines. The grene fryte of them drunken, is good for the stone: a dram or fit of the land dronken, and layd to, is good for them that are bitten of a viper or adder. It is also good agaynste poysoned drinkes, if it be dronken wyth wyne. The broth of it sprinkled upon the grounde, killeth flees. There is an yron with sour pykes called as I remembye a calltrop that is also named Tribulus, of the lykenes that it hath wyth the fruyt of tribulus. This instrument is casten in the way to hinder the enemies that folow frerers very sore, it is called in Latin Murex.

Of the herbs called Tribuli. (Trapa natans, Pedalium murex)

There are two kinds of herbs that have the name of Tribulus: the one that growth upon the land and the other in the water or upon the water. The first kind is called in Greek Tribolos chersea: this kind as Dioscorides described it, hath leaves like unto porcelain, but smaller, and little branches spread upon the ground and in them are very tarte (meaning peradventure by tart sharp) prickers and hard. It growth beside waters and about olde houses and ways.

The second kind growth in waters with the top growing above the water, but it hides the prick: the leaves are brood, and they have a long footstalk. The stalk is great in the over part and small beneath. It hath little vessels like hears growing up in the likeness of ears. The fruit is hard as the other is.

The former kind growth in Italy about Bologna in plenty whereas I have seen it. And indeed, the leaves are more like the leaves of chicks as Theophrastus described Tribulus, then unto the leaves of porcelain, but they have some likeness unto the young leaves of porcelain. Nowe when as the one sayeth that Tribulus hath leaves like unto porcelain and the other leaves like unto a chick, they erred very sore that ether English Tribulus a thistle or a bramble, seeing that nether the leaf of a thistle nor of a bramble is like unto the leaf of a chick or the leaf of porcelain. And as for the second kind of Tribulus, nether can it be a bramble nor a thistle, except there be thistles and brambles that grow in and above the water whit no man hitherto hath seen. If any man would know or ask me howe I would English in Matthews gospel this word Tribulus: I will trust my judgment, in English of this word I answer I had lever English Tribulus, a treble or a chick thistle then English it ether a thistle or a bramble.

The water Tribulus is called in German Wasser nuss: and therefore, we may English it a water nut or club nut, because the fruit of it is like a club full of great pikes. But some perchance will say that Theophrasta an older auteur maketh two kinds of ground Tribulus, and therefore it is possible that though a thistle or a bramble have not a leaf like unto chick, yet it may be like unto the leaves of a thistle, and so may Tribulus be a thistle. For Theophrastus said, Tribuli duo sunt genera, unus folio exit ciceris, alter sinous constat foliatus, ambo terreni. So here Theophrastus maketh one kind of Tribulus terrestris that hath pricky leaves: therefore, Tribulus although it cannot be a bramble, yet it may be a thistle. To this I answer that Theophrastus in the first book and fifth chapter write: serius germinat qui spinosus, el, semen præcoquis sesame vicinum, serotini rotundum nigricans septum in silliqus. That is Tribulus that hath the prickers in the leaves doth spruit or bud out later. The seed of them that are hastily ripe is like unto the seed of Sesam, but the seed of it that was ripe late is round, blackish, closed upon a cod. If ye will then have the second kind of Tribulus terrestris of Theophrastus hath to be a thistle or a bramble, ye must shew some thistle or bramble that hath round seed in a cod, or ells I must think that ye erred very much that English Tribulus ether a thistle or a bramble.

The virtues of the two kinds Tribulus.

They are both binding and do cool and are good to be made plasters of for any kind of inflammation, with honey they heal the hot sores of the mouth, the sore kernelless about the roots of the tong, and all rotting in the mouth, and the sore gums. There is also pressed out of them a juice for eye medicines. The green fruit of them drunken is good for the stone: a dram or fit of the land drunken, and laid to is good for them that are bitten of a viper or adder. It is also good against poisoned drinks, if it be drunken with wine. The broth of it sprinkled upon the ground killed flees. There is an iron with sour pikes called as I remember a caltrop that is also named Tribulus of the likeness that it hath with the fruit of Tribulus. This instrument is caste in the way to hinder the enemies that follow frères very sore, it is called in Latin Murex.

Of Englishe Mayden heare.

Tricomanes groweth in the same places that Adianthum, or right Lumbardy maydens hear groweth. It is lyke unto a Ferne, very litle in quantite, and it hath smal leaves of eche side growyng in order: in figure lyke unto the leaves of a Lentill, one agaynst an other upon small twigges shyninge tarte, and somthynge blackishe. This herbe is called of the Grecianes and Latines both Trichomanes, and of the Grecianes also Calliphyllon, and of other Politrichon, and of som Cellitrichon: the comon herbaries call it capilium veneris, whiche name is more agreynge wyth the ryghte Adiantho. It is called in Duche Venus hare and Widertod, in Englishe we all it Maydens hear or Englisch maydens heare.

The vertues of Maydens heare.

Dioscorides writeth that Trichomanes, that is our English Maydens heare, is supposed to have the same virtue that the Lumbardy Maydens heare hath, therefore turne to the herbe called Adianthum of Lumbardye venus heare or maydens heare, and there ye shall fynd the vertues of it at large. Pliny writeth that the broth of our maydens heare drunken with wyne, and a little wilde Cumin, health the Strangurie. The iuice stayeth the heare that falleth of, and if the be fallen of, it restoreth them agayne.

Of Englishe Mayden heare. (Polytrichum formosum)

Trichomanes growth in the same places that Adiantum or right Lombardy maidens hear growth. It is like unto a Ferne, very little in quantity, and it hath small leaves of each side growing in order: in figure like unto the leaves of a Lentil, one against another upon small twigs shining tarte and something blackish. This herb is called of the Grecians and Latines both Trichomanes and of the Grecians also Calliphyllon and of other Polytrichum and of some Cellitrichon: the common herbarizes call it capilium veneris, which name is more agreeing with the right Adiantum. It is called in German Venus hare and Widertod, in English we call it Maidens hair or Englisch maidens’ hair.

The virtues of Maidens hair.

Dioscorides write that Trichomanes, that is our English Maidens hair is supposed to have the same virtue that the Lombardy Maidens hair hath, therefore turn to the herb called Adiantum of Lombardy Venus hair or maidens’ hair and there ye shall find the virtues of it at large. Plini write that the broth of our maiden’s hair drunken with wine and a little wild Cumin health the Strangury. The juice stayed the hair that falleth of and if the be fallen of it restoreth them again.

Of the herbe called Trifolium.

Trifolium is named also triphillon, or oxytriphyllon, Menyanthes and cuicon. It is a bushy herbe, and hath small twigges, black lyke rishes, wherin are leaves lyke unto the lote tre (whiche I Englishe, an nettle tre) in every furth budding thre. The smell of them when they come fyrste furth, is lyke unto rue, but when as they are full growen, they smell of earth piche, called in Latin bitumen. It bringeth furth a purple floure, a sede somthyng brode, and a litle rough, having as it were on the one syde a litle cop. The roote is small longe and stronge. The fyrst that ever I sawe of thys kinde in Doctor Gesnerus gardin in Zurich. But after wardes I have sene it oft in myne oune gardine, and of late in maister Riches gardin in London. It maye be named in English Trifolye gentle or smelling claver, or triacle claver, or claver gentle, or piche trifoly.

There is a common trifoly or claver that groweth in myddoes, somty me wyth a whyte floure, and somtymes wyth a purple, which is called trifolium pratense in Latin, whereof Dioscorides maketh mention in his fourth booke, wryting de loto sylvestri.

The vertues of Claver gentle.

The sede and the leave of triacle claver, drunken in water, help the pleuresye, the stopping of water, the falling sikenes, the dropsy in the beginning, and the strangling of the mother. They drive doune also floures. Ye maye geve thre drammes of the sede and foure of the leafe. The leaves also broken and drunken with honyed vinergre called Oxymel, help them thar are biten of venemous beastes. Som wryte that the hole broth of the roote and leaves, if it be pured upon the bitten place, taketh awaye the payne. Som also geve the leaves or thre sedes to be drunken in wyne in a tertian, and in a quartyn foure sedes, as thynges whych make an ende of the returning of the ague. The root is also commonly put into preservatives and triacles.

Of the herb called Trifolium. (Bituminaria bituminosa (or Psoralea bituminosa (Trifolium pratense)

Trifolium is named also triphillon, or oxytriphyllon, Menyanthes and cuica. It is a bushy herb, and hath small twigs, black like rise, wherein are leaves like unto the lotus tree (which I English, a nettle tree) in every furth budding three. The smell of them when they come first furth, is like unto rue, but when as they are full grown, they smell of earth pitch, called in Latin bitumen. It bringeth furth a purple flower, a seed something broo, and a little rough, having as it were on the one side a little cop. The root is small, long and strong. The first that ever I saw of this kind in Doctor Gesner Garden in Zurich. But afterward I have seen it oft in mine own garden and of late in master Riches Garden in London. It may be named in English Trefoil gentle or smelling clover or treacle clover or clover gentle or pitch trefoil.

There is a common trefoil or clover that growth in meadows, sometime with a white flower and sometimes with a purple which is called Trifolium pratense in Latin whereof Dioscorides maketh mention in his fourth book, writing de Lotus sylvestris.

The virtues of Clover gentle.

The seed and the leave of treacle clover, drunken in water, help the pleurisy, the stopping of water, the falling sickens, the dropsy in the beginning and the strangling of the mother. They drive down also flowers. Ye may give three drachms of the seed and four of the leaf. The leaves also broken and drunken with honeyed vinegar called Oxymel help them that are bitten of venomous beasts. Som writes that the hole broth of the root and leaves if it be poured upon the bitten place taketh away the pain. Some also give the leaves or three seeds to be drunken in wine in a tertian and in a quartan four seeds, as things which make an end of the returning of the ague. The root is also commonly put into preservatives and treacles.

Of horse hove bulfoote.

Tussilago is named in Greke Bechion, in Englishe Horse hove, or Bullfoote, in Duche Roszhuff, huff battich, in Frenche Pas de chaval.

Tussilago hath leaves lyke Juy, but grater vi. or vii. from a roote in the over partes whyte, and grene beneth full of corners, it hath a stalke in the springe a span longe, ads a yelowe floure. But wythin a shorte tyme, it leseth both hys stalke and hys flowre. The roote is small and fit to be used, it groweth aboute rivers and watery places.

The vertues of horse hove.

The leaves of thys herbe broken, and layd to wyth hony, heale the hote inflammation, called saint Antonies fyre. The perfume of the same leaves dryed taken in by a timmel, so that a man gaspynge receyve in the smoke, and drawe it in, it delivereth men from the drye cough, and from the shortnes of wynde. They breake also unpostemes in the breste. The roote doth the same in a perfume. And if it be sodden in mede, and drunken, it will caste out dead chylder.

Of horse hove bulfoote. (Tussilago farfara)

Tussilago is named in Greek Bechion, in English Horse hove or Bullfoot, in German Roszhuff, huff battich, in French Pas de chaval.

Tussilago hath leaves like Jui, but grater, vi. or vii. from a root in the over partes white and green beneath, full of corners, it hath a stalk in the spring a span long and a yellow flower, But within a short time, it lees both his stalk and his flower. The root is small and fit to be used, it growth about rivers and watery places.

The virtues of horse hove.

The leaves of this herb broken and laid to with honey heal the hot inflammation called saint Antonis’s fire. The perfume of the same leaves dried taken in by a timely so that a man gasping receive in the smoke and draw it in, it delivered men from the dry cough and from the shortness of wind. They break also epistemes in the breast. The root doth the same in a perfume. And if it be sodden in mee and drunken it will caste out dead children.

Of Cattis tayle or riede mace,

Tipha, hath a leafe lyke unto Cyetis, and a stalke whyth, smooth and playne, which hath in the top a thyck floure set roundabout with a rough thynge, which is turned into a downe, which som call panniculam in Latin. Thys growth in meres, and standing waters. I have sene it growe moste commonly amongst redes and sedge; it is namen in Duch kolben or marron kolben, or mosz kolben, som call it in Englishe Cattes tayle, it may be also called rede mace, because boyes use it in theyr hands in the stede of a mace.

The vertue of Cattes tayle.

The flowre of rede mace menged wyth olde swynes grese well washed health burneth places with fyre of scaldes with water.

Of Cattis tayle or riede mace. (Typha latifolia)

Typha hath a leaf like unto Cletis and a stalk white, smooth and plane, which hath in the top a thick flower set roundabout with a rough thing, which is turned into a down which some call paniculam in Latin. This growth in meres and standing waters. I have seen it grow most commonly amongst redes and sedge; it is named in German kolben or marron kolben or mosz kolben, some call it in English Catts tail, it may be also called reed mace, because boys use it in their hands in the stead of a mace.

The virtue of Cats tail.

The flower of reed mace menged with olde swine’s grease well washed health burned places with fire of scalds with water.

Of the two kindes of the herbe called Veratrum and Helleborus.

Veratrum is named in Greke Helleboros, and ther of are two kindes, the whyte and the black: the whyt hath leaves lyke unto plantayne or wilde betes, but shorter and blacker, and rede in color, a stalk a span longe, or as som understand the Greke worde xij. inches longe, hollowe, which doth cast of the uttermost barke, when it beginneth to be drye, it hath many rootes, small comming out of a litle head, and somwhat longe, lyke an union, it groweth im mountaynesg and rough places. The rootes must be gathered about harvest. That is beste in whyte hellebore, that is measurably stretch furth whyte, brukle, thyck, sharp, rishy, or putting furth dust, whylse it is broken, havinge a small pyth, and nether burninge in taste extremely, nether drawynge out spattell or flavor in great plentye together: for such will choke sone. It of Cyrene is the principale, but it of Galatia and Cappadocia is whyter and full of dulse and choketh more.

This kinde of Helleborus have I sene very oft, not only in gardines, but also in the top of the alpes, where as I never saw one hole, but alwayes the toppes were bitten of, and as I do remember, the stalkes were muche longer then a fote longe: wherfore I doute that palestieon be not well translated here of Cornarius palmi altitudine, as he moste comonlye use all tough in hys translation thys word palmus for the length of ix. inches long, except he use here contrary to his comon maner palmus for more then a span.

This herbe is called in Duche Weiss niesz wurt: the roote of it is called in English nesing pouder, the herbe maye be called in English nesewurte or whyte Hellebor.

The vertue of whyte Hellebore.

Nesynge pouder purgeth by vomite and bringeth furth diverse thinges. It is also menged wyth eye medicines, whyche maye scoure awaye suche thynges whyche bringe darknes unto the aple of the eye. It bringeth doune floures, it provoketh nesynge: it kylleth mouse knodden wyth mele and honye. It is geven fasting by it self, or with sesame sede, or the broth of sodden barley, or with mede, or with potage, or with a lentill broth or anye suche lyke suppynge. Som do geve this wyth a great deale of broth or muche suppinge, and som geve a litle meat immediatly before the patient take it, id it be to feared that he shoulde be in any leperdye of stranglynge, or il he be weyke. They that take it after thys maner, maye take it wythout leperdy. If a man make a suppository of thys, and put it into hys fundament, it will make hym vomit.

Of the black Hellebor.

Veratrum nigrum is named in Greke Helleborus melas, Melampodion. It hath grene leaves lyke leaves of the playn tre, but lesse drawyng nere unto the leaves of sphondylium, which I cal cow persnep or middow persnep, mo ful of cuttinges, blader, something rough,

The stalk is sharp: the floures are whyte, purple in figure of manye berries: the sede is lyke unto Spanish saffron: the rotes are small, black hangynge upon a litle head lyke an onyone, and these are commonly used. It groweth in rough places and hygh and drye places. The beste is it that is set from such places as is it, that is set from anticyra. For the black that is best, groweth in it. Chuse it that is full and thyck, having a litle pyth, or hart, byting and sharpe in tast: Hetherto Dioscorides.

Men have ben long of that opinion, that the herbe whyche is called in English Bearfoot, and of other Citterwurt, is Helleborus niger, whom I have folowed untill I founde that the description of Helleborus niger dyd not agre wyth it. Our Bearfoot hath not leaves lyke unto a playne tre, but lyke unto hemp. The stalke also is not so sharp or rough as Dioscorides maketh the stalke of his Helleborus. For these and other causes showed in the chapter of Contiligo, I consente not unto Matthiolus, therwayes a well learned man, who agaynst Fuchsius and other learned men, holdeth that our Bearfoot is Helleborus niger. Dodoneus setteth furth an herbe for blak Hellebor, whose leaves agre very well with the description, but because the stalke is smooth, and not sharp or roug, and the sede is lyke anis sede, full of wrinckles, and not lyke unto Spanishe saffron sede: I can not thynke that it should be the ryght Helleborus niger. And as for me, I dare not saye that ever I founde the righte black Hellebor, but thys I dare holde, that a man for defaut of it, maye use verye well that kinde of bear foot that goeth everye yeare into the grounde, whereof groweth greate plentye in a parte besyde Colchester, and in the west parke besyde Morpeth a litle from the river called Wanspek.

The vertues of black Hellebor.

It purgeth the nether parte of the bellye, drivinge furth flemen and choler, ether by it selfe, or wyth scammona, and wyth one dram of salt or one scruple and an half. It is also sodden wyth 1entilles and brothes, whyche are taken for purgationes. It is good for them that have the falling siknes, for melancholick personnes for mad men for the goute, for the palsey. If it be layd to, it bringeth doune weomens siknes. If it be put in, it scoureth fistulas if it be taken oute after the thyrde daye. It is lyke wyse put into the eares ot them that are hard of hearing, and it is sufficient two or thre dayes wyth Frankincense, it healeth scabbes: or if it be layd wyth waxe or piche, and cedre oyle. If it be layd to by it selfe or wyth vinegre it healeth frekles, foul scurffynes and lepres. It swageth the teth al if it be sodden wyth vinegre, and the teth be washed there wyth. It is a menged wyth crrosseves. But if a playster be made of it wyth barley mel and wyne, it is good for the dropsey. If it be set at the rootes of vyndes maketh the vyne to purge. The pyth ought to be taken out of the black Hellebor, as well as out of the whyte.

Of the two kinds of the herb called Veratrum and Helleborus. (Helleborus niger, Veratrum album)

Veratrum is named in Greek Helleboros and thereof are two kinds, the white and the black: the whit hath leaves like unto plantain or beets, but shorter and blacker and red in color, a stalk a span long, or as some understand the Greek word xij. inches long, hollow, which doth cast of the uttermost bark when it begins to be dry, it hath many roots, small coming out of a little head and somewhat long, like a union, it growth in mountains and rough places. The roots must be gathered about harvest. That is best in white hellebore, that is measurably stretch furth white, bulkier, thick, sharp, rishi or putting furth dust while it is broken, having a small pith and nether burning in taste extremely, nether drawing out spat or flavor in great plenty together: for such will choke sone. It of Cyrene is the principal, but it of Galatia and Cappadocia is whiter and full of dulse and choked more.

This kind of Helleborus have I seen very oft, not only in gardens, but also in the top of the Alpes, where as I never saw one hole, but always the tops were bitten of, and as I do remember, the stalks were much longer than a foot long: wherefore I doubt that palmus be not well translated here of Cornarius palmi altitude, as he most commonly use all tough in his translation this word palmus for the length of ix. inches long, except he uses here contrary to his common manner palmus for more than a span.

This herb is called in German Weiss niesz wurt: the root of it is called in English sneezing powder, the herb may be called in English sneezing wort or white Hellebore.

The virtue of white Hellebore.

Sneezing powder purged by vomit and bringeth furth diverse things. It is also menged with eye medicines, which may scour away such things which bring darkness unto the apple of the eye. It bringeth down flowers, it provoked sneezing: it killed mouse knotted with mele and honey. It is given fasting by itself or with sesame seed or the broth of sodden barley or with mee or with potage or with a lentil broth or any such like supping. Some do give this with a great deal of broth or much supping and some give a little meat immediately before the patient take it, id it to be feared that he should be in any jeopardy of strangling or il he be weak. They that take it after this manner, may take it without jeopardy. If a man makes a suppository of this and put it into his fundament, it will make him vomit.

Of the black Helleborus.

Veratrum nigrum is named in Greek Helleborus melas, Melampodion. It hath green leaves like leaves of the plain tree, but lesser drawing neer unto the leaves of sphondylium, which I call cow parsnip or meadow parsnip, more full of cuttings, blader, something rough.

The stalk is sharp: the flowers are white, purple in figure of many berries: the seed is like unto Spanish saffron: the rotes are small, black hanging upon a little head like an onion and these are commonly used. It growth in rough places and high and dry places. The best is it that is set from such places as is it that is set from Antycira for the black that is best, growth in it. Chose it that is full and thick, having a little pith or hard biting and sharp in taste: Hitherto Dioscorides.

Men have been long of that opinion, that the herb, which is called in English Bearfoot and of other Citterwurt is Helleborus niger, whom I have followed until I found that the description of Helleborus niger did not agree with it. Our Bearfoot hath not leaves like unto a plane tree but like unto hemp. The stalk also is not so sharp or rough as Dioscorides maketh the stalk of his Helleborus. For these and other causes showed in the chapter of Consiligo, I consent not unto Matthiolus, there may a well learned man who against Fuchsius and other learned men hold that our Bearfoot is Helleborus niger. Dodonaeus set furth an herb for black Helleborus whose leaves agree very well with the description, but because the stalk is smoot, and not sharp or rough and the seed is like anis seed, full of wrinkles and not like unto Spanish saffron seed: I cannot think that it should be the right Helleborus niger. And as for me, I dare not say that ever I found the right black Helleborus, but this I dare hold that a man for default of it, may use very well that kind of Bearfoot that goth every year into the ground whereof growth great plenty in a part beside Colchester and in the west park beside Morpeth a little from the river called Wansbeck.

The virtues of black Helleborus.

It purged the nether part of the belly, driving furth flehm and choler, ether by itself or with scammonia and with one dram of salt or one scruple and a half. It is also soddened with lens and broths, which are taken for purgation’s. It is good for them that have the falling sickness, for melancholic personness, for mad men, for the gout, for the palsy. If it be laid to, it bringeth down women’s sickness. If it be put in, it scoured fistulas if it be taken out after the third day. It is likewise put into the ears of them that are hard of hearing, and it is sufficient two or three days with Frankincense, it health scabs: or if it be laid with wax or pitch and ceder oil. If it be laid to by itself or with vinegar it health freckles, foul scurf and lepers. It swaged the teethe al if it be sodden with vinegar, and the teethe be washed there with. It is a menged with corrosives. But if a plaster be made of it with barley mele and wine it is good for the dropsy. If it be set at the roots of vines maketh the vine to purge. The pith ought to be taken out of the black Helleborus, as well as out of the white.

Of Mollen and suche lyke herbes.

There are two principall kindes of verbascus, whyche is called Gohlomos in Greke. The one is the whyte, and the other is the black, of the whyte the one is the femall, and the other of is the male. The female hath leaves lyke unto cole, but rougher and broder and whyter: the stalke a cubit longe and somwhat more whyte and horye. The floures are whyt, and somwhat yelowe, it hath a black sede, a lunge roote, tarte and of the bygnes of a finger. It groweth in playne feldes, but the male kinde is somthyng longe, it hath whyte and narrow leaves, and it hath a smaler stalke: But the black mollen is lyke unto the whyte in all poyntes: but it hath broder and blacker leaves. And there is also a wylde kinde that beareth longe twigges like a tre, and it hath leaves lyke unto sage, and hyghe twigges, and woddishe, and about them litle boughes as hore hounde hath, and ii hath yelowe floures lyke unto golde. The whyte Verbascum is called commonly in English mollen or hickis taper, and in som places longwurt. The black may be called black mollen. The wilde one groweth no where in England, savinge in gardines. I have sene it of late in maister Riches gardin. It may be called in Englishe Sage mullen.

The vertues of Mullen.

The rootes of the two first kindes, are binding, wherefore they are goof for a lax, if they be taken in the quantite of the bone, called in Greke astragalos, and in Englishe cok all, with wyne. The broth of them, helpe places that are bursten, shrunken together and brused, and the olde cough. They heale the tuth ache, if the teth be washed with their broth. The leaves of it that hath golden floures, sodden in water, are good for swellings, and the inflammation of the eyes, and for sores that ar full of rottenness, wyth hony or wine. But wyth vinegre they heale wounde, and they are good for them that are bitten of a scorpion, The leaves of the wylde are good to be put in an emplaster agaynst the burninge ot anye place.

Of Mollen and suche like herbs. Verbascum thapsus is the female and Verbascum nigrum Verbascum densiflorum)

There are two principal kinds of Verbascum which is called Gohlomos in Greek. The one is the white and the other is the black, of the white the one is the female and the other of is the male. The female hath leaves like unto Cole, but rougher and brooder and whiter: the stale a cubit long and somewhat more white and hoary. The flowers are whit and somewhat yellow, it hath a black seed, a lunge root, tarte and of the bigness of a finger. It growth in plane fields, but the male kind is something long it hath white and narrow leaves and it hath a smaller stalk: But the black Mollen is like unto the white in all points: but it hath brooder and blacker leaves. And there is also a wild kind that bear long twigs like a tree and it hath leaves like unto sage and high twigs and wood’s and about them little boughs as horehound hath, and ii hath yellow flowers like unto gold. The white Verbascum is called commonly in English Mollen or hick’s taper and in some place’s lungwort. The black may be called black Mollen. The wild one growth nowhere in England, saving in gardens. I have seen it of late in master Riches Garden. It may be called in English Sage mullein.

The virtues of Mullen.

The roots of the two first kinds, are binding, wherefore they are good for a lax, if they be taken in the quantity of the bone, called in Greek astragalos, and in English cock all, with wine. The broth of them, help places that are bursting, shrunken together and bruised and the olde cough. They heal the toothache, if the teethe be washed with their broth. The leaves of it that hath golden flowers, sodden in water are good for swellings and the inflammation of the eyes and for sores that are full of rottenness, with honey or wine. But with vinegar they heal wounds, and they are good for them that are bitten of a scorpion, The leaves of the wild are good to be put in a plaster against the burning of any place.

Of Vervine.

Ther are two kindes of herbes named peristereon in Dioscorides, the one properly peristereon, and the other Hierobatano properly, and sometime also peristereon. And Pliny maketh two kindes of Verbena, or Verbenaca. Matthiolus writeth that ther is no difference betwene these two herbes Peristereonon and Hierobatone, but that the one hath hys stalkes, growyng ryght up wyth few leaves, one far from an other, and the other lyeth wyth hys stalkes upon the grounde, turnynge a litle upwarde wyth more leaves. But the text of Dioscorides that Matthiolus taketh in hand to expound, declareth far other difference, then Matthiolus spaketh of: for Peristeron as the text of Dioscorides declareth, is a span long or longer, and Hierobatone hath branches a cubit long, and longer. Lo here is great difference betwene the length of Peristereon and Hierobaton. The leaves of Peristereon are indented and somthynge whytishe, the leaves of Hierobatone are cut in and indented aboute the edges, as the oke leafe is, and they are in color grayshe blewe. Ye maye se alsoo that they differ also in the color of the leave, if they differ not also in the depnes of jagging 0orindenting as I thinke a man may gather by Dioscorides that they do. For the former hath but a lyghte cuttinge aboute, made mention of, and the later is declared to have much deper indenting, wherefore these herbes differ much more then only in the lying or standing of the herbe. And Pliny wryting of the two kindes of Verbenaca, maketh them after the reporte of writers to be both one kind, not because they have one liknes in leaves, stalkes and floures, but because as he writeth: quonii vtraq; eosden effectus habeat, because they have both the same virtue, which saving as it is contrary to it that Dioscorides writeth of the vertues of these two herbes, so is his description of them contrary unto the description of Dioscorides: for he maketh them first to be a span long and more, the second a cubit of somtime longer. The length a the indenting of the leaf of the herbe which we comonly call Vervine, in the Duch eisenkraut, wold move me more to thinke our common Vervine should be Hierobatono then Peristereon, if the floures were not so whitish, but the color is a deceyuable signe, for in many places, groundes it changeth, so all other thinges of Hierobatone in my iudgemente agreeth better white our Vervin then the description of Peristereon doth, let other men iudge in this matter, that are universalye sene in all kindes of philosophy, and in olde wryters.

The vertues of the former kinde of Vervine called properlye Peristereon.

The leaves layd to with rise oyle, and freshe swynes gresse, take awaye the payne in the mother. The herbe layd to with vinegre, stayeth the burning heates, and saint Antonyes fyre, and stoppeth rotting and ioyneth together woundes, and covereth with a skinne, and stilleth, with slehe olde woundes.

The vertues of the second kinde of Vervine properly called Hierobatane.

The leaves of thys and the rootes drunken with wyne, ald also layd to, are good against crepinge beastes, as serpentes and suck like. The leaves taken in the quantite of a dram, with a scruple and a halfe of Frankincense, are drunken in x. unces of old wyne, fasting for the space of x. dayes agaynste the iaundes. The same layd to, swage longe swellings and inflamationes, and the scoure filthy sores. But the hole herbe it self, sodden in wine, breaketh by crustes of stalkes in the almonds, and it stoppeth the freting sores of the mouth, if it be gargled there wyth: som saye that the broth of it be sprinkled in feastes or bankettes, that the gestes or drinkers thereby are made merrier. The thyrde ioynte, from the grounde with the leaves that grow about it, is geven in a tertian, and the fourth is so geven in a quartayn. They call it Hierobatone, that is an holy herbe, because it is very good for to be hanged upon men, agaynst inchantementes and to purify or clenge wyth all.

Of Vervine. (Verbena officinalis and a Veronica)

Ther are two kinds of herbs named peristereon in Dioscorides, the one properly peristereon, and the other Hierobatano properly and sometime also peristereon. And Plini maketh two kinds of Verbena, or Verbenaca. Matthiolus write that there is no difference between these two herbs Peristereon and Hierobatone, but that the one hath his stalks, growing right up with few leaves, one far from another and the other lieth with his stalks upon the ground turning a little upward with more leaves. But the text of Dioscorides that Matthiolus taketh in hand to expound declared far other difference then Matthiolus speak of for Peristeron as the text of Dioscorides declared is a span long or longer and Hierobatone hath branches a cubit long and longer. Lo here is great difference between the length of Peristereon and Hierobatone. The leaves of Peristereon are indented and something whitish, the leaves of Hierobatone are cut in and indented about the edges, as the oak leaf is, and they are in color grayish blue. Ye may see also that they differ also in the color of the leave, if they differ not also in the deepness of jagging or indenting as I think a man may gather by Dioscorides that they do. For the former hath but a light cutting about made mention of and the latter is declared to have much deeper indenting, wherefore these herbs differ much more then only in the lying or standing of the herb. And Plini writing of the two kinds of Verbenaca, maketh them after the report of writers to be both one kind, not because they have one likenes in leaves, stalks and flowers, but because as he write: quonii vtraq; eosden effectus habeat, because they have both the same virtue, which saving as it is contrary to it that Dioscorides write of the virtues of these two herbs, so is his description of them contrary unto the description of Dioscorides: for he maketh them first to be a span long and more, the second a cubit of sometime longer. The length a the indenting of the leaf of the herb which we commonly call Vervain, in the German eisenkraut, would move me more to think our common Vervain should be Hierobatono then Peristereon, if the flowers were not so whitish, but the color is a decayable sign for in many places, grounds it changed, so all other things of Hierobatone in my judgment agreed better white our Vervain then the description of Peristereon doth, let other men judge in this matter that are universally seen in all kinds of philosophy and in olde writers.

The virtues of the former kind of Vervain called properly Peristereon.

The leaves laid to with rise oil, and fresh swine’s grease take away the pain in the mother. The herb laid to with vinegar stayed the burning heats and saint Antonis’s fire and stopped rotting and joined together wounds and covered with a skin and stilled with sloe olde wounds.

The virtues of the second kind of Vervain properly called Hierobatane.

The leaves of this and the roots drunken with wine and also laid to, are good against creping beasts as serpents and suck like. The leaves taken in the quantity of a dram, with a scruple and a half of Frankincense are drunken in x. once’s of old wine, fasting for the space of x. days against the jaundice. The same laid to swage long swellings and inflammations and the scour filthy sores. But the hole herb itself sodden in wine break by crusts of stalks in the almonds, and it stopped the fretting sores of the mouth, if it be gargled there with, some say that the broth of it be sprinkled in feasts or banquettes that the guests or drinkers thereby are made merrier. The third joint, from the ground with the leaves that grow about it, is given in a tertian, and the fourth is so given in a quartan. They call it Hierobatone, that is a holy herb because it is very good for to be hanged upon men, against enchantments and to purify or clung with all.

Of the Fiche.

Vicia is named in Greke Bikion, in English a Fiche or of som a Tare, in Duche Wicken, in Frenche la Vesce. The fiche is so well knowen that it nedeth no description, all men knowe that the leaves growe by payres wyngwyse, on agaynst an other, and that the sede is not so round as a whyte pease is, but much flatter. It is evel to be eaten of men, for it stoppeth the belly to much, and ingendreth a grosse and melancholike humor in the body of a man, but it is good for beastes, es experience hath taught us these manye yeares. Plinye writeth that the Fiche fatteth the grounde, and that there are thre tymes of sowyng of it. The fyrste tyme is about the fallinge of Arcturus, that it mye sede in December. Then is it best sowen to make or gather sede of it, so it will bringe furth lyke well, after that it is ones cutte doune, or eaten up to the rootes. The seconde tyme of sowyng is in January. The thyrd tyme is in Marche, and that whych is sowen then, is moste fit to bringe furth stalkes and branches. It loveth bes drynes of all thynges that are sowen: and it refuseth not shaddowy places. The chaffe of it is bests of all other, if the sede be gathered when it is rype.

Of the Fiche. (Vicia sativa)

Vicia is named in Greek Bikion, in English a Fiche or of some a Tare, in German Wicken, in French la Vesce. The fiche is so well known that it needed no description, all men know that the leaves grow by pares wing wise, on against another, and that the seed is not so round as a white pea is, but much flatter. It is evil to be eaten of men, for it stopped the belly too much and engendered a grosses and melancholic humor in the body of a man, but it is good for beasts, es experience hath taught us these many years. Plini write that the Fiche fatted the ground and that there are three times of sowing of it. The first time is about the falling of Arcturus, that it with seed in December. Then is it best sown to make or gather seed of it, so it will bring furth like well, after that it is ones cut down or eaten up to the roots. The second time of sowing is in January. The third time is in Marche and that which is sown then is most fit to bring furth stalk and branches. It loveth best dryness of all things that are sown: and it refused not shadowy places. The chaff of it is bests of all other, if the seed be gathered when it is ripe.

Of wall gelover and stock gelovers.

Viola alba is named in Greke Leucoion, but allthough the worde betoken a whyte violet, yet Dioscorides maket foure kindes of Leucoion, whereof he maketh but one kinde wyth a whyte flour, and that is the fyrste kinde. The seconde kinde hath yelowe floures. The third kind hath blew floures. the fourth kind hath purple floures.

It that hath the yelow floure, whyche Dioscorides writeth to be meten to be sed for physic, is called of the Arabianes keiri, in Duche geel violetten, in Englishe wal gelover or hartis ease. The other thre kindes are called stockgelovers, having there names according unto the coloure of the floure that they beare.

The vertues of the gelovers.

The drye floures of wall gelover sodden to sit in, ar good for the inflammation of the mother, and to bringe doune floures. If they be receyved in a cerote, they heal the rinninges in the fundamente. They heale wyth honye the burninge sores of the mouthe. The sede of it in the weyght of two drames, dronken wyth wine, or layd to with honye, dryveth doune floures, secondes and the byrthe.

The rootes layd to wyth vinegre, minise the bignes of the milte, and are good for them that have the goute.

Of wall gelover and flock gelovers. (Leucojum vernum, Erysimum cheiri, Matthiola incana)

Viola alba is named in Greek Leucoion, but although the word betokens a white violet, yet Dioscorides make four kinds of Leucoion, whereof he maketh but one kind with a white flour and that is the first kind. The second kind hath yellow flowers. The third kind hath blue flowers. the fourth kind hath purple flowers.

It that hath the yellow flower, which Dioscorides write to be meted to be sed for physic, is called of the Arabians keiri, in German geel violetten, in English wall gillyflower or hart’s ease. The other three kinds are called stock gillyflower, having their names according unto the color of the flower that they bear.

The virtues of the gillyflower.

The dry flowers of wall gillyflower sodden to sit in are good for the inflammation of the mother, and to bring down flowers. If they be received in a cerate they heal the running’s in the fundament. They heal with honey the burning sores of the mouth. The seed of it in the weight of two drachm drunken with wine or laid to with honey, drive down flowers, seconds and the birth.

The root laid to with vinegar minis the bigness of the milt and are good for them that have the gout.

Of the Violet.

Viola is named in Greke Ion melan, som Latin men name it Viola nigram, and som call it Violam purpuream. The purple violet as Dioscorides writeth, hath a leafe lesse and thinner the Iuy, but blacker, and not unlike, and a little stalke in the middes from the roote, wheron growth a little floure very well smalling, of a purple colour.

The vertues of the Violettes.

Violettes have a collinge nature. The leaves of Violettes layde to both by them selves, and also with perched barley mele, are good for a burning stomack, the inflammation of the eyes, and the falling doune of the fundament; some write that it is that is purple in the floure, if it be drunken with water, is good for the squinancie or choukes, and for the falling siknes in childe.

The vertues of Violettes out of Mesue.

The violet when it is grene, is colde and moyste in the fyrst degre, when it is dryed it is both lesse cold and drye. A grene violet stancheth hote aches after the maner of other that make dull, and unsensible, and it quencheth out all inflammationes, it swageth and softeneth the throyte, and the breste, and it purgeth oute yelowe choler, and putteth out the heate of it. It healeth the head ache that commeth of an hote cause. Violettes make a man to slepe, and they are good for the disease of the uvula, the squinansie or choukes and the pleuresye, and all selwlinges of the breste, they heale also mervelously the inflammation of the liver, and the drye stopping of the same, and the iaundes or guelsought, and inflaming agues, they quenche thirst, but they stere up a rume that falleth from the heade into the nose trilles: the violet is better that is gathered in the morning, whose vertue nether the heate of the son hath melted away, nether rayne hath wasted and driven away. Violettes and violet oyle, are put unto medicines to restreyne and make dull the vehemence or great strength of them.

The iuice of violettes and the syrop louse the bellye by softeninge of it. The violettes condited wyth hony, scour more, but coole lesse: but condited with sugre contrarywise. Nether violettes nor ther iuice can abyde long seething, the vinegre made of violettes, stayeth wonderfullye the burninge of hote agues: the broth of violettes is geven from iiij. unces unto viij. the wyce is geven from one unce to two: the syrop is geven from ii. unces to iiij. and the conserve is geven from one unce and an half unto two unces. Thus much may ye geve when as ye are disposed to pourge with violettes: at other tymes why pe intend not to purge, ye may geve lesse then is here before appoynted.

Of the Violet. (Viola odorata, canina, tricolor and arvensis)

Viola is named in Greek Ion melan, some Latin men name it Viola nigra and some call it Viola purpurea. The purple violet as Dioscorides writes hath a leaf lesser and thinner the Yui, but blacker, and not unlike and a little stalk in the middles from the root whereon growth a little flower very well smalling, of a purple color.

The virtues of the Violette’s.

Violette’s have a cooling nature. The leaves of Violette’s laide to both by themselves, and also with perched barley mele are good for a burning stomach, the inflammation of the eyes and the falling down of the fundament; some write that it is that is purple in the flower, if it be drunken with water is good for the squinancy or chokes and for the falling sickness in child.

The virtues of Violette’s out of Mesue.

The violet when it is green, is cold and moist in the first degree, when it is dried it is both lesser cold and dry. A green, violet stanched hot aches after the manner of other that make dull and unsensible and it quenched out all inflammations, it swaged and softened the throat and the breast, and it purged out yellow choler and putted out the heat of it. It health the headache that comet of a hot cause. Violette’s make a man to sleep and they are good for the disease of the uvula, the squinancy or chokes and the pleurisy and all swellings of the breast, they heal also marvelously the inflammation of the liver, and the dry stopping of the same, and the jaundice or geel sought and inflaming agues, they quench thirst, but they stere up a rumen that falleth from the head into the nose trills: the violet is better that is gathered in the morning, whose virtue nether the heat of the son hath melted away, nether rain hath wasted and driven away. Violette’s and violet oil are put unto medicines to restrain and make dull the vehemence or great strength of them.

The juice of violets and the syrup louse the belly by softening of it. The violets candied with honey, scour more, but cool lesser: but candied with sugar contrarywise. Neither violets nor their juice can abide long seething, the vinegar made of violets stayed wonderfully the burning of hot agues: the broth of violets is given from iiij. once’s unto viij. the wise is given from one once to two: the syrup is given from ii. once’s to iiij. and the conserve is given from one once and a half unto two once’s. Thus, much may ye give when as ye are disposed to purge with violets: at other times why ye intend not to purge, ye may give lesser then is here before appointed.

Of the Missel or Misselto tre, and lyme made of the same out of Dioscorides.

The best missel byrde lyme, is freshe resemblinge a leke in color within, somthyng yellow without, and hath no rough thyng, nether any dirt of things lyke bran in it. It is made of certain round fruyt that growth in an oke, the leafe of the bushe, that beareth it, is lyke unto boxe. It growth also in apple and crab trees and peare trees and other trees, and somtyme at the rootes of som bushes.

Out of Theophrast.

It maye appeare to be wondered at, and most of all against reason, that certain sedes can not growe out of the grounde als missel stelis, and hiphear. Stelis is an enboeave worde; Hipheare is an archadical worde. Ixos or viscum is common, som hold that all these have one nature, but the same in to differ, they grow in diverse trees, for hiphear stelis grow in a fyre tre, viscum in a oke, turpentine tree, and manyother. This Mistel dot grow no other ways, but by the sede in such places where as byrdes have devoured the fruyt, and have shitten out theyr excrementes in the tre.

Virgil also declareth the same in these two verses folowynge.

Quale solet sylvis brumalis frigore viscum

Fronde virere noua, quod non sua seminat arbos.

By these places rehearsed, a man maye learne to understande this proverbe

Turdus ipse sibi malum eacat.

The thurse shyteth mischese her selfe; She shiteth out the mistel berries well prepared in her bodye, and layeth them uponthe tre, the berries grow into a bushe, and the bushe bringeth furth berries, and of the berries the fouler maketh byde lyme, wher with after ward he taketh the thrushe, and so the thrushe hath shitten oute her owne desctruction. I never sawe more plentye of righte oke mistel, then Hugh Morgan shewed me in Londen. It was sente so hym oute of Esex, where as there is more plentye then in anye other place of Englande that I have ben in.

The vertue of Missell and missel byrd lyme.

Missel burde lyme, hath the poure to drive awaye, to soften, to drawe, to make ripe impostemes, called pinos impostemes behinde the eares, and other impostemes wyth like quantite of rosin and waxe. Myth Frankincense it softeneth old sores and rebellius impostemes. It melteth a swelled milt, if it be sodden and layd to wyth a gete stone or the Aliane stone.

Oute of Galene,

Viscum is made of an aerishe, waterise hote nature, and a litle earthly substance, for the sharpnes of it excedeth the bitternes. It draweth oute humores myghtely from the grounde, and it scattereth abrode such as are and rypeth them.

The maner of lyme of Missel berries out of Dioscorides.

Dioscorides supposeth that no byrde lyme is made of any missel, savinge only of it of the oke: but other have proved, hat it maye be made also of the mistel of the fyre tre. It is made thus: Bruse fyrst the berries, and then walse them, and afterwarde seth them in water. Some use to make the lime by chowynge of the berries in theyr mouth.

Out of Plinye.

Missel byrde lyme is made of the berries which are gathered in the harvest tyme; if the rayn come upon them, indeed they growe greater, but that rotteth awaye that shoulde become lyme. After that they be gathered, they must be dried, and then beaten, they let them root xii. dayes in water. This thinge alone getteth goodness by rottinge. Then bruse them in a running water with a male, until the skinnes of the berries be all gone, and the lyme ware tough.

Of the Missel or Misselto tree, and lyme made of the same out of Dioscorides. (Viscum album)

The best missel bird lime is fresh resembling a leek in color within, something yellow without and hath no rough thing, nether any dirt of things like bran in it. It is made of certain round fruit that growth in an oak, the leaf of the bush that bear it is like unto box. It growth also in apple and crab trees and pear trees and other trees and sometime at the roots of some bushes.

Out of Theophrastus.

It may appear to be wondered at and most of all against reason that certain seeds cannot grow out of the ground as missel stelis and hipheare. Stelis is an embeamed word; Hipheare is an archradical word. Ixos or viscum is common, some hold that all these have one nature, but the same in to differ, they grow in diverse trees, for hiphear stelis grow in a fire tree, Viscum in a oak, turpentine tree, and many other. This Missel dot grow no other ways, but by the seed in such places whereas birds have devoured the fruit and have shitten out their excrements in the tree.

Virgil also declared the same in these two verses following.

Quale solet sylvis brumalis frigore viscum

Fronde virere noua, quod non sua seminat arbos.

By these places rehearsed, a man may learn to understand this proverb.

Turdus ipse sibi malum eacat.

The thrush shitten out mesh herself; She shit out the missel berries well prepared in her body and lay them upon the tree, the berries grow into a bush and the bush bringeth furth berries and of the berries the fouler maketh bird lime, where with afterward he taketh the thrush and so the thrush hath shitten out her own destruction. I never saw more plenty of right oak missel then Hugh Morgan shewed me in Londen. It was sente so him out of Esex whereas there is more plenty then in any other place of England that I have been in.

The virtue of Missel and missel bird lime.

Missel bur lime, hath the power to drive away, to soften, to draw, to make ripe impostemes (Pus), called pinos impostemes behind the ears and other impostemes with like quantity of rosin and wax. Myth Frankincense it softened old sores and rebellious impostemes. It melted a swelled milt, if it be sodden and laid to with a goat stone or the Aliane stone.

Out of Galene.

Viscum is made of an airish, waterish hot nature and a little earthly substance, for the sharpness of it exceeded the bitterness. It draweth out humors mightily from the ground and it scattered abroad such as are and ripest them.

The manner of lime of Missel berries out of Dioscorides.

Dioscorides supposed that no bird lime is made of any missel, saving only of it of the oak: but other have proved hat it may be made also of the missel of the fire tree. It is made thus: Bruse first the berries and then walls them and afterward seethe them in water. Some use to make the lime by chowing of the berries in their mouth.

Out of Plini.

Missel bird lime is made of the berries which are gathered in the harvest time; if the rain come upon them, indeed they grow greater, but that rot away that should become lime. After that they be gathered, they must be dried and then beaten, they let them rot xii. days in water. This thine alone get goodness by rotting. Then bruise them in a running water with a male, until the skins of the berries be all gone, and the lime ware tough.

Of the tre called Vitex.

Vitex is named in Greke agnos or ligos, som translate agnon into amerianam, as Theodore and out Linaker do. But amerina is a kinde of salixviminalis in Columella, whiche is also called falsalix sabina. The apothecaries call Viticem, agnum castum, in som place Germany the apothecaries use privet for angno, and in England they abse shamfully tutsam, for agno. I have sene it growyng at the black freres in Ferraria, and afterward in Peter Cowdenberges gardin in Anwerp. It hath fruyte and leaves lyke unto Hemp, wherefore it may be called Hemp tre, or of vertue that it hath, Chast tre.

Out of Dioscorides

Vitex is a bushe lyke a tree. It growth beside rivers, rough places, and valees. It hath long boughes hard to he breake. The leaves are lyke olive leaves, but tenderer. The one kinde hath a whyte floure with a thinge resembling purple. The other hath a floure only purple. The sede is lyke peper: so far Dioscorides.

The vertues of Chaste tre.

It hath vertue to heate and to binde. The sede of it drunken, is goodfor the bitinge of venemous beastes, for them that have the dropsy, and the swellinge of the milte. It increaseth also milke and bringeth doune floures. It vexeth the heade and maketh a man slepe. The broth of the leaves and sede made to fit it, helythet the inflammations and diseases about the mother. If it be drunken with penny ryall, and the sede made after the maner of a perfume, and also layd to, stereth up a purgation. If it be layde in, it easeth also the head ache. It is good to poure it upon the head, when as a man hath a phrenesye, of forgetfull evell. Beynge menged with vinegre and oyle, the leaves of it made in a perfume, and strowed under upon the ground, drive awaye venomous beastes, and if they be layde to, they are good for the bitinges of the stones. The sede also layd to wyth water, swageth the payne of the nickes, or tyinge of the fundamente. But wyth the leaves it healeth it that is oute of ioynte and woundes. It appeareth also to be good for chansing in a jorney, if a man carye a rod of it in his hande; it is called agnos, that is chaste, bcause weomen keping chastite, in the sacrifices of Ceres, used to straw this bushe upon the ground, and other places. It is called ligos/ that is a twige, because the twigges of it are so stronge.

Galene sayeth that agnos is hote and drye in the thyrde degre: it is of a subtil substance, sharp in taste, and also binding. The sede of chaste tre, both fried and not fried, stayeth the desyre to the pleasure of the bodye. The leves and floures of it can do the same: but som beleve that the leaves and floures not onely eaten and drunken, helpe to kepe the chastite, but also if they be strowed all about wher folke trede.

Of the tree called Vitex. (Vitex agnus-castus)

Vitex is named in Greek agnos or ligos, some translate agnos into amerianam, as Theodore and out Linaker do. But amerina is a kind of Salix viminalis in Columella, which is also called falsely sabina. The apothecaries call Vitex agnum castum, in some place of Germany the apothecaries use privet for agnus and in England they abuse shamefully tutsan for agnus. I have seen it growing at the black freres in Ferrari and afterward in Peter Cowdenberges Garden in Antwerp. It hath fruit and leaves like unto Hemp, wherefore it may be called Hemp tree, or of virtue that it hath, Chaste tree.

Out of Dioscorides

Vitex is a bush like a tree. It growth beside rivers, rough places and valleys. It hath long boughs hard to be break. The leaves are like olive leaves, but tenderer. The one kind hath a white flower with a thing resembling purple. The other hath a flower only purple. The seed is like pepper: so far Dioscorides.

he virtues of Chaste tree.

It hath virtue to heat and to bind. The seed of it drunken, is good for the biting of venomous beasts, for them that have the dropsy and the swelling of the milt. It increased also milk and bringeth down flowers. It vexed the head and maketh a man sleep. The broth of the leaves and seed made to fit it, heal the inflammations and diseases about the mother. If it be drunken with pulegium and the seed made after the manner of a perfume and also laid to steered up a purgation. If it be laide in, it eased also the headache. It is good to power it upon the head, when as a man hath a phrenetic of forgetful evil. Being menged with vinegar and oil, the leaves of it made in a perfume, and strowed under upon the ground drive away venomous beasts and if they be laide to, they are good for the biting’s of the stones. The seed also laid to with water, swaged the pain of the necks, or tying of the fundament. But with the leaves it heals it that is out of joint and wounds. It appeared also to be good for chancing in a journey, if a man carries a rod of it in his hand; it is called agnos, that is chaste, because women keeping chastity in the sacrifices of Ceres, used to straw this bush upon the ground, and other places. It is called ligos, that is a twig, because the twigs of it are so strong.

Galene sayeth that agnos is hot and dry in the third degree: it is of a subtill substance, sharp in taste and also binding. The seed of chaste tree, both fried and not fried, stayed the desire to the pleasure of the body. The leaves and flowers of it can do the same: but some belief that the leaves and flowers not only eaten and drunken help to keep the chastity, but also if they be strowed all about where folk tread.

Of Brionye.

Vitis alba is also called in Latin Brionia, and in Greke Ampelos leuke, and also brionia: it is called in English Briony, in Duche Hunds kurbs or kurbs wurtzel: it growth comonlye in all countrees. Briony hath long branches, bushy, yong spruytinges, and leaves lyke unto the gars in or mannered vynde, but all things rougher; it wrappeth it selfe aboute the next bushes, embrassing them with hys busshye branches or claspers; it hath a fruit full of berries, in color rede, and there with skinnes have the heare taken of them

The vertues of Brionye.

The first twigges that comme furth lyke unto Sperage are sodden and eaten, and they provoke a man to make water, and also to the stoole. The leaves, the fruyt, and the roote have a sharpe or bitinge nature, wherefore they are good if they be layd to wyth salt, for olde festering rotten and consuming sores of the legges. The roote scoureth the skinne, and taketh awaye winkles, with bitter fitches and the earth of Cio, and Fenegreke it scoureth awaye frekels made wyth the son, and suche lyke spottes and black scarres. The same roote sodden wyth oyle until it be softe. Is good for the same purposes. It taketh also awaye the blewe markes of brused places, and it draweth together the aguayles in the fingers. If it be layde to wyth wyne, it dryveth awaye inflammations, and it breaketh uimostemes, and if it be dronken and layde to, it bringeth furth bones, and it is good to be menged wyth Corosive medicines. The same is good to be dronken in the quantite of a dram everye daye for the space of a yeare, for the falling siknes. It is good for them that are taken, and for them that are dusye of have a swyming in the heade, if it be taken after the same maner. But if it be dronken in the quantite of two drammes, it healeth them that are bitten of a viper or adder. It is perillous for weomen wyth chylde: it troubleth somtyme the minde a litle. And if it be drunken, it stereth one to make water: if it be layd to the mother it will drawe doune the seconde; it is good to be geven in an electuary to them that are almost strangled, and them that are short winded, and them that have any place bursten, and drawen together. A scruple and an half of the pouder of it, taken with vinegre for the space of xxx, dayes, melted awaye the swelled milte. It is good to be lay to the same with a siffe for the same thynges; is it sodden to sit in, to pourge the mother. The iuice is gathered oute in the springe. Thys is drunken with mede for the same purposes; it driveth furth th thinne fleme. The fruyte is good for lepres and scabbes, wether the place be onoynted therwith, or it be layd to. The iuice of the fruyte draweth milke to the breste, if it be taken wyth scumentie made of sodden wheate.

Of Brionye. (Bryonia dioica

Vitis alba is also called in Latin Brionia and in Greek Ampelos leuke, and also Bryonia: it is called in English Briony, in German Hunds kurbs or kurbs wurtzel: it growth commonly in all countries. Briony hath long branches, bushy, young sprouting, and leaves like unto the gars in or mannered winded, but all things rougher; it wrapped itself about the next bushes, embracing them with his bushy branches or claspers; it hath a fruit full of berries, in color red and there with skins have the hear taken of them

The virtues of Brioney.

The first twigs that come furth like unto asperge are sodden and eaten, and they provoke a man to make water and also to the stool. The leaves, the fruit, and the root have a sharp or biting nature, wherefore they are good if they be laid to with salt, for olde festering rotten and consuming sores of the legs. The root scoured the skin and taketh away winkles, with bitter fitches and the earth of Chios and Fenugreek it scoured away freckles made with the son, and such like spots and black scares, the same root sodden with oil until it be soft. Is good for the same purposes. It taketh also away the blue marks of bruised places and it draweth together the agnails in the fingers. If it be laide to with wine, it drives away inflammations, and it breaks inpostemes, (pus) and if it be drunken and laide to, it bringeth furth bones, and it is good to be menged with Corrosive medicines. The same is good to be drunken in the quantity of a dram every day for the space of a year for the falling sickness. It is good for them that are taken, and for them that are dusty of have a swimming in the head, if it be taken after the same manner. But if it be drunken in the quantity of two drachms, it health them that are bitten of a viper or adder. It is perilous for women with child: it troubled sometime the mind a little. And if it be drunken, it steered one to make water: if it be laid to the mother, it will draw down the second; it is good to be given in an electuary to them that are almost strangled and them that are short winded, and them that have any place bursting, and drawn together. A scruple and a half of the powder of it, taken with vinegar for the space of xxx, days, melted away the swelled milt. It is good to be lay to the same with a sift for the same things; is it sodden to sit in, to purge the mother. The juice is gathered out in the spring. This is drunken with mee for the same purposes; it drives furth the thin flehm. The fruit is good for lepers and scabbles, whether the place be anointed therewith or it be laid to. The juice of the fruit draweth milk to the breast, if it be taken with scum made of sodden wheat.

Of the black Briony.

The black Briony hath leaves lyke Juy, but lyker to the leaves of Smilax, but greater, and so are the stalkes. Thys dothe also embrace and cleve aboute trees with hys busshye branches and claspers. The fruyt is full of berries, grene at the fyrste, but it wareth blacke when it is ripe. The roote is blacke without, and of the coloure of boxe wythin.

The vertues of black Brionye.

The fyrste buddes of blacke Brionye provoke water, dryvene doune floures, and make lesse the milte. It is good for the dulnes of the bhade and for them that have the fallinge sikenes, for the palsey, the roote hath lyke vertue wyth the whyte Briones rootes, but it is not so stronge. The leaves layde to wyth wyn, are good for the chasynge of beastes neckes. The same is also good to laye to membres oute of ioyntt. Matthiolus setteth oute an herbe for black Brionye, whyche in my iudgement for diverse causes can not be that herbe both for the color of the berry when it is rype, it is nether black in Italy nor in Almanye nor in England: and also because that thys herbe beynge manifestly colde, hath not the propertyes that Dioscorides and Galene and Mesue geve unto it, they graunt all that it is of lyke vertue wyth the whyte Betonye, but that it is not also stronge. And Mesue maketh whyte Brionye hote and drye in the thyrde degre, and he maketh the black Briony manifestly hote where he sayeth it is not so hote as the whyte is. And he sayeth utriusque radix. The root of both is good for the colde diseases of the synewes, and that it scoureth the brayne of rotten fleme, and is good for the falling siknes. He writeth that the black Briony is also good for wennes: nowe whether a colde herbe, as I am sure it is that Matthiolus setteth furth, will heale these diseases above rehersed or no: I reporte me unto learned men. And whether the herbe be colde oz no, they maye knowe that will taste it aboute midsummer, and se what qualite it hath in taste. It groweth in the hedges that go aboute the close, that is nexte unto them. Som have taken thys herbe for Cyclaminus altera, but they were deceived; for it hath no suche roote nor vertue as Cyclaminus hath. I sawe this true black Briony ones in the mount Appennine, and the servant Lucas Ginus shewed it me there. The roote was a dosen tymes bigger; then the root of it that Matthiolus setteth oute for Vitis nigra.

Of the black Briony. (Tamus communis, now called Dioscorea communis)

The black Briony hath leaves like Jui, but liker to the leaves of Smilax, but greater and so are the stalks. This do also embrace and cleave about trees with his bushy branches and claspers. The fruit is full of berries, green at the first but afterward black when it is ripe. The root is black without and of the colure of box within.

The virtues of black Brioney.

The first buds of black Brioney provoke water, drive down flowers and make lesser the milt. It is good for the dullness of the head and for them that have the falling sickens, for the palsy, the root hath like virtue with the white Briony roots, but it is not so strong. The leaves laide to with wine are good for the chasing of beast’s necks. The same is also good to lay to members out of joint. Matthiolus set out an herb for black Brioney, which in my judgment for diverse causes cannot be that herb both for the color of the berry when it is ripe, it is nether black in Italy nor in Alemany nor in England: and also because that this herb being manifestly cold, hath not the properties that Dioscorides and Galene and Mesue give unto it, they grant all that it is of like virtue with the white Betonie, but that it is not also strong. And Mesue maketh white Brioney hot and dry in the third degree and he maketh the black Briony manifestly hot where he sayeth it is not so hot as the white is. And he sayeth utriusque radix. The root of both is good for the cold diseases of the sinews and that it scoured the brain of rotten flehm and is good for the falling sickness. He writes that the black Briony is also good for wennes (Ichthyosis?): now whether a cold herb, as I am sure it is that Matthiolus set furth, will heal these diseases above rehearsed or no: I report me unto learned men. And whether the herb be cold or no, they may know that will taste it about midsummer and see what quality it hath in taste. It growth in the hedges that go about the close, that is next unto them. Som have taken this herb for Cyclamineus altera, but they were deceived; for it hath no such root nor virtue as Cyclamineus hath. I saw this true black Briony ones in the mount Apennine and the servant Lucas Ginus shewed it me there. The root was a dozen times bigger than the root of it that Matthiolus set out for Vitis nigra.

Of the fyrste kinde of wilde Vindes.

Dioscorides maketh mention in two places of a wilde vinde. The former kinde is thus described of hym. The wilde vinde bringeth furth branches as a vynde, woddishe roughe with a barcke gayinge and having crevisses, leaves like unto gardine night shade, but broder and longer, a floure lyke as mosshye heares, a fruyte a lyke small clusters, rede when it is rype: the figure of the sede is rounde.

The vertues of the fyrst kinde of vilde Vinde.

The roote of thys herbe heated in wine, and menged wyth sea water, and dronken wyth two ciates of water, purgeth waterish humores, and it is also gevn to them that have the dropsy, but the clusters clenge the spottes that are made by the sonne, and all other spottes. The litle branches that come fyrst furth, are seasoned and layd up in bryne for meat. There is diversite of opiniones betwen Fuchsius and Matthiolus what herbe shoulde be this Vitis sylvestris, Fuchsius woulde that the rinning buſse groweth upon living hedges, and crepeth upon trees wyth an hor fruyte, wyth a leafe lyke nyghteshade, but a litle indented about, should be Vitis sylvestris. But Matthiolus setteth out for vite sylvestri an herbe whyche is called of the comon Herbaries amara dulcis, and it maye be called in Englishe bitterswete. If it had rede berries, then would have consented unto Fuchsius, but because it hath none suche that ever could se, I dare not geve full consent wyth hym. The herb that Matthiolus, Wissetteth furth for vitis sylvestris, which groweth only about diches and water sydes, can not be vitis sylvestris, because nether the description nether the vertues of vitis sylvestris agreeth unto it. For his herbe hath leaves muche longer and much sharper then the comon nightshad: and besydes that, about the settinge on to the stalke of every leafe, hath on eche syde a thynge growyng furth lyke an eare. I have sene som heades of leaves and bore staves muche lyke unto thys leafe. Dioscorides maketh mention of no suche lefe, but of one that is lyke unto nyghteshade. Theophrast writeth that thys wylde vyne, is very hote and biting in so much that it is used to pull of hare and suche frekels or spottes that come by the heat of the sun. Loke in ix. boke to de true. Then when as amara dulcis is not hote above the fyrst degre, as experience can iudge: Matthiolus in my iudgement erred much more in this mater then Fuchsius dyd, whom he went about to confute. The duche men call the herbe that Matthiolus setteth furth for viti sylvestri Je lenger ie Lieber, that is the longer the pleasanter, or derer, because when a man tasteth first of the bark, it is somthing bitter, and longer ye hold it in youre mouth, the sweter will it be, if it had ben an hote herbe, the longer that he had holden it in hys mouth, the unplesanter wold it have ben by the reason of byting of the tonge, as all herbes that are de pilative or burners of, of hare do.

Of the seconde kinde of Vitis sylvestris, called wild vynde.

Dioscorides intreteth of the fyrst vite sylvestri in the fourth boke x. chapter: but he intreateth of the second kinde in the fyrste chapter of the v. boke after thys maner. There are two kindes of ampelon agrias or labrusca, the one bringeth never he grape furth to ripenes, but unto the floure which is called enanthe. The other maketh perfit his grape, but hath smal berries, black and binding. Thys second kind have I sene both in Italy and in Germany. The leves and new twiges with their branches and stalkes, have like pour with the comon vind, saving thes ar mo binding.

The vertues of the gardin or manered vynde.

The leaves and yonge twigges if they be layde to, they swage the heade ache, and the burnynge or inflammation of the stomack wyth perched barley meale, and so do the leaves alone, because they have the poure to coole and to binde. The iuice of them also dronken is good for the blody flixe, the spittinge of bloode, the disease of the stomack, and the longinge or grevinge siknes of weomen. The yonge busshye boughes steped in water and drunken, will do the same: the dropping of it whyche is lyke unto a gumme, and wareth thicke aboute the bodye of the vinde: if it be drunken, driveth oute the stone. And if the place be prepated wyth nitre, it will heale scurvines, scabbes and lepres. If it be layde upon the scrabbed places. If it be continually layde to wyth oyle, it wasteth awaye heare. And that thynge doth speciallye the frothy matter, that cummeth furth of the grene branche whilse it is in burninge. The same is good to kill wartes also: but the asshes of the vindes boughs, and the drosse that remaineth after the grapes are pressed out: if they be layd to wyth vinegre, they aage hard lumpes and knoppes about the fundament. It is also good for membres out of ioynt. and the biting of a veper or adder, and for the inflammation of the milt, if it be layd to wyth rose oyle, rue and vinegre.

The vertues of rasynes oute of Dioscorides.

Rasines called in Latin uve passe, and of other passule, if they be whyte, they binde more. The flesh of pulp of them is good to be eaten for the roughenes of the throote, for the cough, for the kidnes and the bladder, they are also good for the blodye flixe, if they be eaten with the stones, and it they be receyved in meate after they be menged wyth the mele of millet and barley and an egge, and be frying in a frying pan.

The same ether by them selves and wyth if they be chowed in the mouth, draw out thin fleme out of the heade. If they be layde to wyth pouder of comin and bean meale, as som translate fabam, they staunche the inlammationes of the stones. If they be layd to with rue without the stones, they heale rede angri nyght ploukes and sores that have matter in them lyke honye, carbuncules, rottennes about the ioyntes, and sores called gangrenes. The same are good for the goute. If they be layde to wyth the iuice of panicis. Also it they be layde unto louse nayles, they make them come of the soner.

Of the fyrste kinde of wilde Vindes. (Vitis orientalis, Parthenocissus? Vitis vinifera)

Dioscorides maketh mention in two places of a wild vine. The former kind is thus described of him. The wild vine bringeth furth branches as a vine, wood’s rough with a bark gnawing and having crevasses, leaves like unto garden nightshade, but brooder and longer, a flower like as mossy hairs, a fruit a like small clusters, red when it is ripe: the figure of the seed is round.

The virtues of the first kind of wild Vine.

The root of this herb heated in wine, and menged with sea water, and drunken with two kyats of water, purged waterish humors, and it is also given to them that have the dropsy, but the clusters clang the spots that are made by the son and all other spots. The little branches that come first furth, are seasoned and laid up in brine for meat. There is diversity of opinions between Fuchsius and Matthiolus what herb should be this Vitis sylvestris, Fuchsius would that the running bus growth upon living hedges and crept upon trees with a hairy fruit, with a leaf like nightshade, but a little indented about, should be Vitis sylvestris. But Matthiolus set out for Vitis sylvestris an herb which is called of the common Herbarizes amara dulcis and it may be called in English bittersweet. (Solanum dulcamara) If it had red berries, then would have consented unto Fuchsius, but because it hath none such that ever could see, I dare not give full consent with him. The herb that Matthiolus set furth for Vitis sylvestris, which growth only about diches, and watersides cannot be Vitis sylvestris, because neither the description nether the virtues of Vitis sylvestris agreed unto it. For his herb hath leaves much longer and much sharper then the common nightshade hath and besides that, about the setting on to the stalk of every leaf hath on each side a thing growing furth like a ear. I have seen some heads of leaves and bore staves much like unto this leaf. Dioscorides maketh mention of no such leaf, but of one that is like unto nightshade. Theophrastus write that this wild vine is very hot and biting in so much that it is used to pull of hair and fresh freckles or spots that come by the heat of the sun. Look in ix. book to de true. Then when as amara dulcis is not hot above the first degree as experience can judge: Matthiolus in my judgment erred much more in this mater then Fuchsius did, whom he went about to confute. The German men call the herb that Matthiolus set furth for Vitis sylvestris Je lenger je Lieber, that is the longer the pleasanter or dearer, because when a man taste it first of the bark it is something bitter, and longer ye hold it in your mouth, the sweeter will it be, if it had been an hot herb, the longer that he had holden it in his mouth, the unpleasantry would it have ben by the reason of biting of the tong, as all herbs that are de perlative or burners of hair do.

Of the second kind of Vitis sylvestris, called wild vine.

Dioscorides entreated of the first Vitis sylvestris in the fourth book x. chapter: but he entreated of the second kind in the first chapter of the v. boke after this manner. There are two kinds of ampelos agrias or labrusca, the one bringeth never he grape furth to ripeness, but unto the flower which is called oenanthe. The other maketh perfect his grape, but hath small berries, black and binding. this second kind have I seen both in Italy and in Germany. The leaves and new twigs with their branches and stalks, have like power with the common vine, saving these are more binding.

The virtues of the garden or mannered vine.

The leaves and young twigs if they be laide to, they swage the headache and the burning or inflammation of the stomach with perched barley mele and so do the leaves alone, because they have the power to cool and to bind. The juice of them also drunken is good for the bloody flux, the spitting of blood the disease of the stomach and the longing or grieving sickness of women. The young bushy boughs steeped in water and drunken will do the same: the dropping of it which is like unto a gum and was thick about the body of the vine: if it be drunken drive out the stone. And if the place be prepared with niter, it will heal scurvies’, scabbles and lepers. If it be laide upon the scrabbed places. If it be continually laide to with oil, it wastes away hair. And that thing doth specially the frothy matter, that comet furth of the green branch while it is in burning. The same is good to kill warts also: but the ah of the vines boughs and the dross that remained after the grapes are pressed out: if they be laid to with vinegar, they take away hard lumps and knops about the fundament. It is also good for members out of joint and the biting of a viper or adder and for the inflammation of the milt, if it be laid to with rose oil, rue and vinegar.

The virtues of raisins out of Dioscorides.

Raisins called in Latin uva passe and of other passule, if they be white, they bind more. The flesh of pulp of them is good to be eaten for the roughness of the throat, for the cough, for the kidneys and the bladder, they are also good for the bloody flux, if they be eaten with the stones and it they be received in meat after they be menged with the mele of millet and barley and an egg and be frying in a frying pan.

The same ether by themselves and with if they be chowed in the mouth, draw out thin flehm out of the head. If they be laide to with powder of cumin and bean meal, as some translate faba, they staunched the inflammations of the stones. If they be laid to with rue without the stones, they heal red angry night pokes and sores that have matter in them like honey, carbuncles, rottenness about the joints and sores called gangrenes. The same are good for the gout. If they be laide to with the juice of Panicis. Also, it they be laide unto louse nails, they make them come of the sooner.

Of wall penny grasse.

Umbilicus veneris is named in Greke kotyledon scytalion and cymbalion. It hath a leafe lyke unto the hole that receyveth the rounds ende of the huckel bone, whiche hath the forme of a sawfer, rounde and darkly holowe, a short stalk in the middes, wherin growth sede. It hath a rounde roote lyke an olyve. Thys herbe groweth in welles and divers places of Summerset shyre in more plenty then ever I sowe in anye other place all my lyfe, I knowe no English name for it; but lest it should be wythout a name, I call it wall penny grasse. To put a difference betwene it and the shepe kyllinge penny grasse, that in merishe and waterye groundes. As for the other kinde, I never saw it that I Wote of except I sawe it paynted in Matthiolus, but his seconde kinde is fast oute wyth lesse leaves then the former is, whych agreeth not wyth the description of Dioscorides, who maketh the seconde kinde bigger then the former.

The vertues of wall pennye grasse.

The iuice of the leaves layd to with wyne, or poured in, louseth the stopping of the privities. The same layde to, is good for the inflammationes, and saint Antonies fyre, for kybed heled, and wennes, burning stomacke. But the leaves taken in meate with the rootes, breake the stone, provoke water, and they are geven with honied wine to them that have the dropsy.

Of wall penny grasse. (Cotyledon umbilicus, Saxifraga aizoon)

Umbilicus veneris is named in Greek kotyledon scytalion and cymbalion. It hath a leaf like unto the hole that received the rounds end of the hucklebone, which hath the form of a sawyer, round and darkly hollow, a short stalk in the middles wherein growth seed. It hath a round root like an olive. This herb growth in wells and divers places of Summerset shire in more plenty then ever I sow in any other place all my life, I know no English name for it; but lest it should be without a name, I call it wall penny gras. To put a difference between it and the sheep killing penny gras that in meres and watery grounds. As for the other kind, I never saw it that I wrote of except I saw it painted in Matthiolus, but his second kind is fast out with lesser leaves then the former is, which agreed not with the description of Dioscorides, who maketh the second kind bigger then the former.

The virtues of wall penny gras.

The juice of the leaves laid to with wine, or poured in, loused the stopping of the privities. The same laide to is good for the inflammations and saint Antonis’s fire, for kibe heals, and wennes (Ichthyosis?), burning stomach. But the leaves taken in meat with the roots break the stone, provoke water and they are given with honied wine to them that have the dropsy.

Of the Elm tre.

Ulmus is named in Greke Ptelea, in Duche ein ilm baum, in English an Elm tre, it groweth comonly in all countrees. Theophrast maketh two kindes of elm, the elm of the playne and mount elme.

The playne elme is more braunchie or full of branches: the mount elme is of greater grouth: the leafe is not divides, lightly iagged about, longer then a peare tre lefe, rough and not smothe. This tre is notable both in greatnes and in length. It loveth moyste groundes: the tymbre is yelowe, strong, full of synewes, and evel savored, for it is al hart. Virgil also maketh the elm an hygh tre in thys verse: Nec gemere aeria cessabit turtur ab ulmo.

The vertues of the Elm tre.

The leves, the boughes and the barck of the elm tre, have a binding vertue: the leaves are good for the lepre, layd to with vinegre, they bind woundes together, but the bark is better, therfore if it be bound to as a swadling band. But the thicker barck dronken with wine or water in the quantite of an unce, it driveth out fleme. If broken bones be sprengled and washed with the broth of the leaver, or the barke of the roote, they will soner be covered with an hard crust and grow together. But the iuice that is in the buddes come fyrstt furth if it be layd to, it maketh the face very clere: the same moysture after it is dried up, is resolved into litle flies like ganattes. The fyrste grene leaves are sodden for kichin or so well as other eatable herbes be.

Of the Elm tree. (Ulmus minor and glabra, earlier Ulmus montana)

Ulmus is named in Greek Ptelea, in German ein ilm baum, in English an Elm tree, it growth commonly in all countries. Theophrastus maketh two kinds of elm, the elm of the plane and mount elm.

The plane elm is more branchier or full of branches: the mount elm is of greater grow: the leaf is not divided, lightly jagged about, longer than a pear tree leaf, rough and not smooth. This tree is notable both in greatness and in length. It loveth moist grounds: the timbre is yellow, strong, full of sinews and evil savored, for it is al hard Virgil also maketh the elm a high tree in this verse: Nec gemere aeria cessabit turtur ab ulmo.

The virtues of the Elm tree.

The leaves, the boughs and the bark of the elm tree have a binding virtue: the leaves are good for the leper, laid to with vinegar, they bind wounds together, but the bark is better, therefore if it be bound to as a swaddling band. But the thicker bark drunken with wine or water in the quantity of a once it drives out flehm. If broken bones be sprangled and washed with the broth of the leave or the bark of the root they will sooner be covered with a hard crust and grow together. But the juice that is in the buds come first furth if it be laid to, it maketh the face very clear: the same moisture after it is dried up is resolved into little flies like gnats. The first green leaves are sodden for kitchen or so well as other eatable herbs be.

Of the Nettell.

Urtica is named in Greke axalyphe, and knide, in English a nettle, in Duche ein nessel, in Frenche ortye. There are two kindes of nettels; the one is wilder sharper and broder, and it hath blacker leaves; the sede is lyke unto lynt sede. Thys is the kinde that is called Urtica Romana, and it groweth in Englande onlye in gardines: but in Italy, and in Mentz in Germanye: it groweth wilde as our common nettel doth. The second kinde hath small sede, and is not so sharpe as the other is, and this take it to be our comon nettel of Englande.

The vertues of Nettels.

The leaves of both kindes of nettels, layd to wyth salt, heale the biting of a dog, soress called gangrenes, and other cared sores, and foule sores, and partes out of ioynte, lumpes, swellinges behind the eares, swelling of kirnelles lyke bread, and impostemes. The same the gussing out of blood of the nose. If they be brused, and pit in with myr, they bringe doune floures. The grene leaves layde set the mother in her place again, when it is fallen doune. The sede dronken with malvasey, sterk a man to the pleasure of the bodye, and the same licked up wyth hony, is good for the pleuresy and long sought or inflammation of the lunges. It bringeth out tough fleme, whyche cleveth fast in the brest or sodden wyth shell fishe, soften the belly, louse winde, and make a man pisse. But then it bringeth fleme beſte out of the brest when it is sodden wyth a tyfan. The broth of the leaves that are sodden wyth myrt: if it be dronken, will bring doune weomens floures: the iuice if a man gargle with it, it is good for the inſlammation of the uvula.

Of the Nettell. (Urtica pilulifera, dioica)

Urtica is named in Greek acalyphe and knide, in English a nettle, in German ein nessel, in French ortye. There are two kinds of nettles; the one is wilder sharper and brooder and it hath blacker leaves; the seed is like unto lint seed. This is the kind that is called Urtica Romana, and it growth in England only in gardens: but in Italy and in Mentz in Germany: it growth wild as our common nettle doth. The second kind hath small seed and is not so sharp as the other is and this take it to be our common nettle of England.

The virtues of Nettles.

The leaves of both kinds of nettles laid to with salt heal the biting of a dog, sores called gangrenes and other cared sores and foule sores, and partes out of joint, lumps, swellings behind the ears, swelling of kernelless like bread, and impostemes (pus). The same the gushing out of blood of the nose. If they be bruised, and pit in with myrrh they bring down flowers. The green leaves laide set the mother in her place again, when it is fallen down. The seed drunken with malvasia, stark a man to the pleasure of the body and the same licked up with honey is good for the pleurisy and long sought or inflammation of the lunges. It bringeth out tough flehm, which cleft fast in the breast or sodden with shellfish, soften the belly, louse wind and make a man piss. But then it bringeth flehm best out of the breast when it is sodden with a tisane. The broth of the leaves that are sodden with mirth: if it be drunken, will bring down women’s flowers: the juice if a man gargle with it, it is good for the inflammation of the uvula.

Of Clot bur.

Xanthium is named in Duch betlers leusz or klein kletten, in French glouteron, in Englisch clot bur, or dich bur, it growth in fat groundes and in diches, that are dryed up; it hath a stalk a cubit long, fat and full or corners, and therin many winges of hollow places, like armeholes. The leaves ar line unto a reche cut abo. With a smell lyke cresses: the fruyt is round, as a big olyve, full of prickes, as the pilles of the playn tre are, and they will stick upon your clothes, if ye touche them.

The vertues of Diche bur.

The dich bur is good to be layd unto swellinges. The broth of the bark of the roote drunken, wasteth away the swelling of the milt, and the broth of it, if it be sodden wyth wyne, fasteneth louse teth, if the mouth be washed therewyth.

Of Clot bur. (Xanthium strumarium)

Xanthium is named in German betlers leusz or klein kletten, in French glouteron, in Englisch clot bur or dich bur, it growth in fat grounds and in diches that are dried up; it hath a stalk a cubit long, fat and full or corners and therein many wings of hollow places, like armholes. The leaves are line unto a reach cut abo. With a smell like cresses: the fruit is round, as a big olive, full of prickers, as the piles of the plain tree are and they will stick upon your clothes, if ye touch them.

The virtues of Dich bur.

The dich bur is good to be laid unto swellings. The broth of the bark of the root drunken wasted away the swelling of the milt and the broth of it, if it be sodden with wine, fastened louse teethe, if the mouth be washed therewith.

Of Xyris or Spourg wurt.

Xiris hath leaves lyke floure de Lice, but broder and sharp in the top and a great stalk of a cubit hyght, cominge oute of the leaves wherein are thre squared coddes, and in them is a purple flour, and it that is in the middes, is of a cremesin color, and there is the sede in the sede vesselles, lyke the fruyte called faba in Latin, rounde,rede and bytinge: the roote is parted wyth many ioyntes, and it is long and rede in color.

Diverse learned men holde that thys is the herbe whych is comonly called of the common herbaries spatula fetida, surely I know no herbe that agreeth so well wyth the description of Xyris as spatula fetida doth, But the roote is falsely paynted in all the figures that ever I sawe set oute as yet. For the roote is not set oute wyth long ioyntes as I have ſseene it oft growynge, but so as though it had no ioyntes at all. This herbe is called in the ysle of Purbek, Spourgewurt, because the iuice of it purgeth as the iuce of the roote of floure de Lyce doth.

The vertues.

The roote is good for the woundes and breaking of the head it draweth furth prickes, and it draweth furth anye flyinge weapon as dartes and arrowes wythout any payne, if ye put unto it the third parte of floris eris, and the fyrst parte of Centory, and som hony. If it be layd to wyth vinegre, it healeth swellinges and inflammationes. It is good to be dronken agaynst brusynge and shrinkinge together of places and agaynst the sciatica and the strangurye, and the flixe, if the roote be brused with malvesey. The sede is more myghtye to make a man piss, if it be dronken in the quantite of a scruple and an halfe wyth wyne. The same dronken wyth wine, melteth awaye the great milt.

FINIS.

Thankes to God for all hys gyftes.

AMEN.

Of Xyris or Spourg wurt. (Iris foetidissima)

Xiris hath leaves like flower de Luce, but brooder and sharp in the top and a great stalk of a cubit high, coming out of the leaves wherein are three squared pods and in them is a purple flour and it that is in the middles is of a crimson color and there is the seed in the seed vessels’, like the fruit called faba in Latin, round, red and biting: the root is parted with many joints and it is long and red in color.

Diverse learned men hold that this is the herb which is commonly called of the common herbarizes spatula foetida, surely, I know no herb that agreed so well with the description of Xyris as spatula foetida doth. But the root is falsely painted in all the figures that ever I saw set out as yet. For the root is not set out with long joints as I have seen it oft growing, but so as though it had no joints at all. This herb is called in the isle of Purbeck, Spurge wort, because the juice of it purged as the juice of the root of flower de Luce doth.

The virtues.

The root is good for the wounds and breaking of the head, it draweth furth prickers and it draweth furth any flying weapon as darts and arrows without any pain, if ye put unto it the third part of flowers ears, and the first part of Centaury and some honey. If it be laid to with vinegar, it health swellings and inflammations. It is good to be drunken against bruising and shrinking together of places and against the sciatica and the strangury and the flux if the root be bruised with malvasia. The seed is more mighty to make a man piss, if it be drunken in the quantity of a scruple and a half with wine. The same drunken with wine melted away the great milt.

FINIS.

Thanks to God for all his gifts.

AMEN.